Schlumberger

Contents

B1.0 RESISTIVITY OF THE FORMATION.....................................................................................1

B1.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1
B1.2 FORMATION WATER RESISTIVITY RW......................................................................3
B1.3 FORMATION RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS .........................................................3
Chart Gen-9: Resistivity of NaCl Solutions..................................................................4
B1.4 TO SUMMARIZE ........................................................................................................6
B1.5 THE DRILLING PROCESS AND PERMEABLE BEDS.................................................5
Invasion Profiles ........................................................................................................5
Chart Gen-3: Symbols Used in Log Interpretation......................................................7
B1.6 SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP) CURVE ................................................................8
Chart SP-1: Rweq Determination from ESSP (Clean Formations)..................................13
Chart SP-2: Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature..........................................14

B2.0 MEASUREMENT OF Rt BY INDUCTION PRINCIPLES........................................................15

B2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................15
B2.2 INDUCTION LOGGING PRINCIPLES........................................................................15
B2.3 SPHERICALLY FOCUSED LOG PRINCIPLES..........................................................16
B2.4 DUAL INDUCTION - SPHERICALLY FOCUSED LOG ................................................17
B2.5 PHASOR-INDUCTION SFL TOOL .............................................................................23

B3.0 MEASUREMENT OF Rt BY LATEROLOG PRINCIPLES ....................................................29

B3.1 DUAL LATEROLOG.................................................................................................29

B4.0 MEASUREMENT OF RXO BY MICRO-RESISTIVITY PRINCIPLES .....................................35

B4.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................35
B4.2 MICROLOG .............................................................................................................36
B4.3 MICRO-SPHERICALLY FOCUSED LOG..................................................................38

B5.0 WORK SESSION ..............................................................................................................41

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

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B1.0 Resistivity of the
Formation
B1.1 INTRODUCTION
The resistivity of a formation is a key pa-
rameter in determining hydrocarbon saturation.
Electricity can pass through a formation only
because of the conductive water it contains.
With a few rare exceptions, such as metallic
sulfide and graphite, dry rock is a good electri-
cal insulator. Moreover, perfectly dry rocks are
seldom found. Therefore, subsurface forma-
tions have finite, measurable resistivities be-
cause of the water in their pores or absorbed in
their interstitial clay.
For the purposes of our discussions we will
divide substances into two general categories,
conductors or insulators.
Conductors are substances that pass electrical
current (e.g., water, shales, mud). Insulators
are substances that do not allow electrical cur-
rent flow (e.g., hydrocarbons or rock matrix).
The measured resistivity of a formation de-
pends on
- resistivity of the formation water
- amount of water present
- pore structure geometry.
The resistivity (specific resistance) of a sub-
stance is the resistance measured between
Schlumberger
opposite faces of a unit cube of that substance at
a specified temperature. The meter is the unit
of length and the ohm is the unit of electrical
resistance. In abbreviated form, resistivity is
R = r A/L,
where
R is resistivity in ohm-metres,
r is resistance in ohms,
A is area in square metres,
and L is length in metres.
(See Figure B1)
The units of resistivity are ohm-metres
squared per meter, or simply ohm-metres
(ohm-m).
Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity
and is expressed in mhos per meter. To avoid
decimal fractions, conductivity is usually ex-
pressed in millimhos per meter (mmho / m),
where 1000 mmho/m = 1 mho/m
C = 1000/R.
Formation resistivities are usually from 0.2 to
1000 ohm-m. Resistivities higher than 1000
ohm-m are uncommon in permeable forma-
tions but are observed in impervious, very low
porosity formations (e.g., evaporites).
(05/96) B-1
Introduction to Openhole Logging

ra 2 R = resistivity
R= OHM-METERS
L a = area
METER
L = length
r = resistance

Figure B1: Principles of Resistance and Resistivity

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B1.2 FORMATION WATER
RESISTIVITY RW
As previously indicated, formation matrices
are insulators; thus a formations ability to con-
duct electricity is a function of the connate water
in the formation. Several factors must be con-
sidered:
- volume of the water (porosity)
- pore space arrangement (type of poros-
ity)
- temperature of the formation
- salinity of the water.
a) Water Salinity
As salinity increases, more ions are available
to conduct electricity, so R w (water resistivity)
decreases.
b) Water Temperature
As water temperature is raised, ionic mobility
increases and resistivity decreases. Chart Gen-9
(Figure B2) in the Log Interpretation Chart
book illustrates these relationships.
c) Water Volume
As water-filled pore space in a rock is in-
creased, resistivity decreases. If some water is
displaced by hydrocarbons (insulators), water
saturation decreases; resistivity increases.
Schlumberger
B1.3 FORMATION RESISTIVITY
MEASUREMENTS
If we consider a formation with pore space
that contains only water, its true resistivity is
called Ro. We know that an important relation-
ship exists between formation resistivity and
the resistivity of the saturating water, Rw. The
ratio of these two values, F, is called formation
resistivity factor, or more commonly formation
factor, which is a constant, where:
F = Ro / Rw
For example, if the salinity of the connate
water increases, Rw will decrease. This will in
turn allow current to flow more easily through
the formation, thus lowering R o and maintain-
ing F at a constant value. This is what we
should expect as F is an inherent formation
characteristic.
Formation factor can be related to formation
porosity by the general formula
F = a / m
where
a = constant
m = cementation factor
(05/96) B-3
Introduction to Openhole Logging

Resistivity of NaCl Solutions

Conversion approximated by R2 = R1 [(T1 + 6.77)/(T2 + 6.77)]F or R2 = R1 [(T1 + 21.5)/(T2 + 21.5)]C

Grains/gal at 75F
10
8

ppm
6
5
200
4 10

3 300
15

400
2 20
500
25
600
30
700
800
1 40
100
0 50
0.8

NaCl concentration (ppm or grains/gal)

120
0
140
Resistivity of solution (ohm-m)

0.6 0
170
0.5 0
200
0 100
0.4
300
0.3 0 150

400
0 200
0.2 500
0 250
600
0 300
700
0
800 400
0
10,
0.1 000 500
12,
00
0.08 14, 0
000
17,
00
0.06 20, 0 1000
000
0.05
30, 1500
0.04 000

40, 2000
000
0.03
50, 2500
000
60, 3000
0
70, 00
0.02 00
80, 0 4000
000
100 5000
,0
300 120 00
,
,00
0 140 000
,0
170 00
0.01 ,
200 000 10,000
,
250 000
280,000 15,000
,00
0
F 50 75 100 125 150 200 250 300 350 400 20,000
C 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200

Temperature (F or C)

