Routing Information Routing Information Protocol (RIP) : WWW - Alishariaty.ir

Routing Information
Protocol (RIP)
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www.alishariaty.ir
Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

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Contents
Part I RIP Basic Concepts

Part II Distance Vector Loop Avoidance Features
Part III RIP Versions and Differences
Part IV RIPv2 Configuration
Part V Other Routing Options
Estimated time
03:00:00

Part I
RIP Basic Concepts

RIP basic concepts
Each router adds its directly connected subnets to

its routing protocol.
Each router , advertises its routing table in form of

routing updates on its every ports.
(Directly connected records + Routes that it has learnt)
Routers will listen to routing updates receiving from

their neighbors to learn all paths.
These routing updates will be advertise periodically.

(in RIP every 30 Sec)

RIP basic concepts

RIP basic concepts
Routing updates have only Network ID (Rip V2 also

has Subnet mask) and metric with theme selves.
(it dose not have the interface)
Each router adds 1 to the metric it has received

before advertising it again.
Destination address of the routing updates are

even Multicast (RIPv2) or Broadcast (RIPv1).

RIP basic concepts
Each path that has learnt by a routing update

receives on a router port can be assumed the
receiving interface as the outgoing interface.
If a router has received a routing update with the

source IP address of w.x.y.z , it means that the next
hop address will be w.x.y.z.
If a router learns more than one path to a

network , it will add the lowest metric in its routing
table.

RIP basic concepts
Each router expects that a learnt path will be

refresh in every hello time (30 sec) , if it dose not
refresh for the dead time (in RIP 180 sec) , it will be
erased from the routing table.
Metric is hop count in RIP and the maximum

metric is 15. (16 is infinity)

RIP basic concepts
Example of How RIP-2 Advertises Routes

Part II
Distance Vector Loop
Avoidance Features

Distance Vector Loop Avoidance Features
Route Poisoning
Problem: Long Fail detection time

Maximum metric in a RIP network is 15. it means the distance
of two network should not be more that 15 networks.
So the time of a Network Fail detection in RIP is 45 min
(15*180sec)
Solution: Route Poisoning

If a subnet fails normally it will not be advertised
But when Route Poisoning is enabled
Instead of not advertising the route
The route will be advertised with the metric of 16
So Network Fail detection will be 7.5 min (15*30sec)

Route Poisoning

Split Horizon
Problem: Count to infinity on a single link

Split Horizon
Problem: Count to infinity on a single link

Split Horizon
Solution: Split Horizon

(A same feature in all the routing protocols)
Do Not teach a route to a router whom you have

been taught the same route!
Note
Split horizon do not count in the poisoned routes, it means
when a route is poisoned it will be advertised to every router
include the router which has advertised the poisoned route.

Split Horizon
Solution: Split Horizon

Hold Down Timer
Problem: Count to infinity on a more than one link

Hold Down Timer
Problem: Count to infinity on a more than one link

Hold Down Timer
Solution: Hold Down Timer
If a router receives a route with metric = 16 it will

not believe any other update from any other router
until hold down timer passes , so it makes sure every
one has understood that the route is no more valid.

Hold Down Timer
Solution: Hold Down Timer

Triggered (Flash) Updates
Problem: Fail detection is still long (7.5 min)
Solution: Triggered (Flash) Updates
When a router notices that a route is failed , instead

of waiting for the periodic time (30Sec), instantly
poisons the route and advertises it.
So Fail detection will be 0 sec.

Triggered (Flash) Updates

Convergence Time
In the worst circumstances:
Fail detection will be 0 sec.

(But convergence needs 3 min Hold down timer +
1 min deleting from the table = total of 4 min)
Adding a redundant pass in case of existence

will be 7.5 min.

Q. Which of the following distance vector features
prevents routing loops by advertising an infinite metric
route when a route fails?
a. Holddown
b. Full updates
c. Split horizon
d. Route poisoning

Q. A router that is using a distance vector protocol just
received a routing update that lists a route as having
an infinite metric. The previous routing update from
that neighbor listed a valid metric. Which of the
following is not a normal reaction to this scenario?
a. Immediately send a partial update that includes a

poison route for the failed route
b. Put the route into holddown state
c. Suspend split horizon for that route and send a
poison reverse route
d. Send a full update listing a poison route for the
failed route

Part III
RIP Versions and
Differences

RIP Versions and Differences

Attention
In a VLSM network , if the routing protocol dose not
send the subnet mask with its updates , routing will
not be done correctly in that network.
Note
Routing protocols that dose not send the subnet
mask with its updates are called Class full routing
protocols. (e.g. RIPv1 & IGRP)
So in a VLSM network , do not use IGRP or RIPv1.

Auto Summarization
Auto summery , summarizes the routes to class full

subnet and advertises it in the boundaries.
Boundary: the point separating two different class

full networks.

Auto Summarization
Note
Auto summarization in the class full routing protocols
(such as RIPv1 & IGRP) is enable by default and its not
possible to disable it.
Auto summarization in the RIPv2 & EIGRP is enable by

default and it is recommended to disable it.
Auto summarization in the OSPF is not enable by

default.

