University of Split

Arts Academy
Music Department
Academic year: 2013/2014

English Grammar
Exam Topics

1
Contents

1
Verb tenses.............................................................................................................................3
1.1. Present tenses.........................................................................................................................3
1.1.1. Simple Present...........................................................................................................4
1.1.2. Present Continuous....................................................................................................6
1.2. Past tenses.............................................................................................................................8
1.2.1. Simple Past................................................................................................................8
1.2.2. Past Continuous.......................................................................................................11
1.2.3. Present Perfect.........................................................................................................12
1.2.4. Present Perfect Continuous......................................................................................16
1.2.5. Past
Perfect...............................................................................................................18
1.3. Future tenses......................................................................................................................20
1.3.1. Simple Future...........................................................................................................20
1.3.2 Going to Future........................................................................................................21
1.3.3. Present Continuous..................................................................................................21
1.3.4. Simple Present.........................................................................................................22
1.4. Primjeri ispitnih reenica s glagolskim vremenima...........................................................23
2. Prepositions.............................................................................................................................25
2.1.Prepositions of time, place and movement.........................................................................25
2.2. Expressions with prepositions: prepositions after verbs, adjecitives and
nouns...............27

3. Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed...............................................................................................31

4. Opposite adjectives.....................................................................................................................33

5. Passive Voice..............................................................................................................................36

6. Conditional sentences.................................................................................................................40
6.1. Primjeri ispitnih reenica vezanih uz if-clauses..................................................................44

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3
 Present tenses

Simple Present

Form

I eat / You eat / He, she, It eats / We eat / You eat / They eat
potvrdni oblik tvorimo dodavanjem nastavka -s ili -es samo u 3.licu jednine

Do I eat / Do you eat / Does he, she, it eat / Do we eat / Do you eat / Do they eat
upitni oblik tvorimo pomou do ili does (samo u 3.licu jednine) i infinitiva glagola

I don't eat / You don't eat / He, she, it doesn't eat / We don't eat / You don't eat /
They don't eat
negativni oblik tvorimo pomou don't ili doesn't (samo u 3.licu jednine) i infinitiva
glagola

Spelling rules:

- Glagoli koji zavravaju na ch, -sh, -ss, -x i -o u 3.licu jednine dobivaju nastavak -es

My roommate watches TV till late every night.

Anna's kid brother never brushes his teeth.
He often kisses his girlfriend in public.
He boxes for a living.
She goes out with her friends every Saturday.

- Glagoli koji zavravaju na -y

- ukoliko se ispred zavrnog -y nalazi suglasnik, taj isti -y mijenjamo u -i te dodajemo

nastavak -es za 3.lice jednine

He is such a gentleman. He always carrIES my bags.

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 My sister usually hurrIES to school.

- ukoliko se ispred zavrnog -y nalazi samoglasnik, taj isti -y ostaje nepromijenjen te mu

se u 3.licu jednine dodaje nastavak -s

Kevin plays football on Sundays.

Mr.Thomas usually stays at my place when he comes to Chicago.

Usage

We use the Simple Present to talk about routines (rutina), habits (navike) and
scientific facts (znanstvene injenice). Naglasak je dakle na radnji koja SE PONAVLJA!

Prilone oznake vremena uz koje se koristi: always, ever, never, sometimes, usually,
often, every day, at weekends, on Sundays, three times a day, once a month itd.

Usage Examples (u svakoj se od dolje navedenih reenica radnja PONAVLJA!)

My husband always sleeps on the left side of the bed.

I usually get lousy presents for Christmas.

My neighbours dog barks for hours every night.

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Spring begins on 21st March. Violets bloom in spring.

Why does Bart always smile like an idiot?

Present Continuous

Form

Potvrdni oblik: I am studying / You are studying / He, she, It is studying / We are
studying / You are studying / They are studying

Upitni oblik: Am I studying / Are you studying / Is he, she, it studying...?

Negativni oblik: I am not (I'm not) studying / You are not (You're not) studying /
He, she, it is not (isn't) studying...

Spelling rules:

Ukoliko glagol zavrava na -e, tom se glagolu prilikom dodavanja nastavka -ing oduzima
zavrno -e.
have + -ing havING
I am having a shower at the moment.

Glagoli poput run, stop, begin, shop, beg te get udvostruuju zadnje slovo ispred
nastavka ing

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 Stop the thief! He is running away!
I'm getting a new car.

y se ne mijenja ispred nastavka ing

He is hurrying to school.
She is studying medicine.

Usage

- We use the Present Continuous to talk about actions happening at this moment of
time (koristimo ga za izricanje radnje koja se dogaa upravo u trenutku kada o njoj
govorimo)

Please don't make so much noise! I am trying to work here!

We are having a cup of coffee now.
Is Susan working this week? No, she is on holiday.
- We also use it to talk about changes happening around now (za izricanje promjena koje
su u tijeku)
The population of the world is rising very fast.
Is your English getting better?
My kid brother is growing bigger.
The climate is getting warmer.