Chart GEN-9

Figure B2

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B1.4 SUMMARY
1. Dry rock formations are an insulator.
2. Formations conduct current because of
water in the pore spaces.
3. Knowledge of water resistivity (Rw) is
essential for log interpretation.
4. Resistivity used rather than resistance.
5. Formation resistivity factor (F) is a po-
rosity-related formation characteristic.
6. Relationships
a. F = (Rt / Rw) = (Ro / Rw)
100% water saturated porous rock
b. F = a / m
7. Symbols
Rw - resistivity of connate water
Rt - true formation resistivity
Rxo - resistivity of flushed zone
a - constant
m - cementation factor.
B1.5 DRILLING PROCESS AND
PERMEABLE BEDS
Before proceeding to a discussion of meth-
ods of obtaining formation resistivity, let us
examine what happens to a permeable forma-
tion when it is penetrated by the drill bit.
(Refer to Chart Gen-3 [Figure B3] in this sec-
tion or the Log Interpretation Chart book.)
Under normal conditions, the hydrostatic
head of the mud column is greater than forma-
tion pressure. This differential pressure forces
filtrate from the mud system into the forma-
tion pore spaces, leaving solid particles or
mudcake buildup on the borehole wall.
Eventually this impervious mudcake will seal
off further invasion (unless it is removed by
some mechanical process; e.g., removing the
drill bit).
Schlumberger
Mudcake thickness is symbolized by hm c.
Invasion Profiles:
1. Flushed Zone. Adjacent to the bore-
hole the invasion process flushes out
the original water and some of the hy-
drocarbons (if any were present). The
resistivity of this zone is termed Rx o;
the water saturation is called Sx o where
FR mf
Sxo =
2
Rxo
(for clean formations only)
Plotting Rxo as a function of radial
depth into the formation yields (Figure
B4).
2. Transition Zone. Further from the
borehole the flushing action of the
mud filtrate may create a variety of
situations. If the flushing proceeds as
a uniform front, we call this a step
profile of invasion (Figure B5[a]). If
the intermingling of formation fluids
is gradual, we call this a transition
zone (Figure B5[b]). Sometimes in
oil- or gas-bearing formations, where
the mobility of hydrocarbons is greater
than the connate water, the oil or gas
move out leaving an annular zone
filled with connate water (Figure B5c).
If Rmf > Rw, then the annular zone will
have a resistivity lower than Rxo and Rt
and may cause a pessimistic saturation
calculation.
(05/96) B-5
Introduction to Openhole Logging

Symbols Used in Log Interpretation

Resistivity of the zone

Resistivity of the water in the zone
Water saturation in the zone
Mud

Rm
Adjacent bed

Rs

Uninvaded
hmc zone
Flushed
zone Rt
Rm c Zone of
transition
dh or
(Bed Rw
thickness) annulus
Mudcake Rx o
Sw
h Rm f

Sx o

Rs
di
dj
Adjacent bed

(Invasion diameters)

rj

dh
Hole
diameter

Chart GEN-3

Figure B3

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 Schlumberger

3. True Unaffected Zone. This is the zone
that we want to analyzeit is the for-
mation undisturbed by the drilling
process. Its resistivity is termed Rt ,
water resistivity Rw and water satura-
tion Sw. Plotting Rxo , Ri and Rt as a
function of invasion gives us Figure
B4.

Rxo

Di

Figure B4: Invasion Process

Rxo Rxo Rxo

Ri
Ri
R Rt R Rt R Rt
Ri

Di Di D2 Di

(a) (b) (c)

Figure B5

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Introduction to Openhole Logging
B1.6 SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL
(SP) CURVE
a) Introduction
The SP curve is a continuous recording
(versus depth) of the difference in potential
between a moveable electrode in the borehole
and a fixed (zero) potential surface electrode.
Units used are millivolts.
The SP was discovered quite by accident in
the early days of electrical logging. In some of
the first test wells logged by Schlumberger
using the point-by-point technique, it was
noted that a small natural potential was present
in the well even when the current source was
turned off. This spontaneous potential is due to
a combination of two phenomena: an elec-
trokinetic potential is usually negligible and an
electrochemical potential is composed of a
membrane potential and a liquid-junction po-
tential. The membrane potential is about 5
times bigger than the liquid-junction potential.
Figure B6: Electrokinetic Potential of SP
(05/96) B-8
b) Electrokinetic Potential
If a solution is forced by differential pressure
to flow through a membrane, an electrical po-
tential will appear across the membrane
(Figure B6). A similar situation occurs when
the mud filtrate flows through the mudcake
because of the differential pressure between the
mud column and the formation. This elec-
trokinetic potential (Ekmc ) is generally small.
In a low-permeability formation, where the
mudcake is only partially built up, this elec-
trokinetic potential may be as high as 20 mV.
This situation is, however, rare and in general
the total electrokinetic potential can be ne-
glected.
c) Electrochemical Potential
This potential is created by the contact of two
solutions of different salinity, either by a direct
contact or through a semipermeable membrane
such as shales.
Figure B7: Electrochemical membrane
potential of SP

1) Membrane Potential
An ideal cationic membrane because of its
physico-chemical composition is permeable to
positive ions (cations) only. Shales are ideal
membranes as long as they are not too sandy or
too limy. In a borehole, a shale section usually
separates salty water (generally the connate
water of the virgin zone) from a less salty liquid
(generally the mud) (Figure B7). There is mi-
gration of the positive ions (Na+ ) from the salty
water (formation) to the less salty water (mud).
When an equilibrium is reached:
- Positive ions that have already crossed
the shale membrane exert a repelling
force on the positive ions in the mud.
- Negative ions left behind in the forma-
tion exert an attractive force on the
positive ions which cannot travel any
more into the shale.
The difference of potential appearing between
the two solutions is given by the formula:
amf
Em = K ;og
aw
Figure B8: Electrochemical Liquid-
Junction Potential of SP
Schlumberger
where
amf and aw are the electro-chemical ac-
tivities of mud filtrate and connate water,
respectively.
2) Liquid Junction Potential
The liquid junction potential takes place at the
boundary between the flushed zone and the vir-
gin zone. There is no shale separating the two
solutions. Anions as well as cations can transfer
from one solution to the other (Figure B8) be-
cause of the higher salinity of the formation
water and both Na+ cations and Cl anions will
migrate toward the mud filtrate. The Na+ ion is
comparatively large and drags 4.5 molecules of
water. The Cl ion is smaller and drags only 2.5
molecules of water. Hence, the anion Cl will
migrate more easily than the Na+ ions.
Figure B9: SP Circuit Path
(05/96) B-9
Introduction to Openhole Logging

The result is an increase of positive charges left
behind in the formation water. These positive
charges restrict Cl migration toward the
flushed zone. A difference of potential appears
at the boundary between the two solutions:
amf
Ej = K log
aw
d) Spontaneous Potential (SP)
The total potential of the whole chain is thus
the algebraic sum Em + Ej , which is also called
the Static Spontaneous Potential (SSP). Elec-
trokinetic potential is neglected. The SP is the
drop of potential measured across the current
lines in the borehole. Along its path the SSP
current has to force its way through a series of
resistances, both in the formation and in the
mud (Figure B9). This means that the total po-
tential drop (which is equal to the SSP) is di-
vided between the different formations and
mud in proportion to the resistances met by the
current in each respective medium. The SP,
which is the measure of the potential drop in the
mud of the borehole, is only part of the SSP.
In general, it is a large portion because the elec-
trical resistance offered by the borehole is, in
general, much greater than that offered by the
formations.

