G8 (Forum) - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

10/22/2015 G8(forum)Wikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
G8(forum)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
NottobeconfusedwithG7(financeministers).
"GroupofSix"and"GroupofEight"redirecthere.Forotheruses,seeG6(disambiguation)andG8
(disambiguation).
TheGroupofEight(currentlyknownasGroup GroupofSeven
ofSeven)isagovernmentalpoliticalforum.It
wasoriginallyformedbysixleadingindustrial
countriesandsubsequentlyextendedwithtwo
additionalmembers,oneofwhich,Russia,is
suspended.[1][2][3][4]Since2014ineffectit
comprisessevennationsandtheEuropean
Union.
Theforumoriginatedwitha1975summithosted Canada
byFrancethatbroughttogetherrepresentatives
PrimeMinisterJustinTrudeau
ofsixgovernments:France,theFederalRepublic
ofGermany,Italy,Japan,theUnitedKingdom, France
andtheUnitedStates,thusleadingtothename PresidentFranoisHollande
GroupofSixorG6.Thesummitbecameknown
astheGroupofSevenorG7in1976withthe Germany
additionofCanada.TheG7iscomposedofthe ChancellorAngelaMerkel
sevenwealthiestdevelopedcountriesonearth
(bynetnationalwealthorbyGDP[5]),andit Italy
remainedactiveasafinanceministers'forum PrimeMinisterMatteoRenzi
evenduringtheperiodoftheG8.Russiawas
addedtothepoliticalforumfrom1997,which Japan
thenbecameknownastheG8Russiawas, PrimeMinisterShinzAbe
however,suspendedin2014.TheEuropean
UnionhasbeenrepresentedwithintheG8since Russia(Suspended)
the1980sbutoriginallycouldnothostorchair PresidentVladimirPutin
summits.[6]The40thsummitwasthefirsttime
theEuropeanUnionwasabletohostandchaira UnitedKingdom
summit. PrimeMinisterDavidCameron
"G8"canrefertothememberstatesinaggregate UnitedStates
ortotheannualsummitmeetingoftheG8heads PresidentBarackObama
ofgovernment.Theformerterm,G6,isnow
frequentlyappliedtothesixmostpopulous EuropeanUnion
countrieswithintheEuropeanUnion.G8 CouncilPresidentDonaldTusk
ministersalsomeetthroughouttheyear,suchas CommissionPresidentJeanClaudeJuncker
theG7financeministers(whomeetfourtimesa
year),G8foreignministers,orG8environment
ministers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8_(forum) 1/25
Collectively,in2012theG8nationscomposed50.1percentof2012globalnominalGDPand40.9percent
ofglobalGDP(PPP).EachcalendaryeartheresponsibilityofhostingtheG8isrotatedthroughthemember
statesinthefollowingorder:France,UnitedStates,UnitedKingdom,Russia,Germany,Japan,Italy,and
Canada.Theholderofthepresidencysetstheagenda,hoststhesummitforthatyear,anddetermineswhich
ministerialmeetingswilltakeplace.BothFranceandtheUnitedKingdomhaveexpressedadesireto
expandthegrouptoincludefivedevelopingcountries,referredtoastheOutreachFive(O5)orthePlus
Five:Brazil(7thcountryintheworldbynominalGDP,[5])People'sRepublicofChina(2ndcountryinthe
worldbyGDP,[5])India(10thcountryintheworldbyGDP,[7])Mexico,andSouthAfrica.Thesecountries
haveparticipatedasguestsinmeetingsthataresometimescalledG8+5.
WiththeG20majoreconomiesgrowinginstaturesincethe2008Washingtonsummit,worldleadersfrom
thegroupannouncedattheirPittsburghsummitonSeptember25,2009,thatthegroupwouldreplacethe
G8asthemaineconomiccouncilofwealthynations.[8][9]Today,G8meetingsareheldwiththepurposeof
discussingglobalissuessuchaseconomicgrowth,crisismanagement,globalsecurity,energy,and
terrorismwithoutthegovernmentsofthedevelopingnations,whohavetheirownmajorforum(BRICS).[10]
OnMarch24,2014,theoriginalG7nationsvotedto,ineffect,suspendRussiafromtheorganizationin
responsetothecountry'sannexationofCrimea[11][12][13]however,itwasmadeclearthatthesuspension
wastemporary.[14]Lateron,theItalianForeignAffairsministerFedericaMogheriniandotherItalian
authorities,[15][16]alongwiththeEastWestInstituteboardmemberWolfgangIschinger,[17]suggestedthat
Russiamayrestoreitsmembershipinthegroup,addingthatthereturntotheG8formatdependson
MoscowandonRussianactions.
Contents
1History
1.1Food
1.2CrimeancrisisandRussiansuspension
2Structureandactivities
2.1Globalenergy
2.2Annualsummit
3Memberfacts
3.1VisapolicyoftheG8states
3.1.1TravelfreedomofG8citizens(May2014)
3.1.2DualcitizenshippoliciesoftheG8states
3.2WithG8+5andtheG20
4Influenceofmembernations
5Criticism
6Relevance
7Currentleaders
7.1Suspended
8Youth8Summit
9Seealso
10References
11Furtherreading
12Externallinks
History
Theconceptofaforumfortheworld'smajorindustrialized
countriesemergedpriortothe1973oilcrisis.OnSunday,March
25,1973,theU.S.SecretaryoftheTreasury,GeorgeShultz,
convenedaninformalgatheringoffinanceministersfromWest
Germany(HelmutSchmidt),France(ValryGiscardd'Estaing),
andBritain(AnthonyBarber)beforeanupcomingmeetingin
Washington,D.C.WhenrunningtheideapastPresidentNixon,
henotedthathewouldbeoutoftownandoffereduseofthe
WhiteHousethemeetingwassubsequentlyheldinthelibrary Atthe34thG8SummitatToyako,
[18]
onthegroundfloor. Takingtheirnamefromthesetting,this Hokkaido,formalphotoduringTanabata
originalgroupoffourbecameknownasthe"LibraryGroup". [19] matsurieventforworldleadersSilvio
Inmid1973,attheWorldBankIMFmeetings,Shultzproposed Berlusconi(Italy),DmitryMedvedev
(Russia),AngelaMerkel(Germany),
theadditionofJapantotheoriginalfournations,whoagreed.[20]
GordonBrown(UK),YasuoFukuda
Theinformalgatheringofseniorfinancialofficialsfromthe
(Japan),GeorgeW.Bush(U.S.),Stephen
UnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,WestGermany,Japan,and
Harper(Canada),NicolasSarkozy
Francebecameknownasthe"GroupofFive."[21]During1974 (France),JosManuelBarroso(EU)
theheadsofstateorgovernmentofthetop10industrialnations July7,2008.
