89

Performance prediction of axial
ow compressors

using stage characteristics and simultaneous
calculation of interstage parameters
T W Song1, T S Kim2*, J H Kim1 and S T Ro1
1
School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Inchon, Korea

Abstract: A new method for predicting performance of multistage axial
ow compressors is
proposed that utilizes stage performance curves. The method differs from the conventional sequential
stage-stacking method in that it employs simultaneous calculation of all interstage variables
(temperature, pressure and
ow velocity). A consistent functional formulation of governing equations
enables this simultaneous calculation. The method is found to be effective, i.e. fast and stable, in
obtaining solutions for compressor inlet and outlet boundary conditions encountered in gas turbine
analyses. Another advantage of the method is that the effect of changing the angles of movable stator
vanes on the compressors operating behaviour can be simulated easily. Accordingly, the proposed
method is very suitable for complicated gas turbine system analysis. This paper presents the
methodology and performance estimation results for various multistage compressors employing both
xed and variable vane setting angles. The effect of interstage air bleeding on compressor performance
is also demonstrated.

Keywords: axial
ow compressor, multistage, performance, simultaneous calculation, variable

geometry, air bleeding

NOTATION U blade velocity

W. relative velocity
a, b geometric parameters in Fig. 6 Ws shaft power
A area x variable
C absolute velocity
a absolute
ow angle
Cp constant pressure specic heat
g specic heat ratio
Cx axial velocity
z temperature rise coefcient
F function
Z efciency
Fs force acting on control surface
r density
Ht total enthalpy
. f
ow coefcient
m mass
owrate
c pressure coefcient
n number of stages
N total number of variables, rotational
speed
P static pressure Abbreviations
Pt total pressure IGV inlet guide vane
R gas constant PR total-to-total pressure ratio
T static temperature VSV variable stator vane
Tt total temperature
DTt stage total temperature rise
Subscripts
The MS was received on 7 April 2000 and was accepted after revision 1, 2 rotor inlet and outlet
for publication on 28 June 2000.
*Corresponding author: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha atm atmospheric condition
University, Inchon 402-951, Korea. bl bleeding
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90 T W SONG, T S KIM, J H KIM AND S T RO
d design point
i index of control volume or variable
in inlet
ref reference point
s stage
1 INTRODUCTION
Technological issues in designing and operating multi-
stage axial
ow compressors are becoming of great
concern as the use of gas turbine engines in the power
generation industry increases. The operation of a gas
turbine depends on the characteristics of its major
components such as the compressor, turbine and
combustor. Among these, the compressor plays the most
important role in determining an engines operating
condition. It is a common practice to control air
owrate
using the compressor to secure a safe start-up and shut-
down of gas turbine engines, and to maximize the exhaust
gas temperature for improved heat recovery in combined
cycle and cogeneration plants. Variable geometry com-
pressors, equipped with one or more stages of variable
angle stator rows, are used for this purpose. Interstage air
bleeding is likewise practiced to supply coolant for
turbine blades and also to protect against surges during
start-up and shut-down. Consequently, the operation of a
modern compressor is complicated and the overall
operation and performance of the gas turbine engine is
highly dependent on it.
Today, much attention is being paid to the accurate
prediction of the behaviour and performance of gas
turbines during off-design operation. Transient analysis
is particularly becoming more and more important in the
development and operation of modern gas turbines.
Examples of very recent studies can be found in the
literature [13].
Modelling compressor behaviour must be one of the
most critical factors in these analyses for the reasons
mentioned above. However, it is not easy to predict the
operation of a multistage compressor when it is linked
with other components in a gas turbine. Therefore, an
efcient method is required which is capable of dealing
with varying geometry and air bleeding and which can be

exibly structured to be included in gas turbine
modelling.
A classical method called stage stacking has been
proposed [46] for predicting the performance of multi-
stage compressors. The idea of the method is still adopted
as a useful tool by recent researchers [7, 8]. Based on
stage characteristic curves, the method determines the
performance of a multistage compressor through a stage-
by-stage calculation. Unfortunately, however, this con-
ventional method seems unsuitable when a compressor is
linked with other components and when stator setting
angles are changed frequently. This is mainly due to the
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sequential (from the rst to the last stage) characteristic
of its calculating procedure, which prevents fast and