Rmfe
SSP = -K log
Rwe

Rmf = Rw Rmf <Rw Rmf > Rw

SALINE MUD FRESH MUD

Figure B10: The SP Deflection and its Rmf-Rw Dependency

(05/96) B-10

So, we can write:
amf
SP SSP = (K + K) log
aw
The SP curve is generally presented in track
1, and usually recorded with resistivity sur-
veys, assuming a conductive mud is in the
borehole.
Opposite a permeable formation, the SP
curve shows excursions from the shale base-
line. In thick, clean beds the SP deflection
tends to reach an essentially constant deflection
defining a clean line.
The deflection may be either to the left
(negative) or to the right (positive) depending
mostly on relative resistivity of the formation
water and of the mud filtrate (Figure B10).
The magnitude of SP deflections is always
measured from the shale line and for a clean,
water-bearing formation containing a dilute
sodium chloride solution is given by
SSP = K log(Rmfe / Rwe )
The constant K depends on the temperature
and salt types in formation water (K = 71 at
25C for NaCl).
Schlumberger
In practice, the SP is affected by a number of
factors, all of which tend to reduce its magni-
tude.
The maximum available SP in a thick, clean,
water-bearing zone is called the SSP (Figure
B10).
The SP is reduced by the shale in a shaly
zone, and the deflection is called the pseudo-
static spontaneous potential (PSP).
The ratio of these two values, termed =
PSP/SSP, can be used as a shale indicator in
sands. An approximation of the SSP in a
shaly sand is SSP = PSP / (1 Vsh ) where the
volume of shale (Vsh ) is estimated from the
gamma ray deflection, which is discussed
later.
e) Uses of SP
The SP can be used to
- detect permeable beds (a qualitative in-
dication only)
- determine Rw, formation water resis-
tivity
- give an indication of zone shale content
- indicate depositional environment.
(05/96) B-11
Introduction to Openhole Logging
f) Factors Affecting the SP
- Bed thickness: SP decreases when
bed thickness decreases.
- Invasion: Reduces SP.
- Shaliness: Shale reduces SP.
- Hydrocarbons: Hydrocarbons in
slightly shaly formations reduce the
SSP.
- Mud filtrate: The magnitude and direc-
tion of SP deflection from the shale
baseline depends on relative resistivi-
ties of the mud filtrate and the forma-
tion water.
- Fresh mud: negative SP (Figure B8).
Rmf > Rw
- Saline mud: positive SP (Figure B8).
Rw > Rmf
Rw = Rmf : zero SP (Figure B8).
corrosion charts are available to correct for these factors.
Pyrite in the formation produces a positive SP.
(05/96) B-12
g) Solution of Rw from SP
Because of its dependence on Rmf and Rw, the
magnitude of SP deflection enables us to solve
for the Rw of the formation when Rmf is known.
This method, when applied in clean matrix, is
generally accurate.
1. From the log heading, get Rmf at sur-
face temperature.
2. Convert Rmf to formation temperature
using chart Gen-9 (Figure B2).
3. Convert Rmf at formation temperature
to Rmfe using:
Rmfe = 0.85 Rmf (approximation)
If Rmf is below .03 ohm-meter or above
1.5 ohm-meter at formation tempera-
ture, use chart SP-2m (Figure B12) to
get Rmfe .
4. Calculate static SP from log at zone of
interest.
5. Enter chart SP-1 (Figure B11) with
static SP, formation temperature and
Rmfe to get Rwe at formation tempera-
ture.
6. Enter chart SP-2m (Figure B12) with
Rwe and formation temperature to get
R w.
 Schlumberger

Rweq Determination from ESSP

(CLEAN FORMATIONS)

This chart and nomograph calculate the equivalent forma- Example: SSP = 100 mV at 250F
tion water resistivity, R weq, from the static spontaneous R mf = 0.70 ohm-m at 100F
potential, E SSP, measurement in clean formations. or 0.33 ohm-m at 250F
Enter the nomograph with ESSP in mV, turning through
Therefore, R mfeq = 0.85 0.33
the reservoir temperature in F or C to define the
= 0.28 ohm-m at 250F
R mfeq /R weq ratio. From this value, pass through the R mfeq
value to define R weq. R weq = 0.025 ohm-m at 250F Rweq
For predominantly NaCl muds, determine R mfeq as E SSP = K c log(R mfeq /R weq ) (ohm-m)
follows: K C = 61 + 0.133 TF 0.001
a. If R mf at 75F (24C) is greater than 0.1 ohm-m, K C = 65 + 0.24 TC
correct R mf to formation temperature using Chart
Gen-9, and use R mfeq = 0.85 R mf.
b. If R mf at 75F (24C) is less than 0.1 ohm-m, use
Chart SP-2 to derive a value of R mfeq at formation
temperature.

Rmfeq /Rweq 0.005

0.3 0.3

0.4 0.4
0.5 Rmfeq 0.01
0.6 0.6 (ohm-m)
0.01
0.8 0.8
1 1 0.02 0.02

0.04
0.06
2 2
0.1
aw /amf or Rmfe /Rwe

0.05
3 0.2

4 4
0.4
5 0.6 0.1
6 6
1
8 8
10 10 2 0.2

4
25 00 C

6
0
C
2

20 20
10
15

50
C

Formation 0.5
10
0
50

0

0C

temperature
F
40

30
C

20
0
30
0C

F
100

20

40 40
F
0F

40
F

50 1.0
60
+50 0 50 100 150 200
100
ESSP, static spontaneous potential (mV)
2.0
Schlumberger

SP-1
Figure B11
(05/96) B-13
Introduction to Openhole Logging

Rw versus Rweq and Formation Temperature

0.001
250C
200C

0.002 150C

100C
75C
0.005
50C

25C
0.01
Saturation

0.02
R weq or R mfeq (ohm-m)

0.05

0.1

0.2

250
C
200
C
0.5 150
C
100
C
75
C
N

50
aC

1.0 C
la

25
t2

C
5
C

2.0
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5
R w or Rmf (ohm-m)

Gyp-base mud filtrates

EXAMPLE: Rweq = 0.025 m at 120oC. From chart, Rw = 0.031 m at 120oC

Special procedures for muds containing Ca or Mg in solution are discussed in Reference 3. Lime base muds
usually have a negligible amount of Ca in solution; they may be treated as regular mud types.