fellduetoillnessorscandal:ThereweretwoelectionsintheUK,
threechancellorsofWestGermany,threepresidentsofFrance,
threeprimeministersofJapanandItaly,andtwoU.S.presidentsmoreover,PrimeMinisterTrudeauof
Canadawasforcedintoanearlyelection.OfthemembersoftheGroupofFive,allwerenewtothejob
withtheexceptionofPrimeMinisterTrudeau.
As1975dawned,SchmidtandGiscardd'Estaingwereheadsofgovernmentintheirrespectivecountries,
andsincetheybothspokefluentEnglish,itoccurredtothemthatthey,andBritishPrimeMinisterHarold
WilsonandU.S.PresidentGeraldFordcouldgettogetherinaninformalretreatanddiscusselectionresults
andtheissuesoftheday.Inlatespring,GiscardinvitedtheheadsofgovernmentfromWestGermany,
Italy,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUnitedStatestoasummitinChteaudeRambouillettheannual
meetingofthesixleaderswasorganizedunderarotatingpresidency,formingtheGroupofSix(G6).In
1976,withWilsonoutasprimeministerofBritain,SchmidtandGeraldFordfeltanEnglishspeakerwith
moreexperiencewasneeded,soCanada'sPierreTrudeauwasinvitedtojointhegroup[22]andthegroup
becametheGroupofSeven(G7).SincefirstinvitedbytheUnitedKingdomin1977theEuropeanUnion
hasbeenrepresentedbythepresidentoftheEuropeanCommission,andtheleaderofthecountrythatholds
thepresidencyoftheCounciloftheEuropeanUnion[23]andtheCouncilPresidentnowalsoregularly
attends.
Untilthe1985PlazaAccordnooneoutsideatightofficialcircleknewwhenthesevenfinanceministers
metandwhattheyagreed.Thesummitwasannouncedthedaybeforeandacommuniquewasissued
afterwards.[24]
Following1994'sG7summitinNaples,RussianofficialsheldseparatemeetingswithleadersoftheG7
afterthegroup'ssummits.ThisinformalarrangementwasdubbedthePolitical8(P8)or,colloquially,the
G7+1.AttheinvitationofUKPrimeMinisterTonyBlairandU.S.PresidentBillClinton,[25]President
BorisYeltsinwasinvitedfirstasaguestobserver,laterasafullparticipant.Itwasseenasawayto
encourageYeltsinwithhiscapitalistreforms.Russiaformallyjoinedthegroupin1998,resultinginthe
GroupofEight,orG8.
Food
AmajorfocusoftheG8since2009hasbeentheglobalsupplyoffood.[26]Atthe2009L'Aquilasummit,
theG8'smemberspromisedtocontribute$20billiontotheissueoverthreeyears.[27]Sincethen,only22%
ofthepromisedfundshavebeendelivered.[28]
Atthe2012summit,PresidentBarackObamaplanstoaskG8leaderstoadoptapolicythatwouldprivatize
globalfoodinvestment.[29][30]
CrimeancrisisandRussiansuspension
OnMarch2,2014,theremainingnonRussianG8members,theEuropeanUnion,andtheEuropean
CommissionsuspendedtheplannedG8summitintheRussiancityofSochiandwouldinsteadmeetasthe
G7inBrussels,[31]blamingRussia'sroleintheCrimeancrisis.[32]Followingthesuspensionofthesummit,
onMarch18theFrenchMinisterofForeignAffairsLaurentFabiusclaimedthatRussiawassuspended
fromtheG8however,theGermanChancellorAngelaMerkelandFrenchForeignMinistryspokesman
RomainNadal[33]clarifiedthatRussiawouldremainaG8member,andonlythemeetingwouldbe
suspended.
WhilevisitingKiev,UkraineonMarch22,CanadianPrimeMinisterStephenHarperstatedthathesupports
expellingRussiafromtheG8andexpectstodiscussthepotentialexpulsionwithotherG7leadersatan
upcomingmeetinginTheHague.[34]OnMarch24,G7leadersmetformallyinTheHague,withoutRussia
beingpresent,andvotedtoofficiallysuspendRussia'smembershipintheG8.RussianForeignMinister
LavrovstatedearlierthatdaythattheG8wasaninformalorganizationandmembershipwasoptionalfor
Russia.[11]
Structureandactivities
Bydesign,theG8deliberatelylacksanadministrativestructurelikethoseforinternationalorganizations,
suchastheUnitedNationsortheWorldBank.Thegroupdoesnothaveapermanentsecretariat,oroffices
foritsmembers.
Thepresidencyofthegrouprotatesannuallyamongmembercountries,witheachnewtermbeginningon1
Januaryoftheyear.Therotationorderis:France,theUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdom,Russia,Germany,
Japan,Italy,andCanada.[35]Thecountryholdingthepresidencyisresponsibleforplanningandhostinga
seriesofministeriallevelmeetings,leadinguptoamidyearsummitattendedbytheheadsofgovernment.
