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Chapter 0
Introduction to Wireless
Communications
Lectured by Ha Hoang Kha, Ph.D.
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
Email: hahoangkha@gmail.com
Grading
Introduction 2
References
Introduction 3
Content
3. Design challenges
4. Fundamental concepts
Introduction 4
Introduction
Introduction 5
1. Introduction to communication system
Introduction 6
Block diagram of digital
communication systems
Introduction 7
Basic signal processing blocks
Transmitter:
Source coding: eliminate or reduce redundancy so as to provide an
efficient representation of the source output.
Channel coding: introduce redundancy to provide reliable
communication over a noisy channel.
Modulation: to provide the efficient transmission of the signal over
the channel.
Channel: wired (telephone channels, coaxial cables,
optical fibers) or wireless (microwave radio, satellite
channels).
Receiver: demodulation, channel decoder, and source
decoder.
.
Introduction 8
2. Radio Communication
Introduction 9
Classification of radio spectrum
10
30-300
-1 mm
EHF
GHz
SHF
sensing
300-3000
UHF
VHF
-1 m
10
HF
services, military communication, 100
amateur radio and broadcasting
300-3000
-100 m
AM broadcasting, naviation, radio
MF
1000
KHz
beacons, distress frequencies.
30-300
Long distance communication (fixed
-1 km
LF
and marite), Broadcasting,
kHz
10
Naviagation, Radio beacons
-10 km
3-30
VLF
kHz
100
Time and Frequency Normals,
Navigation, Underwater
Communication, Remote sensing
300-3000
-100 km
under ground, Maritme telegraphy
ELF
1000
Hz
Wavelength
Application
Frequency
Introduction
Term
The Radio Spectrum
Introduction 11
History
Introduction 12
Evolution of Wireless Systems
Introduction 13
Current Wireless Networks
Introduction 14
3. Mobile wireless technology
Introduction 15
1G First generation wireless
Developed in 1980s
Analog transmission technology
Focus on voice
Data service almost non-existence
Incompatible standards:
Different frequencies and signalling
International roaming impossible
Introduction 16
2G second generation wireless
2 G wireless
Its was invented and developed in 1990-91.
Digital transmission technology
Increased quality of service
Possible for wireless data services
2.5 G wireless
General packet radio service (GPRS)
Data rates: 56 kb/s to 115 kb/s
Services: WAP, MMS and SMS, Search and directory
2.75 G wireless
Maximum data rate: 384 kbps.
Introduction 17
3G third generation wireless
3 G wireless
Introduced in 2004-05
Applications: mobile TV, video on demand, video
conferencing, location based serviced services.
3.5 G wireless
Known as HSDPA (high-speed downlink packet access)
Data transmission up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for
some systems)
3.75 G wireless
Refereed to HSUPA (high-speed uplink packet access)
Speed: 1.4 Mbps-5 Mbps
Real-time person to person gaming
Introduction 18
4G Fourth generation wireless
5 G Wireless (coming?)
Data rate: ~10 Gbps
Introduction 19
Comparison between 1G-4G
Introduction 20
Mobile broadband landscape
time
Introduction 21
Satellite Systems
Introduction 22
Wireless LAN Standards
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
01011011 0101 1011
Internet
Access
Point
Introduction 25
Bluetooth
Introduction 26
Ultrawideband Radio (UWB)
UWB is an impulse radio: sends pulses of tens of
picoseconds(10-12) to nanoseconds (10-9)
Duty cycle of only a fraction of a percent
A carrier is not necessarily needed
Uses a lot of bandwidth (GHz)
High data rates, up to 500 Mbps
7.5 GHz of free spectrum in the U.S. (underlay)
New UWB proposals (802.15.3): OFDM-based or
CDMA-based
Limited commercial success to date
Introduction 27
IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee Radios
802.11n
3G
Rate
802.11g/a
Power
802.11b
UWB
Bluetooth
ZigBee
Range
Introduction 29
Backbone infrastructures: PSTN,
Internet, and HFC
Introduction 30
3. Requirements and Design Challenges
Introduction 31
Future Generations
Other Tradeoffs:
Rate Rate vs. Coverage
802.11n Rate vs. Delay
4G
Rate vs. Cost
Rate vs. Energy
802.11b WLAN
3G
2G Wimax/3G
2G Cellular
Mobility
Introduction 33
4. Fundamental concepts
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
The 2 channels can be separated in frequency
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
The 2 channels can be separated in time to share a
single physical channel Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Introduction 34
FDD vs TDD
Introduction 35
Multiple Access
Introduction 36
Multiple Access
Multiple access
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
SSMA (Spread Spectrum Multiple Access)
- FHMA (Frequency Hopped Multiple Access)
- CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
Introduction 37
Multiple Access
Introduction 38
Multiple Access
Introduction 39
The Cellular Concept
Introduction 40
Before Cellular Systems
Introduction 41
One call per channel
Introduction 42
The Cellular Concept
Why cellular?
Radio spectrum is a finite resource.
How to accommodate a large number of users over a
large geographic area within a limited radio spectrum?
The solution is the use of cellular structure which allows
frequency reuse.
Introduction 43
The Cellular Concept
Introduction 44
The Cellular Concept
Introduction 45
The Cellular Concept
Introduction 46
The Cellular Concept
Introduction 47
Cellular Systems
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
Geographic region divided into cells
Frequency/timeslots/codes/ reused at spatially-separated locations.
Co-channel interference between same color cells.
Base stations/MTSOs (Mobile Telephone Switching Office ) coordinate
handoff and control functions
Shrinking cell size increases capacity, as well as networking burden
BASE
STATION
MTSO
Introduction 48
Cellular Phone Networks
San Francisco
BS
BS
Internet
New York
MTSO MTSO
PSTN
BS
Introduction 49
3G: ITU-developed,
UMTS/IMT-2000
Global
Satellite
Suburban Urban
In-Building
Picocell
Microcell
Macrocell
Basic Terminal
PDA Terminal
Audio/Visual Terminal
Introduction 50
Spectrum Regulation
Introduction 51
US Spectrum allocation today
Introduction 52
Coexistence Challenge:
Many devices use the same radio band
Technical Solutions:
Interference Cancellation
Smart/Cognitive Radios
Introduction 53
Standards
Introduction 54
Emerging Systems
Introduction 55
Cognitive Radio Paradigms
Cognitive radio of a
spectrum hole and
opportunistic
spectrum sharing
Introduction 56
Cognitive Radio Networks
Introduction 57
Key Techniques
Adaptive Techniques
Link, MAC, network, and application adaptation
Resource management and allocation (power
control)
Diversity techniques
Link diversity (space, time, frequency)
Access diversity
Route diversity
Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing (MIMO, beamforming)
Frequency multiplexing (OFDM, multi-carrier)
Introduction 58
Subject contents
Introduction 59
Projects
Introduction 60
References
Textbook:
[1] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications, Cambridge University
Press, 2005
References:
[2] T.S. Rappaport ,Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR,
1996
[3] J. G. Proakis , M. Salehi , G. Bauch Contemporary
Communication Systems Using MATLAB, Cengage Learning, 2012.
[4] DSPlog Signal Processing for Communication
http://www.dsplog.com/
Introduction 61