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E mulsified oil in water poses a problem in wastewater In contrast to these f o t a t i o n units, the alr-sparged
t r e a t m e n t because of the difficulty in separating the oil hydrocyclone is designed to accomplish fast flotation with
from the water before discharge to sewerage systems or the aid of a high interfacial flux in a swirl flow regime. The
inland waterways. The e x t e n t of the problem can be air-sparged hydrocyclone has been developed as a high-
dependent on the degree of stability of the emulsion. capacity unit for mineral flotation. Its effectiveness has been
Unstable emulsions, such as those often produced by the demonstrated on a pilot-scale basis for a number of mineral
simple application of shear, separate into two phases in a commodities, including coal, (a) copper, (4) gold (5) and
relatively short time on standing. Emulsions produced in industrial minerals, using a nominal 5 cm x 50 cm
the presence of certain surface active reagents are stabilised system with separation efficiencies equivalent to those
by the high surface charge density of the oil droplets which achieved by conventional flotation machines. (6) The high
results from the adsorption of the emulsifying compound. specific capacity of the air-sparged hydrocyclone (3500 to
When such an emulsion is quiescent the oil droplets 21,000 t p d / m 3 of cell volume for a nominal 5 cm 50 cm
coalesce ('cream') extremely slowly, because the electro- system, compared to 35 to 75 t p d / m 3 of cell volume for
static repulsion between the droplets is greater than the van conventional columns and mechanical machines) makes it
der Waals attraction. For this reason, in w a s t e w a t e r especially well suited for the processing of low-grade ore.
treatment, chemically stabilised oil-in-water emulsions are The air-sparged hydrocyclone also has the potential for high
not readily separated by a simple oil skimmer. Furthermore, flow usage in the wastewater treatment industry. Previous
other methods of separating the emulsified oil from water test work in this area has investigated the use of the air-
using polyelectrolyte emulsion breakers or acid and steam sparged hydrocyclone for the separation of an oil/water
have also been found to be inefficient when treating low mixture with mechanically produced oil droplets between
concentrations of oil in water. 5 mm and 50 #m in diameter. (7) In this work it was found
Chemically stabilised oil-in-water emulsions can be that the highest efficiency was obtained when the effluent
successfully treated by flotation after flocculation of the split was 3/10, the air/water ratio (Q) was 11/10 (Q= 1.1)
droplets with a cationic polyelectrolyte. This procedure is and no surfactant was added. However, the underflow
believed to cause improved flotation, possibly as a result of showed only a 40% reduction in oil content, making the
the improved collection efficiency at coarser particle size, or process u n c o m p e t i t i v e with o t h e r forms of o i l / w a t e r
as a consequence of the net positive charge on the separation.
flocculated droplet assemblies which can subsequently Separation of a chemically stabilised oil-in-water emul-
float with the aid of an anionic collector. (1) The most sion with the air-sparged hydrocyclone has not previously
common method for concentration of emulsions is by been attempted. A stable emulsion is similar in many
dissolved air flotation. (2) In this method air is introduced respects to a fine particle dispersion, and so it was
to the emulsion under pressure and subsequently depres- considered that the air-sparged hydrocyclone might be
surised within the flotation cell. This procedure produces appropriate in this situation. In this study the air-sparged
extremely fine air bubbles, which are believed to enhance hydrocyclone has been evaluated for use as a viable means
the flotation rate of fine emulsion droplets by increasing for separating a chemically stabilised oil-in-water emulsion.
their capture rate. This enhanced capture rate results from
the increased n u m b e r of bubbles per unit volume of Description of t h e air-sparged h y d r o c y c l o n e
emulsion. However, a p o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m with t h e s e The unit consists of a right-vertical cylinder having a porous
flotation devices is the large size of the units required wall, a conventional cyclone header, and a froth pedestal
when treating high flowrates, because of the slow rise times located at the bottom of the porous cylinder. A schematic
of fine air bubbles. d i ag r am of the air-sparged hydrocyclone is given in
Filtration & Separation March/April1993 141
bSPARGED HYDROCYCLONES
Statistical experimental design and procedure
Overflow The o i l - i n - w ~ t e r e m u l s i o n was p r e p a r e d on a 2000 l i t r e scale
4, using the following procedure adapted from a standard text
on emulsion preparation. (s) Sodium hydroxide pellets
(14.5 g) were added to water (2000 litres) while stirring.
