Kasaysayan 1

Historical Models
History Flow of history/events
Greek, histora
Knowledge obtained inquiry or investigation 1) Linear model
o Aristotle observed animals (investigation), and There is a definite start and end
created the history of Providential (like the bible)
o Ibn Khladun Fatalistic (everything is destined)
Book: Al-Muqaddimah 2) Cyclical model
History is the study of the past History repeats itself
Study of changes/development of the Repetition
society Argument: according to the 3 elements, same
It is a social science events will never occur at the same time
o Jose Rizal 3) Spiral model
When studying history, there are the Intersections are similarities, but time is not
achievements of the people (Filipino) the same
Shows the historians perspective 4) Chaotic view
There should be content History has no pattern
There is no definite start or end
Definitions and Characteristics
1) History is a narrative about the past Historical Sources
It is like a story/record of what happened 1) According to form
a. History is not equal to the past a. Written/published sources eg. archives
b. Relevant b. Non-written eg. photos, fossils, artifacts
c. Has 3 elements i. Archaeological sources
i. Time helps in interpretation 1. Artifacts
ii. Place 2. Fossils
iii. People always has human ii. Audio-visual sources
involvement; affected iii. Oral sources
d. Has no finality 1. Legends
o Open-ended argument 2. Myths
o New evidences might arise; you cant 3. Epics
ignore it 2) Sources according to importance
o New perspectives: each generation a. Primary sources
writes its own history Eye witnesses
Contemporaneous (present during the
2) History is a discipline/branch of knowledge event. Eg. buildings, interviews
a. Relevant Government records
b. It is objective b. Secondary sources
o Sources, evidences, facts
Derived
c. Highly subjective
Interpretation
o Choosing which data/narratives
o Interpretation/perspective
Historical Criticism
o Eg. Marcoses from Ilocanos
Evaluation of sources
perspective
d. Evolving/growing
1) External/Surface
o Established authenticity
(Evolving/Growing)
a) Physical attributes (eg. if from the 16th century,
a) Pre-20th century
expect that it is not type-written or on scented
Traditional historiography (practice of writing
paper)
history) b) Provenance (origin of document)
Focus: political, economic, diplomatic c) Originality (reproduced? Tampered?)
Methodology: positivism (august comte) No 2) Internal/Higher Criticism
document, No history o Content analysis (context eg. malibog
Elite-centric meant luxurious before)
Thomas Carlyne the great men theory o Motives of the author
o Corroboration (find other documents to support
b) 20th century or refute)
Nouvelle histoine
o Movement that started in France Historiography
(Annales School)
Focus: Rural History and Womens History (1) Pre-colonial
o Social/cultural history Chinese
o History of mentalities Trade records
Method: Sung, Yuan, Ming Dynasty
o Social sciences linguistics, Chau Ju-Kuas Accounts on the Various Barbarians
psychology Wang Ta-Yuans Summary Notices on the Barbarians of
o New sources artifacts, oral history the Isles
methodology Place Names (Ma-i)
o Masses: history from below o According to William Henry Scott, Mindoro is
the richest
o Some accounts say Malolos and Bay
o Another place name: Li-han Malolos
o Gat sa Li-han Malolos was the middle of PH
 o Pa-lau-yu (Palawan) o Mountainous (Sierra Madre, Cordilleras,
o Pai-pu-yen) (Babuyan Island) Pataron)
o Liu-sun (Luzon) o Rivers (Rio Grande de Cagayan)
Culture Buddha from India Peopling Process
o Indianization George Coeds 1) Cultural Perspective
Religion
(2) Colonial Period Zoroastrianism
a) Spanish Friars o Ahura Mazda + Angra Mainyu
Says Filipinos are uncivilized o Son: Gayomartan (first human being)
Juan de Plascencias Customs of the Tagalogs o Masha (came from petchay) + Mashyoi
