Female reproductive

system
Anatomy*
Physiology*
Menstrual cycle*
Hormones review*

female reproductive duct a collection of organ. Aimed to produce

female hormones a fertile oocyte to be the site of fertilization implantation
.maintain pregnancy and delivery

Anatomy the female anatomy can be divided to external and internal

.parts
Externally we can found the labia
:Internally- we can found the following structures
Vagina- the vagina is a hollo muscular tube with folds that can serve (1
for storage of semen
the PH of the vagina is 5.5 due to the presently of lactobacilli bacteria
which is the normal micro flora. The vagina is separate from the uterus by
the cervix
cervix- is a muscular ring that is separating the environment of the vagina
.from the one of the uterus
:Uterus- is a muscular organ with 3 layers
The inner endometrium
The middle myometrium
The outer perimetrium
.The uterus- is the site of implantation and fetal growth

Fallopian tubes- the site of fertilization

:ovaries- pared gonads with 2 main functions
-Producing hormones .1
Producing fertile oocyte .2
inside the ovaries we can find follicle, each follicle contain primary oocyte
.arrested in prophase one of meiosis

menstrual cycle- the mensural cycle last about 28 days and can be
: divided to 3
the follicular phase- in day 1 the shedding of the decidual layer of the
endometrium occur and the hypothalamus is starting to secret GNRH, the
GNRH is causing the secretion of LH and 0H. The follicles stimulated by 0H
are activated and release estrogen while one primary oocyte is completing
.meiosis one until metaphase 2
the ovulation- around day 12 to 14, the high level of estrogen is causing
the pituitary gland to release high amount of LH, this is the LH surge that
is causing the follicle to rupture and the release of secondary oocyte to the
oviduct (fallopian tube)
the luteal phase- the rupture follicle is becoming a small endocrine
gland called corpus loteum the secret progesterone, the hormone
:progesterone has 3 main function
Stimulating the endometrium to increase thickness by producing the .1
decidual layers
To stimulate the release of estrogen from the adrenal gland .2
To send a negative feedback to the hypothalamus in order to prevent .3
GNRH secretion and by that to prevent a new cycle. If no fertilization occur
the corpus luteum will undergo the generation (die) and become a scar
tissue called "corpus albicans". When the progesterone level goes down-
so is the negative feedback on the hypothalamus and the hypothalamus
.will start to secret GNRH again. And a new cycle will begin
Hormones in the cycle- GNRH from the hypothalamus is causing the
secretion
of LH and FSH from the pituitary, FSH is leading to secretion of estrogen
from the follicle in the ovaries. And estrogen is causing LH source from the
.pituitary
The LH surge is leading to evaluation this rapturing one follicle, this follicle
is becoming corpus luteom- yellow body. And corpus luteom secret
.progesterone
.Progesterone has negative effect on GNRH and positive on estrogen

Embryology
fertilization
cleavage
Implantation
Gastrulation
Neurulation

:Oocyte- the vooocyte the very large cell that has additional layers
.The zona pellucida and corona radiata
The zona pellucida is made of glycol proteins, while the corona
.radiata is made of cells that supply nutrients to the oocyte
Sperm cell- has head that contain haploid number of
chromosomes, and on the head the acrosome- a protein hat that will
.react with the zona pellucida
The sperm cell also contain a neck containing mitochondria to
supply energy for the flagellated tail
fertilization- fertilization occur in the ampulla of the oviduct by the
reaction between the acrosome and zona pellucida using ZP3
.protein
Following fertilization, the oocyte will complete meiosis to create a
 .zygote
After penetration of one sperm cell the zona pellucida is becoming
impermeable to other sperm cells

Cleavage- following fertilization, cleavage occur as the zygote

.undergoes mitosis to increase the number of cells
When reaching 128 cells a blastocyst is formed, inside the
blastocyst we can already differentiate between the inner cell mass
that will form the embryo and peripheral trophoblast that will form
.the placenta

Implantation- a blastocyst is embedding itself into the decidua

.layer of endometrium
In a successful process the decidua cells will begin to nourish and
the blastocyst

Gastrulation- the embryonic cells are differentiating into to 3

:different layers
The outer most ectoderm
The middle mesoderm
The inner endoderm

:Different tissue is developing from each layers

.From the ectoderm skin and nerve
.From the mesoderm- internal organ, bones and muscles
From the endoderm- endothelium, including lung alveoli and
.internal lining of GIT
Following gastrulation oregano genesis take place. Starting with
neurulation. The neurulation begin with the notochord, the
notochord is undergoing in vegetation to create neural folds and
 .neural groove
Later on, the neural groove become the neural tube and will give
rise to the central nerve system while the neural folds will develop
.to the neural crest and later to the peripheral nerve system

:Organ and tissue in pregnancy

placenta- is a tissue used for exchange of gases nutrients and waste
:products. Between the fetus and the mother. The placenta has 2 sides
belong to the fetus developing from trophoblast, while the other side is 1
.the maternal placenta developing from the decidua cells
The placenta doesn't allow passage of cells between the mother and the
.baby
umbilical cord- communicating the fetus with the placenta by 2 arteries
and 1 vein
the arteries carry the oxidation blood and waste product to the placenta
.while the vein carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to the baby

.Amnion- the amnion is a sac containing sterile fluid to protect the baby
Chorion- additional membrane connected to the placenta and offering
.protection for the baby