- You're always -ing konstrukcija

You're always -ing means that you do something very often, more often than the
speaker thinks is reasonable or normal.
(Kada smatrate da neka osoba preesto vri neku radnju, a Vi tu radnju
doivljavate kao neto nepotrebno i krajnje iritantno, tada se za izricanje takve radnje
koristi Present Continuous)

John is never satisfied. He is always complaining.

Why are you always asking me for money?
She is always talking about her new boyfriend.

Prilone oznake vremena uz koje se koristi: now, at the moment, this week, today itd.

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Usage examples

I am riding a bike now.

Mike is playing baseball at the moment.

They are standing in the rain.

Past tenses

Simple Past

Form

Potvrdni oblik:

Pri tvorbi potvrdnog oblika potrebno je razlikovati pravilne i nepravilne glagole.

Pravilni glagoli potvrdni oblik tvore dodavanjem nastavka -ed ili -d, dok Simple Past
nepravilnih glagola nalazimo u 2.stupcu tablice nepravilnih glagola:

I cooked / You cooked / He, she, it cooked / We cooked / You cooked / They cooked

I went / You went / He, she, it went / We went / You went / They went

Upitni oblik:

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Upitni oblik tvorimo pomou DID te infinitiva glavnog glagola:

Did I go / Did you go / Did he, she, it go / Did we go / Did you go / Did they go?

Negativni oblik:

Negativni oblik tvorimo pomou DIDN'T te infinitiva glavnog glagola:

I didn't go / You didn't go / He, she, it didn't go / We didn't go / You didn't go /

They didin't go

Glagol TO BE koji u potvrdnom obliku glasi:

1. I was 1. We were

2.You were 2. You were

3. He, she, it was 3. They were

upitni oblik ne tvori pomou DID kao svi drugi glagoli ve inverzijom subjekta i
glagola:

1. Was I...? 1. Were we...?

2. Were you...? 2. Were you...?

3. Was he, she, it...? 3. Were they...?

Negativni oblik tvorimo pomou WASN'T odnosno WEREN'T

1. I wasn't 1. We weren't

2.You weren't 2. You weren't

3. He, she, it wasn't 3. They weren't

Spelling rules:

- ukoliko glagol u infinitivu zavrava na -e tada se njegov potvrdni oblik Simple Pasta
tvori samo nastavkom -d

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 hope + - d hopeD

bake + - d bakeD

-glagoli poput stop, plan, rub, prefer, permit, regret, beg

udvostruuju zadnje slovo ispred nastavka -ed:

He begged for mercy.

She stopped in front of my house.

We planned a trip.

Glagoli koji zavravaju na -y (npr. hurry, carry, play, study, stay)

- ukoliko se ispred zavrnog -y nalazi suglasnik, taj isti -y mijenjamo u -i te dodajemo

nastavak -ed

My sister always hurried to school when she was a teenager.

He tried to open the bottle.

- ukoliko se ispred zavrnog -y nalazi samoglasnik, taj isti -y ostaje nepromijenjen te mu

se samo dodaje nastavak -ed

He played a lot of chess when he was a boy.

My friends stayed at my place for the winter holidays.

Usage

-we often use the Simple Past to talk about WHEN things happened.
We use it with finished time expressions. (Simple Past koristimo za

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izricanje prolih svrenih radnji. Pritom navodimo kada se radnja
dogodila, obratiti pozornost na podcrtane izraze u reenicama)

I saw that film last week.

Shakespeare died in 1616.

When did you learn to speak Spanish so well? I picked it up

when I was in Spain three years ago.

Prilone oznake vremena uz koje se koristi: yesterday, two days ago, last week, in 1963,
the other day, itd.

Questions without did

kada su WHO i WHAT subjekti u reenici, tada pitanje u simple pastu ne tvorimo
pomou DID ve iza WH-pitanja upotrebljavamo potvrdni oblik glagola.

Who discovered penicillin?

* Who did discover penicillin? (ova je reenica netona!)

What happened?

* What did happen? (ova je reenica netona!)

Usage examples

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 Garfield had the time of his life last summer

Mozart lived from 1756 to 1791. He wrote more than 600 pieces
of music.

Past Continuous

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Form

Potvrdni oblik: I was studying / You were studying / He, she, It was studying / We
were studying / You were studying / They were studying

Upitni oblik: Was I studying / Were you studying / Was he, she, it studying...?

Negativni oblik: I was not (I wasn't) studying / You were not (You weren't)
studying / He, she, it was not (wasn't) studying...

Usage
- We use past continuous to say that something was going on around a particular past time

(Past Continuous se koristi za izraavanje neke radnje koja je dulje vrijeme trajala u prolosti)

A: What were you doing at 1.00 last night?

B: I was watching TV.

- We also use it to talk about actions which were going on at the same time in the past
(Koristimo ga za izricanje dviju ili vie radnji koje su se paralelno odvijale u prolosti). Past
Continuous u ovim reenicama uvodimo uz pomo veznika WHILE (dok)

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 While I was baking a cake, the twins were watching a cartoon

(Dok sam ja pekla tortu, blizanci su gledali crti) dvije paralelne prole radnje

- Past Continuous najee susreemo u kombinaciji sa Simple Pastom:

Past continuous - longer background action or situation (dua prola radnja)

Simple past - shorter action that interrupted it (kraa radnja koja prekida duu)

The phone rang while I was having dinner.

