Unit 8 Design of Beams PDF

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Design of Beams (Unit - 8)
Contents
Introduction
Beam types
Lateral stability of beams
Factors affecting lateral stability
Behaviour of simple and built - up beams in bending (Without vertical stiffeners)
Design strength of laterally supported beams
Design strength of laterally unsupported beams
Shear strength of beams
Maximum deflection
Design of Purlins
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Introduction
Beams are structural elements subjected to transverse loads in the plane of bending
causing BMs and SFs. Symmetrical sections about z-z axis are economical and
geometrical properties of such sections are available in SP (6) The compression flange of
the beams can be laterally supported (restrained) or laterally unsupported (unrestrained)
depending upon whether restraints are provided are not. The beams are designed for
maximum BM and checked for maximum SF, local effects such as vertical buckling and
crippling of webs and deflection. Beams can be fabricated to form different types of c/s
for the specific requirements of spans and loadings. Section 8 shall be followed in the
design of such bending members.
Types of beam cross sections
Beams can be of different cross sections depending on the span and loadings and
are shown below -

C / S of Plate Girders

Simple I sections are used for normal spans and loadings with all the geometrical
properties available in IS 800 : 2007.
All the other sections indicated in the figure are built up sections. These sections
are used when the normal I sections become inadequate due to large spans and loadings.
These sections are also used due to other functional requirements.
I section with cover plates are used when the loads are heavy and the spans are
large. If the depth of the beam is restricted due to functional reasons, smaller depth I
sections with cover plates can be used Additional cover plates increases the lateral load
resistance with increase in IYY. The properties of ISMB and ISWB sections with cover
plates are available in SP (6). (ZPZ has to be obtained from calculations)

Two I sections with cover plates can be used when very heavy loads and spans act
on the beam. The properties of these sections are not available in SP (6) and have to be
calculated.
Two I sections placed one above the other are used when the loads are light with
large spans, where deflection is the main criteria. The properties of these sections are not
available in SP (6) and have to be calculated
Gantry girders are used in industrial buildings to lift loads and typical sections
used are indicated in the figure. The properties of these sections are available in SP (6),
(ZPZ has to be obtained from calculations)
Plate girders are used where the spans exceed 20m and the loads are heavy. The
properties of these sections are available in SP (6), (ZPZ has to be obtained from
calculations)
Box sections have large torsional rigidity and can be used as single cell, twin cell
or multi - cell sections. The openings are advantageously used for service lines.
Castellated beams are special sections fabricated from I sections and are used for
light loads and large spans. The openings are advantageously used for service lines.
In all built up beams, the fabrication cost is higher due to the provision of
connections between the elements.
Section Classification
There are four classes of section namely Plastic, Compact, Semi - Compact and
Slender sections as given in IS 800 : 2007. [cl. 3.7.2 pp - 17] For design of beams, only
Plastic and Compact sections are used.
Lateral Stability of Beams
A beam transversely loaded in its own plane can attain its full capacity (Plastic
moment) only if local and lateral instabilities are prevented.
Local buckling of beams can be due to web crippling and web buckling. They are
avoided by proper dimensioning of the bearing plate and through secondary design
checks. Flanges shall always satisfy the outstand to thickness ratio as per IS 800 : 2007 so
that local failures of flanges are avoided. Plastic and Compact sections are used.
Lateral buckling of beams is the out of plane bending and is due to compressive
force in the flange and is controlled by providing sufficient lateral restraint to the
compressive flange.

Lateral stability of beams is affected by span of the beam, moment of inertia and
the support conditions.
Local failures of flanges (Secondary design checks)
The local failure of flanges (plates) reduces the plastic moment capacity of the
section due to buckling and is avoided by limiting the outstand to thickness ratios as
given in IS 800: 2007.
Local failures of web (Secondary design checks)
The web of a beam is thin and can fail locally at supports or where concentrated
loads are acting. There are two types of web failure -
Web Crippling (or Crimpling)
Web crippling causes local crushing failure of web due to large bearing stresses
under reactions at supports or concentrated loads. This occurs due to stress concentration
because of the bottle neck condition at the junction between flanges and web. It is due to
the large localized bearing stress caused by the transfer of compression from relatively
wide flange to narrow and thin web. Web crippling is the crushing failure of the metal at
the junction of flange and web. Web crippling causes local buckling of web at the
junction of web and flange.

