MORE REVIEWS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/ STRUCTURES

Prehistoric Period
1. Beehives,
2. huts,
3. caves,
4. tents,
5. Stonehenge, En gland
6. igloos
Egyptian
1. Sphinx,
2. P yramids,
3. Obelisks,
4. Mastaba Tombs,
5. Great Temple,
6. Abu-Simbel,
7. Temple of Khons,
Ancient Near East (Mesopotamia)
1. Ziggurat of Ur,
2. persepolis,
3. hall of the hundred columns
Pre-Columbian, Maya, Aztec, Mexico, Peru
1. Temple Pyramid of the Sun,
2. Citadel Teotihuacan,
3. Temple of the Giant Jaguar,
4. Great Plaza of Tenochtitlan Machu Picchu, Peru
Greek
1. Acropolis,
2. Parthenon-temple,
3. Agora,
4. ODEION theatre,
5. stoa, - ancient covered walkwa y, usuall y with a wall on one side and a row of
columns at the other
6. Mausoleum Sarcophagus,
7. open hillside theatres
Roman
1. Pantheon,
2. Forums,
3. Basilicas
4. Thermae,
5. Amphitheatres,
6. Colosseum Coemeteria,
7. Triumphal arch,
8. gateways,
9. aqueducts
Earl y Christian
1. Basilican Churches,
2. Baptisteries
Byzantine
 1. St. Sophia, Constantinople
2. St. Mark, Venice
Islamic
1. The great mosques,
2. Damascus & Cordoba,
3. Kiosk @ Istanbul
4. Taj mahal mausoleum @ Agra
5. Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
Romanesque
1. St, Zeno,
2. Maggiore Monastery,
3. Leaning Tower,
4. Cathedral & Baptistery of Pisa,
5. Castles, fortifications,
6. chateus, Manor houses
Gothic
1. Notre Dame Cathedral,
2. Paris Canterbury Cathedral,
3. Kings College,
4. Canterbury Town Halls,
5. Skippers house @ Ghent
Renaissance
1. Palazzo Ricardi @ Fl orence,
2. St. Peters PIAZZA,
3. Cathedral Vatican,
4. Palais du louvre,
5. Paris Chateu Maisons,
6. St Pauls Cathedral, London,
7. Guild Houses @ Brussels
Britain
1. Westminster New Palace (House of Parliament), London
2. Crystal Palace, London [???]
3. Universit y Museum, Oxford
4. Red House, Kent
5. Cathedral @ Guildford
Continental Europe
1. Eiffel tower, [???]
2. New louvre,
3. Paris Opera House,
4. Paris & cologne.
Americas
1. the White House
2. Washington D.C., U.S. Capitol
3. Boston Empire State Buildin g,
4. English Country Houses
5. Bungalows
Modern/ International
1. Salginatobel Brid ge,
2. Einstein Tower, Eirch Mendelsohn
3. Chapel of Notre Dame, Le Corbusier
4. Johnson Wax Building, Frank Lloyd Wright
 5. Fallin g Water, Frank Lloyd Wright
6. Dulles International Airport, Eero saarinen
7. Guggenheim Museum, Frank Llo yd wri ght
8. S ydne y opera House, Jorn Utzon
9. Geodesic dome, Buckminster Fuller

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERS OF COUNTRY

GIEHADCB F
Pre-historic Period
1. Temporary shelter from perishable materials
2. Caves
3. Rocks on top of each other
4. Hard-packed snow blocks
5. animal skins
Egyptian
1. Battered or sloping outside walls
2. Columns & Capitals from vegetable origins
3. Pap yrus Buds, Lotus Fl ower walls of mud brick, thick & 9M high
4. Unbroken massive walls adorned with hierogl yphics
Ancient Near East (Mesopotamia)
1. Abundance of cla y-provided bricks
2. Roofs flat outside
3. Architecture was arcuated winged deit y and winged human headed lion used as
dcor
4. Houses of one room, entered by a single door & without windows
Pre-Columbian, America [Ma ya-Aztec-Mexico-Peru]
1. Temple pyramids are approached b y a single steep flight of steps.
2. Stone [finel y dressed, carved, or laid as roughl y dressed rubble] was emplo yed for
all important buildings
Greek
1. Columnar & trabeated (have horizontal beams rather than archs)
2. Wooden roofs were untrussed
3. Ceilin gs sometimes omitted
4. optical illusions were corrected, in Greek Temples
5. Doric, Ionic, Corinthian [orders of columns]
Roman
1. The arch & the vault was developed
2. Two orders of architecture added [Tuscan & Composite]
3. Concrete is now used [composition of lime, sand, pozzolana & broken bricks or
small stones.
Earl y Christian
1. Widel y Spaced Columns carrying semi-circular arches
2. Basilican Churches have 3 to 5 aisles, covered by a simple timber roof
3. Mosaic decoration added internall y
4. separate buildin gs used for baptism or baptisteries
Byzantine
1. Novel development of the Dome to cover pol ygonal and square plans of churches
2. Tomb & baptisteries b y means of pendentives
3. Fresco decoration using marble & mosaic
Islamic
1. Bulbous or onion dome
 2. Minarets
3. stalactite moulding
4. cresting: decorative roof ridge: an ornamental rid ge on a roof
5. painted arch
C F G E B A D
Romanesque
1. Ribbed & panel, cross vaults;
2. plaster strips, arcades, rose windows,
3. Sober (serious/ not fanciful)& dignified style
4. Formal massing depends on the grouping of towers and the projection of transepts &
choir.