Pedro Chirinos Events in the PH Islands Sikalak/sikabay
o The accounts were descriptive Minokawa (birth that eats the moon/sun if may eclipse)
o Babaylan hechiceras (witch) Bakunawa (serpent) visayas
o Sacerdotisas del demonios Hinduism
o They brought civilization o Ganesh (shiva + parvati)
b) American Statesmen o Trimurti Ganesh
Philippines, Past & Present by Dean Worcester 2) Evolutionary Perspective
o Descriptive Australopithecus
o Anti-Imperialist League o 4 to 1.5 million years ago
o Anti-Spanish o East Africa
o Afarensis, Enamensis, Africanus, Robustus,
(3) Post-colonial Boisei
Prominent Filipino historians o Lucy (1974, Ethiopia, discovered by Donald
Traditional (50s 60s; very colonial; contributions of Carl Johanson, afarensis)
Spanish and American)
o Gregorio Zaide Homo
o Nicolas Zafra o 2.8 million years ago to present
o Horacio dela Costa o East Africa
Nationalist (70s; highlight Filipino Revolution)
o Teodoro Agoncillos Lost History a) Homo Habilis
Says PH history starts 1872 Handy man
o Renato Constantino Stone tools
500-800 cc. brain cavity
Geography in the Study of History 1.3 metes height
1) Place as an element of history Foraging
First mass was held is Mazaua according to Antonio Piga b) Homo erectus
Fetta between Limasawa and Butuan Upright man
2) Geographic determinism Bipedal
Environmental/climatic determinism
1.7 meters
Culture is heavily influenced by geography
750-1,3500 cc. brain cavity
Eg. Ivatan at Batanes wears headdress called Vakul and
Uses fire
have stone houses because of typhoons
Foraging
Eg. 18th century philosopher Charles-Louis Montesquieu
c) Homo sapiens
Eg. 19th century Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Agriculture: plants and animals
o 5-race scheme (based on skin color)
250,000 years ago
White (Caucasian
1350 1500 cc. brain cavity
Black (Ethiopians)
Yellow (Mongoloid)
Neolithic Revolution
Red (Indians)
10,000 B.C.
Brown (Malayans)
Fertile Crescent
o Degenerative Hypothesis
Agriculture
The farther you are from the origin,
a. Permanent settlements
the more inferior you are the blacks
b. Surplus due to pottery and trading
are most inferior
c. Social relationships population growth
Eg. Greg Bankoff
d. Life expectancy
o La Indolencia de los Filipinos
e. Social stratification
o Trade winds f. Labor specialization
g. Political/religious leaders
Philippines
Insular southeast Asia Peopling Process in the Philippines
Archipelagic
o 7,100 islands (1) Waves of Migration Theory
o Multi-ethnic Henry Otley Beyer, 1947
o Took look to establish the Philippines PH Artifacts in Novaliches, 1921
revolution a) Each set of artifact belong to a specific group of people
o American colonialism Navy Coastline b) These groups of people are (1) prehispanic and (2)
(Military Playground) foreign
Land formations c) These groups resulted to variation in current Philippine
o Volcanoes (Pacific Ring of Fire) population
200 volcanoes 300,000 250,000 years ago: homo erectus
20 active 30,000 25,000: Negritos; land bridges
6,000 5,000: Indones A and B (boats)
 2,000 ya: Malays, metal implements o Rules (Battasan)
o Territory/resources
(2) Core Population Theory Socially stratified (based on wealth but is mobile,
1960s aka you can move up or down)
Felipe Landa Jocano
Core Populations Social Stratification
o Formative Phase 1) Uring Namumuno
50,000 2,500 BC Luzon: Maginoo
Stone tools (crude) Visayas: Kadatoan
Agriculture Has political/economic power
o Incipient Phase Gat, ginoo, dayang (girl)
3,000 2,500 BS Datu (political/economic)
Stone tools (polished) o Rajah (coastal)
Metal implements o Lakan (Tagalog)
o Emergent Phase o Pinion (founder)
2,000 BC 100AD o Pangulo (if its an alliance, pangulo is the
Trading with South East Asia more powerful one)
(3) Austronesian Migration Theory How do they make alliances?