For safety against web crippling, the resisting force shall be greater than the
reaction or the concentrated load. It will be assumed that the reaction or concentrated
load is dispersed into the web with a slope of 1 in 2.5 as shown in the figure
Let Resisting force = Fwc

Thickness of web = tw
Yield stress in web = fyw
Width of bearing plate = b1
Width of dispersion = n2 = 2.5 h2
Depth of fillet = h2 (from SP [6])
Fwc = [(b1 + n2) tw fyw ] / mo

Reaction, RU
For concentrated loads, the dispersion is on both sides and the resisting force can be
expressed as
Fwc = [(b1 + 2 n2) tw fyw ] / mo

Concentrated load, WU

Web Buckling
The web of the beam is thin and can buckle under reactions and concentrated
loads with the web behaving like a short column fixed at the flanges. The unsupported
length between the fillet lines for I sections and the vertical distance between the flanges
or flange angles in built up sections can buckle due to reactions or concentrated loads.
This is called web buckling.

For safety against web buckling, the resisting force shall be greater than the
reaction or the concentrated load. It will be assumed that the reaction or concentrated
load is dispersed into the web at 45 as shown in the figure.
Let Resisting force = Fwb

Thickness of web = tw
Design compressive stress in web = fcd
Width of bearing plate = b1
Width of dispersion = n1
Fwb = (b1 + n1) tw fcd

Reaction, RU
For concentrated loads, the dispersion is on both sides and the resisting force can be
expressed as
Fwc = [(b1 + 2 n1) tw fcd ]

Concentrated load, WU
The design compressive stress fcd is calculated based on a effective slenderness ratio of
0.7 d / ry , where d = clear depth of web between the flanges.
ry = radius of gyration about y-y axis and is expressed as

= (Iyy / area) = [(tw)3 / 12] / t = (tw)2 / 12]
kl / ry = (0.7 d) / (tw)2 / 12] = 2.425 * d / tw
Design compressive stress in web, fcd for the above slenderness ratio is obtained from
curve, C (Buckling class C) (Table 9c, pp 42)
Shear lag effects
In simple theory of bending, plane sections remain plane before and after bending
require that no SF is present in the beam. But in practice, SF influences the bending stress
in the flanges and causes the section to warp. This results in non uniform distribution of
flexural stresses in the flanges with stress being greater at the junction of flange and web.
This is known as shear lag effect. In built up beams with wide flanges, this can be
considerable, while in normal simple I sections, it is negligible. Shear lag depends on the
width to span ratio and is specified in cl. 8.2.1.5 (pp - 53 and 54)

Distribution of compressive stress in the flange
Laterally Supported (Restrained) beams
Beams subjected to BM develop compressive and tensile forces and the flange
subjected to compressive forces has the tendency to deflect laterally. This out of plane
bending is called lateral bending or buckling of beams. The lateral bending of beams
depends on the effective span between the restraints, minimum moment of inertia (IYY)
and its presence reduces the plastic moment capacity of the section.
Beams where lateral buckling of the compression flange are prevented are called
laterally restrained beams. Such continuous lateral supports are provided in two ways -
i) The compression flange is connected to an RC slab throughout by shear connectors.
ii) External lateral supports are provided at closer intervals to the compression flange
so that it is as good continuous lateral support.
Cl 8.2.1 (pp - 52 and 53) gives the specifications in this regard.
Typical lateral supports are shown in the figure.

Typical lateral supports
Design of such laterally supported beams are carried out using Clauses 8.2.1.2,
8.2.1.3, 8.2..1.5, 8.4, 8.4.1, 8.4.1.1, 8.4.2.1 and 5.6.1 (Deflection) In addition, the beams
shall be checked for vertical buckling of web and web crippling. The design is simple,
but lengthy and does not involve trial and error procedure.
Design steps for laterally supported beams
The design of laterally supported beams consists of selecting a section based on

the plastic section modulus and checking for its shear capacity, deflection, web buckling
and web crippling. Most of the equations are available in IS 800 : 2007. The steps are -
i) The maximum BM and SF at collapse is calculated based on the service loads

(characteristic loads) and the span of the beam. Factored load at collapse = 1.5 *
characteristic loads.

