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Lecture 7 Immunology
Structure Learning Outcomes
Components
Leukocytes 1. List the principal lymphoid
Lymphoid tissue tissues and outline their roles
Recognition of self
Innate Immunity 2. List the differences between
Physical and chemical barriers innate and adaptive immunity
Phagocytosis
Inflammation 3. Outline some key processes
Adaptive immunity of innate immunity
Humoral responses (B cells)
4. Explain some key features of
Cell mediated responses (T adaptive immunity
cells)
Immune Disorders 5. Explain the pathophysiology
Autoimmune diseases of some immune disorders.
AIDS

Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 1

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Role of the Immune System (IS)

A network of cells and tissues that:


1. Defends the body against invading pathogens
2. Removes worn-out cells
3. Destroys abnormal/mutant cells within the
body (e.g. control of cancer)

Immune System can also have harmful effects:


1. Allergies / autoimmune diseases
2. Tissue rejection.
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Infection-causing organisms (Pathogens)

FUNGUS
BACTERIA Epidermophyton
Staphylococcus floccosum
aureus (athletes foot)
(causes sepsis)

PARASITE VIRUS
Tapeworm Polio

Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 3

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Components White Blood Cells


Lymphocyte Monocyte/macrophage

B cells - secrete
antibodies Phagocytosis
T cells - directly destroy Secrete cytokines
foreign cells (signalling molecules
Natural Killer cells - fight other than antibodies).
viruses

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Components Lymphoid Tissues

CENTRAL LYMPHATIC TISSUES


Bone marrow - site of B cell development (and pre-
T cell)
Thymus site of T cell development

PERIPHERAL LYMPHATIC TISSUES


Spleen
Lymph nodes
Gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT)
[Peyers Patches]
Adenoids
Appendix
Tonsils.

Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 5

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Components self-recognition
Major Histocompatibilty Complex Transplant rejection
MHC on every (nucleated) cell Organ transplants and skin grafts
may be rejected due to presence of
MHC
Also known as human
leukocyte associated antigens
(HLA) To minimise rejection, the MHC of
donor and recipient are matched as
closely as possible i.e. tissue typing
Normally the bodys immune
system does not attack cells Siblings usually provide the closest
that carry this self marker match
i.e. MHC
MHC do not play a role in transfusion
No two individuals, except reactions because red blood cells do
identical twins, will ever not have MHC.
share identical MHC.

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Organisation of the Immune System

IMMUNE SYSTEM

INNATE IMMUNITY ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY


(non-specific; natural) (specific; acquired)

HUMORAL-MEDIATED CELL-MEDIATED
(antibody mediated)
Skin & mucous membranes
Phagocytosis T cells
Inflammation
B cells
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Innate vs Adaptive Immunity


Innate Adaptive
(Phagocytosis, Inflammation) (Lymphocytes)

Specific
Nonspecific Responds to specific
Defends against any pathogens on 2nd or
pathogen upon first later exposure
exposure
Responds to infectious
Comes into play after
agents, chemical irritants,
nonspecific responses
tissue injury, burns
have begun.
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Innate Immunity

Initial & immediate response against invasion by a


variety of pathogens

The response is rapid and non-specific

Main mechanisms
1. Interferon, NK cells and complement system
2. Phagocytosis (by neutrophils & macrophages)
3. Inflammation.
Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 9

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Innate 1. Interferon, Natural Killer Cells

Interferon Natural Killer cells


Released by virus-
attacked cells Attack virus-
Protects other cells infected cells
from any virus Cause lysis
Anti-cancer effects
Slows cell division NB Both IF and NK
Enhances action of cells are non-specific
NK cells and any virus.
cytotoxic T cells (qv)
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Innate 1. Complement System

Many very complex actions

Innate response is recognition of micro-


organisms
Lysis of invading micro-organisms
Also reinforces other inflammatory
responses [hence name!].