Language Family (1,200 380 million) o Kasi-kasi (blood compact)
o South East Asia, Taiwan, Pacific Islands, o Intermarriages
Madagascar, (rapa nui) DATU
Proto-Austronesians* o Can be acquired if:
o Language Inherited
o Rice-eaters, cocout, taro, banana Has wealth
o Terraces (Apayao) Has followers
o Pottery Physically fit
o Boat-builders Has military skills
a) Out-of-Taiwan/Mainland Origin Hypothesis Has administrative skills
Peter Bellwood o His role encompasses:
Protecting his territory and his
Southern
China constituents
Creation/revision of laws
Indian Judge (hukon)
Pacific
Ocean Philippines
Ocean Legitimizes
agreements/contracts
Insular Peace and order
South o In return, he gets TAXES (buhis/ handug)
East Asia
The Datu also has helpers
b) Island Origin Hypothesis
o Bagani (soldiers)
Nusantao Maritime Trade/Trading &
o Atubong sa Datu (assistant)
Communication Network
o Paragahin (treasurer)
Nusantao Island People
o Bilanggo (sheriff/jail ward)
Wilhelm Solhein II
o Umalohokan/Paratawag (announces)
Philippines/
Indonesia The two rulers of Mactan:
(trading) o Datu Zula
o Lapu Lapu
Indian Pacific
Ocean Luzon
Ocean
2) Uring Malaya
Luzon: Maharlika
Taiwan Visayas: Timawa
Prehispanic Philippine Societies Debtless, pays taxes, and can freely relocate when
they dont like the datu
1) Ilaya Ilawud The Uring Malaya consists of:
Ilaya: mountains/interiors a) Bagani soldiers
Ilawud: coastal villages b) Panday
Eg: Illocos/Cordillera Butuan City i. Panday-bakal (weapons)
ii. Panday-guinto (accessories)
Because of the river systems, they had trading
iii. Panday-anluwage (carpentry)
relations
c) Babaylan
Ibayo before meant like another country or place
Medicine, healing, spirituality
you have to travel to
Always a girl
These are called hydraulic civilizations according
baylan/baglan
to Karl August Witfogel
Also called Katalonan
2) Barangay (balangay/balanghai) Bayug/Bayugin are boys, but they
Smallest socio-political unit are perceived as girls
Luzon/Visayas Ritual: Pag-aanito
Later, the name was changed to barrio but o Anito/diwata (devatta)
Ferninand Marcos revived calling it barangay in o Benevolent gods you can
the 1970s request to
Composed of 30 to 100 families o Guibang-guibang fates
Each barangay is independent in terms of: Bacalag-boats (ginugulong to make
o Governance stronger)
 Ritual: Pag-aanito (offerings)
o Pagbabalilig baboy Mangkukulam
o Pagtalibog manok a) Hukluban
o Pagkayag rice Matanda
o Paghuaqq tao Most powerful
Can kill through eyes
b) Mangisalat
3) Uring Katuwang Uses potions
Luzon: Alipin Lumay: love potions
Visayas: Oripun Buringot: opposite of lumay
Being an uring Katuwang can be acquired if: c) Mambabarang uses insects
o With debts (that cant be paid) d) Matatanggal
o Inherited Can split his body into half
o Punishment (murder, theft, for assaulting Has no wings but can fly
women) Hold his head when he flies
o Slave-raiding
Socially mobile Physical Appearance and Customs
o Eg. when you finish your term (based on the accounts of the Spanish)
o Pagtitimawa (giving freedom) 1) Tatoo
o Intermarriages) 2) Gold
Types of Uring Katuwang: Pagpupusad is the act of putting gold in their
o Alipin: teeth
Saguiguilid (no property) 3) Tugbuk/Sakra
Namamahay (with property) Piercing as the genitals of men
o Oripun: For the pleasure of women
Ayuey: serves 3 out of 4 days Alipins are professional de-virginizers
Tomaranpac: 1 out of 4 days 4) Nganga
Tumatabang: on call Nginunguyan na leaf + bunga of a plant
Pangpatibay ng jaws and teeth
Other Concepts: Act of affection when guys give it to girl after
Binukot they chew it
Epic chanting 5) Alak
History of their group Tuba (coconut)
Tapuy (rice wine)
Anito/Diwata Basi (sugar cane)
Deities/benevolent; wrathful
Anthropomorphic (humanlike attributes) Pre-Hispanic Philippine Societies
Closely related to nature 1) Illaya Ilawud
o Deities for sun, wind, etc. 2) Barangay
Our ancestors that died (eg. Manunggul Jar) Seen by the Spanish at Luzon and Visayas
In Mindanao, its counterpart is the Kampong
Luzon Visayas 3) Sultanato (Mindanao)
Heavens Bathala/Gugurang/K Makaptan Based on religion (Islam)
abunian SULTAN: government
Seas Magwayen Aman Sinaya o He is chosen
