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Source of
Hydrographic
Survey
Bathymetry depth in fathom
1 fathom = 6 ft Object on land,
Vertical Low Water Datum is Vertical High Water
LWS datum is MSL
Hydrographic Surveys
Nautical charts are based on Hydrographic Surveys. As surveying is
laborious and time-consuming, hydrographic data for many areas of sea may
be dated and not always reliable.
Water Depth
Depths are measured in a variety of ways. Historically the Sounding Line was
used.
In modern times, Echo Sounding is used for measuring the seabed in the
open sea.
Safe depth of water should be measured over an entire obstruction, such as
a shipwreck
Bathymetry Surveying
How to Determine the actual Depth?
Multi Beam
Echo Sounder
Result
Single Beam
Survey Design
Single Beam Survey The direction of survey-lines
cant be parallel to the contour
Design lines, but has to be perpendicular
to the counter lines.
10 20 m
6m
Contour
4m lines
2m
Shoreline
0m
A Typical Single-beam Echo Sounding Plan
D E
D E D E
Get (x,y,z)
GPS Antenna
Get (z)
Shore
Offshore
Boom System
Multi Beam Echo Sounder : Effect of Ship Motions
Z North
Y
RP Gyro
X
Pitch
y x
Roll
Yaw
z
Multi Beam Echo Sounder
Errors in using multi-beam echo sounder
It is easily conceived that the accuracy of sounding using multi-beam echo sounder will
deteriorate from the beam at nadir to the outer side beams because of the dynamic movement of
the vessel. The most significant effect is due to the movement in roll, pitch and heave.
Effect of Roll
The roll rotation will cause lateral displacement of the whole swath.
This will cause a tilting of seabed as well as smaller guaranteed
surveyed coverage. The vertical error it produces is also considered to
be the most significant one in multi-beam hydrographic survey.
Effect of Pitch
This will displace the sounding forward or aft by the tangent of the
pitch angle and thus causes horizontal error.
Effect of Heave
Heave alters the instantaneous elevation of the transducer with respect to the seabed and
directly produces a vertical error of the same magnitude onto the sounding.
As a result, motion sensors are required to measure the above movements in order that the
accuracy of soundings in the outer beams may be comparable to the soundings obtained at
nadir or by using single beam echo sounder.
Source: Hydrographic Office, Marine Department, Hong Kong
Ship Motions
Z
YAW
ROLL
HEAVE
X
G E FORE
SUR
E AFT SWA
SURG Y PITCH
Y
Ship Motions
ROLL
Z
YAW
ROLL
HEAVE
X
G E FORE
SUR
E AFT SWA
SURG Y PITCH
Y
Ship Motions
PITCH
Z
YAW
ROLL
HEAVE
X
G E FORE
SUR
E AFT SWA
SURG Y PITCH
Y
Ship Motions
YAW
Z
YAW
ROLL
HEAVE
X
G E FORE
SUR
E AFT SWA
SURG Y PITCH
Y
Bathymetric Data Cleaning
VERTICAL DATUM
ONSHORE
For the purpose of measuring the height of objects on land
Mean Sea Level (MSL)
Determined by measuring the height of the sea surface over a metonic
cycle to account for all the astronomical effects that contribute to tide
levels
OFFSHORE
For the purpose of measuring charted depth of the water at specific
location
LAT (Lowest Astronomical Tide, the lowest tide predictable from based
the effects of gravity), or MLLW (Mean Lower Low Water, the average
lowest tide of each day), or LWS (Low Water Springs)
For safety reasons, a mariner must be able to know the minimum depth
of water that could occur at any point. For this reason, depths and tides
on a nautical chart are measured relative to CHART DATUM, which is
defined to be a level below which tide rarely falls
Nautical Chart
Chart Datum
Chart datum is generally a tidal datum, derived from phase of the tide. It is
the level of water at the lowest possible astronomical tide, and therefore
minimum water depth possible during the tidal cycle.
Tides
VARIOUS STATES OF THE TIDE THAT CAN FORM THE BASIS OF VERTICAL DATUM
Chart Datum in the USA
MLLW
MLLW
1 (one) week
Due Date : March 16, 2013
Nautical Chart
Source of
Hydrographic
Survey
Bathymetry depth in fathom
1 fathom = 6 ft Object on land,
Vertical Low Water Datum is Vertical High Water
LWS datum is MSL