When I walked in I found that water was running down the walls.

Present Perfect

Form

Potvrdni oblik:

Present Perfect tvorimo od pomonog glagola HAVE koji u 3.licu jednine glasi HAS
te past participlea glavnog glagola. Past participle nepravilnih glagola nalazi se u
3.stupcu tablice nepravilnih glagola dok pravilni glagoli ovaj isti oblik tvore uz pomo
nastavka -ed ili -d:

I have cooked / You have cooked / He, she, it HAS cooked / We have cooked / You have
cooked / They have cooked

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I have gone / You have gone / He, she, it HAS gone / We have gone / You have
gone / They have gone

Upitni oblik:

Upitni oblik tvorimo inverzijom:

Have I gone / Have you gone / Has he, she, it gone...?

Negativni oblik:

Negativni oblik tvorimo pomou HAVEN'T odnosno HASN'T te past participlea:

I haven't gone / You haven't gone / He, she, it hasn't gone...

Usage

- Present Perfect connects the past and the present. We use it for
finished actions that have results now. (Koristimo ga za izricanje onih
radnji koje su se netom dogodile u prolosti, a ostavljaju posljedice u
sadanjosti)

I can't walk. I have hurt my leg.

Lucy has had a baby.

He has lost his keys. (He can't find them - ovo je posljedica)

I have passed all of my exams (posljedica je to da u moi upisati novi

semestar)

- We often announce a piece of news with the Present Perfect:

Scientists have discovered a new planet!

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 A plane has crashed near London.

- Situations up to now

- Wu use it to talk about situations continuing up to now, especially

when we say how long they have lasted. (Koristimo ga za izricanje onih
radnji koje su u prolosti zapoele i jo uvijek traju)

Aley has worked with children since she was 18.

Have you ever seen the pyramids?

They have been married for 35 years.

I have never been to Australia.

(do dana dananjega (tj. up to now) nisam bio/bila u Australiji to ne

znai da neu otii tamo dok sam iv/iva

- This is the first time... konstrukcija

Ukoliko reenica zapoinje ovim izrazom, u takvoj se reenici koristi

Present Perfect

This is the first time I have seen that man. (nisam ga vidio sve
dosad)

Mark, this is the third time today I've told you to clean your
room!

Prilone oznake vremena uz koje se koristi: ever, never, before, recently, often, already,
yet, just, since, for, so far, itd.

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U hrvatskom su jeziku sljedee reenice u prezentu:

ivim u Splitu od 2010. *I live in Split since 2010.

Znam Marka godinama. *I know Mark for ages.
U vezi sam ve dvije godine. *I am in relationship for two years.
Reenice oznaene * krivo su prevedene na engleski jezik jer se radi o doslovnom prijevodu. Ono
to je u hrvatskom jeziku prezent u ovim reenicama, na engleskom treba prevoditi present
perfectom jer je svaka od ovih radnji zapoela u prolosti i jo uvijek traje (up to now!)

I have lived in Split since 2010. (jo uvijek ivim tu)

I have known Mark for years. (jo ga uvijek poznajem)

Past
Present

2010 2012
I have been in a relationship for two years

ove smo godine prohodali jo smo uvijek skupa

Kako razlikovati Present Perfect i Simple Past

Simple Past prola svrena radnja

Present Perfect radnja zapoela u prolosti i jo uvijek traje

Christopher Nolan has directed 6 films. (Nolan is still alive)

Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. (He is dead)

I have written five emails this morning. (It is still morning i vjerovatno u
napisati jo koji mail)

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 I wrote five emails this morning. ( it is not morning anymore. It is 5 pm)

She did a lot of stupid things when she was at university. (She is not a
student anymore)

She has done a lot of stupid things as a student. (She is still a student)

Usage examples for Present Perfect

He has read 100 pages of the book.

(Zapoeo je itati knjigu i jo uvijek je ita)

She has enjoyed her holiday very much. (Jo je uvijek na odmoru)

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Jamie Oliver has made many delicious meals

(dosad je napravio pregrt ukusnih jela, a sigurno e ih napraviti jo)

Peter has just had a car accident.

(radnja koja se dogodila u prolosti, a ostavlja posljedice u sadanjosti)

This is the first time my son has cleaned the room all by himself.

(fraza This is the first/second/third time..trai Present Perfect)

Present Perfect Continuous

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Form

I have been waiting / You have been waiting / He, she, It HAS been waiting / We have
been waiting... potvrdni oblik tvorimo
pomou have ili has + BEEN + glagol koji dobiva nastavak ing

Have I been waiting / Have you been waiting / Has he, she, it been waiting / Have we
been waiting...? upitni oblik tvorimo inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola to
have

I haven't been waiting / You haven't been waiting / He, she, It HASN'T been
waiting... negativni oblik
tvorimo pomou haven't ili hasn't +BEEN + glagol koji dobiva nastavak ing

Usage

- We often use Present Perfect Continuous to talk about actions continuing up to now,
especially when we say how long they have lasted.