ii) The plastic section modulus, ZPZ is calculated using

ZPZ = MU / (fY / 1.1)
MU = Maximum BM
fY = Yield stress of the given grade of steel
1.1 = Partial safety factor in yielding
iii) A trial section having the appropriate plastic section modulus is adopted using IS 800
or SP (6) depending upon the type of section required. The section shall be plastic or
compact section.
iv) The beam shall be checked for shear lag and design bending strength as given in
cl. 8.2.1.5 and 8.2.1.2 (pp -53)
v) The beam is checked for deflection using appropriate formula depending on the type of
loadings.
vi) The section is checked for shear as given in cl. 8.4, 8.4.1 and 8.4.1.1. If VU 0.6 Vd
it is a case of high shear or otherwise low shear. For high shear, the design bending
strength is calculated from cl. 9.2
vii) The section is checked for web buckling and crippling using appropriate formula.
Laterally unsupported beam
Beams subjected to BM develop compressive and tensile forces and the flange
subjected to compressive forces has the tendency to deflect laterally. This out of plane
bending is called lateral bending or buckling of beams. Lateral buckling of beams
involves three kinds of deformations namely lateral bending, twisting and warping. The
lateral bending of beams depends on the effective span between the restraints, minimum
moment of inertia (IYY) and can reduce the plastic moment capacity of the section.

Factors affecting lateral stability
Type of C/S - The lateral buckling strength can be improved by choosing an appropriate
c/s where IYY is large. Box sections satisfies this and also has large torsional rigidity as it
is a closed section. Open sections like I sections have low torsional rigidity and are more
susceptible to lateral instability. Cl 8.2.2 pp - 54 mentions that hollow sections need not
be checked for lateral buckling strength.
Support conditions - The lateral restraint provided depends on the restraint provided by
the supports. The effect of various support conditions is taken into account using the
concept of effective length as given in Table 15 - pp 58 for simply supported beams and
Table 16 - pp 61 for cantilever beams.
Effective length - This concept incorporates the various types of restraints to the flanges
and for simply supported beams Table 15 - pp 58 can be used. The same information for
cantilever beams is given in Table 16 - pp 61.
Beams without proper restraint of the compression flange undergoes lateral

buckling resulting in lesser load carrying capacity.
Behavior of beams
The actual behavior of beams depends on whether the beam is allowed to reach its
plastic moment capacity. If the beam is prevented from local and lateral buckling, the
beam reaches its full plastic capacity with plastic hinges formed at critical points of
maximum BM which has been described in plastic analysis.
If the beam is not restrained laterally, the beam can undergo elastic lateral
torsional buckling and can fail due to instability with large lateral deflections, rotations
and warping.
If the web is too thin, the beam can fail in shear due to diagonal compression.
The beam can also fail due to local effects such as web buckling, web crippling or
distortion of flanges if these effects are not considered in the design.
Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams
The presence of compression in the flanges causes lateral deflection (side sway)
along with rotation known as Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams. The assumptions
made in the analysis are -
i) The beam is initially undistorted without residual stresses.
ii) The beam behaves elastically upto failure.
iii) The beam is subjected to pure bending in the plane of web

If lateral restraint is not provided to the compression flange, buckling of a beam

takes place about its minor axis, accompanied by twisting moment and warping. The load
at which the beam buckles will be much less than the load causing full plastic moment.
The design bending compressive stress is dependent on a factor called non - dimensional
slenderness ratio, LT, which in turn is dependent on the elastic lateral torsional buckling
moment, Mcr. The value of Mcr can be obtained by solving a fourth order differential
equation.
The value of Mcr can b calculated using the equations given in cl. 8.2.2.1 pp -54
for doubly symmetric c/s and annex E (pp 128 -129) for c/s symmetrical about the minor
axis.
The design bending compressive strength can be calculated using a set of

equations as specified in cl.8.2.2 (Table 13a and 13b) pp -54 to 57.
Design steps for laterally unsupported beams
The design of laterally unsupported beams consists of selecting a section based on

the plastic section modulus and checking for its shear capacity, deflection, web buckling
and web crippling. Most of the equations are available in IS 800 : 2007. The steps are -
All the steps given in design of laterally supported beams shall be used here. Also,
The plastic section modulus required is increased by 25 - 50% . The design bending
strength is calculated using the appropriate provisions in the code for lateral supported
beams. Other checks like deflection, shear and local criteria will be same.