exible calculation.
The present work, also based on stage characteristics,
aims at developing an advanced calculation method for
predicting the performance of a compressor under actual
running conditions such as those found in the gas turbine
environment. Overall performance and all interstage
parameters are obtained simultaneously by solving a set
of equations in a consistent form. The method can also
simulate the air
owrate control by the variable inlet
guide vane (VIGV) and the variable stator vanes (VSV).
This paper describes the methodology and presents
examples of performance prediction using the proposed
method.
2 CONVENTIONAL STAGE-STACKING
METHOD
The conventional stage-stacking method adopts a
sequential calculation scheme. It requires stage charac-
teristic curves, usually represented by relationships
between
ow coefcient, pressure (or temperature)
coefcient and efciency. Given a particular rotational
speed and air
owrate, axial velocity, static pressure and
temperature at the inlet of the rst stage are obtained
using the continuity equation. The
ow coefcient is then
obtained from the axial velocity and rotational speed,
while the total pressure and temperature in the stage
outlet are determined using performance curves. Axial
velocity, static pressure and temperature at the stage
outlet are determined using the continuity equation and
are used as the inlet conditions for the next stage. The
calculation process proceeds to the last stage in order to
obtain the values for compressor exit pressure and
temperature. This method can be considered sequen-
tial because variables (pressure, temperature and
velocity) are obtained sequentially from the rst to the
last stage.
This sequential method is straightforward and simple,
and may be utilized conveniently when ascertaining the
performance of an independently operated compressor.
However, high-pressure multistage compressors are
usually used as a component of a gas turbine rather than
as an independent machine. For example, when simulat-
ing the operation of an entire gas turbine system, the
compressor is complicatedly linked with other compo-
nents, and the boundary conditions, convenient to
efcient calculation, are usually state variables such as
pressure and temperature, rather than air mass
owrate.
As a result, when the conventional sequential method is
applied, inlet air
owrate is usually assumed and iterated
until the boundary conditions are satised. Thus, the
calculation often becomes very inefcient. The problem
is particularly critical when predicting the behaviour of a
A01900 IMechE 2001
 PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS 91

gas turbine subject to frequent external disturbances due

to its dynamic operation. Furthermore, as the operating
point approaches the choking region, even a very small
change in mass
ow causes a large variation in pressure
ratio because constant speed lines of a high-pressure
multistage compressor are very steep at high speeds, as
shown in the schematic diagram in Fig. 1. Thus, the
boundary condition is often switched from the air

owrate to the static pressure to overcome the highly
unstable characteristic of the sequential calculation. It is
easy to imagine how troublesome it could be when
another degree of freedom exists due to the variation in
stator setting angle.
As a result, the conventional sequential method is not
very appropriate for computerized gas turbine system Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the operating characteristics of
analysis. Accordingly, a new approach for the calculation a high pressure ratio compressor
of compressor performance, which can overcome the
shortcomings of the conventional method, is proposed in
this study. The governing equations at all calculation
planes (stage inlets and outlets) are arranged as functions
of all variables (pressure, temperature and velocity) and
are solved simultaneously by a multivariable scheme.

3 NEW CALCULATION METHOD

3.1 Stage characteristics

The new method being proposed is also based on stage
characteristics. Figures 2 and 3 are examples of the stage
performance curves. The pressure coefcient curve was
generated by Muir et al. [7] and the efciency curve was
taken from a relation developed by Howell and Bonham
[9]. The subscript ref indicates a point where efciency Fig. 2 Generalized stage pressure coefcient curve (data from
is highest. Non-dimensional coefcients are expressed as reference [7])
follows:

Flow coefcient:

Cx
f 1
U

Pressure coefcient:

