THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DR. ANGGRAINI BARLIAN (aang@sith.itb.ac.id)

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 1
 Male reproductive system
• The male gonads or primary sex organ: paired testes which are suspended within the 
sacs of the scrotum
sacs of the scrotum
• Sperm produced by the testes mature in epididymis Æ enter a vas deferens Æ uterthra
• The sperm leave the penis in a fluid: semen (seminal fluid, basic, pH 7,5)Æ secreted 
by: seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland/ Cowper gland
• S i l fl id
Seminal fluid contains: sugar fructose, prostaglandins
t i f t t l di
• Prostate gland can enlarge Æ squeeze the urethraÆ urination painful and difficult
•

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 2
 Bladder Seminal
(excretory vesicle
system) (behind
bl dd )
bladder)

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral
gland
Urethra
Erectile tissue
of penis

Scrotum
Vas deferens

Epididymis

Testis Glans of
penis

Figure 27.3B
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 3
 Bladder
Seminal vesicle (excretory
Rectum system)
(digestive system)
Pubic bone
Vas deferens

Ejaculatory Erectile tissue

duct of penis

Prostate gland Urethra

Vas deferens
Bulbourethral gland Gl
Glans off penis
i
Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum Prepuce

Figure 27.3A
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 4
• Orgasm in male:
¾ Male organ of sexual 
intercourse: penis
¾ Penis: spongy, erectile 
p gy,
tissue Æautonomic 
nerve impulse Æ
production of cGMP in 
smooth muscle Æ
containing distensible
containing distensible 
blood spaces, filled with 
blood
¾ Erectile dysfunction Æ
viagra Æ inhibits an 
inhibits an
enzyme that break down 
cGMP: vision problem Æ
the enzyme also occurs 
in retina
¾ Ejaculation: 400 million 
Ej l i 400 illi
sperm in 3,5 mL of 
semen

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 5
 M l
Male gonad: the testes
d th t t
• The testes: produce sperm and hormone
p p
• Location: in the scrotal sacs Æ temperature lower 
than inside the abdominal cavity
• Testis: composed of coiled seminiferous tubules 
Testis: composed of coiled seminiferous tubules
(app. 250 m) Æ place for spermatogenesis
• Spermatogenesis: production of sperm Æ meiosis, 
reduction of chromosome number (23, n)
d i f h b (23 )
¾ Sertoli cells: somatic cells Æ support, nourish, ABP
• Spermatogonia Æ
p g spermatocytes Æ
p y spermatids (n) Æ
p ( )
spermatozoa
• Interstitial cells: between seminuferous tubules Æ
produce testosterone

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 6
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 7
 t h 3 di ti t t h d
¾Spermatozoa: have 3 distinct part: head 
¾S
middle piece and tail
¾ head: nucleus (genetic material), covered by 
acrosome (enzyme for fertilization)
¾Middl i i h d i Æ ATP for movement
¾Middle piece: mitochondria Æ ATP f
¾Tail: to propel the sperm Middle
piece
Neck
Head
Plasma membrane

Tail

Mitochondrion
(spiral shape)
Nucleus

Acrosome

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 8
 Epididymis

Testis Penis
Scrotum

Diploid cell Testis

Differentiation and Seminiferous tubule
onset of MEIOSIS I
Cross section of
seminiferous
PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTE tubule
(in prophase of MEIOSIS I)
MEIOSIS I completed
p

SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTE
(haploid; double chromatids)
MEIOSIS II

Developing sperm cells

(haploid; single chromatids)
Differentiation

SPERM CELLS Center of

(haploid) seminiferous
tubule

Figure 27.4A
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 9
 Hormonal regulation in male:
¾ testosterone: essential for normal development 
testosterone: essential for normal development
and functioning of the organs (see table 15.1) and 
also brings about and maintains the male 
secondary sex characteristics
d h
¾Anabolic steroid Æ testosterone Æ kidney 
problems cardiovascular problems hormonal
problems, cardiovascular problems, hormonal 
imbalances Æ testis shrink in size Æ feminization