Design strength of laterally supported and unsupported beams
These are analysis problems where the strength of the beam is required. The
design strength will be based on flexural or bending strength and shear strength.
Bending strength of laterally supported beams are calculated using the provisions
given 8.2.1.2 (pp -53) by knowing the plastic section modulus Zpz
Bending strength of laterally unsupported beams are calculated using the

provisions given 8.2.2 and 8.2.2.1 (pp -54) by knowing the plastic section modulus Zpz
The shear strength of the c/s is obtained from cl. 8.4(pp -59).
Shear strength of Beams
Shear forces always exists with BMs and the maximum shear stress has to be
checked with the shear yield stress. Shear stresses can become important if the depth of
the beams are restricted and when beams are subjected to large concentrated loads near
the supports. The distribution of shear stress at limit state (plastic) is shown below -
The nominal shear yielding strength is based on the Von Mises yield criteria which
assumes wide and thin webs without any local failures. The shear strength is expressed as
y = fyw / 3
fyw = yield strength of the web
The design strength Vd = [Av fyw / 3] / 1.1

Av = Shear area as specified in cl. 8.4.1.1 pp - 59

The web can buckle elastically or inelastically depending on the ratio of d / tw. if
this ratio exceeds 67 , where = (250 /fy) and d = clear depth of the web between
flanges, resistance to shear buckling has to be verified .
Shear failure can occur due to excessive yielding of the web area if the shear
capacity is exceeded.
The beam will be a high shear condition if VU > 0.6 Vd and the moment capacity
of the section decreases and has to calculated using the provisions given in
cl. 9.2.2 pp - 70
Maximum Deflection
A beam may have adequate strength in flexure and shear and can be unsuitable if
it deflects excessively under the service loads. Excessive deflection causes problems in
the functioning of the structure. It can harm floor finishes, cause cracks in partitions and
excessive vibrations in industrial buildings and ponding of water in roofs. Cl.5.6.1,
5.6.1.1 and Table 6 gives relevant specifications with respect to deflection.
The beam size may have to be taken based on deflection, if the spans and
loadings are large. Typical maximum deflection formulae for simple loadings are given
below -

Example 1
Design a simply supported beam of span 8 m. The spacing of the beams are 4m with
thickness of RC slab =150 mm, floor finishes = 1.4 kN / m2 and light partitions = 1kN /
m2. The beam also carries a central concentrated load of 250 kN with all the loads being
characteristic loads. The beam is laterally restrained. with grade of steel being Fe 490.
Check the beam for deflection, shear, web buckling and crippling.
Load on the RC slab = 0.15 * 25 + 1.4 + 1.0 + 4.0 = = 10.15 kN/m2
To calculate the self weight of the beam -
Total load on the beam = 10.15 * 4 * 8 + 250 = 574.8 kN

Self weight of the beam = (Total load on the beam) / 350 = 574.8 / 350 = 1.64 kN/m
Total UDL on the beam, w = 10.15 * 4 + 1.64 = 42.24 kN/m
The beam loaded is shown in the figure.
Design for flexure -
Maximum BM at centre, MU = (42.24 * 82 / 8 + 250 * 8 / 4) * 1.5 = 1256.88 kNm
ZP)REQD = (MU * 1.1) / (b * fY) ( from cl. 8.2.1.2 pp 53)

= (1256.88 x 106 * 1.1) / (1.0 * 350) = 3950.2 x 103 mm3
Adopt ISWB 600 @ 145.1 kg/m (1.45 kN / m < 1.64 kN / m)

Thickness of flange, tf = 23.6 mm > 20mm , fY = 330 N / mm2 , (Table 1, pp 14)

ZP)REQD = 4189.6 x103 mm3
ZP)PRO = 4341.63 x103 mm3 (OK)
Design bending strength, Md = (b * ZP * fY) / 1.1

= (1.0 * 4341.63 x103 * 330) / 1.1 = 1302.49 x 106 N mm
= 1302.49 kNm > M U (OK)
To check the type of section -
Outstand = b / 2 = 125 mm (fig 2, pp 19)

Outstand / tf = 125 / 23.6 = 5.3 < 9.4 < 9.4 * (250 / 330) < 8.18
Hence the section is plastic (OK)
Check for deflection -
Maximum deflection = (5wL4) / (384EI) + (WL3) / (48EI)

= (5 * 42.05 * 80004) / (384 * 2 x 105 * 115626.6 x 104) +
(250 x 103 * 80003) / (48 * 2 x 105 * 115626.6 x 104)
= 21.23 mm < L / 360 < 8000 / 360 < 22.22 mm (OK)
42.05 kN / m = 42.05 N / mm (with actual self weight of the beam)
E = 2 x 105 N / mm2 and I = IZZ = IXX (from SP - 6, Table I)
Check for shear lag effect -
width of flange = 250 mm L / 20 800 / 20 = 400 mm (cl. 8.2.1.5, pp - 53) (OK)