Cp Tt;in PRg1=g 1
c s
2
2
U

Temperature rise coefcient:

Cp DTt
z 3
U2

Efciency:

Tt;in PRg1=g 1 c
Z s
4 Fig. 3 Generalized stage efciency curve (data from
DTt z reference [9])
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92 T W SONG, T S KIM, J H KIM AND S T RO

where PRs denotes the total-to-total pressure ratio of a obtained:

stage.
The curves in Figs 2 and 3 are essential as generalized F1 x1 ; . . . ; xi ; . . . ; xN 0
performance curves and are utilized in the calculation ..
presented in Section 4. .
Fi x1 ; . . . ; xi ; . . . ; xN 0 11
..
.
FN x1 ; . . . ; xi ; . . . ; xN 0
3.2 Governing equations
When each stage is considered a control volume, where
governing equations appear as follows:
F functional form of each governing equation in-
Continuity: cluding three boundary conditions
x the variables (static pressure, temperature and
m_ i1 m
_i 5 velocity) at each control surface
N total number of variables 3(n1)
Axial momentum:
The NewtonRaphson method is adopted as an
m_ i1 Cx;i1 Pi1 Ai1 m_ i Cx;i Pi Ai Fs 6
iterative numerical solver for the system of these non-
linear algebraic equations. If initial values are estimated,
Energy:
the increment in the unknowns (Dx) is obtained and the
values are improved as follows:
m_ i1 Ht;i1 m_ i Ht;i W_ s 7
2 3 2 3
2 3 Dx1 F1
For a compressor of n stages, 3n governing equations @F1 @F1 @F 6 7 6 7
exist. The number of variables is 3(n1): static @x 1
6 Dx 7 6 F 7
6 @x1 @xi 76
N 2 7 6 2 7
pressure, temperature and axial velocity at all stage 6 76 7 6 7
6. 76 . 7 6 . 7
inlets and outlets. Three variables should be known in 6. 76 . 7 6 . 7
6. 76 . 7 6 . 7
advance in order to solve the equation sets. These are 6 76 7 6 7
6 @F 76 7 6 7
compressor inlet (ambient) total pressure, temperature 6 i @Fi @Fi 76 Dxi 7 6 Fi 7 12
6 @x1 @xi @xN 76 7 6 7
and compressor exit total pressure (i.e. total to total 6 76 7 6 7
6 76 . 7 6 . 7
pressure ratio). 6 .. 76 .. 7 6 .. 7
6. 76 7 6 7
6 76 7 6 7
4 56 7 6 7
@FN @FN @FN 6 DxN 1 7 6 F 1 7
@x1
@xi
@xN 4 5 4 N
5
DxN FN
3.3 Calculation procedure
The terms, dependent on the mass
owrate, are converted xnew xi Dxi 13
i
into functions of static pressure, temperature and axial
velocity as follows:
At each iteration step, stage exit variables can be obtained
P by using inlet variables and performance curves.
m_ rACx ACx 8 Accordingly, force and power terms in equations (6)
RT
and (7) are determined and given as input for the next
iteration. The iteration process (unknowns incremen-
_ x rACx2
mC
P
ACx2 9 ted function and Jacobian matrix updated equation
RT solved) is continued until the desired convergence is
achieved. If the calculation proceeds in a series of
"
2 # operating points, the variables of the previous (adjacent)
P 1 Cx
_ t rACx Ht
mH ACx Cp T 10 point become the initial values of the current calculating
RT 2 cos a point. If no reference (previous calculation) exists,
variables of the design point may be used. It was
where a is the
ow angle at the calculation plane. After conrmed that the selection of initial guesses does not
introducing these expressions into the original equations critically affect the convergence of the calculation.
and generalizing the resulting equations as a function of Boundary conditions of temperature and pressure are
all variables, the following group of equations can be adopted in this work because they are practical. However,
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 PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS 93

there would be no problem in selecting any other variable

including mass
owrate as the boundary condition
because the calculation is based on a general matrix
solution technique. Therefore, the advantages of the
simultaneous method become more evident as the object
of analysis becomes more complicated.