SP-2m

Figure B12

(05/96) B-14

B2.0 Measurement of Rt by
Induction Principles
B2.1 INTRODUCTION
We have two different types or classes of
tools designed for the two most common bore-
hole environments:
1. Nonconductive boreholes
- including fresh mud systems, invert
mud systems and air-filled holes.
a. Dual-Induction SFL tool (no
longer in service)
b. Phasor-dual Induction SFL
tool
c. Array Induction Imager tool
(AIT)
2. Conductive boreholes
- including saline to salt saturated mud
systems
Dual laterolog.
B2.2 INDUCTION LOGGING
PRINCIPLES
The induction logging tool was originally de-
veloped to measure formation resistivity in
boreholes containing oil-base muds and in air-
drilled boreholes. Electrode devices did not
work in these nonconductive muds, and at-
tempts to use wall-scratcher electrodes were
unsatisfactory.
Schlumberger
Experience soon demonstrated that the induc-
tion log had many advantages when used for
logging wells drilled with water-base muds.
Designed for deep investigation, induction logs
can be focused to minimize the influences of
the borehole, surrounding formations and in-
vaded zone.
Principle
Todays induction tools have many transmit-
ter and receiver coils. However, the principle
can be understood by considering a sonde with
only one transmitter coil and one receiver coil
(see Figure B13).
A high-frequency alternating current of con-
stant intensity is sent through a transmitter coil.
The alternating magnetic field created induces
currents in the formation surrounding the bore-
hole. These currents flow in circular ground
loops coaxial with the transmitter coil and cre-
ate, in turn, a magnetic field that induces a volt-
age in the receiver coil.
Because the alternating current in the trans-
mitter coil is of constant frequency and ampli-
tude, the ground loop currents are directly pro-
portional to the formation conductivity. The
voltage induced in the receiver coil is propor-
tional to the ground loop currents and, there-
fore, to the conductivity of the formation.
(05/96) B-15
Introduction to Openhole Logging
There is also a direct coupling between the
transmitter and receiver coils. The signal
originating from this coupling is eliminated
electronically.
The induction tool works best when the
borehole fluid is an insulatoreven air or gas.
The tool also works well when the borehole
contains conductive mud unless the mud is too
salty, formations are too resistive or borehole
diameter is too large.
Figure B13: Basic two-coil induction log system
(05/96) B-16
B2.3 SPHERICALLY FOCUSED LOG
PRINCIPLES
The SFL device measures the resistivity of
the formation near the borehole and provides
the relatively shallow investigation required to
evaluate the effects of invasion on deeper re-
sistivity measurements. It is the short-spacing
device used in the Phasor induction SFL tool.
The SFL system differs from previous fo-
cused electrode devices. Whereas those sys-
tems attempt to focus the current into planar
discs, the SFL system establishes essentially
constant potential shells around the current
electrode.

The SFL device is able to preserve the spheri-
cal potential distribution in the formation over
a wide range of wellbore variables, even when
a conductive borehole is present. To accom-
plish this, the SFL device is composed of two
separate, and generally independent, current
systems (Figure B14). The bucking current
system serves to plug the borehole and estab-
lish the equipotential spheres. The io survey
current system causes an independent survey
current to flow through the volume of investi-
gation; the intensity of this current is propor-
tional to the formation conductivity.
Figure B14: Electrode array of SFL tool
and schematic representation of surveying
current (io) lines (dashed) and focusing
current (io) lines (solid).
The SFL device consists of current-emitting
electrodes, current-return electrodes and meas-
ure electrodes. Two equipotential spheres
about the tools current source are established.
Schlumberger
The first sphere is about 9 in. away from the
survey current electrode; the other is about 50
in. away. A constant potential of 2.5 mV is
maintained between these two spherical sur-
faces. Because the volume of formation be-
tween these two surfaces is constant (electrode
spacing is fixed) and the voltage drop is con-
stant (2.5 mV), the resistivity of this volume
of formation can be determined by measuring
the current flow.
B2.4 DUAL INDUCTION
SPHERICALLY FOCUSED LOG
This is the most basic of induction devices
and was the reference resistivity induction de-
vice for more than 20 years until its retirement
in 1990. The tool supplies three focused resis-
tivity curves: two induction and a shallow in-
vestigating spherically focused curve plus the
spontaneous potential (SP). Each curve has a
different depth of investigation (Figure B15).
Spherically focused loga shallow
reading device affected mainly by the
flushed (Rxo ) zone (radial distance
30 cm).
Medium induction (ILM)
depending on the invasion diameter
and profile the ILM may be influ-
enced by the Rxo or Rt zones or both.
(radial distance 60 80 cm).
Deep induction (ILD) mostly af-
fected by Rt , unless invasion is very
deep. Either or both induction curves
may be influenced if an annulus is
present (radial distance 1.2 1.5
m).
(05/96) B-17
Introduction to Openhole Logging

DUAL INDUCTION - SP/SFL

FILE 2

ILM
0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

ILD
0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

SP SFLU
-150.0000 (MV) 0.0000 0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