o Must be a descendant of Muhammad
Agricultur Lakapati Lalahon
SHARIA: Islamic laws
e
o The laws of the country are the same as
Food Lakambini Makabosog
the laws of the religion
Darkness Saragnayan followed by The Sultanato is a state religion
Aswangs o The population are all Muslims
Wife: Magmalintong Yawa
Islam
Sinagmaling Diwata
There are 1.8 billion adherents (it is the 2nd largest
Eyes Dalikmata
religion)
Fences Lakambakod o Sunni Abu Bakr is the 1st caliph
Sun Hanan o Shia Ali is the 1st caliph (Muhammads cousin)
Moon Mayari Birthplace: MECCA
UMMAH: the people
Stars Tala
MOSQUE: the church
S-L-M most of their words have roots in these letters
Aswang
o Refers to people
Inherently malevolent
o Common translation: submission to one god
Feeds on:
Monotheistic to ALLAH
o Human liver
It is an ABRAHAMIC religion
o Filth
It is a young religion: started 610 AD,
o Corpses
Muhammad was the last prophet
Types:
o He was visited by the angel JIBRIL
o Tiktik mahaba dila, can fly
o Patianac mom that died during childbirth QURAN
o Tigbalang tall, hairy person with small feet o Verbatim of Allahs words
and eats only males o Written in Arahic
622 AD is year 0 in their calendar, HIJRI
 From Hijra, they migrated to Medina (Yahtrib) Hajji is affixed to a males name once he has
JIHAD holy war done Hajj, while for females Hajjah is affixed
o Literal translation: struggle o Others change their entire name
o Killing of non-believers Umrah is when you go to Mecca NOT on the 12th
o Struggle to practice religion month
a) External Jihad
b) Internal Jihad against yourself/ changing Islam in the Philippines
self to be better/ to become closer to Allah 1280
o Tuan Mashaika brought Islam to the Philippines
He was a trader
5 Pilars of Islam (al-Arkan al-Islam) Only introduced it, but no conversion
1) SHAHDA was involved
two testimonials 1380
When you convert to Islam and before you pray o Karim ul-Makdum
There is no god but Allah o Actual conversion occurred
Muhammad is the messenger 1405
o Sharif ul-Hashim (descendant of Muhammad)
2) SALAT/SALAH Later changed his name to Sayyid
a) Five (5) times a day Abu Bkr
Fajr (before sunrise) Married Paramisuli (bayang Dayang)
Zuhr (noon 11-1) o He established the 1st sultanate in Sulu
Asr (afternoon 3-4) o (1) SULU (Sultanate)
Maghrib (dusk 5-7pm) Palawan, Tawi-tawi, Sabah
Isha (night 7pm) Very powerful they practiced
Moses told Muhammad to bargain from 50x pangangayaw, or slave-raiding to
a day to 5x a day the Christians and went as far as Apari
b) Faced to Mecca (Cagayan)
Where al-Masjid al-Haram is found (biggest 1500
mosque) o Sultanate of (2) Maguindanao was
Kaaba is the 1st mosque, believed to be established
established by Abraham and Ishmael Sultan Kudarat (1600s)
o Inside the Kaaba is the blackstone o By Sharif Muhammad Kabungsuwan
o It was said to be thrown by Allah to Sultanate of (3) Lanao was the 3rd in the country
signify where the 1st mosque o Confederacy of Lanao
should be built o Composed of 13 sultans
o The blackstone became black o Some dont consider Lanao as a sultanate
because it can absorb sins because there was no proof they have tarsila
c) Ablution Tarsila proof that youre a
Wudu: partial cleaning descendant of Muhammad
Ghusl: full cleaning (eg. period of women, o Kampong equivalent of barangay
after sex) There are no Sultanato in Luzon/Visayas
Uses water Before the Spanish came, we were in the process of
Tayamum: uses sand Islamization
o Islamization (1280) Hispanization
d) Sutrah (1521/1565)
warning There was a smooth introduction of Islam because:
Objects put in front of them, signifying not a) 100 years of Introduction
to pass in front of them when they are b) Ideals of Islam:
praying o Peace
o Notion of Ummah equality
3) SAUM c) Women from nobility (intermarriages)
Fasting/Puasa o Eg. Sayyid Abu Bakr married
Ramadan: 9th month of the Islamic calendar Hijri Paramisuli
During the day, they arent allowed to put anything
inside their mouth Age of Discovery and Exploration
They are not allowed to indulge in anything Took place between the 15th and 18th century
pleasurable for 1 month so that they can become Distinct because of maritime travel (seas)