It has been snowing since Tuesday. (Snjeg je poeo padati u utorak i jo uvijek pada)

How long have you been learning English?

Why is your face so red? I've been runnung.

Uporabom Present Perfect Continuousa naglaavamo TRAJANJE neke radnje!

Present Perfect ili Present Perfect Continuous?

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 Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect

continuing situation something is completed, achieved

Ann has been gardening all afternoon. She has planted a lot of rose bushes.

naglasak je na trajanju radnje naglasak je na radnji

koja je

zavrena i
koja ostavlja posljedice

Usage exapmles

Garfuekd has been sleeping all day long.

(jo se nije probudio, radnja je zapoela u prolosti i jo uvijek traje)

They have been drinking wine all night long.

(veer jo uvijek nije gotova i oni jo uvijek piju vino)

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A line from the song Living next door to Alice

(on jo uvijek ivi u kui do Alice)

He has been investigating the same crime for over 20 years .

Ovaj inspektor zadnjih 20 godina istrauje isti zloin i jo uvijek nije rijeio taj sluaj)

Past Perfect

Form

I had forgotten / You had forgotten / He, she it had forgotten / We had
forgotten... potvrdni oblik

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tvorimo pomou HAD i past participlea glavnog glagola

Had I forgotten / Had you forgotten / Had he, she, it forgotten / Had we
forgotten...? upitni oblik tvorimo inverzijom subjekta i
pomonog glagola to have

I hadn't forgotten / You hadn't forgotten / He, she, It hadn't forgotten...

negativni oblik tvorimo pomou HADN'T te past participlea glavnoga
glagola

Usage

We use Past Perfect when we are already talking about the past, and want to talk about
an earlier past for a moment. (Past Perfect koristimo za izricanje prole radnje koja se
dogodila PRIJE neke druge, takoer prole radnje).

U engleskom ga jeziku najee nalazimo u kombinaciji sa Simple Pastom:

The lesson had already started when Bart arrived.

Past Perfect Simple Past

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Tom never found out where his partner had hidden the money.

Simple Past Past Perfect

When he saw an empty fridge, he knew that Mary had eaten all the food.

Simple Past Past Perfect

Future forms

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Simple Future

I will work / You will work / He, she, it will work / We will work...

Will I work? / Will you work? ...

I will not (won't) work / You won't work...

- we use it to give or ask for information about the future

She'll be here in a few minutes.

We will need the money on the 15th.

- we use it to predict the future- we say what we think, guess or

calculate will happen. Here we talk about what is inside our heads:
our beliefs, assumptions, knowledge etc.

Tomorrow will be warm with some clouds in the afternoon.

Who do you think will win the match? Liverpool or Arsenal?

There will be a world war before the year 2050.

Don't lend her your car. She is a bad driver, she'll crash it.

Prilone oznake vremena uz koje se koristi: tomorrow, in 2100, in ten yeas, some day,
itd.
Can you put the beginnings and ends of these sentences
together?

Don't give her your keys she will just refuse to pay

Buy the cat food here otherwise I'll get the sack

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No good sending her a bill, is she will only lose them
it?

If he doesn't stop drinking he'll be dead in five years.

I must get back to work, It will be cheaper

Going to Future

I am going to buy / You are going to buy / He/She/It is going to

buy...

Am I going to buy...?

I am (I'm) not going to buy...

- We use it to talk about plans, decisions and firm intentions

I am going to keep asking her to marry me until she says yes.

Tom is going to perform on Broadway some day.

We are going to get a new car soon.

- Going To Future is common when we predict the future by using

present evidence when we can see that a future event is on the
way or is starting to happen

Look at those clouds! It's going to rain.

Look out! We are going to crash!

Alice is going to have a baby.

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Present Continuous (stranica iz osobnog planera)

The Present Continuous is common when we talk about future

personal arrangements and fixed plans; we often give the time,
date and/or place

What are you doing this evening? I'm having dinner with some
friends at Joe's.

We are going to Spain in June.

She is meeting Mr Peterson at the Savoy on Monday morning.

Simple Present

My plane for Nice-Ville leaves at 5.23.

We sometimes use the simple present to talk about the future.

This happens mostly when we talk about timetables, routines and
schedules

Next term starts on March 2nd.

My train leaves at 3.17.

Do you have classes next Saturday?

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What time does the bus arrive to Rome?

28
 Primjeri ispitnih reenica s glagolskim vremenima

T I P S:

1. Podcrtati u reenici prilonu oznaku vremena

2. Prevesti reenicu kako biste dobili vremenski okvir (radi li se o

sadanjosti, prolosti ili budunosti)

1. I think my daughter __________ (be) famous some day.

will be

Some day znai jednoga dana. Ta prilona oznaka ukazuje na budunost.

Budui da reenica poinje s I think, radi se o jednoj vrsti predvianja.

Predvianje u engleskom jeziku izraavamo Simple Futureom.