3.4 Treatment of variable geometry

Most axial
ow compressors of modern gas turbines are
equipped with variable vanes. The setting angles of the
inlet guide vane (IGV) and the stator vanes of several
front stages are congured to vary actively during the
operation. This variation provides air
owrate control
during part-load operation as well as protection from Fig. 4 Variation in the performance characteristics of a
surges during transient operations including start-up and compressor stage due to IGV angle change (symbols,
shut-down. Thus, predicting the operating characteristics experimental data; continuous lines, calculation)
and performance during variable geometry running
modes is essential in simulating realistic operation of
modern gas turbines. A method based on correcting stage
characteristics of a xed geometry compressor is used in
this study. This may prevent an exact quantitative validation of the
If the rotor inlet incidences are equivalent between present method. The difculty was overcome by intro-
different operating conditions, the following relationship ducing a reasonable model for the scheduling, thereby
between
ow coefcients and vane exit absolute
ow completing the methodology of the current research and
angles holds true theoretically [10]: allowing for its applicability to be checked. In general,

IGV and variable stator vanes are connected by a
1 common link device driven by an actuator. Their angle
d dtan a 14
f variations are determined by a link ratio. A simplied
kinetic mechanism of the device [11] is shown in Fig. 6.
Furthermore, the following relationship between
ow The relationship between angle variations can be
coefcient and pressure coefcient is valid if relative expressed by
rotor exit
ow angle and stage efciency are assumed to
be mere functions of rotor incidence: a1 bn
Dan Da1 ; an an;d Dan 16
c an b1
constant 15
f
The variations in the angle of the stator vanes are smaller
These equations can be derived easily through a geo- than those of the IGV angle.
metric consideration of the velocity triangle. They enable
the stage performance calculation for any variation in
geometry (change in stator exit angle from the previous
stage) based on the stage performance curves of xed
geometry. Figure 4 presents an example of performance
estimation for different IGV setting angles of a single-
stage compressor. The positive angle means closing the
IGV, which increases the IGV exit swirl angle as shown
in Fig. 5 (a1 a1) and thus reduces the temperature rise
in the rotor for a given
ow coefcient. The variation in
stage performance caused by the change in vane angle
change is predicted accurately.
Even though the stator vane angles of several front
stages are usually varied simultaneously with the IGV
angle in most gas turbines, detailed scheduling of each
stage (angle variation with respect to speed) is hardly
available with performance maps in the open literature. Fig. 5 Effect of closing IGV on the velocity triangle
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94 T W SONG, T S KIM, J H KIM AND S T RO

Fig. 6 A simplied kinetic mechanism of changing angles of IGV and stator vanes using a single actuator

4 APPLICATIONS OF THE NEW METHOD
4.1 Additional assumptions and compressors
studied
Calculation of off-design performance requires various
design data for each stage: thermodynamic data (pressure
ratio and efciency), geometry (
ow path and velocity
triangle) and performance curves. However, it can hardly
be expected of any industrial compressors that these full
data are given in the open literature. Therefore, the best
way is to estimate the off-design performance of the
compressors by introducing rational assumptions regard-
ing design data. It is assumed that the dimensionless stage
performance curves presented in Figs 2 and 3 are
effective for all stages. The main parameters used for
design point calculation are as follows: compressor inlet
temperature and pressure, 288.15 K and 101.3 kPa; axial
velocity, 150 m/s;
ow path, constant mean diameter;
rotor tip speed of the rst stage, 350 m/s; stator exit
ow
angle from axial direction, 15; stage pressure ratio,
slightly decreasing toward rear stages; stage efciency,
0.89.
The dimensions of
ow path and all interstage
parameters (temperature, pressure and velocity) are
determined through design calculations using these
assumptions. Examples of
ow path area and pressure
distribution of multistage compressors are shown in Figs
7 and 8. The overall agreement is good, but some
discrepancies are observed, especially in the size of
ow
area. This may be caused by the simple assumptions of
design parameters mentioned above.
The present calculation method is applied to various
compressors and the estimated performance in a wide
range of operation is compared with eld data. Com-
pressors with as much off-design eld data as possible
have been selected for analysis; Table 1 summarizes the
design specications of the compressors. The data cover
a wide range of design parameters (number of stages,
mass
owrate, pressure ratio and rotational speed).