closer to Allah Increase in geographical knowledge (eg. how to get
Eid al-Fitr is the last day, and is a celebration around)
Children 7 years old or younger are exempted, also National endeavor;
the aged and pregnant women o No longer exclusive to merchants
o Government funded
4) ZAKAT Colonialism was rampant especially with the Europeans
Alms giving/charity
Give portions of income (2.5%) to the less Factors Leading to the Age of Discovery and Exploration
fortunate (other Muslims) 1) Mercantilism/ Bullionism
Gold and silver as a basis of wealth
5) HAJJ Since the amount of gold is constant, you have to
Pilgrimage get from other countries/places through means of:
Once in your life, go to Mecca o Trading export
Dhu al-Hijjah (12th month/last month) o New territories
Stoning of the devil denouncing of evil Getting gold from other countries
 Believed most of the gold goes
to China when they thought that
gold is depleting in Europe
2) Search for Spices
Used to preserve food (salt, black pepper, nutmeg,
ginger)
They had to search outside of Europe because they
do not cultivate the spices
They believed it comes from Afria/Asia
Spice Islands: Moluccas
Italy had monopoly over the spices
o Because trade passes through the silk
road
o The British, Spanish, Portuguese had to
pay high prices just to buy spices from
Italy
3) Silk road
Traditional route between Asia and Europe
o Passes through Constantinople, Aleppo,
Damascus, Samarqand, Baghdad, Persia,
India, China
1453: Fall of Constantinople (Roman Empire,
Byzantine)
o They were defeated by the Ottoman
empire (Anatolia: Turkey)
o The order of the Ottoman was to close the
Silk Road, and increase the tariff if they
want to pass
o Because of this, the Europeans used
maritime travel to search for the spices/
get to Asia
4) Roman Catholicism
Spain and Portuguese
5) Travel/Accounts
Marco Polo (1279 1291) to China during the Yuan
Dynasty
o He met Kublai Khan
o Described China as full of gold
People got scared because they believed the world
was flat, and youll fall at one point cruising the
Atlantic Ocean
6) Renaissance Period
Literally means rebirth/revival
Revival of classical culture of the Greco-Romans
Secularizing the handling of knowledge (separate
from religion)
Inventions became instrumental for navigation
(eg. compass)
1450: movable printing press
o Johannes Gutenberg
o Cartography
o Making maps
7) Emergence of Banking Families
Eg. Medici Family, Fugger family (German)
Emerged when there was a need to keep gold in a
safe place
They invest gold to earn more
o They invested in expeditions
o Fugger invested in Magellans expedition,
came out richer despite having only 1 out
of 5 ships come back because of the
amount of spices they were able to return
Spain/Portugal
Iberian Peninsula
Faces the Atlantic Ocean, thus, had the opportunity to
explore the seas/improve naval forces
711 1492
o They underwent Reconquista
By the Moors (Muslim)
Moorish Spain
1492: Fall of Granada (last strong
Muslim hold in Europe
Portugal
Their Reconquista ended 1294 (already independent)
1430
o Started explorations
o Prince Henry the Navigator established a
maritime school (Sagres Point)
1488
o Reached the Cape of Good Hope (southern
most tip of Africa) in an expedition led by
Bartolomeu Diaz to get to Asia
1498
o They reached Calicut, India in an expedition led
by Vasco de Gama
1500
o Reached Brazil, Rio de Janero in an expedition
led by Pedro Alvares Cabral
1510
o Established Goa, India as a Portuguese enclave
in an expedition led by Alfonso de Albuquerque
1511
o Reached Malacca led by Albuquerque
Spain
Ended the Reconquista later than the Portuguese
1492
o Reached the New World (Americas) in an
expedition led by Christopher Columbus, who
initially thought it was India. This caused chaos
with Portugal
1493
o Pope Alexander VI released the papal bull (Inter
Caetera, which means among other things)
o 100 leagues West of Azores was the proposed
border, but the Portuguese did not agree (even
though it was in their favor) because Pope
Alexander VI was Spanish
1494
o Treaty of Tordesillas
o New border was 370 leagues, West of Cape
Verde
o Because of this, Spain can no longer claim
Moluccas because its in Portugals side
1517