Gothic
1. Pointed arch
2. buttress, fl ying buttress
3. gargoyles, decorated vaulting
4. rose & lancet windows plou ghshare twist
5. variet y of open roofs (trussed, tie-beam, collar)
Renaissance
1. Rusticated masonry, (rough masonry)
2. Quoins, Balusters
3. domes or raised drums
4. pediments one within the other
5. rococo
6. baroque st yle
7. mansard roof
8. salon
Britain
1. Picturesque values
2. Reflected in the predilection (liking) for highl y textured, colorful materials,
as ymmetry & informalit y.
3. palazzo st yle was a triumph of national ecclesiasticism
4. New functions & techniques produced new forms
5. Taller buildings were desi gned due to concrete & cast iron frames.
6. New materials were used due to the effect of canals
7. Railroad systems, central heating & elevator or lift
Continental Europe
1. Repetition of standard ba ys, both plan & elevation, an affinit y (similarit y) with bay
s ystem, programmaticall y adopted with the introduction of iron construction
Americas
1. Neo-classic & Greek revival was followed
2. Baloon frame was introduced
3. The skyscraper was contributed related to metal frame construction
4. The non-load-bearing curtain wall & the elevator
Modern/ International
1. Free-standing glass sheath suspended on a framework across the face of the building
or curtain wall.
2. Art Noveau and Bauhaus was developed
3. Enormous Spans unobstructed were at length achieved with concrete.
4. Steel is used in space-frame
D F G A C E B
India/ Pakistan
 1. Hindu worship is an individual act
2. Buddhist religious buildin gs or shrines took the form of STUPAS (Buddhist shrine
or pa goda), and are designed for congregational use.
3. Mouldings have BULBOUS character
4. The TORUS moulding is used
5. Various BAS reliefs depicting scenes of dail y life and story of Buddha
6. The female form in its voluptuous (sensual) form is often used
Sri Lanka
1. Rock Temples, with square or octagonal pillars
2. A circular relic house (wata-dage) built in stone & brick is an outstandin g
architectural creation.
3. Architecture of wood, with high pitched roofs, with wide eaves, sli ghtl y curved,
finished with small flat shingles and terra cotta tiles.
4. Windows with lacquered wood bars, carved timber doorways, ornamental metalwork
door furniture, painted walls.
Afghanistan, Nepal, Tibet
1. Cupola Roofs (dome shaped roof or dome on roof), spanning with arched squinches,
the square chamber angles, lantern roof and coffered dome, an elaborate system of
hexagon, each containing the statue of Buddha
2. The SIKHARA & PAGODA temples survive.
3. A monumental pillar generall y supporting a metal superstructure adorned with
mystic s ymbols, groups of divinities and portraits statuary of royalties.
4. Windows have intricate lattice screens and roof have red curved tiles, metal gutters
and projecting cornice and fancifull y decorated with carving, embossing, tinkling
bells and hanging lamps.
5. The monastery is fortress-like sited on hill tops.
6. Pillars and beams are painted yellow or red and painted silks hang from the
roof.
Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia
1. Stepped Temple Pyramid, terraced on a hill
2. Using stone without mortar fitted perfectly and numerous colossal towers
3. Religious buildings overlaid with ornamentation of Chinese characters, surfaces
often finished with porcelain tile
4. Walls are white stucco, (wall plaster)
5. multi-leveled overlapping timber roofs
6. Gables and bargeboard decorated with Hindu icono graph y.
7. Doors and window shutters are of carved wood, lacquered in black and gold.
China
1. Roof ridges are laden with elaborate ornamental cresting and the up-tilted angles
are adorned with fantastic dragons and grotesque ornament.(distorted bizarre)
2. Roofs one on top of the other using S-shape enameled tiles.
3. Roof framin g in rectan gle and not triangle.
4. Use of bri ght colors
5. Column brackets are decorated with birds, flowers and dragons.
Japan
1. Li ght and delicate timber construction is refined b y a minute carving & decoration
2. Dominant roofs characterized by their ex quisite (beautiful/superb) curvature,
supported by a succession of brackets
3. Upper part of the roof is terminated by a gable placed vertically above the end walls
4. Rooms are regulated b y a KEN Tatami mats.
5. Love of nature: using stone, lantern & bonsai.
Philippines
1. Use of indigenous (natural) materials for houses like bamboo, palm leaves, sturd y
wooden posts, carved wooden sidings, cogon grass roof.
2. Spanish-st yle high-pitched roofs,
3. Capiz shell windows, barandillas, balconies,
4. Coconut shell & wood design.
5. Much use of galvanized iron sheet for roofing

DEFINITIONS
D E G FC A H B
1. SPHINX Mythical monsters each with the bod y of a lion and a head of a man,
hawk, ram or woman possessed.
2. MASTABA An ancient Egyptian rectangular, flat-topped funerary mound with
battered (sloping) sides covering a burial chamber blow ground
3. OBELIS K Hu ge monoliths, square on plan and tapering to an electrum-capped
(alloy of silver & gold) pyra-midion at the summit, which was the sacred part.
