Escolar Documentos
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ISSN 1330-3651
UDC/UDK 620.172:[669.35'5'71-122:621.785]
Keywords: ausforming treatment, CuZnAl alloy, mechanical properties, shape memory, transformation temperatures
Kljune rijei: ausforming obrada, CuZnAl legura, mehanika svojstva, prisjetljivost oblika, transformacijske temperature
based on the measuring of heat absorbed or conveyed by a characterises the appearance of plastic deformation, in our
small sample of material during heating and cooling case the plastic deformation of martensite. The tensile
within the transformational temperature range. The strength is the stress value at maximal load during tensile
temperatures of martensitic transformation (Ms, Mm, Mf) test. The process of testing the pseudo-elastic effect is
that is, austenitic transformation (As, Am, Af) have been similar to the tensile testing, but the loading is stopped
determined for the first thermal cycle. Mm and Am before fracture occurs, at the end of the deformation range
represent temperatures of thermal flow peaks during characteristic for the shape memory. The stress has to be
cooling and heating. These peaks are marked by the greater than the pseudo yield stress, and lower than the
maximum speed of the martensitic and austenitic reaction, true yield stress. The amount of this stress is estimated
respectively. The values of characteristic temperatures Ms, from the respective - diagrams.
Mf, As, Af have been determined by the method of
tangents on the base line and the peak curve in the DSC 4
thermogram. The differential scanning calorimetry was Experimental results
performed on the calorimeter of the Netsch Company,
type DSC 200 in the temperature range from 100 C to - Fig. 2 shows the effect of plastic deformation by hot
120 C at the cooling/heating speed of 5 C/min. rolling on microstructure of CuZn27Al4 alloy.
Furthermore, tensile testing at ambient temperature Small and medium amount of true plastic
determines the mechanical properties of thermo- deformation results in curling of the austenite grain
mechanically treated alloy including also the shape boundaries (Fig. 2a, 2b). The beginning of formation of
memory properties (pseudo-elasticity). The properties that -phase takes place at the grain boundaries. -crystal
characterize mechanical resistance of SMA material in mixes have, the same as copper, face-centred cubic lattice
conditions of tensile load are: (FCC). -crystals are intermetallic compounds with body-
pseudo yield stress (Rpp); centred cubic lattice (BCC). At room temperature the -
true yield stress (Rp); phase structure is ordered, but at elevated temperatures it
tensile strength (Rm). becomes disordered. With more plastic deformation the
shape of crystal changes correspondingly. Greater amount
Pseudo yield stress is the stress value at which stress- of deformation brings also more nucleation of -phase at
induced austenitemartensite transformation with grain boundaries (Fig. 2c, 2d).
pseudo-elastic deformation of materials starts. The true Fig. 3 shows the characteristic curves of the thermal
yield stress, like other conventional materials, flow recorded by DSC analysis.
The peaks of thermal flow of martensitic and when the stress is removed, and by subsequent heating is
austenitic transformation during cooling and heating are transformed into austenite [11].
clearly noticeable. With the increase in true plastic Fig. 4 presents the position of transformation
deformation both transformation processes move to the temperatures Ms, Mf, As and Af for different thermo-
range of smaller temperatures. Based on the position of mechanically treated conditions.
transformation peaks the values of characteristic
temperatures are determined: Ms, Mm, Mf, As, Am, Af, Tab.
1.
stress is followed also by other stresses: true yield stress Authors addresses
and tensile strength and it is obvious that higher values of
Danko ori, doc. dr. sc.
deformation result in the increase of the mechanical Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture
resistance of alloy. Despite the strengthening the alloy has University of Zagreb
remained pseudo-elastic. The occurrence of pseudo- Ivana Luia 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Tel.: 01/6168 312
elasticity at room temperature was recorded in all thermo- e-mail: danko.coric@fsb.hr
mechanically treated samples. Apart from pseudo-
elasticity the alloy shows also pseudo-plasticity when, Mladen Franz, prof. dr. sc.
after unloading, a certain deformation component lags Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture
University of Zagreb
behind because of the occurrence of highly deformed M- Ivana Luia 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
crystals that are transformed into austenite only by e-mail: mladen.franz@fsb.hr
subsequent heating.
The results of the performed research indicate that by
adequate thermo-mechanical treatment it is possible to
realize a favourable combination of strength and
transformation behaviour, which is required in the
majority of applications of the pseudo-elastic effect with
simultaneous increase in the alloy resistance to fatigue.
6
References