2. We _____________ (meet) Pam at the theatre at 8:00 tomorrow evening.

are meeting

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Izraz tomorrow evening opet ukazuje na budunost. Budui da je ovo fixed plan

(unaprijed dogovorena stvar) i da navodimo mjesto i vrijeme sastanka, takvu

vrstu radnje izraavamo Present Continuousom za budunost.

3. Look what Peter ___________ (give) ne for our anniversary last week!

gave

Kada u reenici susretnemo izraz last week, samo nam se jedno glagolsko

vrijeme namee kao mogunost, a to je Simple Past.

4. That child ____________ (break) three cups this week.

has broken

Izraz this week ukazuje na to da tjedan jo uvijek nije gotov. Dakle, proces

razbijanja alica je zapoeo u prolosti i jo uvijek traje. Dijete e, ako je

nestano, sigurno razbiti jo koju alicu. Za radnje zapoete u prolosti koje se

nastavljaju i u sadanjosti koristimo Present Perfect.

5. It ________________ (rain) since Tuesday.

has been raining

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Izraz since Tuesday ukazuje na to da radnja jo uvijek traje, ba kao i tjedan. Za radnje

zapoete u prolosti koje se nastavljaju i u sadanjosti i ije trajanje i kontinuitet elimo

naglasiti koristimo Present Perfect Continuous.

6. She ______________ (not study) French from 1996 to 1998.

didn't study

Vremenski okvir from 1996 to 1998 nam ukazuje na prolo svreno vrijeme s obzirom

na godinu u kojoj se nalazimo. Za izricanje prole svrene radnje koristimo Simple Past.

7. My car ___________ (break down) because I ___________ (forget) to put oil in the day before.

broke down had forgotten

Izraz the day before ukazuje na prolu radnju koja se dogodila prije neke druge prole

radnje. Za takvu radnju koristimo Past Perfect. U prvom dijelu reenice imamo Simple

Past jer on uvijek dolazi u kombinaciji s Past Perfectom.

8. While my wife _____________ (talk) on the phone, our sons ____________

was talking atarted

(start) to fight and ____________ (break) a very expensive vase.

broke

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Veznik while upuuje na Past Continuous. U ovoj je reenici radnja prianja na telefon

trajala due (Past Continuous) sve dok je neka druga kraa prola radnja (Simple Past), u

ovom sluaju izbijanje svae i razbijanje vaze, nije prekinula.

9. Vegetarians are people who ______________ (not eat) meat.

don't eat

To da vegetarijaci ne jedu meso vrijedi uvijek i to smatramo injenicom. Za izraavanje

injenica koristimo Simple Present jer se takve radnje ponavljaju.

10. Look! The dog _____________ (eat) your Prada shoes!

is eating

izraz look! upuuje nas na sadanji vremenski okvir. Za izricanje radnje koja se dogaa upravo u

trenutku kada o njoj govorimo koristimo Present Continuous.

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33
 PREPOSITIONS

of time, place and movement

We use at with clock times

I'll see you at 4.15.

The plane leaves at six.

We use on with days, dates and expressions like Monday morning or Friday
afternoon

I'll be at home on Tuesday.

The exam is on February 23rd.

I am always sleepy on Monday mornings.

We say in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, but at night

We study best in the evening.

The street is very quiet at night.

We use in with weeks, seasons (godinja doba), years and centuries:

We are going to Denmark in the first week of May.

Shakespeare died in 1616.

He always gets grumpy in the winter.

There were terrible wars in the 17th century.

We say at the weekend, at weekends, at Christmas, at Easter

What are you doing at the weekend?

34
Did you go away at Christmas?

We say in a few minutes, in six months, etc. = a time in the future

The train will be leaving in a few minutes. (Vlak kree za nekoliko minuta.)

Jack has gone away. He will be back in a week. (Vratit e se za tjedan dana.)

She will be here in a minute. (Do e za minutu.)

To say how long it takes to finish something we use in

Your dinner will be served in five minutes.

They built our house in three months.

We say in a book (BUT on a page), in a story, in the newspapers, in the street

Is there anything interesting in the newspapers?

The answer is on page 29.

We say at work, at the office, at the station, at a party, at the university, at

the cinema, at the theatre

We were at the cinema yesterday.

Tom is at work now.

We use to for movement (kretanje prema neemu) and at or in for position (stanje
u mjestu)

I went to the cinema yesterday.

I waited at the bus stop for 20 minutes.

We say on time to mean punctual, not late

The 11.45 train left on time. (Tono kako je i planirano. Vlak je krenou na vrijeme)

We say in time for something/ to do something = soon enough

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Will you be home in time for dinner?

I must hurry. I want to get home in time to see the game.

We say at the end (of something)

at the end of the course

My birthday is at the end of January.

We use in the end to mean finally ( na kraju, naposlijetku )

Jim didn't know where to go for the holidays. He stayed at home in the end.

We say in the rain, in the sun, in my opinion, in the picture

Who is that man in the picture?

I love walking in the rain.

In my opinion, he's crazy for even trying to win her back.

We use by to say that something has been done by somebody

The Moonlight sonata was composed by Ludvig van Beethoven.

