1450s

1 Events 1.1.2 Date unknown

1.1 1450 Wolves enter Paris and kill 40 citizens.

1.1.1 JanuaryDecember Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu, Old

mountain) a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400
February 7 John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suolk, meters (7,875 ft) above sea level believed to be un-
marries Lady Margaret Beaufort. der construction.[1]

February 26 Francesco Sforza enters Milan after a Johannes Gutenberg has set up his movable type
siege, becoming Duke of the city-state and founding printing press as a commercial operation in Mainz
a dynasty that would rule Milan for a century. by this date.[2]

March French troops under Guy de Richemont

besiege the English commander in France, Edmund 1.2 1451
Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, in Caen.
1.2.1 JanuaryDecember
April 15 Battle of Formigny: French troops un-
der the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army February 3 Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Em-
under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough pire, dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II.
which was attempting to relieve Caen.
February 14 Louis XI of France marries Charlotte
May 8 Jack Cades Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt
of Savoy.
against King Henry VI of England.

May 9 Abdal-Latif Mirza, a Timurid dynasty
monarch, is assassinated.
May 13 Charles VIII of Sweden, also serving as
Carl I of Norway, is declared deposed from the latter
throne in favor of Christian I of Denmark.
April 11 Celje acquires market town status and
town rights by orders from Count Frederic II of
Celje.
April 19 In the Delhi Sultanate, the Afghan Lodi
dynasty succeeds the Turkish Sayyid dynasty.

June 18 Battle of Seven Oaks: Jack Cade's rebels
are driven from London by loyal troops, bringing
about the collapse of the rebellion.
July 6 Caen surrenders to the French.
June 30 French troops under the Comte de Dunois
invade Guyenne and capture Bordeaux.
August 20 The French capture Bayonne, the last
English stronghold in Guyenne.

July 12 Jack Cade is slain in a skirmish. October Petru Aron takes up the throne after as-
sassinating Bogdan II of Moldavia.
August 12 Cherbourg, the last English territory in
Normandy, surrenders to the French. October 28 Revolt of Ghent: Ghent takes up arms
against Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
October 5 Jews are expelled from Lower Bavaria
by order of Duke Ludwig IX.

November 3 The University of Barcelona is 1.2.2 Date unknown

founded.
November 23 First Siege of Kruj: Albanian vic-
tory; Ottoman army of approximately 100,000 men
retreats from Albania.
The University of Glasgow is founded.
Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to
treat myopia.

1
2 1 EVENTS

1.3 1452
1.3.1 JanuaryDecember

February Alexndrel retakes (for the second time)

the throne of Moldavia, in his long struggle with
Petru Aron.

February 22 Homicide of William Douglas, 8th

Earl of Douglas by James II of Scotland at Stirling
Castle.

March 17 Reconquista: The combined forces of

the Kingdom of Castile and its subsidiary kingdom
of Murcia defeat the Emirate of Granada at the
Battle of Los Alporchones around the city of Lorca
in Murcia.

March 19 Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor be-

comes the last to be crowned in Rome.

May 31 Revolt of Ghent: Philip the Good, Duke

of Burgundy, ocially declares war on Ghent.

June 18 Pope Nicholas V issues the bull Dum Di-

Sultan Mehmed II's entry into Constantinople, Fausto Zonaro
versas, legitimising the colonial slave trade.
(18541929)
October

English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of
Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and re-
take most of the province without a ght.
ByzantineOttoman Wars: The Ottoman gov-
ernor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks
through the Hexamilion wall for the fourth
time and ravages the Peloponnese peninsula to
prevent the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea
from assisting Constantinople during the nal
Ottoman siege of the imperial capital.[3]
April 6May 29 Siege and Fall of Constantino-
ple: The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror
ends the Byzantine (or Eastern Roman) Empire af-
ter more than a thousand years by capturing the cap-
ital, Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul). Mortars
are perhaps used in battle for the rst time in this ac-
tion. The consequent closure of the traditional over-
land route from Western Europe to the Far East and
need to identify new maritime routes leads to the
Age of Discovery and ends the Middle Ages.[4]

May 22 Partial lunar eclipse.

1.3.2 Date unknown

A major eruption of the South Pacic volcano July Revolt of Ghent: Philip the Good, Duke of
Kuwae in Vanuatu has a subsequent global cooling Burgundy, crushes the Ghent rebellion.
eect (the eruption released more sulfate than any
other event in the past 700 years).

Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers the
islands of Corvo and Flores in the Azores.
Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle.
1.4 1453
April Tarabya and Studius are taken by the
Ottoman Empire in preparation for the assault on
Constantinople, as are the Prince Islands, by the Ot-
toman eet under Admiral Baltaoglu.
July 17 Battle of Castillon: The French under Jean
Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrews-
bury, who was killed.
October 10 Sejo of Joseon killed his enemy Kim
Jongseo, and gained control of the government. In
Korean, this rebellion is called Gyeyujeongnan.
October 19 The Hundred Years War comes to a
close following the French victory at the Battle of
Castillon with the recapture of Bordeaux, leaving
the English retaining only Calais on French soil.
1.6 1455
Battle of Castillon
1.5 1454
1.5.1 JanuaryDecember
February 4 Beginning the Thirteen Years War, the
Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends
a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master
and the citizens of Toru rebel against the Teutonic
Knights.
March 6 Casimir IV of Poland renounces alle-
giance to the Teutonic Knights.
March 27 Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York be-
comes Protector for the insane King Henry VI of
England.
April 9 Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms
a triple alliance between the Duchy of Milan, the
Republic of Florence and Kingdom of Naples.
August In Moldavia, Petru Aron retakes the throne 1.7 1456
from Alexndrel.
1.7.1 JanuaryDecember
September 18 Battle of Chojnice: The Polish
army is defeated by a smaller but more professional
Teutonic army during the Thirteen Years War.
3
December King Henry of England having re-
gained his sanity, the Duke of York is dismissed as
Protector.
1.5.2 Date unknown
The press of Johannes Gutenberg (at Mainz on the
Rhine) produces the rst printed documents bearing
a date.
Isaac Zarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland,
Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy
conditions of the Jews under the crescent in contrast
to the great torture chamber under the cross and
urging them to come to Turkey.[5]
Statutes of Nieszawa enacted in Poland.
1.6 1455
1.6.1 JanuaryDecember
January 8 Pope Nicholas V publishes Romanus
Pontifex, an encyclical addressed to King Afonso V
of Portugal, which sanctions the conquest of non-
Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-
Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery,' Later
there was a dramatic reversal when, in 1537 the bull
Sublimis Deus of Pope Paul III, forbade the enslave-
ment of non-Christians.
February 23 The Gutenberg Bible is the rst book
printed with movable type.
April 8 Pope Calixtus III succeeds Pope Nicholas
V as the 209th pope.
Spring The Wars of the Roses begin in England.
May 1 Battle of Arkinholm: Forces loyal to King
James II of Scotland defeat the supporters of Earl of
Douglas.
May 22 First Battle of St Albans: Richard, Duke
of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of
England.
July Siege of Berat.
November 15 The conict between Vladislav II of
Wallachia and John Hunyadi escalates, so the latter
decides to support Vlad the Impaler for the throne
of Wallachia, next year.
May 18 Second Battle of Oronichea (1456):
Ottoman forces of 15,000 go to capture Albania
4 1 EVENTS
but are met and swiftly defeated by Skanderbeg's
smaller force.
June 9 Halleys Comet makes an appearance, as
noted by the humanist scholar Platina.
July 7 A retrial of Joan of Arc acquits her of heresy
25 years after her execution.
July 21July 22 Battle of Nndorfehrvr (Bel-
grade): The Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout
the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The noon
bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates
the victory throughout the Christian world (and
hence is still rung).
August 20 Vladislav II, reigning Prince of 1.8.2 Date unknown
Wallachia, is killed in hand to hand combat by Vlad
the Impaler, who succeeds him.
October 17 The University of Greifswald is es-
tablished, making it the second oldest university
in northern Europe, also for a period the oldest in
Sweden and Prussia.
1.7.2 Date unknown
Lazar Brankovi becomes despot of Serbia.
Alvise Cadamosto discovers some of the Cape
Verde Islands.
Diogo Gomes reaches the Geba River in Guinea Bis-
sau and explores the Gambia River.
Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia founds the city of
Debre Berhan.
Muscovy and Novgorod Republic conclude the
Treaty of Yazhelbitsy. 1.9.2 Date unknown
Petru Aron becomes the rst ruler of Moldavia to
pay tribute to the Ottomans.
1.8 1457
1.8.1 JanuaryDecember
February 11 After years of captivity and absence
from the Ming throne, the Zhengtong Emperor of
China is reinstated as the Tianshun Emperor.
February 24 Charles VIII of Sweden is declared
deposed. Archbishop of Sweden Jns Bengtsson
Oxenstierna and statesman Erik Axelsson Tott be-
come co-regents of Sweden. The throne is then of-
fered to Christian I of Denmark and Norway.
April 12 tefan cel Mare secures the throne of
Moldavia, which he retains for the next 47 years.
June 23 Christian I is elected king of Sweden,
ending the war between Sweden and Denmark and
restoring the Kalmar union.
August 14 The Mainz Psalter, the second major
book printed with movable type in the West, the
rst to be wholly nished mechanically (including
colour) and the rst to carry a printed date, is printed
for the Elector of Mainz.
September 2 Battle of Ujbardha: One of
Skanderbeg's most important victories against the
Ottoman army in the open eld.
Albrechts University is founded at Freiburg im
Breisgau.
Edo Castle is built by ta Dkan in modern-day
Tokyo.
1.9 1458
1.9.1 JanuaryDecember
January 24 Matthias Corvinus becomes king of
Hungary at age 14.
August 19 Pope Pius II succeeds Pope Callixtus
III as the 210th pope.
October 24 King Afonso V of Portugal conquers
Ksar es-Seghir in North Africa.[6]
Magdalen College, Oxford, is founded.
George of Podbrady becomes king of Bohemia.
Luis Cadamosto discovers the rst Cape Verde Is-
lands.
The Turks issue a decree to protect the Acropolis
after they conquer Athens.[7]
The Jewish community is expelled from Erfurt (Ger-
many), their houses are sold and the synagogue
turned into an arsenal.[8]
Moctezuma I, Tlatoani of Tenochtitln leds an expe-
dition to the city-state Coixtlahuaca in Mixtec terri-
tory but is defeated
Major volcanic eruption from the Kuwae caldera in
the Pacic Ocean.[9]
 5