Check for shear -
VU = (42.05 * 8 / 2 + 250 / 2) * 1.5 = 439.8 kN

Vd = (AV * fyw) / (3 * 1.1) (cl. 8.4, 8.4.1 and 8.4.1.1, pp - 59)
= (600 * 11.8 * 330) / (3 * 1.1) = 1226.29 x 103 N = 1226.29 kN
VU < 0.6 * Vd < 735.77 kN (Low shear) (OK)
d / tw = (600 - 23.6 * 2) / 11.8 = 46.85 < 67 < 58.32 (cl 8.4.2.1, pp -59) (OK)
Check for web Buckling -
kL/ry = 2.425 * d / tw = 2.425 * (600 - 23.6 * 2) / 11.8 = 113.6

From Table 9(c), pp - 42, fcd = 97.82 N / mm2
(fcd can also be calculated using the equations given in cl.7.1.2.1 as in compression
members)
Fwb = (b1 + n1) tw fcd = (b1 + 600 / 200) * 11.8 * 97.82

To get b1, Fwb = VU = 439.8 x 103
b1 = 81.02 mm, say 90 mm
90 mm wide bearing plate is provided. (minimum of 75 mm shall be provided)
Check for web crippling -
Fwc = [(b1 + n2) tw fyw ] / mo

= [(90 + 2.5 * 46.05) * 11.8 * 330] / 1.1 = 726.14 x 103 N
= 726.14 kN > VU (OK)
Hence ISWB 600 @ 145.1 kg / m satisfies all the specifications and can be used for the
given problem.
Example 2
A floor plan has a series of secondary beams spaced at 2 m c/c supported on main beams
spaced at 12 m c/c. The main beams are supported on columns spaced at 12 m c/c. The
floor is used for commercial purpose. Design the main beam by assuming suitable loads.
The beam is laterally restrained. with grade of steel being Fe 490. Check the beam for
deflection, shear, web buckling and crippling.
The layout for the given problem is down in the figure.

SB = Secondary Beams
MB = Main Beams
C = Columns
Design of Secondary Beam -
Load on the RC slab = 0.1 * 25 + 1.4 + 1.0 + 4.0 = 8.9 kN/m2

To calculate the self weight of the beam -
Total load on the beam = 8.9 * 2 * 12 = 213.6 kN

Self weight of the beam = (Total load on the beam) / 350 = 213.6 / 350 = 0.61 kN/m
Total UDL on the beam, w = 8.9 * 2 + 0.61 = 18.41 kN / m
Design for flexure -
Maximum BM at centre, MU = (18.41 * 122 / 8) * 1.5 = 497.07 kNm

= (497.07 x 106 * 1.1) / (1.0 * 350) = 1562.22 x 103 mm3
Adopt ISLB 500 @ 75 kg/m (0.75 kN / m >0.61 kN / m)
Thickness of flange, tf = 15 mm < 20mm , fY = 350 N / mm2 , (Table 1, pp 14)

ZP)REQD = 1574.1 x103 mm3( with new self weight)

ZP)PRO = 1773.67 x103 mm3 (OK)

= (1.0 * 1773.67 x103 * 350) / 1.1 = 564.35 x 106 N mm
= 564.35 kNm > MU (OK)
Check for deflection -
Maximum deflection = (5wL4) / (384EI)

= (5 * 18.55 * 120004) / (384 * 2 x 105 * 38579 x 104)
= 64.91 mm > L / 360 < 12000 / 360 < 33.33 mm (UNSAFE)
E = 2 x 105 N / mm2 and I = IZZ = IXX (from SP - 6, Table I)
IZZ = IXX)REQD = (5wL4) / (384E * 33.33)

= (5 * 18.55 * 120004) / (384 * 2 x 105 * 33.33)
= 75135 x 104 mm4
Adopt ISMB 600 @ 122.6 kg / m (1.23 kN/m)
Maximum deflection = 27.98 mm < 33.33 mm (OK)
NOTE -
The chosen section is heavier than ISLB 500 @ 75 kg/m and hence the design
bending strength will be satisfactory.
Other checks like shear lag effect, shear, web buckling and web crippling can be
satisfied on similar lines.
Design of Main Beam -
Reaction from each secondary beam = (8.9 * 2 + 1.23) * 12 = 228.36 kN say, 230 kN
Self weight of main beam = (Total load on the beam) / 350 = (230 * 5) / 300 = 3.8 kN/m
The beam is shown in the figure below -
Maximum BM at centre, MU = (597.8 * 6 - 230 * 4 - 230 * 2 - [3.8 * 6 * 6] / 2) * 1.5

