Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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1.1 (Operating System)
...
Hardware Software
, ,
/.
/.
1.1 (Operating System)
( )
/
Windows
.. .
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.1 ..
.. (Software= )
.
Media player
notepad
zip
explorer
interface
..
(- Interface) .
/.
/.
/. /
.
(RAM) (/).
RAM
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.1 ..
..
... (CPU)
.
-(Input-Output I/O)
() .
OUTPUT
INPUT
RAM
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.1 ..
..
.
exe exe
/ .
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.2 /
(Environment ) ..
&
Environment ( )
-File System
Operating System
(Kernel)
Hardware
.. :
(Kernel)
(User Interfaces )
(Utilities)
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.3 (Kernel) ..
.. (Hardware).
-File System
Operating System
(Kernel)
/ ,
(RAM)
, /.
/ ( ) .
-Kernel
RAM RAM
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.3 (Kernel) ..
:
-File System
Operating System
(Kernel)
(Hardware) ()
(Interrupts).
.
.
C.P.U.
(Kernel)
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.4 (User Interface)
To .. ( )
(Command Interpreter) (Shell)
-File System
Operating System
(Kernel)
.. .
.. :
MS-DOS COMMAND.COM
UNIX Sh
.. (Graphical User Interface-GUI):
Windows .
winamp
Word
Winzip
explorer
(Multi-user)
.. (user).
(Single-user)
.. (user).
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.5 (Multiprogramming)
.
( , )
.. ..
.
(Response Time)
(=) .
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.6 (Multitasking)
(Multitasking) ..
.
, .
:
.
.
videolearner.com
youtube.com
1.1 (Operating System)
1.1.6 (Multitasking)
:
:
spzygouris@gmail.com
:
spzygouris@gmail.com
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.1
/ .
..
File System
/ (secondary storage).
..
.
:
1000 (RAM)
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.1
(files).
(data set)
video
, / = (File Name)
.. .
(File System), .. /.
.
:
( -
)
Volume
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.3 (Directory,Catalogue Folder)
.. .
(Folder Directories).
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.3 (Directory,Catalogue Folder)
- .
: ,
,
User 1 User 2 User 3 Administrator
, .
:
Root Directory
Sub-Directories
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.3 (Directory,Catalogue Folder)
.
2.1 31.
(current)
(working Directory).
.
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.4
.
.
DOS Windows .
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.4
.
.
.
.. My Documents\letter.doc
(suffix extension)
Windows 255
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.4
.
.
:
(password) .
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.4
.
/.
.
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.4
.
,
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.4
2
2.1 (File System)
spyros.mp3
2.1.5 (File System ) spyros.mpeg
spyros.doc
/ , .
.
.
.
.
\ .
: ..
.
C:\Documents and Settings\user\ \ \pueblo.jpg
..
C:\Documents and Settings\user\ \ \pueblo.jpg
\ . \ \pueblo.jpg
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.6 Windows
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.7
(Data Files)
, 0 1.
.
.
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.7 ASCII
(Text Files)
ASCII UNICODE.
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.7
(Program Files)
.
0 1.
/
(Executable File).
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.7
(System Files)
..
(Device Files)
(.. CD) .. .
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.7
(Temporary Files)
..
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.7
(Printer ,Spooler Files)
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.7
(Back up Files)
. .
(Batch Files)
..
.
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.8
:
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.
4. (back up copies)
, .
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.9
..
.. .
(Format).
(format) -Tracks.
Tracks -Sectors Blocks.
-Sectors .
-Track -Sectors
- Blocks.
-Sector bytes-.
. 1
1
2 1
. 1 2 1 1
3 2 2 1 1
3 2 1 3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 1 2 2
2 2 3
2 3
3
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.9
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.9
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.9
(block).
(block) ..
:
128 Bytes
256 Bytes
512 Bytes
1024 Bytes
blocksize.
blocksize
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.9
bytes
(read)
(write)
(block) .
.
:
( , , )
(surface , track , sector)
0,3,200
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.9 0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3 0?
(?, 4)
6,?
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 13
14
1 2
0 3
11 4
10 5
9 6
8 7
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.10
,
.
( )
.. ( =)
(I/O Requests) ..
: (Read,write,)
(C:)
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.10
(C:)
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.10
,
.
( )
.. ( =)
(I/O Requests) ..
: (Read,write,)
(C:)
(1 ,2 , 3 )
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.10
(1 ,2 , 3 )
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 0?
(?, 4)
6,?
7
8
9
10
11
12
0 13
14
1 2
0 3
11 4
10 5
9 6
8 7
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.10
,
.
( )
.. ( =)
(I/O Requests) ..
: (Read,write,)
(C:)
(1 ,2 , 3 )
( ..)