Auto Summarization
Example

Discontinuous Networks
In a discontinuous network , different subnets of a

single network are place in different sides of a
boundary.
In a VLSM network ,while using a class full routing

protocol , because of the auto summarization ,
routing will not be done correctly in that network.

Discontinuous Networks

Part IV
RIPv2 Configuration

RIPv2 Configuration
Enabling RIP on the router.

Enabling Active interfaces in the routing protocol.
Active interfaces
Routing updates should be sent on these interfaces.
Receiving routing updates should be processed on
these interfaces .
Network ID of that interface will be advertised in
the routing updates.

RIPv2 Configuration
Router(config)# Router RIP

Router(config-router)# Version 2
Router(config-router)# no auto-summary
Router(config-router)# network net-id (Class Full)
Router# show ip route

Router# show ip protocols

RIPv2 Configuration

RIPv2 Configuration

RIPv2 Configuration
R1(config)#router rip
R1(config-router)#version 2
R1(config-router)#no auto-summary
R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0

RIPv2 Configuration

RIPv2 Configuration

RIPv2 Configuration

RIPv2 Configuration

Q. Router1 has interfaces with addresses 9.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.1.
Router2, connected to Router1 over a serial link, has interfaces
with addresses 10.1.1.2 and 11.1.1.2. Which of the following
commands would be part of a complete RIP Version 2
configuration on Router2, with which Router2 advertises out
all interfaces, and about all routes?
(Choose four answers.)
a. router rip
b. router rip 3
c. network 9.0.0.0
d. version 2
e. network 10.0.0.0
f. network 10.1.1.1
g. network 10.1.1.2
h. network 11.0.0.0
i. network 11.1.1.2

Q. Which of the following network commands,
following a router rip command, would cause RIP to
send updates out two interfaces whose IP addresses
are 10.1.2.1 and 10.1.1.1, mask 255.255.255.0?
a. network 10.0.0.0
b. network 10.1.1.0 10.1.2.0
c. network 10.1.1.1. 10.1.2.1
d. network 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0
e. network 10
f. You cannot do this with only one network command.

Part V
Other Routing
Options

Other Routing Options
Load Balancing
If a router receives more that one route to a

network with equal metrics , it will add the routes
into its routing table according to the "Maximum-
Path" parameter.
R1(Config)# Router RIP

R1(Config-router)#Maximum-path {1 to 16}

Load Balancing
Maximum-path determines
how many equal routes can
be placed into the routing
table for a single network.

Administrative Distance (AD)
If a router receives more that one route to a network

through different routing protocols , which one should
be placed into its routing table ?
Because the term "Metric" has different meanings in

various routing protocols , metric can not be a decision
maker parameter.

Metric
RIP :Number of routers in the path
OSPF :Total path bandwidth
EIGRP :Lowes bandwidth of the path


Administrative distance is a parameter to compare

different routing protocols.
Reliable Routing protocols (Lower AD) = will be

placed in the routing table.
Reliability
EGP is more reliable than IGP
Static is more reliable than Dynamic
Wealthy metric in dynamic routing protocols
are more reliable.


Note
If you add an static route to a network ,
dynamically learned route will be eliminate from
the routing table.
Note
Why to use more that a single routing protocol
on a router?
Vendor incompatibility.
Routing protocol changing in a company.
Managers with different tastes.

Q. Review the snippet from a show ip route command on a
router:
R 10.1.2.0 [120/1] via 10.1.128.252, 00:00:13, Serial0/0/1
Which of the following statements are true regarding this

output? (Choose two answers.)
a. The administrative distance is 1.

b. The administrative distance is 120.
c. The metric is 1.
d. The metric is not listed.
e. The router added this route to the routing table 13
seconds ago.
f. The router must wait 13 seconds before advertising this
route again.

Pray that success will not come
any faster than you are able to
endure it.
Elbert Hubbard


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Routing Information

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Part I RIP Basic Concepts

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Each router adds its directly connected subnets to

Each router , advertises its routing table in form of

Routers will listen to routing updates receiving from

These routing updates will be advertise periodically.

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Routing updates have only Network ID (Rip V2 also

Each router adds 1 to the metric it has received

Destination address of the routing updates are

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Each path that has learnt by a routing update

If a router has received a routing update with the

If a router learns more than one path to a

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Each router expects that a learnt path will be

Metric is hop count in RIP and the maximum

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Problem: Long Fail detection time

Solution: Route Poisoning

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Problem: Count to infinity on a single link

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Problem: Count to infinity on a single link

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Solution: Split Horizon

Do Not teach a route to a router whom you have

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Solution: Split Horizon

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Problem: Count to infinity on a more than one link

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Problem: Count to infinity on a more than one link

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Solution: Hold Down Timer

If a router receives a route with metric = 16 it will

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Solution: Hold Down Timer

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Problem: Fail detection is still long (7.5 min)

Solution: Triggered (Flash) Updates

When a router notices that a route is failed , instead

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

In the worst circumstances:

Fail detection will be 0 sec.

Adding a redundant pass in case of existence

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

a. Immediately send a partial update that includes a

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Auto summery , summarizes the routes to class full

Boundary: the point separating two different class