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er%2011%20CK-12%20Biology%20Chapter%2011%20Worksheets.pdf
The Biosphere includes all places where life exists on Earth
Cloud cover
Temperature
Humidity
Wind speed
Seasonal Effects
Equatorial regions receive more sunlight energy than higher latitudes for
two reasons
Most deserts
Air mass moves away from the equator, the speed at which the
Earth rotates beneath it continually slows
Winds are named for the direction from which they blow
Winds blow most consistently from one region where air is rising to
another such location.
Ocean Currents
Latitudinal variations in sunlight affect ocean temperature and set major
currents in motion
This "slope" starts sea surface water moving toward the poles
Major winds
Earth's rotation
Swift, deep, and narrow currents of water flow away from the equator
along the coast of continents
Along east coast of North America, warm water flows North = GULF
STREAM
Slower, shallower, broader currents of cold water parallel the west coast of
continents and flow toward the equator
Regional Effects
Differences in the ability of water and land to absorb and release heat give
rise to coastal breezes
Daytime, land warms faster than water
As air over land warms and rises, cooler offshore air moves in to
replace it
Moves inland as wind from the west and piles up against the
Sierra Nevada, high mountain range that parallels the coast
Determinants
Temperature
Rainfall
Soil
Little topsoil
Types
Proportions
Compaction of particles
Morphological convergence =
the evolution of apparently similar structures in organisms of different lin
es of descent.
C4 plants
Tropical rain forests = highly productive and species-rich biome in which year-
round rains and warmth support continuous growth of evergreen broadleaf
trees
Near the equator, year-round warmth and rains support tropical rain forests,
the most productive, structurally complex, and species-rich biome.
25C; 77F
Occurs in
Appalachian forest
Mainly oaks
Ohio's forests
Beeches
Maples
50-150cm, 20-60in
Soil
Rich
Semi-open canopy
Coniferous Forests
Conifers tolerate poorer soils and drier habitats than most broadleaf
trees
Conifers withstand cold better than other trees
Thick cuticle and stomata that are sunk below the leaf
surface
Most extensive land biome is the coniferous forest that sweeps across
norther Asia, Europe, and North America
Rain falls mostly in summer; winters are long, cold, and dry
43.6: What are the fire-adapted biomes?
Soil
Rich
Strong winds
Intervals of drought
Constant grazing
Periodic fires
Prey to wolves
Nearly all prairies have been plowed under and now sustain
production of wheat or other commercial crops
Form between tropical forests and hot deserts of Africa, India, and
Australia
Chaparral = biome of dry shrubland in regions with hot, dry summers and cool,
rainy winters
Desert biome has low rainfall; poor, salty soil; and large swing in daily
temperature
Deserts = Biome with little rain and low humidity; plants that have water-
storing and water-conserving adaptations predominate
Humidity low
Soil
Salty
Adapted to Drought
Despite harsh conditions, most deserts support plant life
Desert plants
Deter herbivory
Mesquite
Creosote
CAM plants
Cacti
Agaves
Euphorbs
Only open their stomata at night
Desert Crust
Including
Cyanobacteria
Lichens
Mosses
Fungi
Extends between the ice cap of the North Pole and belts of boreal forests
in the Northern Hemisphere
First appeared 10,000 years ago when glaciers retreated at the end
of the last ice age
Harsh conditions
Cold temperatures keep the snow that does fall from melting
Brief summer
Slow decay
Lakes
Littoral zone
Open waters
Limnetic Zone
Well lit
Green algae
Diatoms
Cyanobacteria
Such as copepods
Profundal Zone
Light does not penetrate
Seasonal Changes
Density increases until 39F, after that its density decreases with
temperature decrease