1.10 1459
1.10.1 JanuaryDecember
September 23 Wars of the Roses: Battle of Blore
Heath in England: Yorkists under Richard Neville,
5th Earl of Salisbury defeat a Lancastrian force.
October 12 Wars of the Roses: Due to the advance
of a royal force on his fortress of Ludlow, Richard
Plantagenet, Duke of York, ees to Ireland, while
his ally Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, goes to
Calais.
1.10.2 Date unknown
The Wallachian town of Bucharest is rst men-
tioned.
The city of Jodhpur, in western India, is founded by
Rao Jodha of Marwar.
Richard Duke of York, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
returns on a second visit to Ireland.[10] The Irish Par-
[10] The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Foster, RF. Ox-
liament, meeting at Drogheda, upholds his authority
against Henry VI and an English Act of Attainder.
[4] Crowley, Roger (2006). Constantinople: The Last Great
Siege, 1453. Faber. ISBN 0-571-22185-8. (reviewed by
Foster, Charles (September 22, 2006). The Conquestof
Constantinople and the end of empire. Contemporary Re-
view. Archived from the original on March 27, 2007. It
is the end of the Middle Ages) (Archived Link)
[5] Letter of Rabbi Isaac Zarfati. Turkishjews.com. Re-
trieved 2016-07-09.
[6] Vasconcelos e Sousa, Bernardo. Histria de Portugal (in
Portuguese) (4th ed.). p. 182.
[7] Martin Luther D'Ooge (1909), The Acropolis of Athens
(The acropolis of Athens ed.), New York: Macmillan, In
1458 the Turkish ruler occupied the Propylaea as a resi-
dence, and turned the Erechtheum into a harem, restoring,
however, the Parthenon to the Greeks as a place of wor-
ship.
[8] Lematre, Frdric (19 September 2011). Erfurt, ses
juifs et l'UNESCO. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved
19 September 2011.
[9] Connor, Steve (2014-07-07). The history of the planets
biggest volcanic explosions - deep in the ice of Antarc-
tica. The Independent. London. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
ford University Press, Oxford. 1989

1.10.3 Religion

King Stephen Thomas of Bosnia forces the clergy of

the Bosnian Church into exile.

According to a legend, the wedding of Christian

Rosenkreuz.

2 Signicant people

3 Births

4 Deaths

5 References
[1] Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu UNESCO World
Heritage Centre. UNESCO. 2006. Retrieved 9 Decem-
ber 2006.

[2] Klooster, John W. (2009). Icons of invention: the makers

of the modern world from Gutenberg to Gates. Santa Bar-
bara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-313-34745-0.

[3] Setton, Kenneth M. (1978). The Papacy and the Levant

(12041571), volume II: The Fifteenth Century. DIANE
Publishing. p. 146. ISBN 0-87169-127-2.
6 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text
1450s Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1450s?oldid=710776484 Contributors: Christian List, Looxix~enwiki, Shizhao,
Dimadick, Robbot, ScudLee, Neutrality, Trevor MacInnis, Art LaPella, Benoni, Marudubshinki, Tim!, Chobot, Yurik-
Bot, BOT-Superzerocool, GrinBot~enwiki, SmackBot, KocjoBot~enwiki, Commander Keane bot, Betacommand, TimBentley,
F382d56d7a18630cf764a5b576ea1b4810467238, MalafayaBot, WeggeBot, Ludde23, RoboServien, Escarbot, BokicaK, Sarahj2107,
BetBot~enwiki, Rob Lindsey, TottyBot, VolkovBot, WarddrBOT, TXiKiBoT, HansHermans, SieBot, Purbo T, Ken123BOT, DragonBot,
Addbot, AkhtaBot, LaaknorBot, CarsracBot, Numbo3-bot, Jim, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Xqbot, Darth Anne Jaclyn Mantione,
SassoBot, Erik9bot, HRoestBot, Jean-Franois Clet, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Dcirovic, ChuispastonBot, Makecat-bot, GeoreyT2000
and Anonymous: 8

6.2 Images
File:Battle_of_Castillon.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Battle_of_Castillon.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Charles-Philippe Larivire
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg License:
CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from Wiki letter w.svg: <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Wiki_letter_w.svg' class='image'><img alt='Wiki letter w.svg' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_
letter_w.svg/50px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png' width='50' height='50' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/
Wiki_letter_w.svg/75px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/
100px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='44' data-le-height='44' /></a>
Original artist: Derivative work by Thumperward
File:Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Zonaro_GatesofConst.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.worldvisitguide.com/oeuvre/O0025022.html Original artist: Fausto Zonaro

6.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0