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physics: Debris flows occur when masses of poorly sorted sediment, agitated
and saturated with water, surge down slopes in response to gravitational
attraction solid and fluid forces must act in concert to produce a debris flow
Debris flows are gravity-driven surges of roughly equal volumes of water and
poorly sorted sediment, thoroughly mixed and agitated . commence as
landslides triggered by increased pore water pressures, and most terminate as
slowly consolidating sediment deposits debris flow behavior typically is
influenced by inertial forces and by a combination of grain friction, grain
collisions, and viscous fluid flow.
Poor predictability high impact forces, and their ability to deposit large quantities of
sediment in inundated areas velocity is an important factor in the design of
mitigation structures because it influences the impact forces, run-up, and
superelevation(surface elevation) of the flow. are calculated from back
superelevation events using the bend radious of curvature or predicted using flow
equations using reological model and its property inputs.
Debris flow is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that
travels down a slope under the influence of gravity.
To be considered a debris flow, the moving material must be loose and capable of
"flow," and at least 50% of the material must be sand-size particles or larger.
they can reach 100 miles per hour
This hazard can be reduced by identifying areas that can potentially produce debris
flows, educating people who live in those areas and govern them, limiting
development in debris flow hazard areas, and developing a debris flow mitigation
plan.
One method uses sensitive seismographs to detect debris flows that have already
started moving. Another uses radar precipitation estimates and established rainfall
intensity-duration threshold values
Because debris flows are confined to areas downslope and downvalley from their
points of origin,
people can avoid them by seeking high ground.t he faster the water flow, the more
the water can pick up. As the water picks up more mud and rocks, it begins to
resemble a fast flowing river of concrete.
Mud flows and Lahars are special forms of debris flows that are mainly made of the
smallest mud and silt particles. Extremely heavy rain, or a sudden thaw can trigger
these types of flows. In the case of lahars, a sudden thaw of mountain snow due to
a volcanic eruption can send a torrent of mud, ash, and hot water down the slope
of the volcano and over neighboring towns
Causes: rapid melting of snow and ice during an eruption heavy rainfall on loose
volcanic debris, when a volcano erupts through a crater lake, or when a crater lake
drains because of overflow or wall collapse.
Time: Summer and autumn are the seasons during which debris flows are most
common, because glaciers produce large amounts of meltwater and intense
rains can fall on unconsolidated ground with little to no snow cover.
Lahars flow like liquids with material following depressions and valleys and can spread
out if they reach a flat area speeds of over 80 kph (50 mph) as much as 150 m (490
ft) deep
If they were generated by a volcanic eruption, they may retain enough heat to still be
60-70C (140-160F) when they come to rest. Lahars are not as fast or hot as other
volcanic hazards, but they are extremely destructive buring everything in their path