= 3207.6 kN m

= (3207.6 x 106 * 1.1) / (1.0 * 320) = 11026 x 103 mm3
Single I section is not possible and it is proposed to provide I section with cover plates on
either side. Properties are available in Table XIV for ISMB and ISWB sections in SP - 6

ZEZ = ZXX)REQD = ZP)REQD / 1.14 = 9672 x 103 mm3
The section shall also be worked using deflection condition.
MAX = (WL3/ 24EI) * * (3 - 4 * 2) for each pair of concentrated loads

+ (WL3) / (48EI) + (5wL4) / (384EI) ; = a / L
Equating this to the maximum deflection, L / 360 = 33.33 mm, we get
33.33 = (230 * 1000 * 120003) / (24 * 2 x 105 * IZZ) * [ (2 / 12) * {3 - 4 * (2 / 12)2 } +
(4 / 12) * {3 - 4 * (4 / 12)2 }] + (230 x 103 * 120003) / (48 * 2 x 105 * IZZ) +
(5 * 3.8 * 120004) / (384 * 2 x 105 * IZZ)
Solving for IZZ, we get
33.33 = (1.57 x1011) / IZZ
IZZ)REQD = 4.71 x 109 mm4 = 471000 cm4
No section in Table XIV gives this value of IZZ. Adopt ISMB 600 @ 122.6 kg/m with
40mm thick plates.
To calculate the width of the plate -
4.71 x 109 = 91813 x 104 + [(b * 403) / 12 + b * 40 * 3202] * 2
b = 462.27 mm say, 475 mm
IZZ)PRO = 4.81 x 109 mm4 > IZZ)REQD Defection is within limits.

Mean Thickness of flange, tf = (475 * 40 + 210 * 20.8) / 475 =49.2 mm > 40 mm ,

fY = 320 N / mm2 , (Table 1, pp 14)
ZPZ = 3510.63 x 103 + 475 * 40 * 320 * 2 = 15670 x 103 mm3

= (1.0 * 15670 x103 * 320) / 1.1 = 4558 x 106 N mm
= 4558 kNm > MU (OK)
Check for shear -
Self weight = 1.23. + [(475 * 40 * 2) / 10002] * 78.50 = 4.21 kN/m

VU = (4.21 * 12 / 2 + 230 * 5) / 2) * 1.5 = 900.4 kN
Vd = (AV * fyw) / (3 * 1.1) (cl. 8.4, 8.4.1 and 8.4.1.1, pp - 59)
= (680 * 12 * 320) / (3 * 1.1) = 1370.5 x 103 N = 1370.5 kN > VU (OK)
0.6 * Vd = 822.3 kN
VU > 822.3 kN (High shear) Design bending strength has to be modified.
d / tw = (600 - 20.8 * 2) / 12 = 46.53 < 67 < 59.22 (cl 8.4.2.1, pp -59) (OK)
Mdv = Md - * (Md - Mfd) (cl. 9.2.2 , pp - 70)
= [(2VU) / Vd - 1]2 = 0.0985
Mfd = ZP)fd * fy / 1.1
ZP)fd = [(475 -12) * 40 * 320 + (210 - 12) * 20.8 * 289.6] * 2 = 14.24 x 106 mm3
Mfd = 4142.55 kNm
Mdv = 4558 - 0.0985 * (4558 - 4142.55) = 4517 kNm > MU (OK)
The other checks for web buckling , crippling and shear lag can be calculated as earlier.
Example 3
A simply supported beam has an effective span of 8 m and the beam has a c/s ISWB 600
@ 145.1 kg/m. Calculate the design BM and the safe UDL, the beam can support. The
beam is laterally restrained against torsion but partially restrained against warping. The
grade of the structural steel is Fe 490.
From Table 15, LLT = 0.85 * 8000 = 6800 mm
The value of the Elastic Lateral Torsional Buckling moment, Mcr is calculated
using all the equations given in IS 800 : 2007

i) Mcr = { (2 EIY) / (LLT)2 }* [GIt + (2 EIw) / (LLT)2 ]} (cl. 8.2.2.1, pp 54)
E = 2 x 105 N/mm2, IY = 5298.3 x 104 mm4 ,G = 0.769 x 105 N/mm2 ( cl. 2.2.4.1 pp - 12),
The equations given below are from Annex E - 1.2 pp - 129
It = Torsional constant = bi (ti)3 / 3

