THE SLAVE Sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco

Cheap jewellery etc., weapons

Trans-Atlantic slave trade

ROUTE F. DOUGLASS* W. E. DU BOIS* A. DUMAS* St-BENEDICT *

Il Moro
A. S. PUSHKIN*
Trans-Saharan slave trade
Trans-Saharan slave trade
European or American slave-ship port

;;;;; ;;
SCHOELCHER* Large slave-trade port in Africa
Sorting and distribution center
Copenhagen Raiding zone

;;;;;
TOUSSAINT P. ROBESON* Liverpool
he slave trade represents a dramatic encounter Slave import zone
T of history and geography. This four century long
tragedy has been one of the greatest dehumanizing
LOUVERTURE* London
Bristol
Amsterdam

Rotterdam BOBANGI (Supply source of the

trans-Atlantic slave trade)
enterprises in human history. It constitutes one of Nantes

;;;;;
Venice Percentage of deported slaves
the first forms of globalization. The resultant Genoa
Bordeaux
slavery system, an economic and commercial type
BENIN and GHANA are current designations of areas called differently
of venture organization, linked different regions and Rome Istanbul
at the time of the Slave Trade
continents: Europe, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the 10% Azores
Lisbon
Seville Palermo * Historic personalities who fought against the black Slave Trade, Slaves or
Caribbean and the Americas. It was based on an Islands descendants of Slaves (St. Benedict and Pushkin)

;;;;;
;;
ideology: a conceptual structure founded on
contempt for the black man and set up in order to Charleston Ouargla Tripoli
justify the sale of human beings (black Africans Basra Nagasaki
Alexandria
Canary Islands
in this case) as a mobile asset: For this is how they
were regarded in the "black codes", which 40%
constituted the legal framework of slavery. Marzuq Karachi
Canton
CUBA Aswan
Mexico Macao
The history of this dissimulated tragedy, its PUERTO RICO Cape Verde
deeper causes, its modalities and consequences Veracruz Santo Domingo Islands Goa
JAMAICA Timbuktu

;;;;
have yet to be written: This is the basic objective A Zabid
AR

BENIN
that the UNESCO's member states set for the MB

GHANA
BA BA Aden
"Slave Route" Project. The issues at stake are: GORE Island RU SOCOTRA
Ouidah YO s
historical truth, human rights, and development. Cartagena
ASHANTI
D A Lagos ost
ARA BE gP
The idea of "route" signifies, first and foremost, the Elmina NI Calabar
N in

;;;;
Accra BOBANGI

ad
identification of "itineraries of humanity", i.e. Slave Coast

Tr
Malaka

lem
circuits followed by triangular trade. In this sense, EQUATOR

Mos
LO DA
geography sheds light on history. In fact, the AN LUN
GO
triangular trade map not only lends substance to Cabinda O Mombassa
this early form of globalization, but also, by KONG O

;;;;
G
Pernambuco NDON ZANZIBAR
showing the courses it took, illuminates the Luanda MBUN
motivations and goals of the slave system. Bahia
DU I N D I A N
40% OVIMBUNDU
A
These slave trade maps are only a "first MAKU THE SLAVE TRADE AND THE POPULATION
Tamatave

;;;;
draft". Based on currently available historical data Quelimane OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT
MADAGASCAR Island MAURITIUS
about the triangular trade and slavery, they should Rio de Janeiro Aggregate number of deportees
be completed to the extent that the theme networks RUNION Island from the 8th to the middle
(Bourbon)
of researchers, set up by UNESCO, continue to 10% A T L A N T I C of the 19th century for all slave
bring to light the deeper layers of the iceberg by trades: 24 million at least.

;;;;
exploiting archives and oral traditions. It will then Robben Total African population
be possible to understand that the black slave Montevideo Island O C E A N in the middle of the
trade forms the invisible stuff of relations between Valparaiso 19th century: 100 million
Buenos Aires
Africa, Europe, the Indian Ocean, the Americas and Estimated total size that the African
the Caribbean. population would have reached
in the middle of the19th century
O C E A N in the absence of any slave trade:
200 million
Doudou Diene
Director of the Division of Intercultural Dialogue

DENMARK 1792
DEPORTATION FLOWS, 15th-16th Centuries 17th Century 18th Century 19th Century HOLLAND 1815
ABOLITION * ENGLAND 1807
IN EUROPE
FRANCE 1815
PORTUGAL 1830
ABOLITION *
Jamestown VIRGINIA 1807

Design andcartography: Nancy FRANOIS Print: ARIZONA GRAPHIC

IN U-S O
CC
RO
30 000

MO
700 000

70
550 000

SANTO DOMINGO 70

0
00

60
00
400 17 CA 1791 00

0
00 1 90

0
CA 00 0 00 0 St. DOMINGO

00
0 00 00 0 I S R IB BE
AR 000 ISL RIBB 000 1  200 C
I S A R IBB
00

0
100 LA A 00
IB B
E AN
ISLANDS SENEGAMBIA
AND EAN
S  Gore SENEGAMBIA
N DS N
 Gore
L A N EAN
DS Gore
Gore GOUADELOUPE GUINEA GUINEA
GOUADELOUPE Ouidah Ouidah
REVOLT, 1656 GHANA 1737 Elmina Calabar Elmina
CONGO Calabar
0
00

KONGO KONGO 0
00
0

00

Zanzibar 900
00

3 Cabinda Zanzibar BAHIA REVOLTS Cabinda

1 00 0
00 0
0

7 00 Luanda 00 Luanda
Pernambuco 1 00 0
Pernambuco
Bahia
1
Bahia ANGOLA 40
0 (1807 AND 1835)
 ANGOLA
Kilwa
Ibo
Bahia ABOLITION *
1888 1 900
UNESCO 2000

IN BRAZIL 000
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro
Inhambane
Loureno-
* Official date
of Abolition Marques
Montevideo Montevideo
Buenos-Aires Buenos-Aires
40 7 0 0 0