ThepresidentoftheEuropeanCommissionparticipatesasanequalinallsummitevents.[36]
Theministerialmeetingsbringtogetherministersresponsiblefor
variousportfoliostodiscussissuesofmutualorglobalconcern.
Therangeoftopicsincludehealth,lawenforcement,labor,
economicandsocialdevelopment,energy,environment,foreign
affairs,justiceandinterior,terrorism,andtrade.Therearealsoa
separatesetofmeetingsknownastheG8+5,createdduringthe
2005Gleneagles,Scotlandsummit,thatisattendedbyfinance
andenergyministersfromalleightmembercountriesinaddition
tothefive"outreachcountries"whicharealsoknownasthe
GroupofFiveBrazil,People'sRepublicofChina,India,
LeadersoftheG8on18June2013,in
Mexico,andSouthAfrica.[37] LoughErne,NorthernIreland,United
Kingdom
InJune2005,justiceministersandinteriorministersfromtheG8
countriesagreedtolaunchaninternationaldatabaseon
pedophiles.[38]TheG8officialsalsoagreedtopooldataonterrorism,subjecttorestrictionsbyprivacyand
securitylawsinindividualcountries.[39]
Globalenergy
Mainarticles:InternationalPartnershipforEnergyEfficiencyCooperationandClimateInvestment
Funds
AttheHeiligendammSummitin2007,theG8acknowledgeda
proposalfromtheEUforaworldwideinitiativeonefficient
energyuse.Theyagreedtoexplore,alongwiththeInternational
EnergyAgency,themosteffectivemeanstopromoteenergy
efficiencyinternationally.Ayearlater,on8June2008,theG8
alongwithChina,India,SouthKoreaandtheEuropean
CommunityestablishedtheInternationalPartnershipforEnergy
EfficiencyCooperation,attheEnergyMinisterialmeetinghosted
byJapanholding2008G8Presidency,inAomori.[40]
G8leadersconferduringthe2009
G8FinanceMinisters,whilstinpreparationforthe34thSummit summitinL'Aquila(Abruzzo,Italy).
oftheG8HeadsofStateandGovernmentinToyako,Hokkaido,
metonthe13and14June2008,inOsaka,Japan.Theyagreedtothe"G8ActionPlanforClimateChange
toEnhancetheEngagementofPrivateandPublicFinancialInstitutions."Inclosing,Ministerssupported
thelaunchofnewClimateInvestmentFunds(CIFs)bytheWorldBank,whichwillhelpexistingefforts
untilanewframeworkundertheUNFCCCisimplementedafter2012.TheUNFCCCisnotontrackto
meetinganyofitsstatedgoals.[41]
Annualsummit
TheannualG8leaderssummitisattendedbytheheadsofgovernment.[42]Themembercountryholdingthe
G8presidencyisresponsiblefororganizingandhostingtheyear'ssummit.
Theserialannualsummitscanbeparsedchronologicallyinarguablydistinctways,includingasthe
sequenceofhostcountriesforthesummitshasrecurredovertime,series,etc.[43]
Date Host Hostleader Locationheld Website Notes

Valry Rambouillet
November
1st France Giscard (Castleof G6Summit
1517,1975
d'Estaing Rambouillet)
Alsocalled
"Rambouillet
June2728, United GeraldR. Dorado,Puerto II"Canadajoins
2nd
1976 States Ford Rico[44] thegroup,
formingthe
G7[44]
Presidentofthe
European
May78, United James Commissionis
3rd London
1977 Kingdom Callaghan invitedtojoin
theannualG7
summits
Bonn,North
July1617, West Helmut
4th Rhine
1978 Germany Schmidt
Westphalia
June2829, Masayoshi
5th Japan Tokyo
1979 hira
ActingPrime
Minister
June2223, Francesco
6th Italy Venice MasayoshiItoof
1980 Cossiga
Japandidnot
attend.
July2021, PierreE. Montebello,
7th Canada
1981 Trudeau Quebec
June46, Franois
8th France Versailles
1982 Mitterrand
May2830, United Ronald Williamsburg,
9th
1983 States Reagan Virginia
June79, United Margaret
10th London
1984 Kingdom Thatcher
Bonn,North
May24, West
11th HelmutKohl Rhine
1985 Germany
Westphalia
May46, Yasuhiro
12th Japan Tokyo
1986 Nakasone
June810, Amintore
13th Italy Venice
1987 Fanfani
June1921, Brian
14th Canada Toronto
1988 Mulroney
15th July1416, France
Franois Paris
1989 Mitterrand
July911, United GeorgeH.W.
16th Houston
1990 States Bush
July1517, United
17th JohnMajor London
1991 Kingdom
July68,
18th HelmutKohl Munich,Bavaria
1992 Germany
July79, Kiichi
19th Japan Tokyo
1993 Miyazawa
July810, Silvio
20th Italy Naples
1994 Berlusconi
June1517, Halifax,Nova [45]
21st Canada JeanChrtien
1995 Scotia
International
organizations'
debuttoG7
Summits
periodically.The
invitedoneshere
June2729, Jacques were:United
22nd France Lyon
1996 Chirac Nations,World
Bank,
International
MonetaryFund
andtheWorld
Trade
Organization.[46]
Russiajoinsthe
June2022, United [47]
23rd BillClinton Denver group,forming
1997 States
G8
May1517, United [48]
24th TonyBlair Birmingham
1998 Kingdom
FirstSummitof
Cologne,North
June1820, Gerhard [49] theG20major
25th Rhine
1999 Germany Schrder economiesat
Westphalia
Berlin
Formationofthe
G8+5starts,
whenSouth
Africawas
invited.Untilthe
38thG8summit
in2012,ithas
beeninvitedto
theSummit
annuallywithout
interruption.
Also,with
permissionfrom
aG8leader,
July2123, [50] othernations
26th Japan YoshiroMori Nago,Okinawa
2000 wereinvitedto
theSummitona
periodicalbasis
forthefirsttime.