Oil-in-water Oleic acid (100 ml) was added to mineral oil (2 litres,
emulsion I Delvac 1200 Super) and gently stirred. The oleic acid/oil
'inder mixture was added to the water solution that was then
continuously passed through a high shear pump. The high
shear pump was operated for approximately five hours,
tube during which time the turbidity of the emulsion rose and the
,Air ink average particle size fell. The final emulsion droplet size
distribution was 90% by volume less than 10 #m in
lyer diameter. This emulsion was diluted by a factor of two to
give an emulsion with an oil concentration of 440 mg/l and
a turbidity of 450 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units).
olumn Similar size distributions and turbidities were obtained for
all the emulsions made in this manner, as shown by the
particle size distributions in Figure 2.
,Air ink The effect of flocculant and frothing agents was
investigated using a high m o l e c u l a r weight cationic
flocculant and an anionic surfactant. Flocculant levels were
varied from 2 to 6 mg/l, while surfactant concentrations
were varied from 2 to 60 mg/l.
pedestal
The primary method used for optimisation was turbidity
because of the ease of m e a s u r e m e n t . Turbidity was
I
Underflow
t measured using a Hach Ratio/XR turbidity meter, cali-
brated over the range 0 to 2000 NTU with formazin
standards. Total organic carbon (TOC) measurements
Figure 1. Diagram of the air-sparged hydrooyclone. were made on the underflow to determine the oil content
of the treated oil-in-water emulsion. Good correlation was
found between the turbidity and TOC measurements, as
shown in Figure 3. A Dohrmann DC190 analyser equipped
Figure 1. The emulsion is fed tangentially through the with an infra-red detector was used to measure the TOC.
header into the cylinder to develop a swirl flow. Air is In order to investigate an extensive range of operating
sparged through the cylinder wall and is sheared into small variables, a statistical experimental design was used to
bubbles by the swirl flow. The flocculated emulsion droplets maximise the results obtained from a limited number of
in the wastewater collide with these bubbles, and, after experiments. A proprietary computer software package,
attachment, are transported into the froth phase. The froth ECHIP, was used to design the experimental programme
phase moves vertically along the axis of the cyclone to the and for statistical analysis of the results. The statistical
vortex finder pipe, and is discharged as an overflow product. analysis provided a measure of the experimental error and
The cleaned water is discharged as an underflow product the probability of the observed change being greater than
through the annular opening between the cylinder wall and the error. Three-dimensional graphs of the results of the
froth pedestal that supports the froth phase. experimentation were produced. This allowed determination
k ",)'
"-.N-",
0 I I I I ;',,N %'~ '%- I I
2 3 5 10 20 30 50 100
P a r t i c l e size (l~m)
[]
c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 20 mg/1, a n d so t h i s w a s i n c r e a s e d for Set
2. The feed flowrate a n d t h e a i r / f e e d flowrate ratio, Q, w e r e
03
O [] [] [] b o t h f o u n d to b e s e n s i t i v e to oil c o n c e n t r a t i o n , a n d so were
,f,,1
t-
40 v a r i e d in Set 2. T h e h e i g h t of t h e f r o t h p e d e s t a l affected t h e
(g u n d e r f l o w q u a l i t y b e c a u s e of t h e feed flow split. W h e n t h e
f r o t h p e d e s t a l w a s fully e l e v a t e d or fully lowered t h e o v e r /
i
O 2o ~ n underflow ratios were approximately 1/1 a n d 1 / 2 0 ,
S respectively, d u e to t h e size of t h e a n n u l a r o p e n i n g . For
0 I , I i I i I i I t h e s e c o n d e x p e r i m e n t a l set t h e f r o t h p e d e s t a l w a s fully
0 20 40 80 80 1 O0 12(] 14(~
e l e v a t e d to p r o d u c e o p t i m u m u n d e r f l o w quality.