600

Figure B15

(05/96) B-18

a) Log Presentation
a. Logarithmic: A 1:240 scale is pre-
sented with the resistivity curves on a
logarithmic scale. This is the pre-
ferred presentation for log analysis
(Figure B15).
b. Log-lin: The 1:600 scale presents two
resistivity curves, the SFL (averaged)
and the ILD on the linear resistivity
scale. Also included is the equivalent
ILD conductivity curve. This presen-
tation is primarily for correlation pur-
poses. Both presentations are re-
corded simultaneously.
b) Tool Characteristics and Applications
1. The Dual-Induction SFL tool is most
effective when used in holes drilled
with moderately conductive mud
(e.g., where Rmf / Rw > 2.5).
2. Vertical focusing is good, and reliable
values of Rt may be obtained where
bed thickness is > 4.0 m.
3. Because this tool actually measures
formation conductivity and converts
the values to resistivity, results are
most accurate in zones of low resis-
tivity.
4. The recording of three curves that in-
vestigate different amounts of forma-
tion volume enable us to study inva-
sion profiles and where invasion is
deep, make the correction to obtain Rt .
5. Because the two induction devices
produce their signals by inducing a
magnetic field in the formation, they
can be run in air-drilled wells or wells
drilled with nonconductive mud. (The
SFL tool requires a conductive mud
path to the formation and cannot be
presented.) A gamma ray curve is
usually recorded in place of the SP.
Schlumberger
Correction charts are available for the
influence of:
- borehole (diameter and mud
resistivity)
- bed thickness
- invasion.
c) Limitations
1. The logging of large diameter holes
drilled with saline mud should be
avoided, particularly in high-resistivity
formations. Large borehole signals
will add to the formation signals, pro-
ducing anomalously low apparent re-
sistivities.
2. In zones of high resistivity (low con-
ductivity), e.g. in excess of 250 ohm-
m, errors in measurement can occur.
These problems may be minimized by a sys-
tem of downhole calibration checks. A thick
zero-porosity zone (e.g., limestone or anhy-
drite) is used for this purpose. Thus, if diffi-
culties in producing a good DIL are expected, it
is often advantageous to run a porosity-caliper
log before the DIL. (Note that these changes
were only made to the DIL logs in the remarks
section of the log heading.)
d) Log Responses (Figure B16)
For wells drilled with fresh muds (Rmf/Rw >
2.5, Rxo /Rt > 2.5) the following general conclu-
sions can be reached by log inspection:
- When SFL = ILM = ILD; Rt = ILD,
this indicates zero or very shallow in-
vasion.
- When SFL > ILM = ILD; Rt = ILD
this indicates moderate invasion.
- When SFL > ILM > ILD; and if Rxo =
SFL, then Rt < ILD, which indicates
deep invasion.
(05/96) B-19
Introduction to Openhole Logging
When SFL = ILM > ILD and if Rxo = SFL
chart Rint-2c must be used (Figure B17) to ob-
tain Rt . This response indicates very deep inva-
sion.
In general, the closer the medium curve is to
the SFL, the deeper the invasion. The result of
correcting for invasion is to obtain an Rt that is
lower than the ILD. Hence, by using ILD
without correction, you will obtain an optimistic
Sw.
e) Summary
Benefits:
1. Dual-Induction SFL tool can most ef-
fectively be used in holes filled with
moderately conductive mud, noncon-
ductive mud, and air-drilled holes.
2. Vertical focusing is good and gives
reliable values of Rt for beds thicker
than 3 m.
(05/96) B-20
3. It measures low resistivities (less than
10 ohm-m) accurately.
4. Recording of three focused resistivity
logs, which investigate different vol-
umes of formation, enables us to
study invasion profile and good Rt
values in the case of deep invasion.
Correction charts are available for
- borehole
- bed thickness
- invasion.
Disadvantages:
1. Not reliable for resistivities > 250
ohm-m (use a dual laterolog)
2. Large hole and saline mud results in
large borehole signals give an unusu-
ally low apparent resistivity. (use
DLL in this case).
 Schlumberger

DUAL INDUCTION INVASION PROFILES

ILM
0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

ILD
0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

SP SFL
-80.0000 (MV) 20.0000 0.2000 (OHMM) 2000.0000

NO INVASION

SHALLOW
INVASION

MODERATE
INVASION

VERY DEEP
INVASION

Figure B16

(05/96) B-21
Introduction to Openhole Logging

DIL* Dual-Induction - SFL* Spherically Focused Log

ID - IM - SFL

Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole, skin-effect corrected,

DIS-EA or equivalent
40

Rxo /Rm 100

30

Rxo 50
20 40 60
70
) Rt
di (in. 80
30
30 90
25

25
20

20

10 15
9
15
8

7 1.01 1.27 1.52

2.03
)
RSFL/RID d i (m
6 0.75 10
0.63 0.95 0.90 0.80
5 Rt 1.0
0.50 RID
7
4
0.38

5
3

3
2

1
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9
RIM /RID

Rint-2c

Figure B17

(05/96) B-22
 Schlumberger

B2.5 PHASOR-INDUCTION SFL TOOL

The Phasor-Induction SFL tool (Figure B18)
uses a conventional dual induction-SFL array
to record resistivity data at three depths of in-
vestigation (see Chart B1). In addition to the
usual in-phase (R-signal) induction measure-
ments, the tool makes a high-quality meas-
urement of the induction quadrature signal (X-
signals). These measurements are combined
with new advances in signal processing to
provide an induction log with thin-bed resolu-
tion down to 2 ft [60 cm]. Full correction for
such environmental distortions such as shoul-
der effect and borehole effect are also per-
formed.
Central to this development is a nonlinear
deconvolution technique that corrects the in-
duction log in real time for shoulder effect and
improves the thin-bed resolution over the full
range of formation conductivities. This algo-
rithm, called Phasor Processing, requires the
use of the induction quadrature signals, or X-
signals, which measure the nonlinearity di-
rectly. Phasor Processing corrects for shoul-
der effect and provides thin-bed resolution
through Enhanced Processing down to 60 cm
in many cases.

Since its introduction in the early 1960s, the

dual induction tool has evolved into the pri-
mary logging service for openhole formation
evaluation in fresh and oil-base muds. Previ-
ous tools have, however, produced logs with
response limitations. These limitations have
usually required tedious hand correction. In
extreme cases tool response limitations have
produced features on logs that were mistaken
for geological features. Although distortions
of the formation resistivity caused by resolu-
tion effect and shoulder effect are fully predict-
able from electromagnetic theory, automatic
correction algorithms were not successful be-
fore now because of the nonlinearity of the R-
signal measurement, which was the only
measurement made in the older tools.

New developments in electronics technology,

work on computing the response of the induc-
tion tool in realistic formation models and
modern signal processing theory have com- Figure B18: Schematic of the
bined to allow the development of a newer tool Phasor-Induction SFL tool
that is able to overcome the limitations of pre-
vious tools.

(05/96) B-23
Introduction to Openhole Logging
By adding borehole geometry measurements
in the same tool string, borehole effect can also
be corrected in real time. With these environ-
mental effects removed, a real-time inversion
of the data into a three-parameter invasion
model can be done at the wellsite.
The Phasor induction design provides sev-
eral additional advantages over existing tools.
These include improvements in the calibration
system, sonde error stability, SFL response
and a reduction of signal and cable noise.
Each of these improvements contributes to-
ward providing more accurate formation resis-
tivity measurements over a wider range of re-
sistivity and borehole conditions.
a) Phasor Tool Description and Features
The Phasor-Induction SFL tool can be com-
bined with other cable telemetry tools. Meas-
urements returned to the surface include deep
(ID) and medium (IM) R-signals, ID and IM
X-signals, SFL voltage and current, SFL focus
current, spontaneous potential (SP), SP-to-
Armor voltage and array temperature. All
measurements except SP are digitized down-
hole with high-resolution analog-to-digital
converters, and all measure channels are re-
calibrated every 6 in. [15 cm] during logging.
The operating frequency of the induction ar-
rays is selectable at 10, 20, or 40 kHz, with a
default frequency of 20 kHz. The tool also
provides measurements of important analog
signals and continuous monitoring of digital
signals as an aid to failure detection and analy-
sis. Depths of investigation and vertical reso-
lution of the measurements are listed.
(05/96) B-24
b) Log Presentation
The same presentation format is used for
both generations of induction tools. The two
logs can be identified by the following differ-
ences (Figure B19):
1. Deep induction (IDPH)the log in-
serts use the IDPH acronym to iden-
tify Phasor Processing.
2. Medium induction (IMPH)the log
inserts use the IMPH acronym to
identify Phasor Processing.
3. There is a hash mark up the right side
of the depth track.
c) Tool Characteristics, Improvements,
and Applications
1. The Phasor-Induction SFL tool can
be most effectively used in holes
filled with moderately conductive
mud, nonconductive mud and air-
drilled holes.
2. Vertical focusing is good and gives
reliable values of Rt for beds thicker
than 2.5 m with no shoulder bed cor-
rections required.
3. Low resistivities are measured accu-
rately.
4. The recording of three focused resis-
tivity logs investigates different vol-
umes of formation.
5. It is reliable for resistivities up to
1000 ohm-m versus 250 ohm-m
with the normal induction tool.
6. Accurate readings are obtained in
boreholes up to 66 cm in diameter
(Rt /Rm < 1000).
7. Varying transmitter frequencies im-
prove the signal-to-noise ratios.
8. Digital transmission techniques are
used to improve accuracy of calibra-
tion and measurement.
 Schlumberger