The four sides are cut with hierogl yphics.
4. PYRAMID A massive funerary structure of stone or brick with a square base and
four sloping trian gular sides meeting at the apex.
5. BATTER Inward inclination or slope of an outward wall
6. STONEHENGE Consists of a complex of sarsen (an y of the man y large
sedimentary rocks that have been broken into blocks b y frost action and are found
scattered across the chalk downs of southern England )stones and smaller blue
stones set in a circle and connected by lintels
7. ZIGGURAT Artificial Mountains made up of tiered (la yered), rectangular stages
which rose in number from one to seven
8. HIEROGLYPHICS Pictorial representation of religious ritual, historic events and
daily pursuits
H J I G K C L E A FD B
1. DO LMEN An ancient structure usuall y re garded as a tomb, consisting of two or
more large upri ght stones set with a space between and capped by a horizontal stone
2. VOUSSOIRS An y of the pieces, in the shape of a truncated wedge, which form an
arch or a vault. A wedge-shaped stone: a wedge-shaped brick or stone used to form
the curved parts of an arch or vault
3. EXEDRA - In ancient Greece/ Rome, a room or covered area or open on one side
used as a meeting place; architecture history conversation room: a room for
relaxation or conversation, especiall y a semicircular recess i n a larger hall with a
continuous bench along the wall; furniture long curved outdoor bench: a long
curved or semicircular outdoor bench, usuall y with a high back; architecture recess:
any kind of recess or niche (technical)
4. CELLA The sanctuary of a classical temple, containing the cult statue of the god
5. STUPA Domical mounds which grouped with their rails, gatewa ys, professional
paths and crowning umbrella came to be known as s ymbols of the universe; a
Buddhist shrine, temple, or pa goda that houses a relic or marks the location of an
auspicious event.
6. ECCLECTIC An adjective used to describe an artist who selects forms and ideas
from different periods or countries and combines them to produce a harmonious
whole.
7. SOFFIT (???) The exposed undersurface of an y overhead component of a building
such as an arch, balcon y, beam, cornice, lintel or vault. bottom surface: the
 underside of a structural component of a building, for example the underside of a
roof overhang or the inner curve of an arch
8. FORTRESS a large fortified (armed) place; a fort often including a town; an y
place of securit y.
9. PENDENTIVE the term applied to the triangular curved overhanging surface b y
means of which a circular dome is supported over a square or pol ygonal
compartment. a sloping triangular piece of vaulting between the arches that support
a dome and its rim
10.MAYAN TEMPLE PYRAMID Pre-Columbian edifice dedicated to the service or
worship of their god which is made of stones entered b y a single door to a very
steep single flight of steps, above it rises a high stone roof.
11.PICTURESQUENESS Term in a specialized sense to describe one of the attitudes
of taste towards architecture and landscape gardening in the late 18 t h and earl y 19 t h
century; very attractive: visuall y pleasing enough to be the subject of a painting or
photograph
12.FRESCO A term originall y applied painting on a wall while the plaster is wet and
is not in oil colors. painting done on fresh plaster: a painting on a wall or ceiling
made by brushing watercolors onto fresh damp plaster, or onto partl y dry plaster
L J I H C K FB D A E G
1. STOA A long colonnaded building, served many purposes, used around public
places and as shelter at religious shrines; an ancient covered walkwa y: in ancient
Greece, a covered walkwa y, usuall y with a row of columns on one side and a wall
on the other
2. ATLANTES Carved male fi gures serving as pillars also called TELAMONES;
architecture figure of man used as support: a fi gure of a man, either standing or
kneeling, used as a support for the upper part of a classical building
3. ABACUS - A slab formin g the crowning member of a column;
4. ENTASIS A swelling or curving outwards alon g the outline of a column shaft,
desi gned to counteract the optical illusion which gives a shaft bounded b y strai ght
lines the appearance of curving inwards; a bulge in architectural column: a slight
bulge in the shaft of a column, designed to counter the visual impression of
concavit y that a perfectl y strai ght column would give
5. FLUTES The vertical channeling on the shaft of a column; architecture: groove in
column: a groove running down an architectural column
6. CARYATIDS Sculptures female figures used as columns or supports
7. DAADO the portion of a pedestal between its base and cornice. A term also
applied to the lower portions of walls when decorated separatel y.
8. ARRIS The sharp edge formed by the meeting of two surface usuall y in DORIC
columns
9. FILLETS a small flat band between mouldings to separate t hem from each other.
architecture flat narrow moulding: a raised or sunken ornamental surface set
between larger surfaces
10.PEDIMENT A triangular piece of wall above the entablature enclosed b y raking
cornices; architecture gable on colonnade: a broad triangular or segmental gable
surmounting a colonnade as the major part of a facade
11.PLINTH The lowest square member of the base of a column
12.AGORA Town square, was the center of social and business life, around which
were stoas, or colonnaded porticoes, temples, markets, public buildings,
monuments, shrines.
J G H K F D L I B E A C
 1. TRIUMPHAL ARCH These are arches erected to emperors and generals
commemoratin g victorious campaigns; has one or three openings. Such arches were
adorned with appropriate bas-reliefs (flat sculpture; slightl y projecting) and usually
carried grit-bronze statuary (statues considered collectivel y) on an attic store y and
having a dedicatory inscription in its face.