Turbidity ( N T U )
T h e effect of s u r f a c t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d Q v a l u e over
Figure 3. Correlation between turbidity measurement and total t h e r a n g e of flowrates from 45 1/min to 65 1/min is s h o w n in
organic carbon value for the underflow from the air-sparged
hydrocyoione. F i g u r e 4. T h e s e t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l p l o t s i n d i c a t e t h e
i n t e r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n feed flowrate, Q v a l u e a n d s u r f a c t a n t
c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n in t u r b i d i t y in
of t h e o p t i m u m c o n d i t i o n s for f o t a t i o n of t h e o i l - i n - w a t e r t h e underflow. As s t a t e d earlier, a t low levels t h e r e was a
e m u l s i o n . Two s e t s of e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d out. The p o s i t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p e r c e n t a g e r e d u c t i o n in
first s e t w a s p e r f o r m e d to d e t e r m i n e t h e r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e t u r b i d i t y a n d TOC r e m o v a l p e r c e n t a g e . T h e r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d
of t h e five v a r i a b l e s given in T a b l e 1. F r o m t h e r e s u l t s of t h a t t h e r e are two r e g i m e s of o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s t h a t
t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s it w a s p o s s i b l e t o fix two of t h e v a r i a b l e s o p t i m i s e d p e r f o r m a n c e . A t low feed f i o w r a t e s a n d low Q
in t h e s e c o n d set of e x p e r i m e n t s -- a n n u l a r o p e n i n g a n d values, t h e u n d e r f l o w q u a l i t y w a s relatively i n s e n s i t i v e to
f l o c c u l a n t a d d i t i o n . T h e v a r i a b l e s u s e d in t h e s e c o n d set are surfactant concentration, although a slight increase with
also given in T a b l e 1, a n d w e r e u s e d to o p t i m i s e t h e d e c r e a s i n g s u r f a c t a n t w a s o b s e r v e d . At low feed flowrates
p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e a i r - s p a r g e d hydrocyclone. A 2.5 cm- and high Q values, surfactant concentration became
d i a m e t e r v o r t e x f i n d e r w a s u s e d in all e x p e r i m e n t s . significant, w i t h h i g h s u r f a c t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s r e q u i r e d
F r o m t h e r e s u l t s of Set 2, o p t i m u m c o n d i t i o n s w e r e to o b t a i n u n d e r f l o w q u a l i t y e q u a l to t h a t o b t a i n e d a t low Q
d e t e r m i n e d for o p e r a t i o n of t h e a i r - s p a r g e d h y d r o c y c l o n e values. A m i n i m u m u n d e r f l o w q u a l i t y o c c u r r e d a t a Q v a l u e
w h e n t h e f r o t h p e d e s t a l w a s fully elevated. T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s of 6.5 w h e n t h e s l u r r y flowrate was 45 1/min, as s e e n in
gave o p t i m u m u n d e r f l o w quality, b u t n o t o p t i m u m u n d e r - Figure 4a. This m i n i m u m p r o g r e s s e d to lower v a l u e s of Q as
flow flowrate. To d e t e r m i n e w h a t u n d e r f l o w q u a l i t y c o u l d b e t h e feed flowrate increased. At feed flowrates of 55 l / r a i n
o b t a i n e d w h i l e m a x i m i s i n g t h e u n d e r f l o w rate, t h e f r o t h a n d 65 1/min t h e m i n i m u m o c c u r r e d a t Q v a l u e s of 5.3 a n d
p e d e s t a l w a s l o w e r e d a n d t h e effect of f r o t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n 4.3, respectively. T h e u n d e r f l o w q u a l i t y m i n i m u m o c c u r r e d
w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d . T h e q u a l i t y of t h e u n d e r f l o w w a s also b e t w e e n t h e two r e g i m e s of o p t i m i s a t i o n -- w h e r e t h e
d e t e r m i n e d w h e n t h e u n d e r f l o w w a s p a s s e d twice t h r o u g h underflow quality was either dependent on surfactant
the flotation unit under the same conditions. c o n c e n t r a t i o n o r w a s relatively i n s e n s i t i v e to s u r f a c t a n t
E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t in b a t c h , w i t h r e a g e n t concentration.