Correction charts are available for

- borehole
- bed thickness
- invasion (chart Rint-11a).

Phasor-Induction SFL tool

Median Depth of Investigation

1. Tool Depth

Above 100 ohm-m, ID 62 in. [1.58 m]

homogeneous forma- IM 31 in. [0.79 m]
tion SFL 16 in. [0.41 m]

2.

At 0.1 ohm-m, homo- ID 48 in. [1.22 m]

geneous formation IM 26 in. [0.66 m]
SFL 16 in. [0.41 m]

Phasor-Induction SFL tool

Vertical Resolution

Vertical resolution bed IDPH 8 ft [2.46 m]

thickness for full Rt IMPH 6 ft [1.85 m]
determinationno in- IDER 3 ft [0.92 m]
vasion IMER 3 ft [0.92 m]
IDVR 2 ft [0.61 m]
IMVR 2 ft [0.61 m]
SFL 2 ft [0.61 m]

ERenhanced resolution phasor tool

VRvery enhanced resolution phasor tool

Chart B1

(05/96) B-25
Introduction to Openhole Logging

SFQF PHASOR INDUCTION - SFL

0.0 10.000
IMQF
0.0 10.000
IDQF
0.0 10.000
SFLU(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
TENS(N ) IMPH(OHMM)
0.0 20000. .20000 2000.0
SP(MV ) IDPH(OHMM)
-80.00 20.000 .20000 2000.0

IDPH QUALITY

IMPH QUALITY

SFLU QUALITY

PHASOR PROC.

CP 32.6 FILE 8 08-JUN-1992 17:03

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1 18-MAY-1992 10:33

1/240

1450

---TENS
---SFLU
SP---
---IMPH
---IDPH
---SFQF
---IMQF
---IDQF

1475

Figure B19

(05/96) B-26
 Schlumberger

Phasor* Dual Induction-SFL Spherically Focused Log

ID Phasor - IM Phasor - SFL

Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole, skin-effect and borehole corrected

Rxo /Rm 100, DIT-E or equivalent, frequency = 20 kHz
200
di (in.)
40 50 60
30 70 80
25 90
100 20 100
15 Rt 120
0.9 0.8 0.7
200 0.95 RIDPH 0.6
50 0.5
0.4 160
140 0.3

100 200
20
70
RSFL/RIDPH
50
10 40
30
20 1
5
15
10
7
2 5
Rxo 3
2
Rt
1
1 2 3 4 5
RIMPH /RIDPH

These charts (Rint-11) apply to the Phasor induction tool when operated at a frequency of 20 kHz. Similar
charts (not presented here) are available for tool operation at 10 kHz and 40 kHz.
The 20 kHz charts do provide, however, reasonable approximations of Rxo/Rt and Rt /RIDPH for tool operation
at 10 kHz and 40 kHz when only moderately deep invasion exists (less than 100 inches).
All Phasor* Induction invasion correction charts are applicable to Enhanced Resolution Logging (ERL*) and
Enhanced Resolution Analysis (ERA*) presentation.

Rint-11a

Figure B20

(05/96) B-27
Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96) B-28
 Schlumberger

B3.0 Measurement of Rt
by Laterolog Principles

B3.1 DUAL LATEROLOG a) Description and Features

Broadly speaking, borehole fluids used dur-
ing drilling operations are broken into conduc-
tive and nonconductive categories. Each poses
particular challenges in measuring formation
resistivities. The dual laterolog is a current
emitting electrode device that performs best in
saline muds (i.e., where Rt /Rm >>> 100, Rmf /Rw
< 2.5). It is designed to extract Rt by measur-
ing resistivity with several arrays with different
depths of investigation.
These requirements resulted in the develop-
ment of the dual laterolog MicroSFL tool with
simultaneous recordings. Figure B21 illus-
trates the focusing used by the deep laterolog
device (LLD, left) and by the shallow laterolog
device (LLS, right). Both use the same elec-
trodes and have the same current-beam thick-
ness, but have different focusing to provide
their different depth-of-investigation charac-
teristics.

Measurements responding to three appropri-

ately chosen depths of investigation usually
approximate the invasion profile sufficiently
well to determine Rt .

For best interpretation accuracy, a combina-

tion system should have certain desirable fea-
tures:
- Borehole effects should be small
and/or correctable.
- Vertical resolutions should be simi-
lar.
- Radial investigations should be well
distributed (i.e., one reading as deep
as practical, one reading very shallow
and the third reading in between).

Figure B21: Dual Laterolog

Deep and Shallow Current Patterns

(05/96) B-29
Introduction to Openhole Logging

The DLL tool has a response range of 0.2 to b) Log Presentation

40,000 ohm-m, which is a much wider range
than covered by previous laterolog devices.
To achieve accuracy at both high and low re-
sistivities a constant-power measuring system
is employed. In this system both measure cur-
rent (io) and measure voltage (Vo) are varied
and measured, but the product of the two Voio
c) Tool Characteristics and
(i.e., power) is held constant.
Applications
The deep laterolog measurement (LLD) of
the DLL tool has a deeper depth of investiga-
tion than previous laterolog tools and extends
the range of formation conditions in which re-
liable determinations of Rt are possible.
To achieve this, long guard electrodes are
needed; the distance between the extreme ends
of the guard electrodes of the DLL-Rxo tool is
approximately 28 ft [8.5 m]. The nominal
beam thickness of 2 ft [60 cm], however, in-
sures good vertical resolution. Radial investi-
gation is 45 ft [1.21.5 m].
The DLL MicroSFL log presentation
is similar to that of the Phasor Induc-
tion. Differences include an expanded
resistivity scale (0.2200,000 ohm-
m) and the addition of gamma ray
and caliper (if MicroSFL is used).
See the log in Figure B23.
1. The dual laterolog performs most ef-
fectively in saline mud (high Rt /Rm
ratios) or where Rmf/Rw < 2.5 (Figure
B22).
2. The tool has an excellent resistivity
range; by utilizing a unique design,
resistivity resolution from 0.2 to
40,000 ohm-m is possible.