2. THERMAE Palatial public baths of Imperi al Rome raised on a high platform; hot
springs: hot springs or baths, especiall y the public baths of ancient Rome.
3. COLOSSEUM Elliptical Amphitheatres are characteristically Roman buildin gs
found in every important settlement, used to displa y of mortal combats
(gladiatorial)
4. AQUEDUCTS A roman structure where immense quantities of water were required
for the great thermae and for public fountains, and for domestic suppl y for the large
population; a channel for water: a pipe or channel for movin g water to a lower
level, often across a great distance
5. FORUM Corresponds (links) to the Agora in a Greek cit y was a central open
space, used a public meeting space, market or rendezvous for political
demonstrations.
6. PINNAC LE A turret (small rounded tower) or part of a building elevated above
the main building. architecture pointed ornament: a pointed ornament on top of a
buttress or parapet
7. SARCOPHAGUS Taken from a tomb chamber, or the ornamental treatment given
to a stone coffin hewn out of one block of marble and with sculptures, figures and
festoons (garland) of a late period, surmounted by lids l ike roofs terminating in
scrolls. stone coffin: an ancient stone or marble coffin, often decorated with
sculpture and inscriptions
8. MAUSOLEUM A term applied to monumental tombs. The y consisted of large
c ylindrical blocks, often on a quadrangular podium, topped with a conical crown of
earth or stone.
9. GROINS Line of intersection of cross-vaults.
10.CO FFER Sunk panels, caissons or lacunaria formed in ceilings, vaults or domes;
sunken panel in a ceiling: a decorative sunken panel in a ceiling
11.BUTTRESS A mass of masonry built against a wall to resist the pressure of an
arch & vault.
12.VAULT an arch covering in stone or brick over any buildin g; architecture arched
ceiling: an arched structure of stone, brick, wood, or plaster that forms a ceiling or
roof; a room with arched ceiling: a room, especiall y an underground room, with an
arched ceiling
F J K L H D I C A G E B
1. NARTHEX A long arcaded entrance porch to a Christian Basilican Church.
2. BAPTISTERIES A building or a part of a church in which baptism is administered
3. FONT a basin usuall y of stone which holds the water for baptism.
4. DOME A vault having a circular plan, and usuall y in the form of a sphere portion,
so constructed as to exert an equal thrust in all directions.
5. BEMA A raised stage in a Basilican church reserved for the clergy.
6. ARCADE A range of arches supported on piers or columns attached to or detached
from the wall.
7. AMBO A raised pulpit on either side of a Basilican church from which the epistle
of a gospel were read.
8. MOSAIC - Decorative surfaces formed by small cubes of stones, glass & marble.
9. BALDACHINO A canop y supported by columns generall y placed over an altar or
tomb. Also known as CIBORIUM.
 10.AISLE A longitudinal division of an interior area, as in a church, separated from
the main area b y arcades or the like.
11.NAVE The principal or central longitudinal area of a church, extending from the
main entrance or narthex to the CHANCEL (area of church near altar: an area of a
church near the altar for the use of clergy and choir, often separated from the nave
b y a screen or steps) usuall y flanked by aisles of less height.
12.APSE The circular or multi-angular termination of a church sanctuary. A rounded
projection of a building.
H FJ G K I N E P M B D O A LC
1. KIOSK A small pavilion, usuall y open built in gardens & parks.
2. MOSQUE An inward-looking building whose prime purpose is for contemplation
& prayer. A space without object of adoration. (Muslim)
3. CORBEL A block of stone, often elaboratel y carved or moulded, projected from a
wall, supporting the beams of a roof, floor or vault.
4. MINARET - a tall tower in, or continuous to a mosque arch stairs leading up to one
or more balconies from which the faithful are called to pra yer.
5. CHAMFER A diagonal cutting of an arris formed by two surfaces at an angle
6. ATRIUM An approach or an open forecourt surrounded b y arcades in a Basilican
church.
7. SQUINCH A small arch or bracket built across each angle of a square or
pol ygonal structure to form an octagon or other appropriate base for a dome or a
spire. An interior supporting part of a tower: an arch, corbelling, or lintel built
across the upper inside corner of a square tower to support the weight of a spire or
other structure above
8. HAREM Womens or private quarters of a house or place in Islamic architecture.
9. CENOTAPH An empt y tomb. A monument erected in memory of one not interred
in or under it.
10.OGEE A double curve, resembling the letter S, formed b y the union of a curve
and a convex line.
11.KEYSTONE The central stone of a semi-circular arch, sometimes sculptured.
12.ICONOSTASIS a screen in a Greek orthodox church on which icons or (sacred
images), pictures, are placed separating the chancel from the space, open to the
lait y. An altar screen decorated with icons: a screen on which icons are mounted,
used in Eastern Orthodox churches to separate the area around the altar from the
main part of the church
13.VERANDAH A covered porch (porch-roofed exterior of a room) or balcony
(balcon y- a platform projectin g from an interior or exterior wall of a building)
extending along the outside of a building, planned for summer leisure.
14.PIAZZA A public open space in B yzantine architecture, surrounded b y buildings.
15.ARABESQUE Geometrical ornaments due to absence of human and animal
statues; an ornate design.