o Ferdinand Magellan is a Portuguese navigator
working for the Spanish crown
He was with the exploration to Goa
and Malacca of the Portuguese, so he
is already familiar with their routes
o The Spanish Kingdom gave him funds (Carlos I)
Consisted of 250 crew/fleet Armada
de Molucca
Trinidad, San Antonio, Santiago,
Victoria, Concepcion
o His expedition under the Spanish crown left
Seville on August 10, 1519
o Magellan believed that you can reach Asia by
going West, this idea does not break the Treaty
of Tordesillas
1520, April 1
o There was an uprising led by Juan de
Cartagena because he did not like Magellans
leadership
o He was punished by means of marooning (left
in a island with only water and gun) because
he did not follow the Kings order
1520, November 1
o Estrecho de Todos los Santos (Straight of
Magellan)
o The ship Santiago got lost and San Antonio
went back to Spain
1520, November 1521
 o Mar Pacifico
o Passage across the Pacific Ocean, where they
went months without seeing land; the crew got
hungry, and there were accounts of the crew
eating leather
1521, March 6
o The expedition reached Guam (the Marianas)
o It was labeled Las Islas Landrones, which
means thief
o Chamoros (the people) welcomed them, but
went to the boat to get items. The crew let this
happen because they wanted to get food and
resources from the Island
1521, March 17
o The expedition reached Samar/Leyte (Suluan)
(Suluhan/Homonhon)
o The Spanish named it Las Islas de San Lazaro
1521, March 31
o Easter Sunday
o The First mass in the Philippines was led by Fr.
Pedro Valderrama at Limasawa (Mazaua)
o This is where they met Rajah Kolambu
1521, April 7
o B
o The ships transferred to Cebu, where they met
Rajah Humabon, whose wife was Hara
Humamay
o Magellan promised Rajah Humabon that hell
be the most powerful Rajah
That he will be able to collect taxes
from other barangays
He was able to collect from Mactan
under Datu Zula
But Lapu-Lapu refused to pay taxes to
Rajah Humabon
1521, April 27
o First recorded battle (Battle of Mactan)
o According to Antonio Pigafetta, 60 Spanish
fought vs 1,500 natives: left 11 on board while
49 fought
o Sebastian Elcano took over Magellan after he
died during the battle
1521, May 2
o There were 3 ships left: Trinidd, Victoria, and
Concepcion
o They left Cebu and burned Concepcion
o Trinidad and Victoria went to Moluccas
Trinidad followed the Pacific Ocean
Route
Victoria followed the Portugese route:
Carreira de India
1522, September 22
o Arrival of Victoria at Seville with 18 people
o What the expedition achieved:
Proved that the world is spherical
Spain renewed claims to Moluccas
Philippines became part of their
agenda: colonization
1525
o Garcia Jofre de Loaisa led an expedition which
got caught by the Portuguese (with Andres de
Urdaneta) which was not able to return
o Since the expedition of Urdaneta was not yet
able to return, Spain launched another
expedition led by Alvaro de Saavedra Cron,
which also got caught
1526
o Spain launched another expedition headed by
Sebastian Cabot
1529
o Treaty of Zaragoza moved the border to 297.5
leagues, East of Moluccas
o Spain noticed that Portugal is not utilizing the
Philippines (because there was no gold in the
Philippines)
1542
o Spain launched an expedition led by Ruy Lopez
de Villalobos
o They named the archipelago Las Islas
Phelipinas
1564
o Launched the Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
expedition, he was the 1st governor general
o He asked help from Andres de Urdaneta, who
at that time was already an Agustinian Friar
o They reached the Philippines on February 13,
1565 (Samar/Leyte)
o Before they were able to reached land, the
natives were already attacking them (this
happened because the Portuguese apparently
burned villages before the Spanish arrived,
hence, and the natives cannot tell them apart)
o They transferred to Bohol, where Rajah
Sikatuna talked to them
o Transferred to Cebu because some natives
were already converted to Christianity at the
time
Rajah Tupas
Their welcoming was also hostile, but
the Spanish fought with Cebu, and
burned the houses of Cebuanos
Because of this, the natives went and
fled to the mountains
1565, February 27