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 10
 Stimuli from other
areas in the brain
Hypothalamus

Releasing
hormone

back
Anterior

gative feedb
pituitary
it it

Neg
FSH LH

Androgen
production

Testis
Sperm
S
production
Figure 27.3D
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 11
 Female reproductive system
• Female primary organ: paired of ovaries
p y g p
• Ovaries: place of the oogenesis Æ
production of egg Æ ovulation
• The genital track: from the ovaries, the 
eggs enters Æ oviduct  (fimbria, cilia)Æ
uterus Æ cervix Æ
uterus Æ cervix Æ vagina
• Zygote formation (after fertilization): in 
oviduct Æ uterus Æ implantation, in 
the endometrium of uterus Æ placenta
• Uterus: a thick‐walled, muscular organ 
g
Æ 2 layers: basal layer and inner, 
functional layer Æ thickness acoording 
to monthly reproductive cycle Æ
uterine cycle
• Vagina: birth canal
Vagina: birth canal
• Cancer of cervix : a common form of 
cancer in woman
¾ Pap test/ pap smear: microscopic 
examination Æ if cells cancerous Æ
h t
hysterectomy (removal of uterus 
t ( l f t
and ovaries)

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 12
 Oviduct

Ovary

Uterus

Bladder
Rectum
(excretory system)
((digestive
g system)
y )
Pubic bone

Cervix Urethra
(excretory system)

Shaft
Vagina
Glans Clitoris
Bartholin’s gland Prepuce
Labia minora

Labia majora

Vaginal opening

Figure 27.2C
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 13
• Ovaries 
– Contain  Ovaries Oviduct

follicles 
that nurture
that nurture 
eggs Corpus luteum Follicles

– Produce 
Produce
Uterus Wall of uterus
Endometrium

sex hormones
(lining of uterus)
Cervix
(“neck” of uterus)

• Oviducts Vagina
g

– Convey eggs  Figure 27.2A
to the uterus
to the uterus
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 14
• Uterus
– Development 
p Ovaries Oviduct

of fertilized egg
– Opens into 
the vagina
Corpus luteum Follicles
• Vagina Uterus Wall of uterus
– Receives  Endometrium
penis during  Cervix
(lining of uterus)

intercourse ((“neck”
neck of uterus)

– Forms the  Vagina

birth canal
• E
External genitals: vulva 
t l  it l   l  
Æ labia majora and 
labia minora ( glans 
clitoris  like penis)
clitoris, like penis)
• In female, urinary and 
reproductive system 
are entirely separated
• Orgasm in female: 
similar with male
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 15
 Development of an ovarian follicle
The ovarian cycle: 
e ova a cyc e
ovary Æ follicles Æ
Degenerating Start: PRIMARY OOCYTE
contains various  corpus luteum
within follicle
developmental stage of CORPUS LUTEUM
egg/oocyte
Follicle Æ maturation : 
primary, secondary, 
Graffian follicle Æ
ff f ll l Æ
ovulation Æ corpus 
luteum Growing
follicles
Born: 2 million 
follicle Æ only 
300,000 – 400,000 
at puberty Æ 400 
mature, 1 per 
Mature follicle
months
Age Æ
g children 
SECONDARY Ovary
with genetic  OOCYTE OVULATION Ruptured follicle Figure 27.4C
defects
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 16
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 17
 Diploid cell In embryo

Differentiation and
onset of MEIOSIS I

PRIMARY OOCYTE,

arrested in prophase Present at birth

of MEIOSIS I

Completion of MEIOSIS I
and onset of MEIOSIS II

SECONDARY OOCYTE,
First
arrested at metaphase
polar body
of MEIOSIS II;
released from ovary