= 2 * 250 * 23.63 / 3 + (600 - 23.6 * 2) * 11.83 / 3 = 2.493 x 106 mm4
Iw = warping constant = (1- f) f IY (hy)2
f = Ifc / (Ifc + Ift) = 0.5 ( for symmetrical sections about both the axis)
hY = c/c distance between the flanges = 600 -23.6 = 576.4 mm
Iw = 4.4 x 1012 mm6
Substituting, Mcr = 926.52 x106 N mm = 926.52 kN m
ii) Mcr = (2 EIYhf) / [2 * (LLT)2] }* [1+ 1 / 20 { (LLT / ry) / (hf / tf)}2] 0.5
hf = c/c distance between the flanges = 600 -23.6 = 576.4 mm
ry = 53.5 mm and tf = 23.6 mm
Substituting, Mcr = 1000.13 x 106 N mm = 1000.13 kN m
iii) fcr,b = (1.12 E) / (LLT / ry)2 * [1+ 1 / 20 { (LLT / ry) / (hf / tf)}2] 0.5
= 206.22 N/mm2
Alternately, fcr,b can also be obtained from Table 14 - pp 57

Mcr = b * ZP * fcr,b
= 1.0 * 4341.63 x103 * 206.22
= 895.33 x106 N mm = 895.33 kN m
Each equation gives different values of Mcr and the procedure given in Annex E is more
accurate but lengthy and cumbersome.
Consider the third approach as it gives the least values required and simple. If more
accuracy is required, averaging can be done.
Mcr = 895.33 x106 N mm and fcr,b = 206.22 N/mm2 will be used in further calculations.

LT = (fy / fcr,b ) = (330 / 206.22) = 1.265
Also, LT [(1.2 * ZE * fY ) / Mcr] [(1.2 * 3854.2 x 103 * 330) / 895.33 x106
1.306
Adopt LT = 1.265 ( > 0.4 Hence lateral buckling analysis required)
LT = 0.5 * [1+ LT * (LT - 0.2) + (LT)2]
= 0.5 * [1 + 0,21 * (1.265 - 0.2) + 1.2652] = 1.412
LT = 1/ { LT + [ (LT)2 - (LT)2]0.5}
Substituting, LT = 0.49 < 1.0
fbd = LT * fY / 1.1 = 147 N/mm2
Md = b * ZP * fbd = 1.0 * 4341.63 x103 * 147 = 638.22 x 106 Nmm
= 638.22 kNm
MSAFE = 638.22 / 1.5 = 425.48 kNm
wSAFE * L2 / 8 = MSAFE
wSAFE = 53.185 kN/m (including self weight)
Other calculations can be carried out using an effective span of 8m as in laterally

supported beams.
Design of laterally unsupported beam
The section can be chosen based on two conditions -
i) ZP)REQD = (MU * 1.1) / (b * fY) * 1.25 to 1.5
ii) )PER = L / 360 for Simply supported beams

= L / 180 for cantilever beams
Relevant expressions for deflection are used based on the loadings. The moment of
Inertia required is calculated. .

A suitable section based on the above requirement is chosen and the design bending
strength, Md is calculated as in Example 3. This shall be greater than MU. If required the
section has to be modified for economy. Once the section is chosen, other checks shall be
using the effective span as in laterally supported beams.
Example1 can be treated as laterally unrestrained beam and worked.
Design of Purlins
Purlins are flexural members used in trusses to support the roof covering and
spans between the trusses. Purlins are provided on the top rafter (top chord) at all
the joints. The spacing of the purlins depends on the type of the roofing material and for
normal materials, it ranges from 1.4 to 1.8 m. The sections used for purlins are usually
angles (equal or unequal) as they are economical and variety of sections is available.
A typical view of purlin is shown in the figure.
The new code do not provide the design specifications. Therefore the specifications as
per the old code IS:800 1984 is followed. Cl . 8.9 pp - 69 shall also be followed. Based
on IS : 875 Part 2, LL on inclined roofs shall be taken as -
LL = 0.75 - 0.02 / of the slope for slopes > 10 subjected to a minimum of 0.4 kN / m2
For slopes 10 , LL = 0.75 kN / m2
DL of AC sheets = 0.17 kN / m2 and GI sheets = 0.13 kN / m2