a d d i t i o n p r i o r to flotation. F l o c c u l a n t w a s a d d e d t o a T h e two c o n d i t i o n r e g i m e s for o p t i m i s a t i o n i n d i c a t e d
200 litre s u b s a m p l e of t h e o i l - i n - w a t e r e m u l s i o n a n d s t i r r e d t h a t two d i f f e r e n t m e c h a n i s m s of d r o p l e t collection m a y
for four m i n u t e s , t h e n t h e s u r f a c t a n t w a s a d d e d w i t h a d o m i n a t e in t h e s e two areas. T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a t t h e low
s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n i n g time. S a m p l e s of b o t h t h e u n d e r f l o w feed flowrates a n d low Q v a l u e s u p p o r t t h e f i n d i n g s of t h e
a n d overflow w e r e t a k e n for analysis, a n d f i o w r a t e s were p r evious s t u d y of w a t e r de-oiling by t h i s m e t h o d . (7) In t h a t
m e a s u r e d t o d e t e r m i n e feed flow split. w o r k it w a s f o u n d t h a t o p t i m u m o i l - w a t e r s e p a r a t i o n
o c c u r r e d a t low feed flowrates, a Q v a l u e of 1.1 a n d w i t h
Interpretation of experimental response surface n o s u r f a c t a n t a d d i t i o n . This c o r r e l a t e d well w i t h t h e r e s u l t s
results d i s p l a y e d in Figure 4 a for t h e 45 1/min feed flowrate. The
The r e s u l t s of e x p e r i m e n t Set 1 s h o w e d t h a t t h e f l o c c u l a n t p r e v i o u s work l o o k e d only a t t h e r a n g e of Q v a l u e s from 0 to
1.6. W i t h i n t h i s r a n g e t h e m a x i m u m in n n d e r f l o w q u a l i t y
w a s o b s e r v e d a t a Q v a l u e of 1.1, b u t h a d t h e Q r a n g e b e e n
c o n t i n u e d to h i g h e r levels t h e s e c o n d m i n i m u m a n d
Variable Set 1 Set 2 s u b s e q u e n t s e c o n d m a x i m u m m a y h a v e b e e n observed.
Conversely, h a d t h e r a n g e of Q v a l u e s in t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y
Feed flowrate, I/min 45-75 45-75 b e e n e x t e n d e d to zero, t h e m a x i m u m a t low Q v a l u e s h o u l d
h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d . T h e o b s e r v a t i o n of t h e p r e v i o u s
Air/feed flowrate ratio (Q) 2-6 4-8 s t u d y (7) t h a t t h e s e p a r a t i o n efficiency d e c r e a s e d w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g feed flowrate a t a c o n s t a n t Q v a l u e w a s also
Annular opening, cm 0.15-0.35 0.15 o b s e r v e d in t h e c u r r e n t work, as s e e n in t h e p r o g r e s s i o n of
t h e m i n i m u m in Figures 4 a to 4c as t h e flowrate increased.
