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PSYCHOL HIERARCHY OF
OGY
NEEDS
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PSYCHOLOGY
NCBA&E
(National College of Business Administration &
Economics)
A Project on
ABRAHAM HAROLD MASLOWS
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
Project Advisor
Prof. ISHTIAQUE
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Submitted by:
OWAIS SHAHZAD
ZEESHAN SHAHZAD
ALI ABBAS
Approved by:
Prof. ISHTIAQUE
Department of Business administration
NCBA&E DECEMBER 09, 2015
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UNDERTAKING
The project titled ABRAHAM HAROLD
MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS has
been written by Faria Anwaar, Zeeshan Shahzad, Owais
Shahzad and Ali Abbas as a partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of business administration from
National College of Business Administration and Economics.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The project was carried out under the able guidance of Prof.
ISHTIAQUE, a true professional who has excellent
command over the subject. He helped us to conceive the
project to start with and later-on sorted out our numerous
queries and enabled to complete the project. We are
extremely thankful to him for his precious time and
dedication.
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DEDICATIONS
We dedicate this project to our loving parents, whose prayers
are always with us. We confer this project to all the teachers in
our whole educational career. Along with all, we bestow our
project to some special personalities, whose help led us
towards the completion of this project.
Faria Anwaar
Owais Shahzad
Zeeshan Shahzad
Ali Abbas
DECLARATION
This project is the result of indigenous efforts and this will not
be presented in any other University/Institute for any other
degree or qualification.
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1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 9
12. CONCLUSION 28
13. REFERENCES 30
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1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY
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The Greek capital letter PSI is often used to represent the word, or
study of, Psychology
Abraham Harold Maslows was eldest of seven siblings. He was a poor student as an
adolescent. He was pressured by dad to become an attorney. He took one
law class, dropped out of college for one year. Then he entered in
University of Wisconsin-Madison one year later to study
scientific psychology
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with her whatsoever. Abraham Harold Maslow perceived his mother as being entirely
insensitive and unloving. She exhibited no sign of affection or love for anyone she
encountered, even her own family. Fortunately, a loving uncle, his mothers brother, watched
over him in adolescence and showed him what normality and decency were.
Abraham Harold Maslow described his early childhood as unhappy and lonely, and he
spent much of his time in the library immersed in books. He went to Boys High School, one
of the top high schools in Brooklyn. There, he served as the officer to many academic clubs,
and became editor of the Latin Magazine. He also edited Principia, the school's Physics
paper, for a year.
Abraham
Harold Maslow was
born in New York in
1908 and died in 1970,
although various
publications appear in
Abraham Harold
Maslow's name in later
years. Abraham Harold
Maslow's PhD in
psychology in 1934 at
the University of
Wisconsin formed the
basis of his motivational research, initially studying rhesus monkeys. Abraham Harold
Maslow later moved to New York's Brooklyn College.
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As a young boy, Maslow believed physical strength to be the single most defining
characteristic of a true male; hence, he exercised often and took up weight lifting in hopes of
being transformed into a more muscular, tough-looking guy, however, he was unable to
achieve this due to his humble-looking and chaste figure as well as his studiousness.
1926 - At the age of 17, Maslow enrolled at the City College of New York (CCNY). In an
effort to appease his father, he registered for evening classes at the Brooklyn Law School.
1927 - He transferred to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, but at the end of the
semester returned to CCNY due to poor grades and high costs.
December 31, 1928 - Abraham Maslow married Bertha Goodman, his long-time
sweetheart and first cousin. The couple had two daughters, Ann and Ellen.
1934 - Received his PhD from the University of Wisconsin. Maslows dissertation
involved dominance among a colony of monkeys. After he received his PhD in 1934, he
continued to teach at the University of Wisconsin.
1935 - Moved to Columbia University to work with Edward Lee Thorndike; began his
research on human sexuality.
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Between 1937 and 1942 Maslow published various articles regarding female sexuality.
1949 - He returned to Brooklyn College where he taught Abnormal Psychology and The
Normal Personality.
July 8, 1966 - Maslow was elected president of the American Psychological Association.
June 8, 1970 - While slowly jogging, he suffered a fatal heart attack. Abraham Harold
Maslow died at the age of 62 in Menlo Park, California.
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Maslow's hierarchy
of needs is a theory in
psychology proposed by
Abraham Maslow in his
1943 paper "A THEORY
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idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity. Hierarchy of Needs suggests that
people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs.
This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid.
The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more
complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Hierarchy of Needs suggests that people
are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. This
hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up
of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid.
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Where Abraham
Harold Maslow's Hierarchy of
Needs is shown with more
than five levels these models
have been extended through
interpretation of Abraham
Harold Maslow's work by
other people. These augmented
models and diagrams are
shown as the adapted seven
and eight-stage Hierarchy of
Needs pyramid diagrams and
models below.
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b) Growth Needs
It is also known as being needs or B-needs.
Growth needs do not come from a place of lack, but rather from a desire to grow as
a person.
I. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS
These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, such as the need for
water, air (oxygen), food, and sleep/rest. Maslow believed that these needs are the most basic
and instinctive needs in the hierarchy.
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We cant survive without food after three weeks (Mahatma Gandhi survived 21
PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE:
With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take
precedence and dominate behavior. In the absence of physical safety due to war, natural
disaster, family violence, childhood abuse, etc. people may (re-)experience post-traumatic
stress disorder or transgenerational trauma.
