Vertebral Column and Ribs

Parts of the Endoskeleton of Vertebrates

Skull

Axial Skeleton
Branchial Skeleton (Gill Arches)
Vertebral Column
Ribs
Sternum

Appendicular Skeleton
Pectoral Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Skeleton of the Appendages
Notochord
Notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.

Vertebral column forms around the notochord

and gradually squeezes it out of existence or only
a remnant remains

Notochord is invested with a connective tissue

sheath
Inner thicker sheath of fibrous CT
Outer thinner sheath of elastic fibers
Skeletogenous Regions
Endoskeleton develops from mesenchyme

Vertebral column and ribs come from the

Sclerotomes
Myotomes
Forms the muscular layer of the body.

Each myotome is separated from the adjacent

ones by the myoseptum.
Perichordal Mesenchyme
- mesenchyme surrounding the notochord

Horizontal Skeletogenous Septum

- divides the myotome into Dorsal (epaxial) and Ventral
(hypaxial) half

Dorsal Skeletogenous Septum

mesenchyme from the notochord to the neural tube to the
median dorsal line

Ventral Skeletogenous Septum

- mesenchyme from the notochord to the median ventral line
 At the intersection of every myoseptum with
the dorsal, ventral and horizontal septa and with
the perichordal mesenchyme, a VERTEBRA
arises.
Cartilage Bones
Mesenchyme CartilageBone

In lower vertebrates, cartilage remains the same

or can be deposited with calcium salts. Such
cartilage is said to be calcified.

In most vertebrates, the cartilage is replaced by

bone from deposition of bone-forming cells. The
skeleton is said to be ossified. This type of bone
is known as cartilage bone.
Membrane Bones
Mesenchyme Bone

Also called Dermal or Investing Bone

Derived from the dermis of the skin and homologous

to the scales of ganoid and bony fishes and the
plates of the turtle shell

Parts of the exoskeleton which have sunk inward

from the skin to the endoskeleton.

Found in the skull, jaws, and pectoral girdle.

 Membranous cartilage and dermal bones
look alike and cannot be distinguished. Only
their manner of origin is different.

Vertebral column does not come from the

notochord but is formed around it.

Notochord is enclosed inside the centrum or is

gradually squeezed out and disappears.
Vertebra
Vertebral Column is composed of a longitudinal
series of similar bones--- vertebra.

Parts of the Vertebra

- Centrum encloses the notochord
- Neural Arch encloses the neural tube
- Haemal Arch encloses the blood vessels
Haemal Arch
In the trunk region, haemal arch is missing or
represented by basal stumps --- basapophyses
Apophyses
A variety of projecting processes for articulation
with:

Adjoining vertebrae
(Zygapophysis:
Prezygapohphysis and Postzygapophysis)

Ribs
(Basapophysis/Haemapophysis)

Muscles
Diapophyses attachment of upper head of two
headed ribs

Parapophyses attachment of lower head of

two-headed ribs

Pleurapophyses attachment of vertebra plus the

fused rib

Hypapophyses midventral projection from the

centrum
Shapes of Centrum
Amphicoelous both ends concave

Procoelous anterior concave, posterior convex

Opisthocoelus anterior convex, posterior concave

Heterocoelus both ends shaped like seat of a

saddle placed transversely

Amphiplatyan both ends flat

Shark Vertebra
Centrum - Amphicoelous
Neural Arch/Dorsal Plate
Haemal Arch
Neural Spine
Haemal Spine
Intercalary Plates
Basapophysis
Vertebral Column of Turtle
Fused to the exoskeleton (Carapace)
Cervical (8, including atlas and axis)
Trunk (10)
Sacral (2) w/ sacral ribs
Caudal most primitive
neural arches
haemal arches
transverse processes
Single-headed ribs (Capitulum)

Vertebral Column of Chicken

Cervical vertebra (16) permits turning of head
Also because of the the saddle-shaped
(heterocoelous) centrum

Cervical vetebra low neural arch and spine,

well-developed zygapophysis, hypapophysis

Two-headed ribs
(Uncinate Process)- strengthen the ribs
Vertebral Column of Chicken
Thoracic vetebra high neural spine,
well-developed transverse process

Synsacrum
(Last thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, first few Caudal)
Pygostyle
Vertebral Column of Cat
Amphiplatyan

Cervical (7 including axis and atlas)

Thoracic (13)

Last thoracic differs by having reduced neural

spine and transverse process, more prominent
zygapophyses, single rib process and
metapophyses (mamillary process)
Vertebral Column of Cat
Ribs(Bicipital)
Vertebral and Sternal/Costal Rib
Tuberculumcostal facet
Capitulum demifacets
Neck ,Shaft, Angle
True(9) and False/Floating(4) Ribs
Vertebral Column of Cat
Lumbar Vertebra (7)
-with metapophysis and anapophysis