16.SPANDREL The trian gular space enclosed b y the curve of an arch, a vertical line
from its spri ngin g, a horizontal line through its apex. A space between one arch or
another. Space between two arches and a corni ce.
MEDIEVA L (FRENCH)/ ROMANESQUE: I J K H G L D B E A F C
1. TURRET small towers, often containing stairs, and formin g special features in
medieval buildin gs.
2. MULLIONS Vertical tracery members dividing windows into different numbers of
light. A vertical window divider: a vertical piece of stone, metal, or wood that
divides the panes of a window or the panels of a screen
 3. CHATEAU A castle in a French-speaking country or a stately residence. A French
castle: a castle or large house in France, often one that has a vineyard attached and
gives its name to wine produced there
4. FLECHE A slender wooden spire risin g from a roof. A slender church spire: a
slender spire, especiall y one that emerges from the roof of a church at the point
where the ridges intersect.
5. NICHE a (shell) or a recess in a wall, hallowed like a shell for a statue or
ornament.
6. BOSS (Lump or knob) or projecting ornament at the intersection of the ribs of
ceilings, whether vaulted or flat.
7. PILASTER STRIP Is a rectangular feature in the shape of a pillar, but projectin g
onl y about one sixth of its breadth (distance from side to side) from the wall.
8. CHATTRIS An umbrella shaped copula.
9. TRACERY The ornamental pattern work in stone, filling the upper part of a gothic
window.
10.PODIUM The high platform on which temples were generally placed (in general,
any elevate platform). A foundation wall: a low wall forming a foundation or base,
for example for a colonnade
11.TRANSEPT The part of a cruciform church, projecting at ri ght angles to the main
building. Wings of church: the part of a cross-shaped church that runs at ri ght
angles to the long central part (nave)
12.RIB & PANEL Vaulting in Romanesque in which a framework of ribs supported
thin stone panels. The new method consisted in designing the profile of the
transverse (crosswise or at ri ght angle with something), longitudinal and diagonal
ribs to which the form of the panels was adopted.
GOTHIC: J H K L I A D G B F C E
1. CIMBORIO Special term for a lantern or raised structure above a roof admitting
light into the interior.
2. LARDER A room where food i s stored; a pantry ( a walk-in cupboard); a cupboard
3. SPIRE The tapering termination of a tower in Gothic churches.
4. STEEPLE The term applied to a tower crowned b y a spire
5. WARDROBE A room for storage of garments.
6. CAMBER A slight convex curvature built into a truss or beam to compensate for
an anticipated deflection so that it will ga ve no sag when under load.
7. COISTERS Covered passages around an open space or Garth, connecting the
church to the chapter house; a small courtyard or enclosed space.
8. PANTRY A serving room between kitchen and dining room, or a room for stora ge
of food supplies.
9. STELLAR VAU LT A vault in which the ribs compose a star-shaped pattern.
10.MONASTERY A building complex of a certain English order or a self-contained
communit y used by monks.
11.ORIEL WINDO W A bay window especiall y cantilevered or corbelled out from the
face of the wall b y means of projecting stones.
12.REFECTORY The dining hall of a monastery, convent or college.
RENAISSANCE: J F H I K B P E N D G O C L A M
1. SCROLL An ornament consistin g of a spirall y wound band, either as a running
ornament or as a terminal, like the volutes of the ionic capital.
2. PALAZZO An Italian impressive building or private building
3. BALUSTER One of a number of short vertical members often circular in section
used to support a stair handrail or a coping (walls capping surface).
 4. ROCOCO - ROCK ; a term applied to a type of Renaissance ornament in which
rock-like forms fantastic scrolls, and crimped folded or pressed together) shells
(are worked up together in a profusion and confusion of detail often without organic
coherence but presenting a lavish displa y of decoration; An y excessivel y ornate or
fanc y st yle; A st yle of architecture and the decorative arts characterized by intricate
ornamentation that was popular throughout Europe in the earl y 18th century.
5. BAROQUE In France, an ything extravagantl y ornamented, so ornate as to be in
bad taste, a st yle of art and architecture in Ital y in the 17 t h to 18 t h cent ury.
6. BELFRY A tower not connected with Bell. A term applied to the upper room in
a tower in which the bells are hun g.
7. ENTABLATURE The entire construction of a classical temple or the like, between
the columns and the eaves usuall y composed of an architrave, frieze, and a cornice.
8. DOGES HA LL (BRITISH) The hall built or used b y medieval association as of
merchants and tradesmen, organized to maintain standards that constituted a
governing body. (Doge = Italian renaissance chief magistrate)
9. PAVILION (little house for pleasure & recreation). A prominent structure,
generall y distinctive in character.
10.CHANCEL The space about the altar of a church, usuall y separated by a screen
for the clergy and other officials, usuall y referred to as the c hoir.
11.QUOINS An eternal solid angle of a wall or the like. One of the stones forming
it, corner stone (Renaissance) A block formin g a corner: a stone block used to form
a quoin, especiall y when it is different, for example in size or material, from the
other blocks or bricks in the wall
12.CONSOLE A BRACKET: is a projecting member to support a weight generally
formed with scrolls or volute when carrying the upper member of the cornice.