Su rfactant, mg/I 2-- 20 2 0 - 60 T h e m e c h a n i s m s of oil f l o t a t i o n in t h e s u r f a c t a n t -
i n d e p e n d e n t a n d s u r f a c t a n t - d e p e n d e n t r e g i m e s w e r e con-
Flocculant, mg/I 2--6 2 s i d e r e d t o b e as follows. A t t h e low feed f l o w r a t e a n d low Q
v a l u e r e g i o n t u r b u l e n c e in t h e f l o t a t i o n r e g i o n w a s
Table 1. Variables used to investigate the separation of minimised. Under these conditions the flocculated emul-
the oil from an oil-in-water emulsion using the air- sion d r o p l e t s r e m a i n e d i n t a c t a n d r e a d i l y a t t a c h e d to t h e a i r
eparged hydrocyoione. b u b b l e s . T h e s l i g h t d e c r e a s e in e f f l u e n t q u a l i t y w i t h
i n c r e a s e d s u r f a c t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n m a y h a v e a r i s e n from
Filtration & Separation March/April1993 143
SPARGEDHYDROCYCLONES
~ 98
C
0~
94~
41b
#,
(a) 0
(b)
.=
(c) 0
the production of smaller air bubbles (by virtue of the lower sparged hydrocyclone a second time, under the same
surface tension) that caused more turbulence. This is in conditions, to determine the potential benefit of two
agreement with the previous work (7) t h a t considered flotations in series. For the second flotation the infiuent
quiescent conditions were favourable for oil-water separa- was redosed with surfactant, because this would have been
tion in the air-sparged hydrocyclone, and the work of removed in the overflow of the previous flotation, but no
Schubert (9) concerning the requirement of low levels of extra flocculant was added. Results of these experiments
turbulence for flotation of large particles. are given in Table 2.
At high feed flowrates, conditions within the hydro- The results in Table 2 indicate that in the use of the air-
cyclone were different to those at low feed flowrates. The sparged hydrocyclone a compromise must be made between
high feed flowrates resulted in greater turbulence within the underflow quality and flowrate. When the froth pedestal was
cyclone. This caused a breakdown of the flocculated in the fully elevated position 96% turbidity removal from the
emulsion droplets into smaller units. To remove these underflow was possible, but the overflow flowrate was 50%
smaller oil flocs effectively a greater surfactant concentra- of the feed flowrate. By lowering the froth pedestal a larger
tion is beneficial, because this would lead to smaller air split of the feed flow went to the underflow but the optimum
bubbles and a greater electrostatic attraction between the turbidity removal was only 86--89%, as shown in Table 2.
droplets and the air bubbles. Conventional oily water Passing the underflow through the air-sparged hydrocyclone
flotation processes have shown that the smaller the air a second time gave only a slight improvement in the
bubble then the greater the efficiency of removal of small underflow quality, while a further 1 4 - 1 8 % of the feed
particles, as is especially noted in dissolved air flotation reported to the overflow. Thus for an overall 90--92%
units. (2) Since a cationic flocculant was used, the oil flocs turbidity removal, the total loss of feed to the overflow was
would have possessed a positive charge, and so increasing 23 -- 26%.
the negative charge on the air bubble surface by using A comparison of the underflow oil concentration and the
increased concentrations of the anionic surfactant would flowrate for the experiments with the froth pedestal fully
have increased the efficiency of droplet/air attachment and elevated or fully lowered are given in Figure 5. The froth
hence improved underflow quality. In mineral flotation concentration used in both these experiments was 40 mg/l.
using the alrosparged hydrocyclone, studies (1) have shown It can be seen that, although the underflow quality was
that increasing the feed flowrate enhances the recovery of lower when two passes of the hydrocyclone were performed
fine particles because of the increased inertia of particles with the pedestal lowered, the oil concentration of the
which leads to increased collision efficiency. overflow product was higher than when the pedestal was
raised. The combined overflows from passes 1 and 2 with the
pedestal lowered gave a total product of 1880 mg/l oil at a
Two-stage flotation of oil-in-water emulsion flowrate of 9.9 l/min, as compared to 862 mg/l oil with one
To maximise both underflow quality and flowrate, experi- pass when the pedestal is fully elevated. However, it can be
ments were carried out with the froth pedestal in the fully noted that in total the highest mass of oil was removed from
lowered position, 0.35 cm annular opening, at various solution when the pedestal was fully raised.