The shallow laterolog measurement (LLS)

has the same vertical resolution as the deep
laterolog device at 2 ft [60 cm], but it responds
more strongly to that region around the bore-
hole normally affected by invasion. It uses a
type of focusing called the pseudolaterolog,
wherein the focusing current is returned to
nearby electrodes instead of to a remote elec-
trode. This causes the measure current to di-
verge more quickly once it has entered the
formations, thus producing a relatively shallow
depth of investigation of 20 to 24 in. [50 to 60
cm].

Figure B22: Preferred Ranges of Applications of

Induction Logs and Laterologs

(05/96) B-30
 Schlumberger

DUAL LATEROLOG - MSFL

FILE 16

LLD
2000 (OHMM) 200000

BS LLS
125 (MM) 375 2000 (OHMM) 200000

TENS MSFL
50000 (N) 0 0.2 (OHMM) 2000

CALS LLD
125 (MM) 375 0.2 (OHMM) 2000

GR LLS
0 (GAPI) 150 0.2 (OHMM) 2000

2550

2600

Figure B23

(05/96) B-31
Introduction to Openhole Logging
3. Vertical resolution is excellent. Rt can
be obtained in beds as thin as 2 ft [60
cm].
4. The LLD has very little borehole ef-
fect in large holes.
5. When combined with an Rxo meas-
urement, the LLD and LLS curves
may be used to study invasion pro-
files and compute a more accurate Rt .
See Chart Rint-9 (Figure B24).
6. Assuming borehole conditions are
suitable, the separation of the LLS
and LLD curves may be used to give
quicklook indications of hydrocar-
bons; particularly in salt mud. In salt
muds Rxo / Rt will be less than 1 so the
better the zone, the greater the separa-
tion between the LLS and LLD.
(05/96) B-32
d) Limitations
1. The tools should not be used in fresh
muds (Rmf/Rw > 2.5).
2. The tools requires good centralization
to minimize borehole influence on
the LLD.
3. If invasion is deep, a good value of
Rxo (e.g., from a microspherically fo-
cused log) is required to correct LLd
for invasion influence to obtain an
accurate value of Rt .
Correction Charts are available for the influ-
ence of
- borehole (diameter and mud resistiv-
ity)
- invasion. (Chart Rint-9b, Figure
B24)
- bed thickness.
 Schlumberger

Dual Laterolog -Rxo Device

DLT-D/E LLD - LLS - Rxo Device

Thick beds, 8-in. [203-mm] hole,

no annulus, no transition zone, Rxo /Rm = 50,
use data corrected for borehole effect
100
20 30 40 50
80 60
0.50 100
0.75 80
60 1.01 1.27
1.52
70 2.03 100

40 120
50
Rt 3.04
30 di (in.)
Rxo
1.1 30 di (m)
20 1.2
1.3
1.4
15 20 1.6
1.8
15
10

8 Rt
10
RLLD
6
7
RLLD /Rxo
4 5

3
3
2
2
1.5 1.5

1
di (in.) Rt
0.8 Rxo
di (m)
0.6
100
2.54 60 0.4
0.4 1.52 40
30
0.3 1.01 20
0.75 0.2
0.50
0.2
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 50
RLLD /RLLS

Rint-9b
Figure B24

(05/96) B-33
Introduction to Openhole Logging

(05/96) B-34

B4.0 Measurement of Rxo by
Microresistivity Principles
B4.1 INTRODUCTION
As has been mentioned, a measurement of
flushed-zone resistivity Rxo is an important in-
put when attempting to define invasion di-
ameter. Because the flushed zone may extend
only a few centimetres from the borehole, a
shallow-reading device is required. Such tools
are the microlog, microlaterolog, proximity log
and the MicroSFL log. All are pad-type de-
vices that are pressed against the borehole wall
to make their measurements.
Today, the microlog MicroSFL log are com-
pletely combinable with all main logging
services. The microlaterolog and proximity
log have been discontinued because of their
limitations in design; hence, explanations of
their measurements are not provided. Another
service, the EPT (Electromagnetic Propagation
Tool), also provides an excellent Rxo measure-
ment. This service is an advanced device and
is not discussed in this book. For more infor-
mation, refer to Schlumberger Log Interpreta-
tion Applications/Principles.
Schlumberger
To measure Rxo , the tool must have a very
shallow depth of investigation. Because the
reading should be affected by the borehole as
little as possible, a sidewall-pad tool is used.
Currents from the electrodes on the pad must
pass through the mudcake to reach the flushed
zone. Therefore, microresistivity readings are
affected by mudcake; the effect depends on
mudcake resistivity Rmc and thickness hmc.
Moreover, mudcakes can be anisotropic, with
mudcake resistivity parallel to the borehole
wall less than that across the mudcake. Mud-
cake anisotropy increases the mudcake effect
on microresistivity readings so that the effec-
tive, or electrical, mudcake thickness is greater
than that indicated by the caliper.
(05/96) B-35
Introduction to Openhole Logging
B4.2 MICROLOG
With the microlog tool, two short-spaced
devices with different depths of investigation
provide resistivity measurements of a small
volume of mudcake and formation immedi-
ately adjoining the borehole.
Comparison of the two curves readily identi-
fies mudcake, which indicates invaded and,
therefore, permeable formations.
a) Principle
The rubber microlog pad is pressed against
the borehole wall by arms and springs (Figure
B25). The face of the pad has three small in-
line electrodes spaced 1 in. [2.5 cm] apart.
With these electrodes a 1- by 1-in. microin-
verse (R1" x1" ) and a 2-in. [5.1 cm] micronormal
(R2" ) measurement are recorded simultane-
ously. The currents emitted from these elec-
trodes are totally unfocused and hence flow by
the path of least resistance (Figure B26).
Figure B25: Microlog
(05/96) B-36
As drilling fluid filters into the permeable
formations, mud solids accumulate on the hole
wall and form a mudcake. Usually, the resis-
tivity of the mudcake is slightly greater than
the resistivity of the mud and considerably
lower than the resistivity of the invaded zone
near the borehole.
The 2-in. micronormal device has a greater
depth of investigation than the microinverse. It
is, therefore, less influenced by the mudcake
and reads a higher resistivity, which produces
positive curve separation. In the presence of
low-resistivity mudcake, both devices measure
moderate resistivities, usually ranging from 2
to 10 times Rm .
In impervious formations, the two curves
read similarly or exhibit some negative separa-
tion. Here the resistivities are usually much
greater than in permeable formations (see Fig-
ure B27).
Figure B26: Microlog
 Schlumberger