In the absence of economic safety due to economic crisis and lack of work opportunities
these safety needs manifest themselves in ways such as a preference for job security,
grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts,
insurance policies, reasonable disability accommodations, etc. This level is more likely to be
found in children because they generally have a greater need to feel safe.
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Personal security
Financial security
It includes a desire for steady employment, health care, safe neighborhoods, and shelter
from the environment. These needs have to do with mans yearning for a predictable, orderly
world in which injustice and inconsistency are under control.
from invasion
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PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE:
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is
interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness. This need is especially strong in
childhood and can override the need for safety as witnessed in children who cling to abusive
parents. Deficiencies within this level of Maslow's hierarchy due to hospitalism,
neglect, shunning, ostracism, etc. can impact the individual's ability to form and maintain
emotionally significant relationships in general, such as:
Friendship
Intimacy
Family
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loved both sexually and non-sexually by others. Many people become susceptible to
loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression in the absence of this love or belonging
element. This need for belonging may overcome the physiological and security needs,
depending on the strength of the peer pressure.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE:
IV. SELF-
ESTEEM NEEDS
Esteem needs refer to the need for respect, self-esteem, and self-confidence. Esteem
needs are the basis for the human desire we all have to be accepted and valued by others.It
includes the need for things that reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition,
and accomplishment. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an
activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-
valued, be it in a profession or hobby.
All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have self-esteem and
self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others.
People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the
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Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two
versions of esteem needs: a "lower" version and a "higher" version. The "lower" version of
esteem is the need for respect from others. This may include a need for status, recognition,
fame, prestige, and attention. The "higher" version manifests itself as the need for self-
respect. For example, the person may have a need for strength, competence, mastery, self-
confidence, independence, and freedom. This "higher" version takes precedence over the
"lower" version because it relies on an inner competence established through experience.
Deprivation of these needs may lead to
an inferiority complex, weakness, and
helplessness.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE:
V. SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
What a man can be, he must be. This quotation forms the basis of the
perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need refers to what a
person's full
CONGRATULATIONS
potential is and
the realization of that potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish
everything that one can, to become the most that one can be. Individuals may perceive or
focus on this need very specifically. For example, one individual may have the strong desire
to become an ideal parent. In another, the desire may be expressed athletically. For others, it
may be expressed in paintings, pictures, or inventions. As previously mentioned, Maslow
believed that to understand this level of need, the person must not only achieve the previous
needs, but master them.
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make the most of their abilities and to strive to be the best they can. Need for growth,
development and utilization of potential, becoming all that one can be, self-fulfillment.
Self-Actualization Needs
Seek truth.
Freshness of appreciation.
Independent values.
Independence.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL EXAMPLE:
Self-Actualization: The Highest Growth Need
NEEDS
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The term "Self-actualization" may not universally convey Maslow's observations; this
motivation refers to focusing on becoming the best person that one can possibly strive for in
the service of both the self and others. Maslow's term of self-actualization might not properly
portray the full extent of this level; quite often, when a person is at the level of self-
actualization, much of what they accomplish in general may benefit others or, "the greater
self".
The position and value of sex on the pyramid has also been a source of criticism
regarding Maslow's hierarchy. Maslow's hierarchy places sex in the physiological needs
category along with food and breathing; it lists sex solely from an individualistic perspective.
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For example, sex is placed with other physiological needs which must be satisfied before a
person considers "higher" levels of motivation. Some critics feel this placement of sex
neglects the emotional, familial, and evolutionary implications of sex within the community,
although others point out that this is true of all of the basic needs.
12.CONCLUSION
The basis of Abraham Harold Maslow's motivation theory is that human beings are
motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before
higher needs can be satisfied. According to Abraham Harold Maslow, there are general types
of needs (physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a
person can act unselfishly. He called these needs "deficiency needs." As long as we are
motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization.
Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing satisfaction makes us sick or act evilly.
We have
particularly seen
great significance of his ideas
in relation to modern challenges for work such as in the
Psychological
Contract and leadership ethics, and even extending to
globalization and society.
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REFERENCES
2. Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., Griskevicius, V., Becker, D. V., & Schaller, M. (2010).
Goal-Driven Cognition and Functional Behavior the Fundamental-Motives
Framework. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 63-67.
4. Abraham Harold Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper
and Row.
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8. Abraham Harold Maslow, A. H. (1970a). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper
& Row.
9. Abraham Harold Maslow, A. H. (1970b). Religions, values, and peak experiences. New
York: Penguin. (Original work published 1964)
10. Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354.
11. McLeod, S. A. (2014). Abraham Harold Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from
www.simplypsychology.org/Abraham Harold Maslow.html
12. Psychology -Carthage College.htm
13. Abraham Harold Maslow - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
14. Abraham Harold Maslow Biography.htm
15. Educational Psychology Interactive Abraham Harold Maslow's hierarchy of needs.htm
16. Hierarchy of Needs.htm
17. How to Apply Abraham Harold Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to Education _ eHow.htm
18. Abraham Harold Maslows eight basic needs and the eight stage developmental model _
The Mouse Trap.htm
19. Abraham Harold Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm
20. PSED516DiversityProject - Abraham Harold Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in an
Inclusion Classroom- By Kaitlin Lutz.htm
21. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham Harold Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs
22. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Simply Psychology-
www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
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