surfactant concentrations. The feed flowrate was main- The results of this work have indicated that the alr-
tained at 45 l/min, and a Q value of 7 was used for all tests. sparged hydrocyclone has the potential to be used for the
The underflows from the tests were passed through the air- removal of oil from stable oil-in-water emulsions. The
144 March/April 1993 Filtration & Separation
kSPARGEDHYDROCYCLONES
Test Surfaotant (rag/I) Overflow flowrate % Turbidity reduction
(% of total feed flowrate) of underflow
A 1st stage 40 6 87
2nd stage 40 18 92
B 1st stage 60 11 89
2nd stage 60 14 92
C 1st stage 80 12 87
2nd stage 80 16 90
Table 2. IEIMuent quality and flowrate obtained using the air-sparged hydrooyolone in a two-stage flotation with the froth
p e d e e ~ fully lowered.
manner in which the flotation unit would be operated would was achieved when the froth pedestal was fully elevated, but
depend on the quality of underflow required from the the underflow was then only 50% of the total flow. A viable
treatment. For the highest levels of oil removal the penalty method of operating the air-sparged hydrocyclone would be
is high overflow volumes. This overflow would have to with the froth pedestal in the fully lowered position,
undergo further treatment, and this would reduce the provided that secondary treatment of the underflow was
economic viability of the system. The air-sparged hydro- possible before discharge. The flowrate of the underflow
cyclone can be more effectively used to concentrate the oil in from this configuration was 88--94% of the feed flowrate,
water ff used in a manner to maximise underflow, but the but the oil concentration of the underflow was up to 50 mg/1.
quality of the underflow is then not as high as in other Optimisation of the air-sparged hydrocyclone for oil
configurations. Treating the underflow a second time removal when the froth pedestal was in the fully elevated
through the unit made only a slight difference to the position indicated the presence of two regimes where
underflow quality. The air-sparged hydrocyclone may there- greater than 95% turbidity removal was possible. One
fore be used as a primary t r e a t m e n t for the removal of regime occurred where the flowrate and Q value were low,
emulsified oil from water, but the underflow may involve and the underflow quality was relatively insensitive to
further t r e a t m e n t depending on discharge requirements. surfactant concentration. In the second regime the feed
flowrate and Q value were high, and underflow quality
improved with surfactant concentration. The two areas of
Conclusions and summary
optimisation are considered to be due to differing mechan-
The air-sparged hydrocyclone was found to be successful at isms effecting flotation. In the surfactant-independent
separating chemically stabilised, emulsified oil from water. regime the hydrocyclone was in a relatively quiescent
Using turbidity as a measure of the concentration of mode, while turbulence increased at higher feed flowrates
emulsified oil in the water, it was possible to obtain 96% and Q values. In the turbulent conditions surfactant was
removal of turbidity from the underflow of a feed oil important in maintaining small bubble sizes and enhanced
concentration of 440 mg/l. The highest turbidity removal oil attachment to the air bubbles.
'?:
Oil 18 mg/196% removal Oil 57 mg/187% removal Oil 35 mg/I Overall 92% removal from stage 1 feed
Flowrate 22.5 I/min 50% offeed Flowrate 43.2 I/rain 94% of feed Flowrate 36.9 I/rain 79% of stage 1 feed
Figure 5. Comparison of underflow and ovorflow quality and flowrate with tho froth pedostal in tho fully elevated (a) and fully
lowered (b) positions and with two-stage flotlWon with the froth pedostal in tho lowered position (c).
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PI141.
