CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1: Background

Circular motion is a movement of an object along the circumference of a circle or rotation along a circular

path. It can be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation and constant speed, or non-uniform with a

changing rate of rotation. The rotation around fixed axis of a three-dimensional body involves circular motion

of its parts. The equations of motion describe the movement of the center of mass of a body. Examples of

circular motion is an artificial satellite orbiting the earth at constant height, a stone which is tied to rope and is

being swung in circles, a car turning through a curve in a race track, an electron moving perpendicular to a

uniform magnetic field, and a gear turning inside a mechanism. Since the objects velocity vector is constantly

changing direction, the moving object is undergoing acceleration by a centripetal force in the direction of the

centre of rotation. Without this acceleration, the object would move in a straight line, according to Newton's

laws of motion.

1.2: Literature Review

In Newtonian mechanics, the centrifugal force is an inertial force directed away from the axis of rotation

that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating reference frame. The concept of the centrifugal force

can be applied in rotating devices, such as centrifuges, centrifugal pumps, centrifugal governors, and centrifugal

clutches, and in centrifugal railways, planetary orbits, banked curves, etc. when they are analyzed in a rotating

coordinate system. The term has sometimes also been used for the force that is a reaction to a centripetal force.
1.3: Problem statement

1) What is the effect to the velocity when the polystrene cup is whirled using different material?

2) Is any of the material will fall down ?

1.4: Objective research

To observe the velocity in action by using formula of velocity to predict the result of the experiment.
CHAPTER 2

METHADOLOGY

2.1: Apparatus and Material

1) Polystrene cup

2) Plastic rplope

3) Water

4) Cardboard

5) Glass

6) Plywood

7) Aluminium

8) Polystrene

9) Stopwatch

2.2: Procedure

1. The cardboard was cut into 15cm15cm to use as a platform.

2. The edges of cardboard was holed and tied with a plastic rope.

3. A cup ( polystrene cup) of water was placed on the platform.

4. The platform was oscillated 360 5 with same radius.

5. The time taken was recorded by using stopwatch.

6. The velocity of oscillation was calculated as given that :

V= S/t ; S= 2 rN

V= velocity of oscillation

S= circumference of oscillation

t= time taken for 5 oscillation

N= number of turns of oscillation

r = radius of oscillation

7. The step 1-6 was repeated by using glass, plywood, aluminium and polystrene.

8. The gradient of graph V against t is calculated to show the relationship between velocity and time taken for

complete 5 oscillation.

9. Further calculation is determined based on centrifugal force;

F= mv2/ r
2.3: Data Collection

The data is tabulated in most easiest way in the calculation and calculated based on derived formulas.

Measurements :
MATERIAL NUMBER OF TIME TAKEN
OSCILLATION t 1 t2 t total

WOOD 5

GLASS 5

ALUMINIUM 5

POLYSTRENE 5

MOUNTING
BOARD 5

Table A: Time taken for 5 complete oscillation with different type of material.
CHAPTER 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1: Observations and Results

The time taken for 5 complete oscillation with different materials is recorded and tabulated in table below.

The time is taken using stopwatch.

Zero reading of stopwatch= 0.0s

MATERIAL NUMBER OF TIME TAKEN

OSCILLATION t1 t2 t total

WOOD 5 4.58 4.57 4.58

GLASS 5 6.57 6.59 6.58

ALUMINIUM 5 5.51 5.55 5.53

POLYSTRENE 5 3.15 3.20 3.18

MOUNTING
BOARD 5 4.41 4.45 4.43
 Time taken for 5 complete oscillation
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Wood Glass Aluminium Polystrene Mounting Board

Graph A : graph material against

To calculate the velocity of

FOR WOOD;

2 rN
V= t

2 (0.6)(5)
= 4.58

= 4.12 ms-1

FOR GLASS;

2 rN
V= t

2 (0.6)(5)
= 6.58

= 2.86 ms-1

FOR ALUMINIUM;

2 rN
V= t
 2 (0.6)(5)
= 5.53

=3.41

FOR POLYSTRENE;

2 rN
V= t

2 (0.6)(5)
= 3.18

= 5.93 ms-1

FOR MOUNTING BOARD;

2 rN
V= t

2 (0.6)(5)
= 4.43

= 4.25 ms-1
To calculate the centrifugal force, Fc ;

FOR WOOD;

Fc=mv2/r

=(400)(4.12)2/0.6

=11316 N

FOR GLASS;

Fc=mv2/r

=(700)(2.86)2/0.6

=9543 N

FOR ALUMINIUM;

Fc=mv2/r

=(650)(3.41)2/0.6

= 12597 N

FOR POLYSTRENE;

Fc=mv2/r

=(95)(5.93)2/0.6

= 5568 N

FOR MOUNTING BOARD;

Fc=mv2/r

=(335)(4.25)2/0.6

= 10085 N

REFERENCE

1) Puan Afzan Binti Mohd Tahir, PRE-U Physics Teacher SMK Dato Penggawa Timur.
2) Oxfard Fajar Ace Ahead Physics book Sem 1, Chapter Circular Motion.
3) Wikipedia Circular Motion and Centrifugal Force