I am reading a novel by Krlea (kojeg je napisao M.Krlea)

Expressions with prepositions

Prepositions after verbs, adjectives and nouns

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accuse of (optuiti nekoga za neto)

She accused me of being selfish

afraid of (bojati se nekog ili neeg)

She is afraid of snakes.

agree with (slagati se s nekim ili neim)

I don't agree with you.

allergic to (alergian/alergina na neto)

I am allergic to the serum the gave me.

angry with somebody (ljut/a na nekoga ili neto)

My teacher is very angry with me.

approve of (odobravati nekoga ili neto)

My parents don't approve of my boyfriend.

arrive at/in a place (in koristimo samo s veim mjestima)

We arrived at the airport just in time for the plane.

We arrived in Paris yesterday.

ask for

If you want anything, just ask for it.

bad at

I am bad at chess.

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believe in

Do you believe in ghosts?

belong to (pripdati nekom ili neem)

This book belongs to Jane.

capable of (sposoban/sposobna za to)

Nobody knows what criminals are capable of doing.

congratulate on

We congratulate you on your success.

depend on

They may arrive late this evening. It all depends on the traffic.

different from/to

You are very different from/to your sister.

dream about somebody or something / dream of doing

something

I often dream about horses.

When I was younger I dreamt of becoming a pilot.

dressed in

She was dressed completely in black.

example of

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Can you show me an example of your work?

explain something to somebody

Can you explain the meaning of this word to me?

get into/out of a car/taxi

get on/off a bus / plane / train / ship

I picked up my suitcase and got into the taxi.

We got off the bus at Oxford Street.

get used to (naviknuti se na neto)

It takes time to get used to doing nudity in a film.

good at

She is good at languages.

happen to

What's happened to Alice? She is an hour late.

interested in

Are you interested in animals?

jealous of

She is jealous of her friend's success.

kind to

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He was very kind to her.

known for (poznat/a po neem)

Croatia is known for its many islands.

laugh at

Please don't laugh at my French pronunciation.

listen to

I like to listen to music while I'm working.

look after (pripaziti na, priuvati)

Can you look after the children for an hour?

look at

Look at that wonderful car!

look for (try to find)

I am looking for my keys.

married to

He is married to a go-go dancer.

pay for

Who is going to pay for the drinks?

proud of (ponosan/ponosna na)

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I am very proud of my colleague's success.

reason for

What was the reason for the change of plans?

remind of (podsjeati na nekoga ili neto)

You remind me so much of somebody I used to know.

relationship with

I have been in a relationship wit Tom for two years.

responsible for (odgovoran/odgovorna za neto)

Who is responsible for this mess?

satisfied with (zadovoljan/zadovoljna s nekim/neim)

My teacher is still not satisfied with my work.

talk about

Were you talking about me?

think about/of

They are thinking about/of buying a new house.

translate from/into

I have to translate this letter from French into Greek.

typical of

She went out without even saying goodbye. That's so typical of her.

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wait for

What are you waiting for? Go and get us some drinks!

42
Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed

43
 The -ing form tells you what The -ed
form tells you

somebody/something is like
how somebody feels

My job is interesting. I'm not

interested in my job anymore.

The film was disappointing. I was really

disappointed with the film.

The news was shocking. We were shocked when we

heard the news.

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kakav je netko ili kakvo je to kako se zbog
nekog ili neeg osjeamo

depressing depressed

Bungee jumping is an exciting sport. The cat is

excited.

Opposite adjectives

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The opposite or the negative aspect of an adjective can be formed in a number of ways.

46
 One way is to find an adjective to mean the opposite - an antonym.

beautiful - ugly
tall - short
clever - stupid

Another way to form the opposite of an adjective is with a number of prefixes.

We can form the opposite of many adjectives by adding a negative

prefix. (a prefix is a syllable that goes before a word) However, there is
no fixed rule for adding one prefix or another.

These are the most common negative prefixes used with adjectives:
dis- il- im- in- ir- un-
disrespectful illegitimate impossible indecent irrelevant Unreasonable
Dissatisfied illogical immature incapable irregular Unfortunate

The prefixes im- il- and ir- are in fact a variety of in-

im- is used before words beginning with m or p:

impersonal, immortal

il- is used before words beginning with l:

illegal, illogical

ir- is used with words beginning with r:

irregular, irresponsible BUT unreliable

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Alive dead sweet (sladak) sour

blunt (tup) s h a r p (otar) total partial

Bright dark true false

Clean dirty west east

Curly straight wet dry

Early late common uncommo

n

Empty full conscious unconsci

ous

Expensive cheap correct incorrect

Fast slow employed unemploy

ed

Fat slim functional dysfunctio

nal

Good bad honest dishonest

Happy sad legal illegal

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Heavy (teak) light logical illogical

lazy hard-working mature immature

Long short moral immoral

Loose tight patient impatient

Married single perfect imperfect

Near far polite impolite

North south possible impossibl

e

Old new practical impractic

al

Open closed relevant irrelevan

t

Quiet loud reliable unreliabl

e

Rich poor resistible irresistib

le

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Right wrong responsible irrespons
ible

Short tall secure insecure

Sick healthy social anti-social

Strong weak typical atypical

Passive voice

50
51
 Pasiv nije glagolsko vrijeme (tense), nego nain (voice). Pasivne su
reenice u engleskom jeziku, za razliku od hrvatskog, esta pojava.