Nigeria,Algeria
andSenegal
acceptedtheir
invitationshere.
TheWorld
Health
Organization
wasalsoinvited
forthefirst
time.[46]
Leadersfrom
Bangladesh,
MaliandEl
Salvador
acceptedtheir
invitations
here.[46]
Demonstrator
CarloGiulianiis
shotandkilled
bypoliceduring
aviolent
demonstration.
Oneofthe
July2022, Silvio [51]
27th Italy Genoa largestandmost
2001 Berlusconi
violentanti
globalization
movement
protestsoccurred
forthe27thG8
summit.[52]
Followingthose
eventsandthe
September11
attackstwo
monthslaterin
2001,theG8
havemetatmore
remotelocations.
Russiagains
June2627, Kananaskis, [53] permissionto
28th Canada JeanChrtien
2002 Alberta officiallyhosta
G8Summit.
TheG8+5was
unofficially
made,when
China,India,
Brazil,and
Mexicowere
invitedtothis
Summitforthe
firsttime.South
Africahasjoined
June23, Jacques theG8Summit,
29th France vianlesBains
2003 Chirac since2000,until
the2012edition.
Otherfirsttime
nationsthatwere
invitedbythe
Frenchpresident
included:Egypt,
Morocco,Saudi
Arabia,Malaysia
and
Switzerland.[46]
Arecordnumber
ofleadersfrom
12different
nationsaccepted
theirinvitations
here.Amongsta
coupleof
veterannations,
theotherswere:
Ghana,
Afghanistan,
June810, United GeorgeW. SeaIsland,
30th [54] Bahrain,Iraq,
2004 States Bush Georgia
Jordan,Turkey,
Yemenand
Uganda.[46]
Also,thestate
funeralof
formerpresident
RonaldReagan
tookplacein
Washington
duringthe
summit.
TheG8+5was
officially
formed.Onthe
seconddayof
themeeting,
suicidebombers
killed52people
ontheLondon
Underground
andabus.
Nationsthat
wereinvitedfor
thefirsttime
wereEthiopia
andTanzania.
TheAfrican
Unionandthe
International
EnergyAgency
madetheirdebut
July68, United
31st TonyBlair Gleneagles [55] here.[46]During
2005 Kingdom
the31stG8
summitin
United
Kingdom,
225,000people
tooktothe
streetsof
Edinburghas
partoftheMake
PovertyHistory
campaigncalling
forTradeJustice,
DebtReliefand
BetterAid.
Numerousother
demonstrations
alsotookplace
challengingthe
legitimacyofthe
G8.[56]
FirstG8Summit
onRussiansoil.
Also,the
International
July1517, Vladimir Strelna,St.
32nd Russia AtomicEnergy
2006 Putin Petersburg
Agencyand
UNESCOmade
theirdebut
here.[46]
Sevendifferent
international
organizations
acceptedtheir
invitationsto
thisSummit.The
Heiligendamm, Organisationfor
June68, Angela
33rd Mecklenburg EconomicCo
2007 Germany Merkel
Vorpommern operationand
Development
andthe
Commonwealth
ofIndependent
Statesmadetheir
debuthere.[46]
Nationsthat
acceptedtheir
G8Summit
July79, Yasuo Toyako(Lake [57]
invitationsfor
34th Japan
2008 Fukuda Toya),Hokkaido thefirsttimeare:
Australia,
Indonesiaand
SouthKorea.[46]
ThisG8Summit
wasoriginally
plannedtobein
LaMaddalena
(Sardinia),but
wasmovedto
L'Aquilaasa
wayofshowing
PrimeMinister
Berlusconi's
desiretohelpthe
regioninand
aroundL'Aquila
afterthe
earthquakethat
hittheareaon
theApril6th,
2009.Nations
thataccepted
theirinvitations
forthefirsttime
were:Angola,
Denmark,
July810, Silvio L'Aquila, Netherlandsand
35th Italy [2](http://www.g8italia2009.it/)
2009 Berlusconi Abruzzo
Spain.[58]A
recordofTEN
(10)
international
organizations
wererepresented
inthisG8
Summit.Forthe
firsttime,the
Foodand
Agriculture
Organization,
theInternational
Fundfor
Agricultural
Development,
theWorldFood
Programme,and
theInternational
Labour
Organization
acceptedtheir
invitations.[59]
Malawi,
Colombia,Haiti,
June2526, Stephen Huntsville, [62]
andJamaica
36th Canada
2010[60] Harper Ontario[61] acceptedtheir
invitationsfor
thefirsttime.[63]
Guinea,Niger,
Cted'Ivoireand
Tunisiaaccepted
Deauville,[64][65] theirinvitations
May2627, Nicolas forthefirsttime.
37th France Basse
2011 Sarkozy Also,theLeague
Normandie
ofArabStates
madeitsdebutto
themeeting.[66]
Thesummitwas
originally
plannedfor
Chicago,along
withtheNATO
summit,butit
wasannounced
officiallyon
March5,2012,
thattheG8
summitwillbe
heldatthemore
privatelocation
ofCampDavid
andatoneday
InitiallyPlanned: earlierthan
May1819, United Barack Chicago [3] previously
38th
2012 States Obama Actual:Camp (http://www.state.gov/e/eb/ecosum/2012g8/) scheduled.[68]
David[67] Also,thisisthe
secondG8
summit,in
whichoneofthe
coreleaders
(VladimirPutin)
declinedto
participate.This
G8summit
concentratedon
thecoreleaders
onlynononG8
leadersor
international
organizations
wereinvited.