Konzentration einer Ol-in-Wasser-Emulsion unter Verwendung elnes Luftdurchblasungs-Waschzykions
J.P. Beeby und S.K. Nicol
ZIOTZ
Der Luttdurchblasungs-Waschzyklon war ursprtingkch zum Einsatz m der Erzautber- eme 95%lgt? Beseltigung der auf 61 zuriickzuttihrenden Trubung autwes. Dlese
eftungsmdustne entwickelt worden. Bestrmmte Eigenschatten. d/e lhn in dmsem Faktoren werden mft dem Abscheidungsmechamsmus van Femparbkeln unter
BereIch sehr nirtzkch machen, smdtetzt in emer Anwendung zur Abwasserbehandlung Veerwendung derselben An/age vergkchen Es wurden der Etnsatz emes Luttdurch-
- der BeseGigung YOR NaBbl - genutzt worden Unter Verwendung experimenteller blasungs- Waschzyklons m emem em- oder zwe!stutrgen Olbeseitrgungsvertahren
stat!sOscher Auslegungsmethoden wurde d!e Wechselbeziehung zwischen mehreren erforscht und d!e Ettizienzwerte unter versch!edenen Betriebsbedmgungen mfteman-
Betriebsvercinderlrchen untersucht. Dlese Untersuchungen tOhrten ZUI Opt!m!erung der vergbchen (6 sn., 5 abb., 2 tabs, 10 ref)
des Olbesert~gungsvertahrens mrt Hiite dieser An/age, wobe! das autbereltete Wasser
Fl
A Non-Destructive Method for Estimating the Water Content of Filters Containing Activated Carbon
Eine zerstiirungsfrele Methode zur Schiitzung des Wessergehalts von aktlvkohlehaltlgen Flltern
i47
van C.R. Hall, R.J. Holmes Slater
eme .?erstorungstre!e Prutmethode zur Best!mmung des Wassergehalts van Hauptemschrankung bei dleser Methode sowe die mogkchen Fehlerquellen werden
Aktwkohle m zusammengesetzten Dampffittern entwickelt worden. Ber dresem erortert D/e Methode ergnet srch am besten dattir stcherzustetlen. daf3 neu hergestellte
Prlitvorgang mrd der Filter m eme Feuchtigkeftssperre gesetzt, danach werden die Filter eine annehmbare Menge adsorblerten Wassers enthalten sowie zur Uberwa-
Temperafur und der Taupunkt der Luff innerhalb der Kammer gemessen Gewdhnlich chung van Fittern wdhrend der Lagerung. Sle 1st bei Filter unterschiedlicher GrbBe mrt
1st zwecks Stabitisierung der Messungen eme Gte!chgewchtsze!t van 20 Mmuten Anal- und Rad~alstrdmungskonhguration und emem ernzigen Kohleelement bzw. be!
ertorderlich. Der Wassergehatt der Akbvkohle wrrd dann durch Bezugnahme auf eme kombmlertem Emsatz emes Kohle- und Part~kelelements (Verbundtilter) ertotgre!ch
fijr d!e jewe!kge Kohle vorbestimmte Wasseradsorpbonsrsotherme geschatzt. Die angewandt worden. (4 sn., 4 abb, I
tab., 7 ref.)
Une mithode non-destructive pour estlmer ie contenu en eau des filtres & charbon actlf
par C.R. Hall, R.J. Holmes et L.E. Skx?er
On a d&elopp8 un test non-destructrt pour d&ermmer /a teneur en eau dans /es tiltres /es bmitatrons prmcpales de la techmque et /es sources probabtes derreurs. La
B charbon actit. /I conslste d placer le trltre B tint&reur dune barritire dhumrdit8 pus d methode conwent tr6s b!.en pour sassurer que des hltres nouvellement instaNBs
mesurer /a temp&ature et te point de r&e de Iarr dans lespace C/OS. Typiquement, UR cont!ennent une quartfit acceptable deau amsr que pour swre 18volubon des trltres
temps dbqwlibre dapproximativement 20 minutes est requis avant que /es mesures se pendant leur stockage Ce test a 8tB apptrqu6 avec suc& B des tilt&es de dittbrentes
stabiksent. Le contenu en eau du charbon est alors estrm6 par r6f&ence B une tail/es, d Bcoulement ax@ et radial, contenant seulement du charbon ou du charbon
isotherme dadsorption deau pr.@d&ermm6e pour le charbon en questvan. On dlscute avec dautres partwles (hftres composftes). (4 pigs.. 4 hgs, 1 tab, 7 r6ts.)