o Established Villa San Miguel (Cebu)
o 40 years after the 1st expedition, they were
able to find a statue of the Sto. Nino
o Because of this, they renamed Cebu to Ciudad
del Sanissimo Nombre de Jesus
o They kidnapped a native girl who was a relative
of Rajah Tupas, dressed her well in order to
make Rajah Tupas believe that they are
good/mean no harm
1571
o Expedition led by Martin de Goiti
o Went to Manila (Insigne y Siempre Leal de
Ciudad de Manila) because:
It is far from the Muslims (Sulanates)
Pasig River provides easy access to
the interiors of the city
It is near China, so they are able to
get gold
o Manila only referred to Intramuros;
o The suburbs (other parts of Manila) were
called Arrabales
o The Spanish Introduced:
Calle (roads)
Palacio de Governador (where they
governor stayed)
Ayuntamiento (city hall)
Churches eg. San Agustin
Panderia Fernandez dela Puebla (pan
de sal)
Botica pharmacy (19th century),
established by Jacobo Zobel Trinidad
Ayala
Schools
Colegio de Maximo de San
Ignasius (Jesuit - boys)
Santa Ponteciana (Franciscan
girls)
UST (Dominican 1611)
Collegio de San Juan de
Letran (Dominican 1620)
 o Arrabales (suburbs) Centralized government
Tondo Pescadores fishers
Sampaloc Lavanderos many a) King of Spain
esteros El Rey
Paco Dilao Foreign population: In charge of the Spanish empire
Japanese/Chinese Concerned with appointing people to positions
Binondo Christianized Chinese o Political/Religious
Parian Chinos Infieles (Chinese non- Eg. Real Patron is one who helped establish
believers churches
Divisoria was the road that Patronato Real (Royal patronage)
divided Binondo and Parian
o Manila was made the capital because: b) Real y Supremo Consejo de Indias
It is a protected harbor In charge of the colonies
They made naval bases at Sangley Council of the Indies
point in Cavite and on Corregidor Established 1524
No naval bases were established in
Changed name to Ministerio de Ultramar
Bataan due to resistance
o Minister of the colonies, 1863
1573
Role: formulation of laws
o Philip II released a decree on how to establish
o The laws were called: Recopilacion de
new settlements
Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias
Requirements in order to establish new settlements
c) Viceroy de Mexico
Must be near a port
Nueva Espaa (Mexico)
Near a forested area (wood used to building structures)
For some time, the Philippines was under
Mexicos judiciary (1565-1821)
1) Reduccon System
All affairs of the Philippines passed through
Reduccir to limit/to reduce
Mexico
Resettlement policy to reducciones
1582 Fr. Juan de Plasencia endorsed the idea to d) Governador Y Capitan General (PH)
the Philippines (to the Synod of Manila) Highest position within the PH
Philippine priests rejected violence and was anti- Appointed by the king
slavery
The only requirement was being a peninsulares
Purpose:
His position is:
a) Conversion
o Administrative
b) Efficient system for taxation (people are
condensed in one area) o Military
Padron: list of tax payers, also o Economic
used as a record of the people Boletas are tickets that are
inside the reducciones needed to join the Galleon
c) Used for surveillance Trade
Later, people intentionally went down from the These are handle by the
mountains and moved to reducciones because og governor general
the Plaza Complex which had schools, commercial He maintains/manages
establishments, a marketplace, hospital, and monopoly stores called
government offices Estancos
Church o Judicial
o Had a bell tower which was very important Supreme Court (Real
o Alerts people if there are Muslims (slave- Audiencia)
He is the Oidor or the judge
raiding
o Thats why it needs to be near a port (so o Ecclesiastic
they can see incoming Muslims Called visceral patron
Bajo el son de la campana because he has the power to
o When youre inside the reducciones recommend friars
o taga-loob Salary: 40,000 Mexican Pesos
o Means that you are under the sound of the Function: Cumplase can reject the
bell implementation of laws
When you are outside the reducciones: They tend to be corrupt, thus, the king
o taga-labas implemented:
o Vagamundos i. Residencia he arrives 6 months after
the end of the term of the governor
