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Consider the following conditions, measured at the Illinois State Water Survey in Champaign and at the BEARS facility on June 21,
2006:
Average air Temperature, Ta = 83.7 oF Average wind speed at 2 m above the pan, va = 7 mi hr-1
Average Relative humidity, Wa= 65.1%
Total (diffuse and direct) downwelling shortwave radiation striking a horizontal surface, Kin = 25.4 MJ m-2 day-1
Downwelling longwave (infrared) input, Lin = 34.4 MJ m-2 day-1
Upwelling longwave output, Lout = 39.7 MJ m-2 day-1
1
Longwave Radiation input L
A fraction of the incoming radiation will be reflected by the water. This fraction is equal to the emissivity of the water (w).
Assume emissivity of water w = 0.95
L = w Lin - Lout = 0.95 34.4 MJ m-2 day-1 - 39.7 MJ m-2 day-1 = -7.02 MJ m-2
Where Ta is Temperature of the atmosphere in oC so convert Ta from oF to oC: (83.7 oF 32 oF) = 28.7 oC
1.8 oF oC-1
e*a = 0.611 exp 17.3 28.7 = 0.611 exp(1.867) = 0.611 6.47 = 3.95 kPa
(28.7 + 237.3)
In order for the units to be compatible with other terms, the wind velocity must be converted to units of m day-1:
7 mi 1610 m 24 hr = 270,480 m
hr mi day day
2
Mass Transfer Coefficient:
KE = 0.622 a k2 = 0.622 a
P w [ln{(za-zd)/zo}]2 P w 6.25 [ln{(za-zd)/zo}]2
E = (K + L) + vw KE va {e*a ea}
vw { + }
E = 0.229 kPa oC-1 (23.6 + -7.02 MJ m-2 day-1) + 0.066 kPa oC-1 (2.45 MJ kg-1) 1000 kg m-3(1.39 10-8 kPa-1) (270,480 m day-1)
{3.95 kPa 2.57 kPa}
(2.45 MJ kg-1) 1000 kg m-3{0.229 kPa oC-1 +0.066 kPa oC-1 }
E = 3.80 kPa oC-1 MJ m-2 day-1 + 0.84 kPa oC-1 MJ m-2 day-1 = 0.0064 m day-1 = 6.4 mm day-1
723 MJ m-3 kPa oC-1
Actual pan evaporation measured at the State Water Survey complex for this date was 6.6 mm
3
Evapotranspiration
For the above conditions, how much evapotranspiration would the Penman Montieth equation estimate for soybeans, assuming the
average leaf conductance, Cleaf, was equal to the maximum leaf conductance C*leaf = 11 mm sec-1, leaf area index is 3, shelter factor is
0.5, albedo is 0.22 and vegetation height is 1 m?
Where:
= slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs. temperature relationship at Ta
K = short wave radiation net input ca = heat capacity of the atmosphere = 0.001 MJ kg-1 oC-1
L = longwave radiation net input a = density of air
= psychrometric constant v = latent heat of vaporization
w = density of water Cat = atmospheric conductance
e*a= saturation vapor pressure of atm. Ccan= canopy conductance
ea= water vapor pressure in atm. Wa = relative humidity (fraction)
Assume emissivity of the crop is approximately equal to water, hence, L = -7.02 MJ m2 day-1 as calculated above
za= height of temperature and velocity measurement, usually 2 m above vegetation or water surface
zd = zero plane displacement (approximate elevation where va =0) zd 0.7(veg height)
zo= surface roughness height zd 0.10(veg height)
4
Ccan = fs Cleaf LAI
Where
fs = shelter factor ranging from 0.5 for dense vegetation to 1 for sparse vegetation,
Cleaf = average leaf conductance, which for this example = C*leaf = 11 mm sec-1
LAI = Leaf Area Index = 3 for this example
Ccan = 0.5 11 mm sec-1 3 = 16.5 mm sec-1 0.001 m mm-1 3600 sec hr-1 24 hr day-1 = 1426 m day-1
ET = 0.229 kPa oC-1 (19.8 + -7.02 MJ m-2 day-1) + (0.001 MJ kg-1 oC-1) 1.15 kg m-3 (4401 m day-1) {3.95 kPa 2.57 kPa} =
0.0081 m day-1 = 8.1 mm day-1
(2.45 MJ kg-1) 1000 kg m-3{0.229 kPa oC-1 + 0.066 kPa oC-1 (1+4401 m day-1/1426 m day-1)}
This is greater than pan evaporation, which can occur for short periods of time, but normally the actual leaf conductance is less than
C*leaf because stomates close in response to lack of water, high temperatures, low humidity and low sunlight.
5
Where:
PETH = Potential ET (mm/day)
D = Daylight hours (hrs)
Ta = mean daily temperature (oC)
ea*(Ta) = saturation vapor pressure (kPa) evaluated at the atmospheric temperature Ta
This value is reasonably close to the observed pan evaporation for this date (6.6 mm), but over the course of the 2006 growing season,
daily PETH values were not very well correlated with observed pan evaporation, and tended to be less than pan evaporation.
1:1 line
The estimated pan evaporation from the Penman equation is more strongly correlated with the pan evaporation measurements, as we
should expect, since it was derived to approximate evaporation from a pan. Pan evaporation tends to be greater than
evapotranspiration, so PETH may still be a reasonable approximation of average monthly or seasonal potential evapotranspiration.