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The design of the insulator is such that the stress due to contraction and
expansion in any part of the insulator does not lead to any defect. It is desirable not to
allow porcelain to come in direct contact with a hard metal screw thread. Normally
cement is used between metal and the porcelain. It is see that cement to use does not
cause fracture by expansion or contraction.
Types of insulators:
Pin type
Suspension type
Strain type
Pin type insulator consist of a single or multiple shells ( petticoats or rain sheds )
adapted to be mounted on a spindle to be fixed to the cross arm of the supporting
structure. Multiples shells are provided in obtain sufficient length of leakage path so
that the flash over voltage between the power conductor and the pin of the insulator is
increased. The design of the shell is such that when the upper most shell is wet due to
the rain the lower shell are dry and provide sufficient leakage resistance. It is desirable
that the horizontal distance between the tip of the lowermost shell should be less as
compared with the vertical distance between the same tip and the cross arm,
otherwise in case of an arc-over, the discharge will take place between the power
conductor and the pin of the insulator, thereby, the cross arm will have to be replaced
rather than the insulator. It is to be noted that the power conductor passes through the
groove at the top of the insulator and is tied to the insulator by the annealed wire of
the same material as the conductor. The pin type insulator is normally used up to 33kV.
In any case it is not desirable to use them beyond 50kV as the cost of such insulators
then increase much faster than the voltage. The cost beyond 50kV is given by
Cos ∝ Vx ( x > 2)
The insulator and its pins should be sufficiently mechanically strong to withstand the
resultant force due to the combined effect of the weight of the conductor, wind
pressure and the ice loading if any per span length.
Each insulator is designed for11kV and hence for any operating voltage a
string of insulators can be used
In case of failure of one of the units in string, only that particular unit
needs replacement rather than the whole string.
Since the power conductor and string swing together in case of wind
pressure, the mechanical stress at the point of attachment are reduced
as compared with the pin type of insulator where because of the rigid
nature of the attachment fatigue and ultimate brittleness of the wire
result.
The operating of the existing transmission can be increased by adding
suitable number of discs in the string instead of replacing all the
insulators as is necessary in case of pin type insulators.
The strain insulators are exactly identical in shape with the suspension
insulators. Theses strings are placed in the horizontal plane rather than vertical. As is
done in case of suspension insulators. Theses are used to take the tension of the
conductors at line terminals, at angle towers, at road crossings and at junctions of
overhead lines with cables. These insulators are therefore known as tension or strain
insulators. For low voltage of the order of 11kV, shackle insulators are used. But for
higher voltages a string of insulator is used. Whenever the tension in the conductor is
very high as at long river crossing, some times two, even three, string of insulators in
parallel have been used.
In string with graded unit method difference capacities are required. This
requires large stocks of difference size units, which is uneconomical and impractical.
Therefore this method is normally not used except for very high voltage lines. But it is
very economical, very easy and very simple method used in very high voltage
transmission systems.
String with identical unit and graded ring method is very simple method. It can
be easily taken the same voltage distribution throughout the string accurately than
string with graded units method. But it is difficult to find the capacitors which have
various values. Therefore little bit errors can be occurred. And also it should be used
another conductor, that is an uneconomical reason to remove this method in some
applications.
The capacitors which we used may not be worked correctly and sometimes they
may not be represented the actual values. The components which we used for this
practical can be worked with errors. Human errors also can be happen. In our model we
missed the lowermost capacitance which is in between the conductor and the ground.
So it can be made some errors.
References:
DATE OF PERFOMANCE : 28 /
06 / 07
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 11 /
07 / 07