Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
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Best Practices
American Meat Institute
Conference on Worker Safety, Human
Resources and the Environment
Kansas City, Missouri
Slaughterhouse
Proteins (blood, meat, etc.)
Fat
Partially digested feed from stomachs and intestines
Manure from pens
Urine from pens, kidneys, bladders, etc.
Processing
Proteins
Fat
Carbohydrates
Animal Feeding Operations
Manure
Urine
Some uneaten feed (protein, carbs, fat/oil)
What Type of Food is Being Treated?
Carbohydrate BOD5 =
Total BOD5 Protein BOD5 Fat BOD5
Why is Type of Food Important?
Fat Protein Carbs
Anaerobic Sludge Production 1 1.5 - 2 4-5
pH Buffering
Proteins make their own alkalinity
Fats and carbs require alkalinity for buffering
Nutrient Requirements
Proteins are a complete food source
Fats and carbs are deficient in nutrients and
micronutrients
Different Physical Characteristics
Fats may coat media, float
Swine Farms are Slightly Different
Municipality
Limits specific to system
Surcharges
Land Application
Agronomic rates
Direct Discharge
Effluent guidelines
Nutrient limits
PRETREATMENT
Screening
Removal
BOD 20-30%
TSS 30-40%
TKN 10-20%
FOG 50-60%
Dissolved Air Flotation
Without With
Removal Chemicals Chemicals
BOD 30-40% 60-80%
TSS 50-60% 70-80%
TKN 20-30% 40-60%
FOG 50-70% 70-90%
ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
Anaerobic Treatment A Marvelous Tool
Low Rate
Anaerobic lagoon
Medium Rate
Anaerobic contact system
Anaerobic SBR
High Rate
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB)
Anaerobic filters; upflow, downflow, expanded bed
Hybrids
Anaerobic Treatment Comparison
Contact
Process/Reactor Lagoon process ASBR UASB Filters
Loading,
lbs BOD5/1000 ft3/day 15 30 60 160 60 375 >160 160 - 625
unknown,
SRT, days >20 >30 >100 30-100
but long
Synthetic or
Natural Cover
Peripheral Biogas
Collection
Design Considerations / Common Operating
Problems
Solids Accumulation
FOG at lagoon < 350 mg/L
Prevent sand, mud, grit, paunch manure, pen waste,
truck bedding, etcL keep out of lagoon
Measure/plot grease cover and settled sludge
thickness Spring, Summer and Fall
Remove sludge every Fall to maximize active volume
< 15% of WAS digests in lagoon, serves more for
thickening; remove WAS sent 1-2X/year
Design Considerations / Common Operating
Problems (cont.)
Anaerobic Temperatures
Ideally 95F
Can go as low 82-86F, or lower for shorter periods
Chemicals
Chlorides: sudden swings of > 1,200 mg/L may
disrupt anaerobic treatment
Processing plants with brine chills, pickle liquors
Beef plants with brine hide curing
Design Considerations / Common Operating
Problems (cont.)
Chemicals (cont.)
Sulfates/Sulfides
Sulfates typically from water supply
Ferric sulfate in pretreatment
Processing mucosa
Tannery wastewater
Sulfates in anaerobic influent reduced to hydrogen sulfide
Reduces methane generation
At high concentrations can be toxic to methanogens
Rule of thumb COD:S < 4:1
Most in effluent, but released in biogas (depending on pH and
temperature)
For every 26 mg/L H2S in the liquid, 1% in gas phase (35C)
For each 1 mg/L sulfide in effluent, requires 2 mg/L of dissolved
oxygen to oxide back to sulfate
Can use ferric/ferrous to tie up sulfide
Design Considerations / Common Operating
Problems (cont.)
Chemicals (cont.)
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quat)
Inhibitory levels at 5-15 mg/L active ingred.
Macronutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
Micronutrients
Cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel
(0.1 mg/L deficient)
Iron (1.0 mg/L deficient)
CBOD (mg/L)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
3/4/07
4/15/07
5/27/07
7/8/07
8/19/07
9/30/07
11/11/07
12/23/07
2/3/08
3/16/08
CBOD mg/l
4/27/08
6/8/08
7/20/08
8/31/08
10/12/08
11/23/08
1/4/09
Volatile Acids
2/15/09
3/29/09
5/10/09
6/21/09
8/2/09
Meat Processing Plant
9/13/09
TEMP (F)
10/25/09
Anaerobic Lagoon Effluent
12/6/09
1/17/10
2/28/10
Addition
4/11/10
Micronutrient
5/23/10
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature (F)
Anaerobic Lagoon Operating Problems
Influent
Continuous or semi-continuous
CBOD oxidation Biomass
Nitrification Recycle
Represents most wide-spread Aeration
used in meat and poultry
industries
Conversion into settleable Biomass
solids Waste
Develop ideal biomass
Balance of floc and filament-
forming organisms Clarification
Effluent
Consumes:
1.1 g O2 / g BOD
Typical Meat Industry Activated Sludge
Anaerobic Influent Anaerobic Effluent
Pork/Beef Poultry Meat Proc. Pork/Beef Poultry Meat Proc.