13.CRYPT A space entirel y or partl y under a building; in churches, generall y beneath
the chancel and used for burial in earlier times. An underground chamber: an
underground room or vault, often below a church, used as a burial chamber or
chapel, or for storing religious artifacts
14.NEWEL The central shaft of a circular staircase. Also applied to the post in
which the handrail is framed.
15.DOGES PALACE The chief magistrates buildings, in the former republic of
Venice & Genoa.
16.CUPOLA A spherical roof, (a dome-shaped roof) placed like an inverted cup over
a circular square or multi-angular apartment. A dome on roof: a small dome on a
roof, sometimes made of glass and providing natural light inside
K J I L G H O B D M E P A FC N
1. VESTIBULE An ante-room to a larger apartment of a building; An entrance hall: a
small room or hall between an outer door and the main part of a building
2. LANTERN A construction such as a tower, at the crossin g of a church rising
above the nei ghboring roofs and glazed at the sides.
3. WREATH A twisted band, garland or chaplet, representing flowers, fruits leaves,
often used in decoration; A circular arrangement of flowers: a circular arrangement
of flowers and greenery pl aced as a memorial on a grave, hung up as a decoration,
or put on somebod ys head as a sign of honor; a representation of wreath: a
representation of a circular arrangement of flowers, vines, or other things, for
example in a carving or on a coat of arms; [headdress; garland; laurel]
4. SALON In Renaissance, a room used primaril y for exhibition of art objects, or a
drawing room;[grand sittin g room; social gathering of intellectuals; art exhibition
or gallery]
 5. MANSARD A roof having a double slope on four sides; the lower slope bein g
much steeper and the flatter upper portion. Also known as the gambrel roof.
6. NYMPHAEUM A room decorated with plants, sculpture and fountains (often
decorated with beautiful Maiden livin g in Rivers, trees) and intended for relaxation.
[n ymph: a spirit or a minor goddess of nature; or a beautiful young woman]
7. FINIA L An ornate iron grille, or screen, a characteristic feature of Spanish
Church interiors; An architectural decoration: a carved decoration at the top of a
gable, spire, or arched structure
8. PEDESTA L A support for a column statue or a vase, it usuall y consists of a base.
Die or Dado, and a cornice or cap mould.
9. DORMER A window in a sloping roof usuall y that of a sleeping apartment. A
window projecting from roof: a window for a room within the roof space that is
built out at ri ght angles to the main roof and has its own gable
10.HERMES A bust (sculpture of head & shoulders) on a square pedestal instead of a
human body, used in classic times to mark boundaries on highwa ys, and used
decorativel y in Renaissance times.
11.MULLION Vertical members dividin g windows into different number of li ghts.
12.PATIO A Spanish arcaded or colonnaded yard; a paved area outside a house: a
paved area adjoining a house, used for outdoor dinin g, growing plants in containers,
and recreation. A roofless court yard: a roofless inner court ya rd t ypical of a
Spanish-st yle house.
13.MODILLIONS Also called brackets or consoles or ancones. It is a
projecting member to support a weight. generall y formed with scrol ls or volutes
which carry the upper member of a cornice (a projectin g moulding at the top of a
wall or at where the wall & ceiling meets); also a bracket in Corinthian order: a
small curved ornamental bracket under the corona of a Corinthian or Composite
column
14.TRANSOM The horizontal divisions or crossbars of windows.
15.TABERNACLE A decorative niche often topped with a canopy and housin g a
statue or an icon.
16.AMBULATORY (to walk) the cloister (covered walkway around a court yard) or
covered passa ge around the east end of the church, behind the altar.
SPANISH: O H G L J K M E D F A P I B C N
1. FINIA L Also called key pattern the upper portion of the pinnacle [pinnacle:
pointed ornament: a pointed ornament on top of a buttress or parapet]; an
architectural decoration: a carved decoration at the top of a gable, spire, or arched
structure
2. DAIS a raised platform reserved for the seating of speakers and di gnitaries; a
raised platform: a raised platform at the end of a hall or large room. [podium,
platform, pulpit, stage]
3. BAY WINDO W The window of a protruded bay or the windowed ba y itself. A
protruding window: a rounded or three-sided window that sticks out from an outside
wall and forms a recess on the inside.
4. HELM ROO F Bulbous termination to the top of a tower, found principall y in
Central & Eastern Europe.
5. GA LLERY A communicating passage or wide corridor for pictures and statues.
An upper storey for seats in a church.
6. STRAPWORK A type of relief ornament or cresting [cresting: a decorative roof
ridge: an ornamental ridge on a roof ] resembling the studded leather straps
arranged in geometrical and sometimes interlaced patterns much used in the earl y
renaissance architecture of England. A decorative work on building: decorative
 work in the form of crossing or interlaced bands on the outside of a building,
especiall y in Tudor architecture (1485-1603). [Tudor: relating to Tudor
architectural st yle: relating to or being a st yle of architecture popular throughout
the Tudor period. Its buildings t ypicall y have a timber framework, visible from the
outside, filled in with plaster or brick]
7. INTERCOLUMNATION The space between two columns
8. CHERUBS One of the winged heavenl y beings that support the throne of God or
act as guardian spirits, or Chubb y, a ros y-faced child with wings. An angel of
second order: an angel, specificall y one belonging to the second order of an gels in
the celestial hierarchy whose distinctive attribute is knowledge. Arts depiction of
angel: an angel depicted as a chubb y-faced child with wings, sometimes simpl y as a
childs head above a pair of wings
9. TERRA-COTA Earth-baked (unglazed) or burnt in moulds. For use in
construction, harder in qualit y than brick. [brownish red color]
10.HERALDIC A coat of arms; connected with heraldry or heralds: belonging or
relating to heraldry or heralds
11.PLATERESQUE Phase of the earl y period of Spanish architecture of the later 15 t h
and earl y 16 t h century, an intricate st yle named after its likeness to silverwork;
elaboratel y decorated: relating to a heavily decorated architectural st yle fashi onable
in 16th-century Spain, reminiscent of elaborate silverware
12.PULPIT An elevated enclosed stand in a CHURCH in which the preacher stands.
