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debris flow

A mass movement that involves water-charged, predominantly coarse-grained inorganic


and organic material flowing rapidly down a steep, confined, preexisting channel

physics: Debris flows occur when masses of poorly sorted sediment, agitated
and saturated with water, surge down slopes in response to gravitational
attraction solid and fluid forces must act in concert to produce a debris flow
Debris flows are gravity-driven surges of roughly equal volumes of water and
poorly sorted sediment, thoroughly mixed and agitated . commence as
landslides triggered by increased pore water pressures, and most terminate as
slowly consolidating sediment deposits debris flow behavior typically is
influenced by inertial forces and by a combination of grain friction, grain
collisions, and viscous fluid flow.

Poor predictability high impact forces, and their ability to deposit large quantities of
sediment in inundated areas velocity is an important factor in the design of
mitigation structures because it influences the impact forces, run-up, and
superelevation(surface elevation) of the flow. are calculated from back
superelevation events using the bend radious of curvature or predicted using flow
equations using reological model and its property inputs.

the yield stress;mudflows


the viscous stress;mudflow
the turbulent stress: dominant in mudflows
the dispersive stress: debris flow

Debris flow is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that
travels down a slope under the influence of gravity.
To be considered a debris flow, the moving material must be loose and capable of
"flow," and at least 50% of the material must be sand-size particles or larger.
they can reach 100 miles per hour

This hazard can be reduced by identifying areas that can potentially produce debris
flows, educating people who live in those areas and govern them, limiting
development in debris flow hazard areas, and developing a debris flow mitigation
plan.

1) a very steep slope, 2) an abundant supply of loose debris, 3) a source of


abundant moisture, and 4) sparse vegetation. Identifying areas where debris flows
have happened in the past or where these conditions are present is the first step
towards developing a debris flow mitigation plan

One method uses sensitive seismographs to detect debris flows that have already
started moving. Another uses radar precipitation estimates and established rainfall
intensity-duration threshold values
Because debris flows are confined to areas downslope and downvalley from their
points of origin,

people can avoid them by seeking high ground.t he faster the water flow, the more
the water can pick up. As the water picks up more mud and rocks, it begins to
resemble a fast flowing river of concrete.

Mud flows and Lahars are special forms of debris flows that are mainly made of the
smallest mud and silt particles. Extremely heavy rain, or a sudden thaw can trigger
these types of flows. In the case of lahars, a sudden thaw of mountain snow due to
a volcanic eruption can send a torrent of mud, ash, and hot water down the slope
of the volcano and over neighboring towns

Lahars are a specific kind of mudflow made up of volcanic debris composed of a


significant component of volcanic materials (>25%) .
When a volcano erupts, ice and snow melted by the heat of the eruption run
downhill carrying ash particles and other debris.
lahar for large flows of eruption or landslide origin with potential to travel to
densely populated valleys, and use the term debris flow for much smaller, more
common events caused by glacier floods and precipitation, which stay
generally within park boundaries.

Causes: rapid melting of snow and ice during an eruption heavy rainfall on loose
volcanic debris, when a volcano erupts through a crater lake, or when a crater lake
drains because of overflow or wall collapse.

Lahars During Eruptions Melting of snow and ice by


pyroclastic flows and lava flows

Lahars After Eruptions Heavy rainfall can lead to erosion


and lahars Sudden release of water caused by lake
breakouts

Lahars Without Eruptions Sudden landslides at


volcanoes can trigger lahars

Time: Summer and autumn are the seasons during which debris flows are most
common, because glaciers produce large amounts of meltwater and intense
rains can fall on unconsolidated ground with little to no snow cover.
Lahars flow like liquids with material following depressions and valleys and can spread
out if they reach a flat area speeds of over 80 kph (50 mph) as much as 150 m (490
ft) deep

If they were generated by a volcanic eruption, they may retain enough heat to still be
60-70C (140-160F) when they come to rest. Lahars are not as fast or hot as other
volcanic hazards, but they are extremely destructive buring everything in their path

During a rainy season, lahars can sweep downstream with tremendous


power, burying entire cities with debris behave like flowing concrete, and
they destroy or bury most structures in their paths.

Prevention: Lahars can, however, be detected in advance by acoustic (sound)


monitors be channeled away from buildings and people by concrete barriers, although
it is impossible to stop them completely. These methods include
building retention basins, alternate channels, tunnels,
and concrete structures. Some of these methods have
met with success and others have not. The best
preventative measure is to establish a warning system.
Warning systems that have been used include
seismometers that pick up the signal of a lahar as it
moves down valley and rain gauges that collect water
and warn when lahar formation is possible. But, as was
shown at Nevado del Ruiz, warning systems are not
enough. Evacuation plans and lines of communication
must also be established.
El lahar se detiene cuando pierde velocidad por un cambio brusco de
pendiente al alcanzar el nivel de base de las zonas llanas. La densidad
de un lahar y su temperatura, varan de un episodio a otro.
Lahars can vary from hot to cold, depending on their mode of gnesis The maximum
temperature of a lahar is 100 C, the boiling temperature of water

By eroding rock debris and incorporating additional water,


lahars can easily grow to more than 10 times their initial size.
But as a lahar moves farther away from a volcano, it will
eventually begin to lose its heavy load of sediment and decrease
in size.
Data. It is important that instruments be installed during quiet times when
volcanoes are not active so that they are ready to detect the slightest bit of
volcanic stirring
Ex: in 1985 when pyroclastic flows erupted at the snow-covered summit of the Nevado del
Ruiz volcano in Columbia. In only a few hours, the eruption generated a lahar that killed ~23,000
people in the village of Armero and adjacent towns located several tens of kilometers downslope
from the summit

. Some of the largest lahars begin as landslides of saturated and


hydrothermally altered rock of a volcano or adjacent hillslopes.
Landslides are triggered by eruptions, earthquakes,
precipitation, or the unceasing pull of gravity on the volcano.
Lahars are similar to pyroclastic flows but contain more
water. When a lahar travels down valley, the high point
of the lahar is usually marked by the mudline it leaves.
This mudline marks the upper limit of how high a lahar
will go. This upper limit is important because it defines
how high people must go to be out of danger from the
lahar.

Mudflow, flow of water that contains large amounts of suspended


particles and silt. It has a higher density and viscosity than a streamflow
and can deposit only the coarsest part of its load; this causes irreversible
sediment entrainment. Its high viscosity will not allow it to flow as far as a
water flow. Mudflows occur on steep slopes where vegetation is not
sufficient to prevent rapid erosion but can occur on gentle slopes if other
conditions are met. Other factors are heavy precipitation in short periods
and an easily erodible source material. Mudflows can be generated in any
climatic regime but are most common in arid and semiarid areas. They
may rush down a mountainside at speeds as great as 100 km (60 miles)
per hour and can cause great damage to life and property
Mudflow deposits are poorly sorted mixtures of silt, boulders, organic
materials, and other debris. They have abrupt and well-defined edges,
irregular surfaces, and a lobate appearance; they may be 3 to 6 m (10 to
20 feet) high.
El desplazamiento de grandes masas de lodo y barro en conjunto
con agua forma una avalancha que ocupa todo el fondo de la
quebrada. La movilidad depende de la granometra (tamao y
distribucin de los clastos) y de la cantidad de agua en el
sedimento. La velocidad del movimiento puede ser alta, pero
tambin existen avalanchas lentas.
En el "mud flow" predominan clastos de tamaos pequeos "barro,
lodo" en un "debris flow" se puede encontrar un conjunto de
clastos pequeos y grandes.
http://geology.com/landslides/

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