o Tulisanes
general to inspect; but gov. generals
o Remontados
hide/return items to Spain before they
o Indocumentados arrive
2) Social Pyramid ii. Visita can arrive anytime
a) Peninsulares Spanish born in Spain e) Alcalde Mayor
b) Insulares Spanish born in colonies Governs alcaldia
c) Principalia/Principales native aristocrats
These are pacified provinces (no resistant)
Gobernadorcillo
Civil governor
Cabeza de Barangay
f) Corregidor
Called Don and Doa
Governs Corregimientos
d) Indio natives
Unpacified provinces
e) Chinos Infieles Chinese non-believers
f) Mestizos: 19th century, half Filipino half Spanish Needs military intervention
Military governors
3) Political System
 Alcalde Mayor and Corregidor have similar roles: Visayas: Falua
Role: Mindanao: Donativo de Zamboanga
o Taxation ENCOMIENDA
o Peace and order o Place (land), which does not follow political
o Serve as a judge at the tribunal geography such as the pueblos and provineces
Compensation: 2,000 pesos o Usually based on population
To avoid corruption, they were given a privilege of the tax goes to the encomendero
o Indulto de Comercio, which allows
them to join the Galleon Trade Types of Encomienda
Appointed by the king 1) Encomienda dela Corona
Must be a peninsulares and a lawyer Crown; Realenga
In theory, the encomendero is the King of
g) Gobernadorcillo Spain; however, the actual collector is the
Handles towns: Pueblos gobernadorcillo or the cabeza de barangay
h) Alcalde Ordinario All the money goes to the Royal Treasury and
Handles cities: Ciudad the rule does not apply
Elected by Spanish residents Requirements for an area to be Encomienda de
i) Cabeza de Barangay Corona:
Handled villages: barrio o Place must be agricultural
o Has a port (easy transportation of
goods)
The role of the 3: o Had a big population
Must be a principalia:
o Has to be wealthy, because if the 2) Encomienda de Particulares
people they govern cannot pay their Private
taxes, they have to shoulder it In theory, the encomendero is chosen by the
o Used to me Uring Namumuno king, usually a former government official and
Compensation: 2.5 pesos to 20 pesos a peninsulares or insulares (Spanish)
They are exempted from paying taxes However, in history, there have been 2 Filipino
Requirements: encomendero for Particulares:
o Wealthy o Francisco Liwag and Juan de
o At least 25 years old Macapagal
o Fluent in Spanish The actual collectors are soldiers who uses
o Never been imprisoned force
Encomenderos can be passed onto 2
Emilio Aguinaldo was a gobernadorcillo
generations, however, this is not often
To be a gobernadorcillo, you need to be a
followed, and reaches up to 4 generations
Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years
1721: if you exhaust 2 generations, it will be
turned into a REALENGA
Taxation
The money collected from Particulares is used
Payment of tributo
for the maintenance of the colony
Goals of taxation:
1) Replenish the royal treasury 3) Ecclesiastical Encomienda
2) Maintenance of the colonies
The encomendero are religious orders and their
3) Sustain military campaigns (since the Philippine
institutions
is not fully pacified)
4) Help the church This is an offshoot of the Encomienda de
Particulares
Encomienda System o When they no longer have successors,
Implemented in the Philippines 1570s by Miguel Lopez they give it to the church
de Legazpi PINEDA (Modern-day Pasay) was an
Permit to collect taxes from certain areas Ecclesiastical Encomienda
It is not a land grant, it is only the right to collect taxes The tax collected is used to help the church
from them
Bandala System
ENCOMENDERO:
Enforced sale of goods from natives to the government
o Role: Tax collector, defense against outsiders,
helps the church The government buys the goods from natives
o Annually, the encomendero must collect 8 This is handled by the encomendero
reales/1 Mexican Peso per family o He dictates the products (usually products that
1589: 10 reales the place doesnt cultivate, so they are forced
19th century: 15 reales to buy them outside)
o Additional real is collected for military o And the price (pays low)
expenses Viewed as a form of taxation
Luzon: Vinta (navy)