Fig. 7 Distribution of stage inlet
ow area of a 16-stage Fig. 8 Distribution of stage inlet total pressure of a 17-stage
compressor (H of Table 1) compressor (I of Table 1)
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 PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS 95

Table 1 Design specications of multistage axial
ow compressors used in the analysis
Compressor Number of stages Mass
owrate (kg/s) Overall pressure ratio Speed (r/min) IGV* VSV Reference

A 3 16.1 2.2 17 000 F [12]

B 3 10.82 2.0 17 000 F [13]
C 5 48.96 5.96 6894 F [14]
D 8 19.72 7.21 16 542 F [15]
E 10 26.08 6.45 10 000 F [16]
F 12 18.07 6.58 10 000 F [17]
G 12 20.0 12.4 14 000 F, V 4 [18]
H 16 65.32 17.21 9160 V 6 [7]
I 17 36.3 14.8 10 800 V 2 [12]

* Type of inlet guide vane,
xed F ) or variable V).

N umber of variable stator vanes.

4.2 Fixed geometry

Various xed geometry compressors as listed in Table 1
are examined. Since no variation in stator angle is
involved in this case, generalized stage curves are
directly adopted without any modication. Performance
maps of three compressors are presented here as
representative examples. Figure 9 illustrates the predicted
performance of a low pressure ratio three-stage com-
pressor (A of Table 1). The predicted results agree very
well with the measured eld data up to relatively low
speeds. Figures 10 and 11 compare prediction and eld
data for medium and high pressure ratio compressors (E
and G of Table 1) respectively. Agreements between
prediction and measurement are good. Reasonably
accurate prediction in the low speed regions in particular Fig. 10 Performance map of a 10-stage compressor (E of
shows promise. These results prove that the stage Table 1)
performance curves used in the analysis are practical.
Similar levels of agreements between eld data and
predicted results are observed in other xed geometry sets) shown on the map; even in the near-choking regions,
compressors listed in Table 1. no serious problems occurred. The surge detection of
No problem was encountered in predicting operating multistage compressors is beyond the scope of this work.
points (i.e. in getting solutions of the governing equation However, the successful calculation in the low
owrate

Fig. 9 Performance map of a 3-stage compressor (A of Fig. 11 Performance map of a 12-stage compressor (G of
Table 1) Table 1)
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96 T W SONG, T S KIM, J H KIM AND S T RO
range at every speed, as shown in the performance maps,
indicates the stability of the present scheme near the
surge. The computing times are shorter than those
required by the conventional sequential method. The
simultaneous calculation takes only three to ve itera-
tions on average for the multistage compressors with
more than 10 stages. The conventional sequential method
requires at least as many calculations as the number of
stages to get a solution for a guessed mass
owrate. Then
it needs several outer loops to get the correct mass