13.BELVEDERE A roofed but open-sided structure affording an extensive view,
usuall y located at the rooftop of a dwelling but sometimes an independent building
or an eminence (a hill) on a formal garden; a buildin g with fine view: a buildin g or
part of a building positioned to offer a fine vi ew of the surrounding area
14.CHURRIGUERESQUE An expression of Spanish baroque architecture and
sculpture, a recurrent feature was the richly garlanded spiral columns. [flamboyant-
show y; bri ghtl y colored; highl y decorated ornamentation]
15.CANDELABRA A movable candle lamp-stand with central shaft, and oft en
branches or decorative representation thereof; a branching li ght fitting: a l arge
decorative candle holder with several arms or branches, or a similarl y shaped
electric li ght fitting
16.FRETWORK (grating: metal grille) an ornament in classic or renaissance
architecture consisting of an assembl y of strai ght lines intersecting at right angles,
and of various patterns.
M H J O G K L P D E B FI C A N
1. WATA-DAGE Outstandin g architectural creation in Sri Lanka which is a circular
relic house built in stone and brick.
2. TUDOR-REVIVAL Picturesque composition built in America since 1980. Hall
timbering and massive medieval chimney. Identified b y prominent gables and large
expansive windows with small panes.
3. TORUS a large convex moulding used principall y in the bases of columns.
4. PAGODA Most t ypical Chinese building, usuall y octa gonal in plan, odd number o
stories usuall y 9 or 13 store ys and repeated roofs, highl y colored and with upturned
eaves, slopes to each storey.
5. BUNGA LO W One storey with low-overhan gin g roof and broad front porch.
Unpretentious st yle often rambling spread out floor plan, more expensive to build;
lightwei ght tropical house: a simpl y-built one-storey house with a veranda and a
wide, gentl y slopin g roof in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific
 6. FAIENCE A glazed earth ware originally made in Ital y; pottery with colored
glaze: earthenware decorated with colored opaque metallic glazes (often used before
a noun)
7. STAMBAS/ LATHS Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function, with circular or octagonal shafts with inscriptions carved in it. The
capital was bell-shaped and crowned with animal supported bearing the Buddhist
will of Law.
8. GREAT WA LL Most famous of ancient Chinese building undertakings. It snakes,
loops, and doubles back on itself. Meandering across valleys, plains, scaling
mountains, plun gin g into deep gorges and leaping raging rivers of 3,700 miles.
9. ART NOVEAU An art free from an y historical st yle characterized b y forms of
nature for ornamentation in the faade aptly called for the floral design.
10.BAUHAUS a school founded by Gropius in 1919, developing a form of training
intended to relate art and architecture to technology and the practical needs of
human life.
11.FENESTRATION The arrangement and design of windows in a building.
12.ARCHITECTONIC Relating or conforming to technical architectural principles.
13.RARHS Rock-cut temples in India
14.SPACE-FRAME A structural s ystem consisting of trusses in two directions ri gidly
connected at their intersections. A rectangular shape is formed where the top and
bottom chords of the trusses are directl y above & below one another.
15.BALOON-FRAME a t ype of timber framing in America about 1820s wherein it
owes its strength to the walls, roof acting as diaphragms, and not on the post. It is
an extension of the roof.
16.PAILOU A Chinese ceremonial gateway erected in memory of an eminent person.
F K E G B H J I L D A C O P N M
1. BONSAI A dwarf tree which is a perfect reflection of Japanese culture.
2. ANTILLAN HOUSE An ele gant two storey, rectangular town house with a
massive stone first floor, and a light and airy second floor, mother-of-pearl or
capiz windows and picturesque wide tile roof. Entrance is of Heavy plank door
with wrought iron or brass nails, sturdy balustrades of wood or iron grilles below
windows to let in cool air.
3. BELVEDERE An open-roofed gallery in an upper storey built for giving a view of
the scenery.
4. TEA HOUSE In Japan, a structure where the appreciation of the arts and flower
arrangement, with drinking ceremon y is done.
5. KEN Intercolumniation is regulated b y this standard of Japanese measurement,
which is divided into 20 parts called minutes and each minute being again divided
into 20 parts or seconds of space.
6. IFUGAO/BONTOC HOUSE Cordillera one room house on four wooden posts with
an animal or insect barrier and a pyramidal roof Cogon grass built without nails.