Un mitodo no destructive de calcular la cantldad de agua en fiitros que contlenen carbon0 activado
par C.R. Hall, R.J. Holmes y L.E. Slakr
Se ha desarrottado una prueba no destructwa de determmar el contenldo de agua en drscuten la bmltacrdn pnnopal de la t8cmca y las tuentes probabies de errores. El
carbono actwado en un montage de tiltros para vapores. Esta conslste en c&car el metodo es muy md!cado para trltros reclen tabncados, oara DrObar /a cantidad de
Wtro dentro de una barrera de h.umedad, y despu&medir la temperatura y el punto de agua adsorbide y momtorrzar tiltros durante almacenate Se te ha empteado con &to
rocm de/ ave dentro del espacio cerrado. Tipicamente necesita 20 mmutos para la con hltros de varies tamarios y de contiguraoones de Nuto axial y radial que contrenen
estabrhzacrdn de las medrdas. Entonces se calcula el contenrdo de agua por referenoa sdlamente un elemento de carbono, o ambos etementos de carbono y particula
a una wterma predeterminada de absoro6n de agua del carbono pertmente Se (elementos compuestos). (4 pigs., 4 figs, 1 tab., 7 rets.)
Dfe Bewegung emes Stoftfftersacks wahrend emes Remrgungsablauts mlt mechan- das verhalten emes geschtittelten Filtersacks wlhrend emes Rernrgungsablauts
ischem Schirtteln 1st mit Hilte zahlrercher, an der Sackobertltiche betestigter Muxatur- kennzerchenen, ber dessen V&auf Staub abgeliist wird Vor der Abliisung vibrrert
Beschleunigungsmesser und be! Messung der Sackantrlebsbeschleunigung tiber- der Sack we em halbstarrer Zylmder Wdhrend der Ablosung ta//t der Sack tef/we!se in
wacht worden. Dartiber hmaus wurden obere und untere Spannungswerte. such zusammen. nimmt jedoch kurz daraut weder zyhndrische Form an. Zu den
Staubmasse und der fin Sack entwckelte lnnendruck tlir eine Wetzahf verschredener vorgelegten Ergebmssen gehbrt d/e VerteUung der Beschleunrgung an der Sackober-
Fitterbetnebsparameter autgezeichnet Es wurden drew Bewegungsstad!en ermittelt. d/e t/&he bei emer Reihe van Schuttetparametern (9 sn.. 72 abb.. 4 ret.)
Le mouvement dune manche tiltrante pendant son nettoyage par secouage nettoyage. Avant le dbtachement des poussr&es. /a manche vibre comme un cybndre
mbcanique a 618 suivi par un grand nombre dacc&rom&res mmiatures attaches B semi-ngide Pendant le d&achement des g&aux solides /a manche settondre
la surface du tiltre. On a Bgalement enregfstr8 pour un large BventaU des parambtres partieltement mals blent& apr&s e//e reprend sa forme cylindrrque. Les r&u/tats
op&atoires du tiltre les tensions dans le dessus et le fond de /a manche. la masse de pr6sent6s incluent la distnbutron des accet&ations le long de /a surface du tittre pour
pouss&es recueill~es et /a pression rnterne d&elopp&e dans le tiltre. Trois phases du un &entail des param&res du secouage. (9 pdgs.. 12 trgs., 4 r6ts.)
mouvement caract&isent le comportement dun tel tfltre pendant la phase de