owrate to meet the boundary condition (exit pressure).
These results conrm that the proposed method is stable
and fast in predicting compressor performance in a wide
range of operating conditions.
4.3 Variable geometry
It has already been seen that modelling of stator angle
change is very efcient at least for a single stage as shown
in Fig. 4. Here, cases are shown of predicting the
performance of multistage compressors with varying
stators in addition to the variable IGV. Simultaneous
variation of all angles by a mutually linked mechanism as
described in Section 3.2 is applied. The IGV is closed
down as speed is lowered. Figure 12 shows the per-
formance map of a 17-stage compressor with a variable
IGV as well as two stages of variable stator vanes (I of
Table 1). In addition to the predicted results from the
variable geometry modelling, those predicted by the xed
geometry calculation are also shown. The effect of
closing vane angles on the operating (mass
ow and
pressure ratio) range can clearly be seen. The operating
lines are effectively regenerated by the modelling of
speed-dependent changes of IGV and vane setting angles.
Another example of the performance map of a 16-stage
compressor with a variable IGV and six stages of variable
stator vanes (H of Table 1) is presented in Fig. 13. The
Fig. 12 Performance map of a 17-stage compressor (I of
Table 1)
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speed-dependent IGV closing, presented in the literature
[7], is adopted in this calculation. The measured points
represent operational instances at each speed when the
compressor is used in a multishaft gas turbine for marine
propulsion, and most of them are located very close to the
predicted speed lines. This again conrms the validity of
the current variable geometry modelling and assump-
tions. No additional difculty in obtaining numerical
solutions due to the variation in the vane angle are
encountered and the numerical procedure is stable.
4.4 Interstage bleeding
Intensive air bleeding from mid-stages is another charac-
teristic of modern compressors. The most important
purpose of air bleeding in modern gas turbines is to
supply coolant to turbine blades. The amount of bleeding
may vary considerably depending on the engines
operating condition. For example, it may be actively
modulated for improved off-design performance [19].
Air bleeding is also important in protecting the com-
pressor itself from surges at low speeds during start-up.
Accordingly, an accurate prediction of the variation in
the compressor operation due to interstage bleeding is
very critical in simulating overall gas turbine engine
operation.
The present method can handle air bleeding at any
interstage point. An example for a 12-stage compressor
with a design pressure ratio of 12.4 (G of Table 1) is
shown in Fig. 14. The gure shows the effects of the
amount and position of bleeding on compressor perfor-
mance at the design speed (bleeding of 10 and 20 per cent
of design air
ow at fourth, sixth and eighth stage outlet).
The compressor outlet mass
ow decreases as the amount
of interstage bleeding increases. However, it is greater
than the value expected by subtracting the amount of
bleeding from the reference
owrate without bleeding.
Fig. 13 Performance map of a 16-stage compressor (H of
Table 1)
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 PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF AXIAL FLOW COMPRESSORS
Fig. 14 Effect of interstage air bleeding on the performance of a 12-stage compressor (G of Table 1, 100 per
cent speed)
This means that the inlet
owrate for the case with mid-
stage bleeding is always greater than that without
bleeding. In addition, compressor performance is shown
to be highly dependent on the location of the bleeding. At
this high (design) speed, air extraction at earlier stages
leads to higher delivery mass
ows. This nding
indicates that an accurate calculation of the variation in
compressor operation caused by the interstage bleeding
could be very important in predicting gas turbine
performance.
5 CONCLUSIONS
In this study, an effective method of predicting the
performance of multistage axial
ow compressors was
proposed. A multivariable system was constructed and all
interstage variables (temperatures, pressures and velo-
cities) were obtained simultaneously by solving the
equations of the system. Its advantage over the sequential
stage-stacking scheme is its
exibility in selecting
boundary conditions. It is useful in particular when
pressure and temperature are given as boundary condi-
tions instead of mass
owrate in the gas turbine system
analysis. Another feature of the method is the treatment
of variable geometry operation by varying the setting
angles of IGV and stator vanes.
Examples of performance prediction of real compres-
sors were presented to show the efciency of the
proposed method. The numerical procedure was stable
and the predicted performance was congruent with the
eld data. The method is very useful particularly in
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97
predicting the variation in operational characteristics due
to varying vane angle settings. In addition, the effect of
mid-stage air bleeding on the compressors operating
behaviour was examined and the dependence of perfor-
mance on the amount and position of bleeding is
demonstrated.
The method can be utilized in various analyses of gas
turbine systems. It can be particularly suitable for
simulating complicated gas turbine operations such as
transient operations due to the generality and stability of
the numerical scheme.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the permission of the Council of
the Institution of Mechanical Engineers regarding the
reproduction of Fig. 3 from the Proceedings of the
Institution of Mechanical Engineers (Fig. 18 of reference
[9]). This work was supported by the Brain Korea 21
Project.
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