Asin2012,only
thecore
membersofthe
G8attendedthis
meeting.The
fourmaintopics
LoughErne, [4] thatwere
June1718, United David discussedhere
39th County (https://www.gov.uk/government/topical
2013 Kingdom Cameron weretrade,
Fermanagh[69] events/g82013)
government
transparency,
tacklingtax
evasion,andthe
ongoingSyrian
crisis.[70]
G7summitheld
asanalternative
meetingwithout
Initially Russiain2014
Initially Planned: duetoits
Planned: Vladimir associationwith
Russia Putin InitiallyPlanned: [5](http://www.european theCrimean
June45,
40th Actual: Actual: Sochi council.europa.eu/g7brussels)(EU) crisis.[71]G8
2014
European HermanVan Actual:Brussels [6](http://en.g8russia.ru/)(Russia) summitdidnot
Union( Rompuyand takeplacein

Belgium) JosManuel Sochi,Russia.
Barroso G7summit
relocatedto
Brussels,
Belgium.[72]
Summit
dedicatedto
focusonthe
globaleconomy
June78, Angela Schloss
41st [7](http://www.g7germany.de/) aswellasonkey
2015 Germany Merkel Elmau[73] issuesregarding
foreign,security
anddevelopment
policy[74]
May2627, Shima,Mie
42nd Japan ShinzAbe
2016[75][76] Prefecture[77]
TBD
43rd TBD,2017 Italy MatteoRenzi candidate:[78][79]
Florence
Justin
44th TBD,2018 TBD
Canada[80] Trudeau
TBDin2017
45th TBD,2019 Presidential TBD
France[80] Election
United TBDin2016
46th TBD,2020 Presidential TBD
States[80]
Election
Memberfacts
7ofthe7toprankedadvancedeconomieswiththelargest
GDPandwiththehighestnationalwealth(UnitedStates,
Japan,Germany,France,UK,Italy,Canada)lastcenturyalso
knownasG7[81]
7ofthe15toprankedcountrieswiththehighestnetwealth
percapita(UnitedStates,France,Japan,UnitedKingdom,
Italy,Canada,Germany)
8of12toprankedleadingexportcountries.[82] TheG8leadersatthe36thsummitin
6of10toprankedcountrieswiththelargestgoldreserves Huntsville,Ontario.Lefttoright:
(UnitedStates,Germany,Italy,France,Russia,Japan). Cameron,VanRompuy(European
8of11toprankedeconomies(bynominalGDP),according Council),Harper,Medvedev,Kan,
tolatest(2012data)InternationalMonetaryFund'sstatistics. Berlusconi,Obama,Barroso
5countrieswithanominalGDPpercapitaaboveUS$40,000 (EuropeanCommission),Merkel,
(UnitedStates,Canada,Germany,France,UnitedKingdom). Sarkozy.
5countrieswithasovereignwealthfund,administeredby
eitheranationalorastate/provincialgovernment(Russia,
UnitedStates,France,Canada,Italy).[83]
8of30toprankednationswithlargeamountsofforeignexchangereservesintheircentralbanks.
4outof9countrieshavingnuclearweapons(France,Russia,UK,UnitedStates).[84][85]plus2
countriesthathavenuclearweaponsharingprograms(Germany,Italy).[86][87]
7ofthe9largestnuclearenergyproducers(UnitedStates,France,Japan,Russia,Germany,Canada,
UK),althoughGermanyannouncedin2011thatitwillcloseallofitsnuclearpowerplantsby
2022.[88]Followingthe2011Thokuearthquakeandtsunami,Japanshutdownallofitsnuclear
reactors.[89]However,inJuly2012,JapanrestartedtwonuclearreactorsattheiNuclearPower
Plant.Thesereactorsaretheonlyonescurrentlyinoperationatthistime.
8ofthe15topdonorstotheUNbudgetforthe2013annualfiscalyear.
4countrieswithaHDIindexfor2013of0.9andhigher(UnitedStates,Germany,Japan,Canada).
2countrieswiththehighestcreditratingfromStandard&Poor's,Fitch,andMoody'satthesame
time(CanadaandGermany).[90]
2countriesthatretainthedeathpenaltyinlawandpractice(JapanandtheUnitedStatesRussia
retainsthedeathpenalty,buttheregulationsoftheCouncilofEuropeprohibititfromcarryingout
anyexecutions).
2countriesconsistofislandsandhavelefthandtraffic(JapanandtheUnitedKingdomintheUS
VirginIslands,theyhavelefthandtraffictoremaincompatiblewiththeBritishVirginIslands,but
therestoftheUnitedStateshasrighthandtraffic).
IntheG8states,6languageshaveofficialstatus:Englishin3countries(Canada,UnitedKingdom,
UnitedStates),Frenchin2countries(CanadaandFrance),German,Italian,Japanese,andRussianin
1countryeach(Germany,Italy,Japan,andRussia).
VisapolicyoftheG8states
WithintheG8states:
Russiarequiresvisasfromthesevenothercountries,andRussiancitizensneedsvisasfortheseven
othercountries,sothecitizensofnoG8membercanvisitallsevenothercountriesvisafree.
CanadiansaretheonlyG8citizenswhocantraveltotheUnitedStateswithoutvisaorESTA.They
canstay6monthsandworkandstudyundersimplifiedspecialprocedure,whilecitizensfromthe
othercountriescanstayfor3months.Canadaplanstointroduceanelectronictravelauthorization
forvisafreeeligiblenationalsinApril2015.
TheUnitedStates,Japan,andRussiafingerprintallvisitors
EuropeanmembersofG8:
BeingEUcitizens,Britons,French,Germans,andItalianscanliveandworkindefinitelyinother
EUcountriesandinthefourEFTAcountries(Iceland,Liechtenstein,Norway).ThestatusofEU
citizeninSwitzerlandhastobesettledinanupcomingtreatyafterSwissreferendumbanned
unlimitedEuropeanimmigration.