(blocks) .
.. block ,
(Queues) .
(-)
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.10
...
/.
.
.. .
(C.P.U. intensive) ,
...
:
(Wait Time).
(track) head (seek Time).
(Rotanional Delay Latency Time).
) .. .
) ,
.
)
(Rebuild -)
) (Fragmentation)
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.11
Fragmentation
File A
File B
File C
File B
File D,
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.11
(Linked Allocation)
) .. . 925 kbytes
Linked List
) , .. . 0
1
) , (Linked List). 2
3
-
)
F
2 F
(Free List).
Free List
3 1 5
4
F 4 6 7
0
) .. 8 9
9 .
F 5
F
6 8
7
F F ) ,
F .
)
.
) .. .
DOS File Allocation Table FAT.
O FAT .
FAT .
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.11
F
F F
F F
F F
F F
F
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.11
, , .
, .
UnDelete
Delete
F
F
F
F
F
, (Undelete Unerase).
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.11
/ ;
(blackout , ) ,
(R.A.M.) .
.
:
.
.
.
()
.
Windows (..) .
K
.CH
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.11
/ ;
Windows (..) ( /)
,
.
(Scandisk),
.
( .. File00.CHK) ,
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.12
, () .
Save
Delete
Modify
Modify
Modify
Modify
Modify
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.12
, ,
(head)
.
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.12
.. (
).
.
bytes .
2
2.1 (File System)
2.1.12
( ) ..
, (blocks)
.
.
, ..
.(2.10 49)
2
2.2
2.2.1
/ ( )
.
, ,
/ .
2
2.2
2.2.1
.. :
(Integrity)
(Security)
,, .
/ .
/ :
()
(Viruses)
2
2.2
2.2.2
:
(Backup)
(UPS)
(Backup)
(read,write,execute)
(Backup)
(Viruses) (Antivirus)
:
spzygouris@gmail.com
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.1
(Input) ... .
(Output) ... .
...
C.P.U.
R.A.M.
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.1
() ,
... ( ).
mainboard
CPU RAM
BIOS
I/O
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.1
/ ... (C.P.U.)
... .
.
... ( ).
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.2
()
...
/ (I/O Devices Units)
:
.
,
:
(Read)
(Write)
.. CD-R .
,CD,DVD.
: /.
(Interface Devices) / .
.. :
.. :
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.3 ..
(Dedicated Devices)
.
..
(Shared Devices)
.
..
(Virtual Devices)
..
(physical devices) .
.. .
(Block Devices)
(blocks).
.. .
(Character Devices)
(bytes).
.. -Mouse, .
(Terminals)
(multiuser systems) .
,
( )
.. -Mouse, .
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.4 /.
(Data Packets) ... .
Hard Printer
Disk
.
:
8 bit 8 bit/sec ( Bus )
16 bit
32 bit
. 16 bit/sec .
64 bit /sec 32 bit/sec
128 bit 64 bit/sec
128 bit /sec
.
H R ,
CPU FSB.
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.4 /.
(Data Packets) ... .
Hard Printer
Disk
H R ,
CPU FSB,
,
(Controller)
Unit3
(Bridge)
B
. U
S
NorthBridge
SouthBridge
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.4 /.
H Northbridge (controller)
CPU,
RAM
AGP-Port PCI-Express.
RAM
CPU NorthBridge
AGP
PCI-E
SouthBridge
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.4 /.
H Southbridge (controller) , :
(hard disk),
/ (I/O devices)
RAM
CPU NorthBridge
AGP
PCI-E PCI
SouthBridge
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.4 /.
/
() ... /
.
K.M.E.
C.P.U. Controllers
(Interface Units),
( ),
.
/ (Controller) . :
R.A.M.
Hard Disk
K.M.E.
C.P.U.
3 -
3.1 /
3.1.4 /.
(Device )
/ (I/O).
.. /
.
I/O Device
Driver
3 -
3.2 / Windows
Windows :
(Control Panel) (System) (Device Manager)
click
click
click
3 -
3.2 / Windows
3.2.1
:
1. .
CD CD.
CD setup.exe click
.
click
click
click
click
click
click
click
3 -
3.2 / Windows
3.2.1
:
2.
My Computer( )
Add New Hardware ( )
Windows .
( CD)
3 -
3.2 / Windows
3.2.1
:
3. (Plug and Play PnP)
.. ,
.
, Windows
.
3 -
3.3 ..
)
(-drivers).
, ..
(Input).
Input Output
Driver Driver
) , ..
. (Input).
) , ..
. (Output).
) .. ,
, .
.. .
4
4.1
... () .
... , , .
.
... .
.72 Time
C.P.U.
Word Processor
Printing
Download
4
4.1
3 / , , , .
cd
40 min
/ 10 min 15 min 15 min
.