Reenice koje sadre objekt (direktni i/ili indirektni) mogu biti u aktivu
(active voice) ili u pasivu (passive voice).

U aktivnoj reenici subjekt je vritelj radnje:

Aktivna reenica

I am drinking
a glass of wine.

subjekt predikat
objekt

U pasivnim se reenicama nad objektom vri radnja:

Graham Smith was stopped by police officers near his home last
month.

A drunk driver has been sent to jail.

English is spoken all over the world.

The film was directed by Christopher Nolan.

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 Prije nego to se detaljnije pozabavimo glagolima u pasivu,
podsjetimo se osnova gramatike potrebnih za transformaciju
aktivnih reenica u pasivne.
Kako bismo pravilno tvorili pasivnu reenicu (ili obrnuto) nuno je
poznavati dijelove reenice:
SUBJEKT: vritelj radnje People have seen wolves in the street.
PREDIKAT: glagol People have seen wolves in the street.
OBJEKT: People have seen wolves in the street.
PRILONE OZNAKE: People have seen wolves in the
street.
Ovo nisu svi dijelovi reenice, ali su nama za pasiv najpotrebniji.
Takoer moramo poznavati i razlikovati glagolska vremena kao i
nepravilne glagole.

Tvorba pasivnih reenica

Kako aktivnu reenicu I am drinking a glass of

wine. pretvoriti u pasivnu:

Aktivna reenica

I am drinking
a glass of wine.

subjekt predikat
objekt

1. Pronaimo subjekt i objekt aktivne reenice. Objekt aktivne reenice

postaje subjekt pasivne reenice.

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 A glass of wine...

2. Odredimo glagolsko vrijeme u aktivnoj reenici. U ovom sluaju to je

Present Continuous. Pasivni predikat tvroimo pomou glagola to be u
vremenu aktivne reenice i past participlea glavnoga glagola.
(Pogledati dolje priloenu tablicu)

Predikat koji je u u aktivnoj reenici u Present Continuousu prebacujemo u

pasiv tog istog vremena.

Is being drunk...

Kod transformacije aktivne u pasivnu reenicu ne smijemo promijeniti

glagolsko vrijeme!!!

3. Subjekt aktivne reenice postat e objekt pasivne. Pasivni objekt

uvodimo prijedlogom BY.

by me

Aktivna reenica

I am drinking
a glass of wine.

subjekt predikat
objekt

Pasivna reenica

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A glass of wine Is being drunk
by me.

subjekt pasivni predikat

objekt

Tablica za tvorbu pasiva glagolskih vremena

Passive tense Structure

Example

Simple Present am /are/ is + past English is spoken all

participle around the world.

Present Continuous am/are/is being + past Sorry about the mess. The

participle house is being painted.

Simple Past was/were + past participle I wasn't invited to the

party, but I went anyway.

Past Continuous was/were being + past I could feel I was being

participle followed.

Present Perfect have/has been + past She has been arrested for
participle shoplifting.

Past Perfect had been + past participle I knew my watch had been

stolen by the thieves.

Simple Future will be + past participle Your package will be

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 delivered soon.

Going to Future am/are/is going to be + Who is going to be invited

past participle to the event?

Jo nekoliko primjera transformacije aktivnih reenica u pasivne

Glagolsko vrijeme u ovoj reenici je Simple Past.

Glagolsko vrijeme ove reenice je Simple Present

Conditional sentences

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57
Pogodbene reenice se takoer zovu i kondicionalima, a ponekad ih
nazivamo "if reenicama" budui da se u njima esto (ali ne i uvijek)
upotrebljava rije "if".
Ovdje e biti obraene tri osnovna tipa kondicionala i tzv. nulti-
kondicional.

Prvi kondicional (First Conditional)

Drugi kondicional (Second Conditional)
Trei kondicional (Third Conditional)
Nulti-kondicional (Zero Conditional)

Prvi kondicional - realna mogunost (First conditional: real

possibility)

Govorimo o budunosti. Razmiljamo o nekom uvjetu ili situaciji u

budunosti i njenoj posljedici. Postoji stvarna mogunost da e se uvjet
ispuniti. Na primjer, jutro je, kod kue ste i planirate igrati tenis
popodne. Meutim na nebu se javljaju oblaci, zamislite da pone padati
kia. to ete uraditi?

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 If it rains, I will stay at home. (ako bude padala kia, ostat u kod
kue)

If uvjet posljedica
If it rains I will stay at home.
- Simple Present Simple Future

posljedica if uvjet
Simple Future if Simple Present
I will tell Mary If I see her.
What will you do If it rains tomorrow?
Their teacher will be they do not pass the
If
sad exam.

If I spend too much time on

Facebook, I will
never pass my exam.