G8statesandothercountries:
Currently(2014),
onlyChileansandSouthKoreanshavevisafreeaccesstoallG8states(fortheUnitedStates,
ESTAisrequired,andCanadaplanstointroduceitinApril2015).OnNovember22,Canadalifted
thevisarequirementforChileancitizens.ThecitizensofIsraelcantraveltosevenG8statesvisa
free,andtheUnitedStatesofAmericaisdiscussinglegislationthatmakesthemeligibleforESTA.
JapanistheonlyG8memberthecitizensofwhichcantravelvisafreetoPeople'sRepublicof
China.
citizensofonlyfourcountriescantravelvisafreebothtothePeople'sRepublicofChina
andtheUnitedStatesofAmerica(ESTA):Brunei,Japan,SanMarino,andSingapore.
theUnitedStatesofAmericaistheonlyG8memberthecitizensofwhichcantravelvisafreeto
EquatorialGuinea.
RussianscanalwaystravelvisafreetoKazakhstan.Britons,French,Germans,Italians,andUS
citizens(BUTNOTCanadians)cantravelvisafreetoKazakhstanfromJuly15,2014untilJuly
15,2015.Thisispartofanovisapilotprogram,butKazakhstanhasannouncednottocontinuethe
programafterJuly2015.Currently,RussiaandNorthKoreaarediscussingavisafreeregime.
CubagrantsoftheG8citizensonlyRussiansvisafreeentry(30days).Thecitizensoftheseven
othercountriesmustobtainatouristcardfromaCubandiplomaticmissionbeforetraveling.The
touristcardgrantsmaximumstayof30days(90daysincaseofCanadiancitizens)andcanbe
extendedonceforthesameperiod.UnderCubanAssetsControlRegulations,allpersonssubjectto
U.S.jurisdictionmustbelicensedinordertoengageinanytravelrelatedtransactionspursuantto
travelto,from,andwithinCuba.
Britons,French,Germans,andItalianscanvisitAustraliawiththeeVisitoronlinevisa(nofee),
citizensofCanada,Japan,andtheUnitedStatesofAmericaneedtheETAonlinevisa(withfee).
RussiansneedtheElectronicVisitorvisa(withfee).
sinceNovember27,citizensofGermany,Russia,andtheUnitedStatesofAmericahavebeen
eligibleforonlinevisasgrantedbyIndia.Beforethatdate,citizensofJapanhadalreadybeen
eligibleforvisasonarrival.(Theyarealsoeligibleforonlinevisas.)CitizensofCanada,France,
Italy,andtheUnitedKingdomwillbeeligibleforonlinevisasinthenearfuture.
TravelfreedomofG8citizens(May2014)
Germany,UnitedKingdom(BritishCitizenPassport),UnitedStates:174countriesvisafree/visa
onarrival(Rank:1)
Canada:173countriesvisafree/visaonarrival(Rank:2)
France,Italy,Japan:172countriesvisafree/visaonarrival(Rank:3)
Russia:100countriesvisafree/visaonarrival(Rank:38)
DualcitizenshippoliciesoftheG8states
CanadaandtheUnitedStatesofAmericaallowdualcitizenshipandareworldwidetheonly
twoindustrializeddemocraciestograntunconditionalbirthrightcitizenship(eventochildren
ofillegalimmigrants).IntheUnitedStates,ESTAeligiblevisitorsmustindicatewhethertheyhave
severalcitizenships,andonly"naturalborn"citizenscanbeelectedPresidentorVicePresident.The
UnitedStatesofAmericaandthenonG8memberEritreaarecurrentlytheonlytwocountries
worldwidetohavecitizenshipbasedtaxationcontrarytosomeincorrectreports,Chinadoesnot
havesuchasystemoftaxation.[91]
FranceandtheUnitedKingdomallowdualcitizenshipandhavearestrictedjussoli(atleastone
parentmustbeacitizenoralegalimmigrantwhohaslivedinthecountryforseveralyears).
GermanyallowsdualcitizenshipwithotherEUcountriesandSwitzerlanddualcitizenship
withothercountriesispossibleifobtainedatbirthorwithspecialpermission.Forchildrenof
legalimmigrants,thereisarestrictedjussoli:ChildrenbornonorafterJanuary1,2000tonon
GermanparentsacquireGermancitizenshipatbirthifatleastoneparenthasapermanentresidence
permit(andhadthisstatusforatleastthreeyears)andtheparentwasresidinginGermanyforatleast
eightyears.ThechildrenmusthavelivedinGermanyforatleasteightyearsorattendedschoolfor
sixyearsuntiltheir21stbirthday.NonEU/nonSwisscitizenparentsbornandgrownupabroad
usuallycannothavedualcitizenshipthemselves.
Italyallowsdualcitizenship.
Japanofficiallyforbidsdualcitizenship.Japanesecitizenswhoobtainedasecondcitizenshipat
birthmustchooseonecitizenshipbeforetheageof22,ortheywilllosetheirJapanesecitizenship.
However,itispossibleforJapanesecitizenstocurrentlyhavedualcitizenshipwithanother
country,givenspecialcircumstancesforexample,ifoneobtaineddualcitizenshippriorto
January1,1985,whenthenationalitylawwasenacted,onewouldretainsaidstatusintothe
presentday.
Russiaallowsdualcitizenship,buttheothercitizenshipmustbereportedtotheofficials.
WithG8+5andtheG20
allG8countriesbecamemembersoftheunofficialtrilliondollarclub(countrieswithanominalGDP
inexcessofUS$1trillion)by2005.Today,14(outofthetotalof15sofar)countriesintheworldare
membersofboththeunofficialclubandtheG20majoreconomiesgroup.
alloftheG8,15(outof19)oftheG20,and12(outof13)G8+5countries(minusSouthAfrica)are
amongthe20toprankednationsbytheamountofvotingpowerandspecialdrawingrights(SDRs)
intheInternationalMonetaryFund.
AllmembersoftheG8,excludingRussia,andthreeG20nationsnotmembersoftheG8,Australia,
SouthKorea,andArgentina,haveaHDIindexof0.8orhigherfor2013.