Example 4
Design a suitable single angle purlin having AC sheets as covering with spacing of
trusses = 4.5m. Pitch of the truss is 1 in 5 with spacing of the purlins = 1.6m. Wind
pressure normal to the roof is 1,3 kN / m2. Span of the truss = 18m.
Rise of the truss = 1/5 * 18 = 3.6m

Slope of the truss, tan = 3.6 / 9.0 = 0.4
= 21.8
For the given problem, LL = 0.75 - 0.02 * (21.8 - 10) = 0.514 kN / m2
(DL + LL) on plan area = 0.17 + 0.514 = 0.684 kN / m2
Vertical load on each purlin = 0.684 * 1.6 = 1.094 kN/m

Self weight of the purlin = 0.1 kN/m
Total vertical load = 1.194 kN/m
Load acting normal to the purlin = 1.194 * cos = 1.12 kN/m (DL + LL)
DL acting normal to the purlin = (0.17 * 1.6 + 0.1) = 0.37 kN/m (Downwards)
WL acting normal to the purlin = 1.3 * 1.6 = 2.08 kN/m (Upwards)
(DL + WL) = 1.71 kN/m (Upwards)
(DL + WL) is governing for the design.
Maximum BM, M = wL2 / 10 = (1.71 * 4.52) / 10 = 3.46 kNm (assumed as continuous

spanned purlins)
ZE)REQD = M / 0.66 fY = 3,46 x 106 / (0.66 * 250) assuming Fe410 grade steel
= 21 x 103 mm3 (21 cm3)
Minimum depth of angle = L / 45 =100 mm
Minimum width of angle = L / 60 =75 mm
From Table IV, SP - 6, choosing an angle ISA 125 x 75 x 6 (9.2 Kg/m)
ZE)PRO = 22.2 x 103 mm3 > 21 x 103 mm3 (OK)

Maximum deflection, = (w * L4) / (384EI) (Continuous span)

= (1.71 * 45004) / (384 * 2 x 105 * 187.8 x 104)
= 4.86 mm < L / 360 = 12.5 mm (OK)
The chosen section ISA 125 x 75 x 6 is OK

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Design of Beams (Unit - 8)

Lateral stability of beams

Factors affecting lateral stability

Behaviour of simple and built - up beams in bending (Without vertical stiffeners)

Design strength of laterally supported beams

Design strength of laterally unsupported beams

Shear strength of beams

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Types of beam cross sections

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Lateral Stability of Beams

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Local failures of flanges (Secondary design checks)

Local failures of web (Secondary design checks)

Web Crippling (or Crimpling)

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Let Resisting force = Fwc

Fwc = [(b1 + n2) tw fyw ] / mo

Fwc = [(b1 + 2 n2) tw fyw ] / mo

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Let Resisting force = Fwb

Fwb = (b1 + n1) tw fcd

Fwc = [(b1 + 2 n1) tw fcd ]

ry = radius of gyration about y-y axis and is expressed as

kl / ry = (0.7 d) / (tw)2 / 12] = 2.425 * d / tw

Shear lag effects

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Distribution of compressive stress in the flange

Laterally Supported (Restrained) beams

i) The compression flange is connected to an RC slab throughout by shear connectors.

Cl 8.2.1 (pp - 52 and 53) gives the specifications in this regard.

Typical lateral supports are shown in the figure.

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Typical lateral supports

Design steps for laterally supported beams

The design of laterally supported beams consists of selecting a section based on

i) The maximum BM and SF at collapse is calculated based on the service loads

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ii) The plastic section modulus, ZPZ is calculated using

Laterally unsupported beam

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Factors affecting lateral stability

Beams without proper restraint of the compression flange undergoes lateral

Lateral Torsional Buckling of Beams

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If lateral restraint is not provided to the compression flange, buckling of a beam

The design bending compressive strength can be calculated using a set of

Design steps for laterally unsupported beams

The design of laterally unsupported beams consists of selecting a section based on

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Design strength of laterally supported and unsupported beams

Bending strength of laterally unsupported beams are calculated using the

Shear strength of Beams

The design strength Vd = [Av fyw / 3] / 1.1

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Load on the RC slab = 0.15 * 25 + 1.4 + 1.0 + 4.0 = = 10.15 kN/m2

To calculate the self weight of the beam -