Drugi kondicional - nevjerovatna mogunost (Second

conditional - unreal possibility or dream)

Kod drugog kondicionala, kao i kod prvog, razmiljamo o nekom uvjetu

u budunosti i rezultatu tog uvjeta, meutim, za raziliku od prvog
kondicionala, ovdje ne postoji realna mogunost da e se uvjet ispuniti.
Na primjer: veeras je izvlaenje brojeva lota 7/39, niste kupili listi, i
ne postoji nikakva
ansa da ete dobiti novac. Moda ete I kupiti listi do veeras, i onda
postoji ansa, ali je to nevjerovatna mogunost, jer su izgledi da izvuku
ba va listi opet jako mali.

If I won a million dollars, I would stop working. (da dobijem milijun dolara,
prestao bih raditi)

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 If Uvjet posljedica
Present Conditional
- Simple Past (would + infinitiv
glavnoga glagola)
If I married Mary I would be happy.
If it snowed next July would you be surprised?
If Tom became rich she would marry him.
If I won the lottery I would buy a car.

Kod drugog kondicionala koristimo Simple Past za izraavanje uvjeta

te Present Conditional za izraavanje eventualne posljedice.

Trei kondicional - bez mogunosti (Third conditional - no

possibility)
Kod prvog i drugog kondicionala govorimo o budunosti, meutim kod
treeg govorimo o prolosti, govorimo o uvjetu u prolosti koji se nije
dogodio. Zbog toga ne postoji mogunost da se uvjet ispuni.

If I had stayed at home for the holidays, I would have gone crazy.
(Da sam ostao/la kui za blagdane, bio bih poludio/poludjela)
(oito nisam ostao/ostala kod kue za blagdane, uvjet u prolosti se nije dogodio)

If uvjet posljedica
Past Conditional (would
- past perfect
have + past participle)
If I had won the lottery I would have bought a car.
If I had seen Mary I would have told her.

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Da bismo izrazili uvjet u prolosti koji se nije ostvario koristimo past
perfect dok za izraavanje posljedice koja se nee dogoditi
upotrebljavamo past conditional

Nulti kondicional - sigurno ispunjenje uvjeta (Zero conditional -

certainty)
Tzv. nulti kondicional koristimo kada na uvjet gledamo kao na
opepoznatu injenicu iji je rezultat neizostavan.

If uvjet posljedica
- Simple Present Simple Present
If you heat ice it melts.

Vano je napomenuti kako kod nultog kondicionala ne govorimo ni o

prolosti, ni o sadanjosti ni o budunosti, ve jednostavno priamo o
nekoj opepoznatoj injenici.

Da bismo izrazili uvjet i posljedicu koristimo Simple Present.

If Uvjet posljedica
Simple Present Simple Present
If I miss the 8 o'clock bus I am late for work.
If I am late for work my boss gets angry.
If people don't eat they get hungry.

If Homer has too many beers he

immediately falls asleep.

Kondicionali - ukratko
Tip kondicionala glavna reenica "if" reenica
Prvi kondicional Simple Future Simple Present
Drugi kondicional Present Conditional Simple Past
Trei kondicional Past Conditional Past Perfect
Nulti kondicional Simple Present Simple Present

Primjeri ispitnih reenica vezanih uz if-clauses

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1. They will get wet if it _______ (rain).
rains

Budui da u glavnoj reenici imamo Simple Future (will get wet) tada u if-reenici
(pogledati gore navedenu tablicu) moramo imati Simple Present. Ovo je prvi tip
kondicionalnih reenica.

2. You ___________ (catch) the train if you had left earlier.

would have caught

Budui da u if-reenici imamo Past Perfect (had left) tada u glavnoj reenici (pogledati
gore navedenu tablicu) moramo imati Past Conditional. Ovo je trei tip kondicionalnih
reenica.

3. The streets would be wet if it _______ (rain).

rained

U glavnoj reenici imamo Present Conditional (would be wet) zbog ega u if-reenici
(pogledati gore navedenu tablicu) moramo imati Simple Past. Ovo je drugi tip
kondicionalnih reenica.

4. If I _______ (be) you, I would't lend him amy money.

were

U glavnoj reenici imamo Present Conditional (wouldnt lend) zbog ega u if-reenici
(pogledati gore navedenu tablicu) moramo imati Simple Past. Ovo je drugi tip
kondicionalnih reenica. U if-reenici drugoga tipa glagol to be e uvijek imati oblik
were (a ne was) neovisno o kojem se licu radi.

5. . If my car _______ (not break down), I would have caught the train.
hadnt broken down

Budui da u glavnoj reenici imamo Past Conditional (would have caught) tada u if-
reenici (pogledati gore navedenu tablicu) moramo imati Past Perfect. Ovo je trei tip
kondicionalnih reenica.

6. My sister __________ (go out) with you if you asked her nicely.
would go

Budui da u if-reenici imamo Simple Past (asked) tada u glavnoj reenici (pogledati
gore navedenu tablicu) moramo imati Present Conditional. Ovo je drugi tip
kondicionalnih reenica.

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