Influenceofmembernations
TheG7/G8isconsideredaninformalforumofcountriesdeservingthestatusofGreatPowers.[92][93][94]
TogethertheeightcountriesmakinguptheG8representabout14%oftheworldpopulation,butthey
representabout60%oftheWorldwealthand60%ofthegrossworldproduct[95]asmeasuredbygross
domesticproduct,alleightnationsbeingwithinthetop12countriesaccordingtotheCIAWorldFactbook.
(seetheCIAWorldFactbookcolumninListofcountriesbyGDP(nominal)),themajorityofglobal
militarypower(sevenareinthetop8nationsformilitaryexpenditure[96]),andalmostalloftheworld's
activenuclearweapons.[97]In2007,thecombinedG8militaryspendingwasUS$850billion.Thisis72%
oftheworld'stotalmilitaryexpenditures.(seeListofcountriesandfederationsbymilitaryexpenditures)
FouroftheG8members,theUnitedKingdom,UnitedStates,FranceandRussia,togetheraccountfor96
99%oftheworld'snuclearweapons.[98](seeListofstateswithnuclearweapons)
Criticism
SomecriticismcentresontheassertionthatmembersofG8donotdoenoughtohelpglobalproblemssuch
asThirdWorldDebt,globalwarmingandtheAIDSepidemicduetostrictmedicinepatentpolicyand
otherissuesrelatedtoglobalization.InUnravellingGlobalApartheid,thepoliticalanalystTitusAlexander
describedtheG7,asitthenwas,asthe'cabinet'ofglobalminorityrule,withacoordinatingroleinworld
affairs.[99]
TheconservativeHeritageFoundationhascriticizedtheG8foradvocatingfoodsecuritywithoutmaking
roomforeconomicfreedom.[100]
In2015,despiteGermany'simmenseeffortstopreventitanddespitetheremotelocationofthesummit,the
luxuryhotelSchlossElmauatthefootoftheWettersteinmountainsatanaltitudeof1008mabovesea
level,about300ofthe7500peacefulprotestersledbythegroup'StopG7'managedtoreachthe3mhigh
and7kmlongsecurityfencesurroundingthesummit
location.Theprotestersquestionedthelegitimationofthe
G7tomakedecisionsthatcouldaffectthewholeworld.
Authoritieshadbanneddemonstrationsinthecloserarea
ofthesummitlocationand20000policemenwereonduty
inSouthernBavariatokeepactivistsandprotestersfrom
interferingwiththesummit.[101][102]
Relevance
TheG8'srelevanceisunclear.[103]Itstillrepresentsthe 20July2001,27thG8summitinGenoa,Italy:
majorindustrializedcountriesbutcriticsarguethattheG8 Protestersburnapolicevehiclewhichwas
hasnowbecomeunrepresentativeoftheworld'smost abandonedbypoliceduringaclashwith
powerfuleconomies.Inparticular,Chinahassurpassed protesters.
everyeconomybuttheUnitedStates,[104]whileBrazilhas
surpassedCanadaandItaly(accordingtotheIMF).AlsoaccordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFundand
theCIAWorldFactbook,IndiahasalreadysurpassedCanada,Italy,Germany,France,andJapaninterms
ofpurchasingpowerparity,althoughremainingonthe10thpositionwhenitcomestonominalGDP.This
hasgivenrisetotheideaofenlargingG8totheG8+5,whichincludestheseothereconomicallypowerful
nations.Othercriticsassert,however,thattheconceptofacountry'snetwealthisdifferentfromthenation's
GDP.
WithVladimirPutinnotattendingthe2012G8summitatCampDavid,ForeignPolicy(FP)magazine
arguedthatthesummithasgenerallyoutliveditsusefulnessasaviableinternationalgatheringofforeign
leaders.[105]AnothercontributorofForeignPolicymagazinesuggestedthatRussiashouldbeexcludedfrom
theG8altogether.[106][107]Yet,athirdFPcontributorcommentedin2012,thattheG8wasstillrelevant,
despitetheincreasinginternationalpowerandprestigeoftheG20majoreconomiesleaders'summit.[108]
BritishPrimeMinisterDavidCameronsaidoftheG8in2012:[109]
Somepeopleask,doestheG8stillmatter,whenwehaveaGroupof20?Myansweris,yes.
TheG8isagroupoflikemindedcountriesthatshareabeliefinfreeenterpriseasthebest
routetogrowth.Aseightcountriesmakingupabouthalftheworld'sgrossdomesticproduct,
thestandardsweset,thecommitmentswemake,andthestepswetakecanhelpsolvevital
globalissues,fireupeconomiesanddriveprosperityallovertheworld.
Currentleaders
Seealso:ListofG8leadersandSeniorG8leader
Canada France Germany

JustinTrudeau, FranoisHollande, AngelaMerkel,
PrimeMinister President Chancellor
Italy Japan UnitedKingdom

MatteoRenzi, ShinzoAbe, DavidCameron,
PrimeMinister PrimeMinister PrimeMinister
UnitedStates EuropeanUnion EuropeanUnion

BarackObama, DonaldTusk, JeanClaudeJuncker,
President PresidentoftheEuropean PresidentoftheEuropean
Council Commission
Suspended
Russia
VladimirPutin,President
Youth8Summit
TheY8SummitorsimplyY8,formerlyknownastheG8YouthSummit[110]istheyouthcounterparttothe
G8summit.[111]ThefirstsummittousethenameY8tookplaceinMay2012inPuebla,Mexico,alongside
theYouthG8thattookplaceinWashington,D.C.thesameyear.
