CCNA 01 Network Fundamentals

Basic Network Concepts
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Contents
Part I Basic Network Terminology
Part II Introduction to OSI & TCP/IP Model
Part III Physical layer
Part IV Data link layer
Part V Network layer
Part VI Transport layer
Part VII Application layer

Part I
Basic Network
Terminology

Basic Network Terminology
What is the Term Network?

What is the Term Network?

A computer network or simply a network , is a collection of
computers and other hardware components interconnected by
communication channels that allow sharing of resources and
information.

What is the Term LAN and WAN?

What is the Term LAN and WAN?
A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that

interconnects computers in a limited area such as a home,
school, computer laboratory, or office building using network
media.
A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a broad

area.

Part II
Introduction to OSI
& TCP/IP Model

OSI Model
OSI Model (Open System Interconnect)
By ISO in 1984

OSI Model
OSI Model (Open System Interconnect)
By ISO in 1984

TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model

TCP/IP Model

Part III
Physical layer

Network Topologies
Multi Access Networks
STAR
A hub is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together

and making them act as a single network segment.

Network Topologies
Multi Access Networks
STAR
How Hubs work ?
1. Amplifies the signal.

2. Transfer the signal on its all ports.

Network Cables
Twisted pair

Network Cables
Twisted pair
UTP (Unshielded twisted pair)

Network Cables
Twisted pair
STP (Shielded twisted pair)

Network Cables
Twisted pair

Network Cables
Twisted pair

Network Cables
Twisted pair

Network Cables
Twisted pair

Network Cables
Twisted pair

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation
A is going to transmit data to D.

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation
D is going to transmit data to A

in return.

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation
A is going to transmit data

to D again.

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Hub Operation

Part IV
Data link Layer

Data link Layer Protocols
Data-link Layer Sub layers
Logical Link Control (LLC)

Media Access Control (MAC)

Network Devices
NIC (Network Interface Card)
What is the term Half Duplex & Full Duplex?

Network Devices
What is the term Half Duplex & Full Duplex?
A half-duplex (HDX) system provides communication in both

directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously).
A full-duplex (FDX), or sometimes double-duplex system, allows

communication in both directions, and, unlike half-duplex, allows
this to happen simultaneously.

Network Devices
MAC address
A Media Access Control address (MAC address) is a unique

identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications
on the physical network segment.
MAC addresses are managed by the Institute of Electrical and

Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Network Devices
MAC address
The standard format for printing MAC addresses is 48-bits.
human-friendly form is six groups of two hexadecimal digits,

separated by hyphens (-) or colons (:).
Examples
01-23-45-67-89-ab
01:23:45:67:89:ab
This 48-bit address space contains potentially 248 or

281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses.

Network Devices
MAC address

Network Devices
What is the term Unicast , Multicast & Broadcast?

Network Devices
What is the term Unicast , Multicast & Broadcast?
Broadcast means transmitting the same data to all possible

destinations.
Multicast sends data only to interested destinations by using

special address assignments.
Unicast messaging is used for all network processes in which

a private or unique resource is requested.

Network Devices
What is the term Broadcast Domain & Collision Domain?

Most common types of Ethernet

Logical Link Control (LLC)

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation
A is going to transmit data to H.

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation
A is going to transmit data to H.

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation
H is now going to transmit

data to A.

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Bridge operation

Switch operation
A is going to transmit
data to H.

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation
H is now going to
transmit data to A.

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

Switch operation

ARP ( Address Resolution Protocol)

What is the term "Arp Communication"?

What is the term "Arp caching"?


Part V
Network Layer

Network Layer Protocols
IP

Public IP Address Assignment
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Network

Numbers) owns the processes by which public IPv4 (and
IPv6) addresses are allocated and assigned.


A related organization, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers

Authority) ; carries out many of ICANN policies.


A related organization, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers

Authority) ; carries out many of ICANN policies.
ICANN & IANA define which IPv4 addresses can be

allocated to different geographic regions.

Step 1
ICANN and IANA group public IPv4 addresses by major
geographic region.

Step 1
ICANN and IANA group public IPv4 addresses by major
geographic region.
Step 2
IANA allocates those address ranges to Regional
Internet Registries (RIR).

Regional Internet Registries (RIR)





Step 3
Each RIR further subdivides the address space by
allocating public address ranges to National Internet
Registries (NIR) or Local Internet Registries (LIR). (ISPs
are typically LIRs.)

Step 3
Each RIR further subdivides the address space by
allocating public address ranges to National Internet
Registries (NIR) or Local Internet Registries (LIR). (ISPs
are typically LIRs.)
Step 4
Each type of Internet Registry (IR) can assign a further
subdivided range of addresses to the end user
organization to use.

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation
A is going to send data to H.

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation
Routing Table

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

Router operation

IP Addressing & Subnetting
Please refer to Network+ IP Addressing &

Subnetting PPT.

Part VI
Transport Layer

Transport Layer Protocols
What dose this Layer do ?

Segmentation
Flow Control
Error Handling
Segment Sequencing
Service addressing
Multiplexing

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Connection-oriented
Reliable
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Connection-less
Unreliable


Three-way Handshake

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP
Flow control

TCP
Flow control
How does terminating a connection occur ?

Famous UDP applications

DNS (Domain Name System)
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Video and Voice Streaming



Part VII
Application Layer

Application Layer Protocols


DNS (Domain Name Service)
What is the term "FQDN ( Full Qualified Domain Name)" ?



DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
How does DHCP Work?
DHCP Discovery
DHCP Offer
DHCP Request
DHCP ACK
What is the term "APIPA (Automatic Private IP addressing)"?

169.254.X.Y
What is the term "DHCP Lease"?
DHCP Request
DHCP ACK/NAK

Failure is the key to success;
each mistake teaches us something.
Morihei Ueshiba


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Basic Network Concepts

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

What is the Term Network?

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

What is the Term Network?

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

What is the Term LAN and WAN?

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

What is the Term LAN and WAN?

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that covers a broad

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

Shariaty@gmail.com Copyright 2012 Alishariaty.ir

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A hub is a device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together

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How Hubs work ?

1. Amplifies the signal.

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D is going to transmit data to A

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