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Innate 2. Phagocytosis

SEM macrophage engulfing bacteria

Stages of Phagocytosis
1. Attachment
2. Internalisation (0.1 s)
3. Degradation
4. Exocytosis.
S&G. 23.3

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Innate 3. Inflammatory Response

1. Bacteria enter tissue/damage


2. Release of histamine

Atopic_Dermatitis www.gcarlson.com
Increased blood flow
Increased vascular
permeability
3. Increased leucocytes at site

Results
Destroy or inactivate invaders
- Remove dbris Animation of allergic (atopic) response

- Prepare for healing & repair.

Dr Alan Tuffery Physiology Medical Science 7 13

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Adaptive Immunity
1. Specificity
Lymphocytes (B and T cells) bind and respond to foreign
molecules known as antigens via antigen receptors

1. Diversity
The body possesses millions of lymphocytes that can recognise
and respond to millions of antigens (one each)

Memory
1st exposure to an antigen generates lymphocytes & long-lived
memory cells next exposure to the same antigen, memory cells
react more quickly & stronger response

Self-Tolerance
Lymphocytes can distinguish self (our normal antigens) from
non-self (antigens from foreign material).

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Adaptive Immunity humoral (antibody-mediated)


1. B Cells Clonal Selection
Antigen fits B cells receptors
Proliferation and differentiation
into

1. Plasma cells
S&G 23.7 (see Sherwood 12-11)

Produce antibodies in blood


(immunoglobulins I gG, IgM, IgE, IgA, I gD)
Short-lived

2. Memory cells (clone)


With same receptor
Long-lived.
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Adaptive Cell-mediated Immunity

T cells must become


activated before they
can attack pathogens

The antigen is
presented to the T
cell by an ANTIGEN
PRESENTING CELL
(e.g. an infected
macrophage) via its
MHC
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Activated T cell enlarges & divides into:

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
kill infected cells by lysis (direct action)

HELPER T CELLS (~70% of T cells)


secrete cytokines that enhance the activity of cytotoxic T cells;
enhance phagocytosis
stimulate development of B cells into plasma cells (indirect action)

SUPPRESSOR T CELLS
secrete cytokines that suppress the activity of B cells, helper
T cells and cytotoxic T cells; inhibit phagocytosis.

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Adaptive Immunity can be
NATURAL or ARTIFICIAL

Adaptive Immunity

Natural Artificial

ACTIVE PASSIVE
Antibodies are Antibodies that
ACTIVE PASSIVE produced as a have been produced
result of by another animal
Antibodies or Antibodies are immunisation or given artificially.
lymphocytes are passed to foetus with a vaccine
produced as a via placenta
result of infection or colostrum

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Immune Disorders Autoimmune Diseases

If immune system does not recognise its self (e.g.


MHC), it reacts against normal cells and tissues

DISEASE SYMPTOMS

Systemic lupus fever, arthritis, mouth ulcers,


erythematosus (SLE)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammation and damage to


the cartilage and bone of joints
Multiple sclerosis (MS) (p116) T cells attack myelin:
Blurred vision,
Muscle weakness,
Ataxia
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Immune Disorders - AIDS

AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV binds to the surface of helper T cells and its nucleic acids
(RNA and DNA) enter the T cell

Inside the cell, HIV uses the cell to make copies of itself

HIV slowly destroys helper T cells in the body


(Helper T cells = 70% of all T cells)

When T cell function is impaired, immune responses weaken and


other diseases develop.

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Immune Disorders - AIDS

SYMPTOMS

HIV Fatigue, fever, swollen glands, headache

AIDS Swollen lymph nodes, decreased T cell count;


Susceptibility to pneumonia and Kaposi sarcoma;
AIDS dementia

TRANSMISSION
Through blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk.

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Learning Outcomes
1. List the principal lymphoid tissues and outline their roles
Thymus (T cell dev.); Gut B cells)

2. List the differences between innate and adaptive immunity


Specificity, 1st exposure, cell-mediated, speed

3. Outline some key processes of innate immunity


phagocytosis, inflammation, immune memory, self recognition)

4. Explain some key features of adaptive immunity

5. Explain the pathophysiology of some immune disorders.

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