TheY8SummitbringstogetheryoungleadersfromG8nationsandtheEuropeanUniontofacilitate
discussionsofinternationalaffairs,promotecrossculturalunderstanding,andbuildglobalfriendships.The
conferencecloselyfollowstheformalnegotiationproceduresoftheG8Summit.[112]TheY8Summit
representstheinnovativevoiceofyoungadultsbetweentheageof18and35.Thedelegatesjointlycome
upwithaconsensusbased[113]writtenstatementintheend,theFinalCommuniqu.[114]Thisdocumentis
subsequentlypresentedtoG8leadersinordertoinspirepositivechange.[115]TheY8Summitisorganised
annuallybyaglobalnetworkofyouthledorganisationscalledTheIDEA(TheInternationalDiplomatic
EngagementAssociation).[116]Theorganisationsundertaketheselectionprocessesfortheirrespective
nationaldelegations,whilethehostingcountryisresponsiblefororganisingthesummit.Now,several
youthassociationsaresupportingandgettinginvolvedintheproject.Forinstance,everyyear,theYoung
EuropeanLeadershipassociationisrecruitingandsendingEUDelegates.
ThegoaloftheY8Summitistobringtogetheryoungpeoplefromaroundtheworldtoallowthevoicesand
opinionsofyounggenerationstobeheardandtoencouragethemtotakepartinglobaldecisionmaking
processes.[117][118]
Summit Year Hostcountry Locationheld

1st InternationalStudentModelG8 2006 Russia SaintPetersburg
2nd ModelG8YouthSummit 2007 Germany Berlin
3rd ModelG8YouthSummit 2008 Japan Yokohama
4th G8YouthSummit 2009 Italy Milano
Muskoka&
5th G8YouthSummit 2010 Canada
Toronto
6th G8YouthSummit 2011 France Paris
** Y8Summit 2012 Mexico Puebla
7th G8YouthSummit 2012 USA WashingtonD.C.
8th Y8summit 2013 UK London
9th Y8summit 2014 Russia Moscow*
TheY8Summit2014inMoscowwassuspendedduetothesuspensionofRussiafromtheG8.
Seealso
BRIC
BRICS
Developing8Countries
ForumfortheFuture(Bahrain2005)
G3FreeTradeAgreement
G7
G20majoreconomies
GreatPowers
GroupofTwo
GroupofEleven
Groupof15
Groupof24
Groupof30
Groupof77
Junior8
ListofcountriesbyGDP(nominal)
Listofcountriesbymilitaryexpenditures
ListofG8summitresorts
ListofG8leaders
ListoflongestservingG8leaders
NextEleven
MINT(economics)
WorldSocialForum
NorthSouthdivide
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GlobalFinancialCrisis:GlobalImpactandSolutions.Ashgate.pp.247,251.ISBN140940272X.
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115. HudsonSun.HudsonmantorepresenttheUSattheY8SummitMay2013.
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118. Enenkel,Kathrin.G8YouthSummitandEurope'sVoice2009:ResultsandReflexions.2009.
https://books.google.com/books/about/G8_Youth_Summit_and_Europe_s_Voice_2009.html?
id=pHyHmwEACAAJ&redir_esc=y
Furtherreading
Bayne,NicholasandRobertD.Putnam.(2000).HanginginThere:TheG7andG8Summitin
MaturityandRenewal.(https://books.google.com/?id=BqkEAQAAIAAJ)Aldershot,Hampshire:
AshgatePublishing.ISBN9780754611851OCLC43186692
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43186692)
Haas,P.M.(1992)."Introduction.Epistemiccommunitiesandinternationalpolicycoordination,"
InternationalOrganization46,1:135.
Hajnal,PeterI.(1999).TheG8systemandtheG20:Evolution,RoleandDocumentation.
(https://books.google.com/?id=Bi5JO7FFk7UC)Aldershot,Hampshire:AshgatePublishing.ISBN
9780754645504OCLC277231920(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277231920)
Kokotsis,Eleonore.(1999).KeepingInternationalCommitments:Compliance,Credibility,andthe
G7,19881995.(https://books.google.com/?id=Bi5JO7FFk7UC)NewYork:GarlandPublishing.
ISBN9780815333326OCLC40460131(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40460131)
Reinalda,BobandBertjanVerbeek.(1998).AutonomousPolicyMakingbyInternational
Organizations.(https://books.google.com/?id=Bt3AzOHtXwgC)London:Routledge.ISBN9780
203450857OCLC39013643(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39013643)
Externallinks
G8InformationCentre(http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/),G8
ResearchGroup,UniversityofToronto WikimediaCommonshas
"SpecialReport:G8"(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/g8), mediarelatedtoG8.
GuardianUnlimited
"Profile:G8" Wikinewshasnewsrelated
to:
G8
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/country_profiles/3777557.stm),BBCNews
"Wearedeeplyconcerned.Again"(http://www.newstatesman.com/200507040005),NewStatesman,
4July2005,G8developmentconcernssince1977
G8InformationCentreFinanceMinistersMeetings(http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/finance/)
"G8:Cookingthebookswontfeedanyone"(http://www.oxfam.org/en/pressroom/pressrelease/2011
0518/g8cookingbookswon%E2%80%99tfeedanyone),OxfamInternational
(http://www.oxfam.org/en)
"DearG8Leaders,dontlieaboutyouraid"(http://blogs.oxfam.org/en/blog/110520dearg8
leadersdontlieaboutyouraid),OxfamInternationalBlogs(http://blogs.oxfam.org/)
"Wait,theG8stillexists?"
(http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/05/24/wait_the_g_8_still_exists),ForeignPolicy
Magazine
"IsthisthelastG8summitmeeting?"
(http://bosco.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/05/26/is_this_the_last_g_8_summit_meeting),Foreign
PolicyMagazine(http://www.foreignpolicy.com/)
http://www.un.org/french/pubs/chronique/2006/numero1/0106p54.htm"TheGroupofEight,
ECOSOCandtheConstitutionalParadox"
No.ofG8SummitProtestors(19982015)(http://katapultmagazin.de/en/artikel/article
katapult/fulltext/missingthepoint/)KatapultMagazin
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