CBOD5 (mg/L) 1200-1300 600-1800 600-1600 200-400 150-250 150-250
TKN (mg/L) 120-300 60-180 50-150 110-270 55-160 45-135
RAS
WAS
Ammonia Nitrification
Consumes:
2-step conversion
4.57 g O2 / g NH4-N
Ammonia to Nitrite - Nitrosomonas 7.14 g Alk CaCO / g NH -N
3 4
Nitrite to Nitrate - Nitrobacter
Design Parameters to consider
Dissolved oxygen supply Maintain 2.0 mg/L DO
Alkalinity Maintain pH 6.5 7.9
Detention/contact time 4 to 24 hours
Mixed Liquor Concentration 3,000 to 5,000 mg/L
Oxygen Uptake Rate 40 to 50 mg/L/hour
Sludge age 8 to 15 days depending on temperature
Temperature range 10 to 30 deg. C.
Traditional Nitrification/Denitrification
1 mol Nitrate
(NO3-)
Autotrophs 40% Carbon
(BOD)
Nitrification-Aerobic Heterotrophs
Denitrification-Anoxic
25% O2
75% O2
Biological Options
Suspended Growth
Fixed Biofilm
Nitrogen Removal Processes - Classic
Zoned
Effluent:
Wuhrman NH4-N < 1 mg/L
TN < 10 mg/L
Ludzack-Ettinger
Bardenpho
(4 stage Phoredox)
Step Feed
Tilmann WRP, Los Angeles
Nitrif/Denitrif: +70% TN Removal
Carbon
Alkalinity Anoxic Aeration
Basin Basin Final
From Clarifiers
Anaerobic
Lagoon
RAS (1Q)
TN WAS TN
200 mg/L 40mg/L
Denitrification vs Recycle
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0 2 4 6 8 10
Recycle Ratio (RAS + MLSS)
Nitrif/Denitrif: 6-8 mg/L Effluent TN
Carbon
Carbon,
Alkalinity Anoxic Post-Anoxic
Aeration Reaeration
Basin Basin Basin Basin Final
From Clarifiers
Anaerobic
Lagoon
RAS (1Q)
WAS
TN TN TN
200 mg/L 40 mg/L 7 mg/L
Pork Plant Effluent Nitrogen
Effluent TN
50
Influent TKN averaged 199 mg/l
45
40
30
25
Switched from Final
Clarifier
20 to UF Membranes
15
10
0
1-Nov-08 3-Jan-09 7-Mar-09 9-May-09 11-Jul-09 12-Sep-09 14-Nov-09 16-Jan-10
Simultaneous Nitrification/Denitrification
75% O2
Effluent:
NH4-N < 4 mg/L
SBR TN < 6 mg/L
Oxidation Ditch
Biodenitro
Cyclic Aeration
NH3 / DO
Carbon Control
Alkalinity Post
SND
Basin Aeration Final
From Clarifiers
Anaerobic
Lagoon
RAS (1Q)
WAS
Simultaneous Nit/Denit
Potential Advantages Potential Disadvantages
Elimination of Limited controlled aspects
of the process
separate tanks,
Floc sizes
internal recycle Internal COD storage
Simpler process DO profile within floc
design Slower Growth Rates
Reduction of carbon, Larger Tank Sizes
oxygen, energy, and Sludge bulking,
filamentous bacteria
alkalinity growth
consumption
Complex instrumentation
Anammox
1 mol Nitrate
(NO3-)
Autotrophs 40% Carbon
Nitrification-Aerobic Heterotrophs
Denitrification-Anoxic
25% O2
40-50% O2
75% O2
Developed in Europe
Bacteria
Autrophic Use CO2 as Carbon
Growth Conditions
Anaerobic/Anoxic
Temperature 20-35C
Very slow growers
Long sludge age > 30 days
NH4+ : NO2- ratio 1 : 1.32
pH (neutral range)
Nitrite (maintain at <40 mg/L)
Free Ammonia (maintain at <10
mg/L)
Once Grown Very Stable - Can
be stored for months with no
food.
Anammox Providers
Paques BV
Upflow gravity separation
Anita MoxTM by Veolia Water Technologies
Plastic biofilm carriers
Similar to MBBR
DEMON by World Water Works
WAS cyclone separation
SBR reactor
Anammox (DEMON)
Operational Philosophy
Standard Effluent
90% removal NH4-N
10% production NO3-N
80% removal TN
Full Scale Operation
Regular sampling
Sensors: pH, DO, conductivity,
NH3-N
Regular Operation
DO range of 0.3-0.4 mg/L
(during aeration phase)
pH typically 7.0
Avoidance nitrite accumulation
Downtimes
DEMON Design Requirements
Pretreatment
Most BOD, TSS removed
Pre-storage tank (6-12 hrs HRT)
Design parameters
Total/soluble COD, TKN, NH3-N, Alkalinity, PO4-P,
TSS, Temperature, pH
Flow (aver/max); sludge processing
Tank reactor
Operates as SBR, but can be continuous flow
DEMON Major Components
Nitrification/Denitrification DEMON-system
NH4 NH4
Energy 1.27 kWh/lb N Energy 0.50 kWh/lb N
N2 N2
CO2 emissions > 4.7 t CO2/t N CO2 reduction -0.4 t CO2/t N
Demon Results - Sidestream
Heidelberg, Germany
126,000 gal/day; 1,300 mg/L TN
PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL
Biological Phosphorus Removal
Effluent:
UCT TP < 1 mg/L
OP < 0.5mg/L
Modified UCT
VIP (Virginia
Initiative
Process)
Chemical Phosphorus Removal
Chemical Options
Ferric Salts (Ferric Chloride, Ferrous Chloride)
Alum
Sodium Aluminate
Lime
Solids
Processing
TERTIARY TREATMENT
Tertiary Treatment