B B
10 min 5 min 10 min
.
.
4
4.1
:
.
.
:
,
.
CD
.
, .
.
/ .. :
.. .
4
4.1
.. (Process).
:
o (activity)
o (entity)
o (abstract object)
(occupies) .
.
(Process)
(Application)
4
4.1
:
4
4.1
,
.
.
10 min 15 min 15 min
B B
10 min 5 min 10 min
.
4
4.1
.. / ,
.
..
.
, .
(running) ..
(ready,runnable)
(blocked) ,
4
4.1
4.1.1
.. (sequential
processes).
(CPU)
.
,
2*
C.P.U.
4
4.1
4.1.1
/ .
, , ,
2* 2*
i1
> <
i 10
+ +
+i
- -
ii+2
, , ,
2* 2*
i1
> <
i 10
+ +
+i
- -
ii+2
, , ,
2* 2*
i1
> <
i 10
+ +
+i
- -
ii+2
, , ,
2* 2*
i1
> <
i 10
+ +
+i
- -
ii+2
C.P.U.
4
4.1
4.1.1
, .
, , ,
2* 2*
i1
> <
i 10
+ +
+i
- -
ii+2
C.P.U.
4
4.1
4.1.1
, multithreading .
(process)
.
' thread .
multithreading
threads .
(-) .
, (web browser)
thread
thread server.
Multitasking Multithreading
4
4.1
4.1.2
.. .
CD ,
.. 5 /.
5 ( 5 ) .
/, CD .
CD / ,
, .
, .
,
.
4
4.1
4.1.2
(parallel processes)
.
,
.
, ,
/2 2*
+ *
C.P.U.1 C.P.U. 2
4
4.1
4.1.2
(parallel processes)
.
,
.
, , ,
, .
/2 2*
( , ).
+ *
C.P.U.1 C.P.U. 2
,
.
.
4
4.1
4.1.2
:
+ *
C.P.U.1 C.P.U. 2
, ..
4
4.1
4.1.3
(mutual exclusion)
/2 2*
+ *
C.P.U.1 C.P.U. 2
.
.
.
.
4
4.1
4.1.3
(deadlock)
(Deadlock state) ,
(event)
.
2* 2*
i1
> <
i 10
+ +
+i
- -
ii+2
. DeadLock .
,
.
4
4.1
4.1.3
(starvation)
, .
, .
. +1.
>0 +1
.
.
, .
.
4
4.1
4.1.3
(contention)
,
(overhead) .
4
4.1
4.1.3
(cooperate), ,
,
(,event).
(process synchronization ) ,
.
, ,
/2 2*
+ *
C.P.U.1 C.P.U. 2
5
5.1
(RAM) ( ) /.
/.
.. (memory manager)
.
5
5.2 (Swapping) D
O
,
A
B T
RAM.
J A
/
(RAM) .
, (RAM).
.
.
(swapping ).
.
5
5.2 (Swapping)
RAM
CPU
HD
5
5.3 (Segments)
.. / .
( Segments )
.
,
,
.
5
5.3 (Segments)
_
:,,,
,,
(,,)
:,
_
(,,) :
:,,,max
max
> max TOTE
max
_
> max TOTE
max
_
max
_
,
.
5
5.4 (Single continuous allocation)
,
.
.
.
/
MS-DOS IBM OS/360 .
5
5.5 (Partitioned allocation)
.
.
(partitions) .
, , (
) .
3072
3
2048
2
1024
1
512
0
5
5.5 (Partitioned allocation)
(Static partition specification)
(partitions) .
.
4096
3
2048
2
1024
1
512
0
.
.
5
5.5 (Partitioned allocation)
(Static partition specification)
:
:
=100
=500
=800
4096
3
2848
800
2048
2
1524
500
1024
1
612
100
512
0
,
.
.. IBM OS/360 MFT (Multiprogramming with Fixed number of Tasks).
5
5.5 (Partitioned allocation)
(Dynamic partition specification)
.
,
.
512
0
.
.
5
5.5 (Partitioned allocation)
(Dynamic partition specification)
:
RAM .
500
.
300 100
300 ,
B 500 .
A 100
( ), .
.
5
5.5 (Partitioned allocation)
(Dynamic partition specification)
.
BM OS/MVT,
, Pascal,C .
5
5.6 (Virtual memory)
.
/.
,
Dynamic Relocatability .
,
Protection .
,
Capacity () .
(modules) ,
Format Set-up .
5
5.6 (Virtual memory)
(virtual memory)
.
.
(paging)
(segmentation)
.
5
5.7 (Paging)
.
R.A.M.
5
5.7 (Paging)
( )
( ,page size)
(page offset)
( )
(pages) .