Entry of sperm triggers

completion of MEIOSIS II

OVUM
Second
(haploid) polar body

Figure 27.4B
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 18
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 19
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 20
• Phases
Phases of cycle (ovary cycle): is under control of 
of cycle (ovary cycle): is under control of
Gonadotropic hormone, FSH, LH 
• FSH: follicle maturation
FSH f lli l i
• LH surge Æ ovulation

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 21
The uterine cycle: regulated by estrogen and 
progesterone
¾ day 1‐5: menstruation Æ endometrium 
breakdown endometrium disintegrate, its blood 
vessels rupture
vessels rupture
¾Day 6‐13: estrogen level up Æ endometrium 
thicken, vascular and glandular Æ proliferative 
thicken, vascular and glandular Æ proliferative
phase
¾Day 14 : ovulation
¾Day 15‐28: progesterone level up, by corpus 
luteum (CL) Æ endometrium thicken 2‐3 times, 
uterine gland mature, produced thick mucoid Æ
t i l d t d d thi k id Æ
secretory phase Æ if pregnancy not occur, CL 
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 22

degenerates
• Fertilization
Fertilization and 
and
pregnancy
¾ Fertilization occurs in 
oviduct Æ developing 
oviduct Æ developing
embryo implanted in 
uterus : placenta 
(maternal and fetal 
tissue))
¾ Placenta produces 
HCG (human chorionic 
gonadotropin) Æ
d i )Æ
maintain CL until 
placenta produces its 
own progesterone and
own progesterone and 
estrogen Æ no follicle 
matureÆ no 
menstruation

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 23
Estrogen and progesterone
¾ Estrogen : responsible for secondary sex characteristic, body hair and fat 
distribution
¾ Estrogen and progesterone: require for breast development
Menopouse: ovarian and uterine cycle cease (45‐55 years old) Æ no 
menstruation Æ physical symptoms (hot flashes,dizziness, headache, 
menstruation Æ physical symptoms (hot flashes dizziness headache
insomnia, depression)

(1) CONTROL BY HYPOTHALAMUS Inhibited by combination

of estrogen and
Hypothalamus progesterone
Stimulated by high
Releasing levels of estrogen
hormone
Anterior pituitary

FSH LH

(2) PITUITARY HORMONES

IN BLOOD
LH peak triggers
ovulation and
corpus luteum
formation

LH

FSH
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 24
FSH LH
 (3) OVARIAN CYCLE

Growing Corpus Degenerating

Mature Ovulation luteum corpus
follicle follicle luteum
Pre-ovulatory phase Post-ovulatory phase

Estrogen Progesterone
and estrogen
(4) OVARIAN HORMONES
IN BLOOD

Estrogen
Progesterone

Estrogen Progesterone
and estrogen
(5) MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Endometrium

Menstruation Days Figure 27.5 (continued)

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 25
• Control of reproduction: birth 
control methods
l h d
¾ Birth control pills: 
combination of estrogen 
and progesterone
¾ IUD (intra uterine 
IUD (i i
devices)
¾ Diaphragm
¾ Male condom
¾ Morning‐after pills

• Contraception prevents 
p eg a cy o e o t ee
pregnancy in one of three 
ways
– Blocking the 
release of 
g
gametes
– Preventing 
fertilization
– Preventing 
p
implantation

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 26
 Table 27.8
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 27
• Infertility
e t ty
¾ Causes: in female Æ
endometriosis, hormone 
imbalance; in male Æ
; low count 
of sperm, sperm abnormality
¾ ART (assisted reproductive 
technology): 
gy)
™IVF (in vitro fertilization)
™AID (artificial insemination by 
donor), 
donor)
™GIFT (gamete intrafallopian 
transfer),
™ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm
™ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm 
injection),
™surrogate mother

2‐Sep‐08 rev. 28
Connection: Sexual activity can transmit 
disease

Table 27.7
2‐Sep‐08 rev. 29