7. NIPA HOUSE A house with a prow-like (front of ship) majestic roof, the
pol ychrome, extravagant wooden carvings deri ved from the Mala y Mythical bird the
Sari Manok The silken Muslim canopies in the Interiors. The protruding ends of
floor beams are decorated with intricat e carvings.
8. MARANAO HOUSE Lowlands area house with pithed roof, made of bamboo
poles, thatch roof with woven slit canes for walls and split bamboo slats flooring.
9. IVATAN HOUSE Made of 0.75 m. thick stone of lime wall with thick thatched
roof made of several la yers of cogon and held together b y seasoned sticks or reeds
and rattan to withstand fiercest t yphoons in the north.
 10.LOGGIA An arcade of roofed gallery built into or projecting from the side of a
building particularl y one overlooking an open court. A covered balcony and
walkwa y: a covered open-sided walkwa y, often with arches, along one side of a
building
11.IRIMOYA GABLE Japanese dominant roofs characterized by their exquisit e
curvature, and are supported upon a succession of simple or compound brackets.
The upper part of the roof is terminated by a gable placed verticall y above the end
walls, while the lower part of the main roof is carried round the ends of the building
in a hipped form.
12.TORII Shinto temples (Shinto-Japanese religion) are characterized b y this
gateway formed b y upright posts supporting two or more horizontal beams.
13.TROMPE L OEIL Fool the e ye are paintings adorning everything from
cabinets to cupboards, fire screen to dishwashers. This creates an illusion of space.
A make-believe doorway for example extends a hall. A glass cabinet or door is
painted with cows and chicken and make-believe or create an outdoor scene.
14.COUNTRY HOUSE A house composed of natural materials. It is an eclectic and
organic look that grows and changes with antiques and a clutter of different
collections, made of rough plaster, old beams, wood framed windows and slate or
brick floors. A house in the country: a large house in the country, often with a large
area of land attached
15.ART DECO 1930s modernists style of art inspired by mechanical forms and
chiefl y distinguished by geometrical shapes, bold color schemes and symmetrical
desi gns, suitable for mass production.
16.CONSERVATORIES, ARBORS & GAZEBOS These are garden rooms.
a. Fanciful, pre-fabricated models attached to the houses, filled with wrought
iron or wicker furniture exotic plants and birds.
b. These are open spaces with seating areas beneath wood rafters or leaf-
entwined plants. ( a shady place: a shaded place formed by the leaves and
branches of trees and plants that interweave naturall y or are trained to grow
around a trellis )
c. A roof place, shaded from the sun, to read or to entertain and enjoy the view.

ARCHITECTS & BUILDINGS DESIGNED

E K H P A I C J M O L N B FD G
1. LEVER HOUSE
Skidmore, Owings & Merril
2. CHRYSLER BUILDING, NY
Willian Van Alen
3. GEODESIC DOME
Buckminster Fuller
4. SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
Jorn Utzon
5. SOLOMON GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM
Frank Llo yd Wright
6. PARLIAMENT BUILD INGS, BRAZIL
Lucio Costa & Oscar Nime yer
7. BAUHAUS B LDG, GERMANY
Walter Gropius
8. EINSTEIN TO WER
Eirch Mendelsohn
 9. CHAPEL O F NOTRE DAME
Le Corbosier
10.CULTURAL CENTER O F THE PHILIPPINES
Leandro Locsin
11.TAHANANG FILIPINO/ COCONUT PA LACE
Francisco bobby Maosa
12.ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK O F THE PHILIPPINES
CC. De Castro
13.SAN MIGUEL CORP. BUILDING
Manuel Maosa
14.BANK O F CHINA, HK
I.M. Pei
15.T WA KENNEDY AIRPORT, NY
Eero Saarinen
16.AT&T BLDG, NY
Philip Johnson

FAM OUS DICTUMS/PHILOSOPHIES/SAYINGS

1. FORM FO LLO WS FUNCTION

--- Louis Sullivan
2. FORM DOES NOT NECESSARILY FO LLO W FUNCTION
--- Antonio Gaudi
3. ART & ARCHITECTURE, THE NEW UNITY
--- Walter Gropius
4. A HOUSE IN A HOUSE
--- Louis Kahn
5. CUBE WITHIN A CUBE
--- Le Corbusier
6. A BRIDGE IS LIKE A HOUSE
--- Robert Maillart
7. LESS IS MORE
--- Ludwig Mies Van Derohe
8. FUNCTION IN FLU ENCE BUT DOES NOT DICTATE FORM
--- Eero Saarinen
9. MODERN ARCHITECTURE NEED NOT BE WESTERN
--- Kenzo Tan ge
10.ARCHITECTURE MUST MEET 3 REQUIREMENTS: STENGTH, BEAUTY,
UNITY
--- Marcus Vitruvius Pocio

STOA; patio (Spanish outdoor livin g or dining);VERANDAH (a porch or balcony for

summer leisure); LO GGIA
PINNAC LE;
Turret(medieval) ; minaret (Islamic);steeple (church tower & spire)(term use for spire
crowned towers)
Pinnacle(highest point); fleche (a church spire); spire (tapering termination of a gothic
church tower); finial (a desi gn at the top of a spire)
Boss (vaulted or flat); groin (vaulted only)
Quoins (just a corner stone) vs. squinch (structural arch to support a dome)
Fo yer; vestibule; lobby