MICROLOG

ACCUMULATED INTEGRATION VALUES SUMMARY:

Integrated Hole Volume: 2.07418 M3 FROM 2039.87 M TO 1995.07 M

EVENT MARK SUMMARY:

OUTPUT INTERVAL DEPTH TRACK

BETWEEN PIPS EDGE

Integrated Hole Volume .100000 M3 LEFT EDGE

MCAL(MM )
125.00 375.00
TENS(N )
50000. 0.0
SGR(GAPI) BMNO(OHMM)
0.0 150.00 0.0 40.000
BS(MM ) BMIN(OHMM)
125.00 375.00 0.0 40.000

CP 32.6 FILE 3 00- -1941 00:39

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

61 02-JUN-1992 15:15

1/240

2000

2025

MCAL---
---BMNO
---BMIN
TENS---
---SGR
---BS

Figure B27

(05/96) B-37
Introduction to Openhole Logging
Under favorable circumstances the microlog
can be used to obtain Rxo but it is generally
considered a good qualitative indicator of per-
meability, rather than an Rxo measurement.
b) Microlog Limitations
- Rxo /Rmc must be less than about 15.
- Mudcake thickness < 1.2 cm
- Depth of flushing > 10 cm, other-
wise the microlog readings are af-
fected by Rt .
B4.3 MICROSPHERICALLY
FOCUSED LOG
The MicroSFL tool is a pad-mounted,
spherically-focused logging device that has
replaced the microlaterolog and proximity
tools. It has two distinct advantages over the
other Rxo devices. The first is its combinability
with other logging tools, including the Phasor-
Induction SFL, the AIT (Array Induction Im-
ager and dual laterolog tools).
Figure B28: Current Distribution of MicroSFL
device (left) and Electrode Arrangement (right)
(05/96) B-38
This eliminates the need for a separate logging
run to obtain Rxo information. See Figure B23
for a log example of the MicroSFL tool with
dual laterolog.
The second improvement is in the tools re-
sponse to shallow Rxo zones in the presence of
mudcake. The chief limitation of the micro-
laterolog measurement was its sensitivity to
mudcakes. When mudcake thickness exceeded
about 3/8 in., the log readings were severely
influenced at high Rxo /Rmc contrasts. The
proximity log, on the other hand, was rela-
tively insensitive to mudcake, but it required an
invaded zone diameter of about 100 cm to
provide direct approximations of Rxo .
The solution was found in an adaptation of
the principle of spherical focusing in a side-
wall-pad device. By careful selection of elec-
trode spacings and bucking-current controls,
the MicroSFL measurement was designed for
minimum mudcake effect without any undue
increase in the depth of investigation. Figure
B28 illustrates, schematically, the current pat-
terns (left) and the electrode arrangement
(right) of the MicroSFL tool.
By forcing the measure current to flow di-
rectly into the formation, the effect of mudcake
resistivity on the tool response is minimized;
yet, the tool still has a shallow depth of inves-
tigation.
Synthetic microlog curves can also be com-
puted from MicroSFL parameters. Because the
measure current sees mostly the flushed zone
and the bucking current sees primarily the
mudcake, it is possible to mathematically de-
rive micronormal and microinverse curves.
 Schlumberger

B5.0 Work Session

1a. Given Rmf = 2.5 ohm-m at 10oC, find Rmf at 52oC, using Chart Gen-9 (Figure B2).

Rmf =

b. What is NaCl concentration of the mud filtrate in ppm?

2a. Given a solution salinity of 80,000 ppm, find the solution resistivity at 121oC.

Rm =

b. Given a solution salinity of 10,000 ppm at 20oC, find the solution resistivity at 50oC.

Rm =

3. Given Rm = 0.74 at 20oC, what does Rm equal at BHT if the total depth is 2400 m and the
geothermal gradient is 2oC/100 m (surface temperature is 20oC) ?

Rm = __________________________ at __________________ oC

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

4. From the SP in Figure B30,

SP(MV )
calculate Rw. Formation
-150.0 0.0
temperature is 63oC.
15 Rmf = 0.79 at 20oC.
-|---|+

a) Rmf = at formation temperature

CP 32.6 FILE 1 01-APR-1941 17:28

b) SP = mV
INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1 05-JUN-1992 08:34

1/240
c) Rmfe = at formation temperature

d) Rwe = at formation temperature

2150
e) Rw = at formation temperature

f) Rw = at25oC

g) Formation NaCl
concentration = ppm

Note: Use charts SP-1 and SP-2m

(Figures B11 and B12).

SP---

2175

Figure B30

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 Schlumberger

5. Calculate Rw for the zone from 2326 to 2340 m in

GR(GAPI)
30.000 130.00 Figure B31.
SP(MV )
-150.0 0.0
Rmf = 0.110 at 20oC
15
-|---|+ Formation temperature = 58.9oC

CP 32.6 FILE 3 01-APR-1941 18:05

Rw = at25oC
INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1 05-JUN-1992 08:38

1/240

6. Using the log examples in Figure B32 calculate

2325 a) Depth of invasion at A and B

and
b) Rt (ILD corrected) at A and B

---GR
SP---

7. Calculate Rw for the example of the dual induction

SFL in Figure B15.
Given: Rm = 3.05 at 17oC
R mf = 2.60 at 17oC
BHT = 23oC
2350

Figure B31

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

ILM(OHMM)
.20000 2000.0
GR(GAPI) ILD(OHMM)
0.0 150.00 .20000 2000.0
SP(MV ) SFL(OHMM)
-150.0 0.0 .20000 2000.0

CP 32.6 FILE 8 09-JUN-1992 14:42

INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1 09-JUN-1992 14:09

1/240

1800 A

---GR
---SP
---ILM
---ILD
---SFL

1700

---SP B
---ILM
---ILD
SFL---

1725

Figure B32

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 Schlumberger

SP(MV )
8. Calculate Rw for both zones in Figure B33
-80.00 20.000 Rm = 1.18 at 25oC
10 R mf = 0.93 at 16oC
-|---|+
BHT = 59oC
CP 32.6 FILE 4 01-APR-1941 18:13
INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE
1 05-JUN-1992 08:41
1675

a. Top zone: 1685 m to 1695 m

Rw = at 59oC

Rw = at 25oC

b. Bottom zone: 1695 m to 1717 m

1700
Rw = at 59oC

Rw = at 25oC

---SP

c. What are possible reasons for the

difference?

1725

Figure B33

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Introduction to Openhole Logging

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