0K - 4K 0
0K - 4K 0
4K - 8K 1
4K - 8K 1
8K - 12K 2
8K - 12K 2
12K - 16K 3
12K - 16K 3
16K - 20K 4
16K - 20K 4
20K - 24K 5
(page offset)
24K - 28K 6
,
28K - 32K 7
( ,active pages)
,
( ,inactive pages) .
5
5.7 (Paging)
, .. (page table) .
, , ,
.
0K - 4K 0
0K - 4K 0
4K - 8K 1
4K - 8K 1
8K - 12K 2
8K - 12K 2
12K - 16K 3
12K - 16K 3
16K - 20K 4
16K - 20K 4
20K - 24K 5
24K - 28K 6
28K - 32K 7
5
5.7 (Paging)
, .. (page table) .
, , ,
.
5
5.7 (Paging)
/ - words.
, .
,
.
0 0
1 1
0 2 2
0
3 3
4 4
5
5.7 (Paging) / 5
(25 0-24 25).
2
0
(10 0-9 10)
1
0 2
3
4
5 0
6 1
1 7 2
0
8 3
9 4
10 5
11
6
2 12
7
1
13
8
14
9
15
16
3 17
18
19
20
21
4 22
23
24
5
5.7 (Paging)
,
6
/ 1 ,
0
0, 1.
1
0 2
. . . .
3
4 0 X
5 1 0 0
6 2 1 1
1 7 3 X 2
0
8 4 X 3
9 4
10 5
11
6
2 12
7
1
13
8
14
9
15
16
3 17
18
( ).
19
20
.
21
.
4 22
23
24
5
5.7 (Paging) .
, .
0 :
1
0 2
. . . .
3
4 0 X
5 1 0 0
6 2 1 1
1 7 3 X 2
0
8 4 X 3
9 4
10 5
11
6
2 12
7
1
13
8
14
9
15
16
3 17
18
19
20
21
.
4 22
23
24
5
5.7 (Paging)
,
, ..
, .
. . . .
0 X
0
1 0
1
2 1
5 2
3 X 0
6 3
4 X
1 7 4
8
9
,
:
:
( )
( )
1 1 1
0
5
5.7 (Paging)
,
( page table register)
, .
,
().
, .
.
. . . .
( ) ( )
0 X
0 1
5
5.7 (Paging)
, ,
.
,
.. .
, , .
0
1
0 2
. . . .
3
4 0 1
X
5 1 1
0 0
6 2
1 1
1 7 3 1
X 2
0
8 4 0
X 3
9 4
10 5
11 6
2 12
13
7 FREE
1
8
14
9
, .
5
5.7 (Paging)
,
.
0
1
0 2
. . . .
3
4 0 X
5 1 0 0
6 2 1 1
1 7 3 X 2
0
8 4 X 3
9 4
10 5
11
6
2 12
7
13
1
8
14
9
5
5.7 (Paging)
(internal fragmentation),
, .
0 .
1
00 2 , 150.
3 8 20 .
4 10 .
5
1 6 20
1 7
8
20
20
150
9
10
20
11
00 12 20
13 20
14
15
20
1 16 20
1 17
18
,
19 ( ) .
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
, (modules).
.
module
module
module
module
,
.
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
,
(modules) ,
, ...
module
module
module
module
module
, ,
.
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
( )
.
, ,
( ) .
0
1
0 515 40 2
0
1 module
14 500 3
4
2 230 100 5
6
, 7
1
8
9
(. [ ]).
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
:
0 515 40 0 600
30
1 14 500
2 230 100 >
+ = 545
30<40 , .
, .
: 0 600
, .
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
(modules)
() , , .
module 1 a
module
2a
module
1b
module
2b
module 3 c
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
(external fragmentation)
.
C
K4
B
K3
K2
A
K1
(empty)
(holes).
.
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
.
module
module
module
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
1 ,2, 3, 4 () D 650KB
.
,
.
K4
C
K4
K3
D
K2
B
K1
K3
C
K2
A
K1
B (compaction)
A
K1
(compaction) ,
.
5
5.9 (Paged Segmentation)
,
, .
, .
(H/Y) (paged segmented machines)
,
.
module 1 a
0
module 2 a
1
2
0 module 1 b
3
4
5
module 2 b
6
7
1
module 3 c 515
8
0 40
9
.
,
,
.
.
,
.
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
(modules)
() , , .
module 1 a
module
2a
module
1b
module
2b
module 3 c
(external fragmentation)
.
(empty)
(holes).
.
5
5.8 (Segmentation)
1 ,2, 3, 4 () 650KB
.
,
.
(compaction) ,
.
K4 C
K4
K3
B K2
K3
C
K2
K1 A B
A K1