Immunity to Dini Agustina

Mikrobiologi FKUJ

Microbes 2017
Immunity

Means Protection from the disease and, more

specifically, infectious disease
Immune system defense against infectious microbes

Innate immunity early

reactions
Adaptive immunity
later respons
 Immune System
Microbe
Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

B lymphocytes Antibodies
Epithelial
barriers

T lymphocytes
Effector T cells
Phagocytes

Complement NK cells

Hours Days
0 6 12 1 3 5
Time after infection
Types of pathogenic
microorganism
Extracellular Bacteria
 Capable of replicating outside host cells, for
example in the circulation, in connective tissues
and in tissues spaces such as the airways and
intestinal lumens.
Two principal mechanisms cause the diseases :
induce inflammation
produce toxin
Innate immunity complement activation,
phagocytosis, inflammatory response
Adaptive immunity humoral immunity:
eliminate the microbes and neutralize their
toxins
Innate immunity to extracellular microbes:
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pyogenes by a macrophage.
CELLS alive!

Pathogens may resist phagocytosis by:

1. Evading phagocytes by growing in regions of the body
which are not accessible to them
2. Avoiding engulfment by phagocytes after contact
3. Being able to kill phagocytes either before or after
engulfment
4. Being able to survive inside of phagocytes (or other types
of cells) and to persist as intracellular parasites
Kenneth Todar, Ph.D.
Innate immunity to extracellular microbes:
Complement Activation
Adaptive immunity to extracellular microbes
Immune evasion by extracelluler bacteria
Intracellular Bacteria
 Characteristic : ability to survive and even replicate within phagocytes
Innate immunity may control bacterial growth,
adaptive immunity required elimination of bacteria
Innate immune response : phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
intracellular bacteria activate NK cells :
Directly
Stimulating macrophage production of IL-12
NK cells produce IFN actvates macrophages
Adaptive immune response : cell-mediated immunity
consists of two types of reactions :
Macrophage activation by the Tcells-derived signals CD40 ligand
and IFN killing of phagocytosed microbes
Cytolytic T lymphocytes lysis of infected cells
Innate immunity to intracellular microbes
Adaptive immunity to intracellular microb
Immune evasion by intracelluler
bacteria
Fungi
 Innate immunity : neutrophils and
macrophages
Adaptive immunity : cell-mediated immunity
Example:
Histoplasma capsulatum : cellular
mechanisms of intracellular bacteria
Cryptococcus neoformans : cooperate
between CD4+ and CD8+
Candida : cell-mediated immunity
Viruses
 Innate immunity : inhibition of infection by type I
IFN and NK cells (by killing injured or/and
infected cell)
Adaptive immunity : cell-mediated immunity
Antibodies
1. Block virus binding and entry into host cell
(Neutralization)
2. Act as opsonin to increase phagocytic
killing by phagocyte
CTLs eliminate the infection by killing
infected cells
Immunity to viruses
Immune evasion by viruses:
Antigenik drift vs Antigenik shift
Inhibition of virus antigen presentation to
CTL
Parasites (helminth)
Innate immunity to parasites:
EOSINOPHIL
Adaptive immunity to parasites:
Th2 FUNCTION
Immune evasion by parasites
Latihan soal
Seorang remaja berusia 21 tahun datang ke rumah
sakit swasta dengan keluhan nyeri pinggang
kanan, setelah dilakukan pemeriksaan lengkap,
pemuda tersebut didiagnosa (Glomerulonephritis
Akut) GNA. Dari anamnesa ternyata didapatkan
riwayat sering menderita nyeri tenggorok sejak
kecil.
Termasuk dalam jenis mikroorganisme
apakah agen penyakit tersebut
a. Ekstraseluler mikroba
b. Intraseluler mikroba
c. Multiseluler mikroba
d. Fungi
e. Virus
Mekanisme patogenesitas pada
mikroorganisme tersebut adalah
a. Aktivasi makrofag
b. Inflamasi akut yang diinduksi oleh
dinding sel
c. Inflamasi akut yang diinduksi oleh
toksin
d. Inflamasi granuloma
e. Menghambat sintesis protein