Synchronous Machines Guide

T 10.4.
2
Synchronous
Machines
by Prof. Guntram Schultz
1st Edition, August 2003
LEYBOLD DIDACTIC GMBH . Leyboldstrasse 1 . D-50354 Hrth . Phone (02233) 604-0 . Fax (02233) 604-222 . e-mail: info@leybold-didactic.de
by Leybold Didactic GmbH Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany

Technical alterations reserved
T 10.4.2 Contents
Contents
1 Introduction 5
2 Safety Precautions and Measurement Notifications 7

2.1 Safety Precautions 7
2.2 Measurement Notifications 7
3 Experiments with the Round-rotor Synchronous Machine 9

3.1 Basic Circuits 9
3.2 Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics in Motor Operation 12
3.3 V Curves and Phase-shift Operation 19
3.4 Computer-based Recording of Run-up Characteristics 23
3.5 Behavior as Generator in Isolated Operation 24
3.6 Synchronizing Circuits 30
3.7 Behavior on an Infinite Bus 34
4 Experiments with the Salient-pole Synchronous Machine 39

4.2 Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics in Motor Operation 42
4.3 V Curves and Phase-shift Operation 49
4.5 Behavior as Generator in Isolated Operation 54
4.6 Synchronizing Circuits 60
4.7 Behavior on an Infinite Bus 64
5 Experiments with the Reluctance Motor 69

5.2 Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics 72
6 Practice Questions 79
3
T 10.4.2 Introduction
1 Introduction
Synchronous machines can be equally well used as motors or as generators. They operate at a
constant speed that corresponds to the speed of the stator's rotating field, which is referred to as
synchronous speed ns. The rotor's excitation winding is fed a direct current by way of slip rings
such that it forms north and south poles.
When operating as a motor, the stator's rotary field causes the rotor to move; when operating as a
generator just the opposite is true, the rotor being driven inside the stator causes a rotary field to
be produced.
Machines which are designed for high speeds are referred to as round-rotor machines or as
turbine-type machines. Low speed machines have rotors with very pronounced poles; these are
referred to as salient-pole machines.
In contrast to asynchronous machines, synchronous motors can not start by themselves. However,
if the rotor has an additional squirrel-cage winding, this permits it to start as an asynchronous
motor. Once excitation current has been turned on, it then continues running as a synchronous
motor. In synchronous operation, the squirrel-cage winding prevents rotor oscillation. It is therefore
also referred to as a damper winding.
The rotor continues to lag behind the rotary field by a load angle when the motor is loaded. If the
load torque exceeds a certain value (the so-called "breakdown torque") then the motor will drop out
of step and remain at a standstill. Synchronous motors are usually designed such that their
breakdown torque is twice as high as their nominal torque. Synchronous motors react less
sensitivity to voltage dips than do asynchronous motors. Output torque changes linearly with stator
voltage.
In contrast to asynchronous machines, synchronous machines can produce both active power as
well as reactive power when operated as a generator. This means that in so-called "isolated
operation" it can be used to supply energy without requiring any additional components, like
capacitors.
If a synchronous generator is connected in parallel to an existing power grid, then the voltage's
value, phase angle and direction of rotation for the power grid and the generator must match.
There are special instruments and display apparatus to accomplish this.
Once a synchronous machine is connected in parallel with a power grid, active power and reactive
power can be adjusted freely and independent of one another; so-called "four-quadrant operation"
is possible.
The experiments to be performed will incorporate both a round-rotor machine as well as a salient-
pole machine. Both of these machine types will be examined in motor operation and generator
operation.
The so-called "reluctance motor" represents a special case. Its rotor, in contrast to the squirrel-
cage rotor, has pronounced poles whose number corresponds to the number of poles in the
stator's winding. This results in different magnetic resistances around the circumference of the
rotor that is smallest in the vicinity of the pole and greatest near pole gaps. This allows the
reluctance motor to come up to speed like an induction motor with squirrel-cage rotor but then be
pulled into synch with the stator's field, thereby subsequently running as a synchronous motor. It
can now run at a constant speed until it is loaded up to a certain torque. When it becomes
overloaded it will drop out of step and again run asynchronously. Its power factor and efficiency are
less favorable than those of comparably sized asynchronous motors.
5
T 10.4.2 Safety Precautions and Measurement Notifications
2 Safety Precautions and Measurement Notifications

2.1 Safety Precautions
Attention should be given to the proper routing of cables related to the experiment when
connecting these machines. Cables should never have a chance to come into contact with rotating
components!
Machines are to be positioned immediately adjacent to one another with their base plates securely
bolted together.
Couplings and exposed shaft ends must be covered by the guards provided for this purpose so
that no accidental contact with rotating components is possible. Only the shaft end cover at the left
machine side may be temporarily removed when it is necessary to measure speed with a digital
tachometer.
These machines are protected against overload by an internal thermal switch. The thermal
switches (NC contact) for all machines used in an experiment are to be connected in series and
then connected to the appropriate input on the control unit.
Metal components which do not have an electrical potential (e.g. housings) are to be connected to
the PE ground conductor in compliance with VDE (Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker, which
translates to Association of German Electro-technical Engineers) directives.
When a synchronous machine is removed from its power source and then subsequently driven by
the machine test system, it goes into generator operation and there will continue to be dangerously
high voltages at its stator terminals!
2.2 Measurement Notifications

Units are to be connected to laboratory line power, depending on equipment available, via the
Output Terminal (725 60) or via the Three-Phase Supply Unit with FCCB (726 75). In either case, a
separate motor protection switch that is appropriate for the given test object's current rating will
also be needed. The following diagrams depicting the arrangement of units in the experiment rack
always show the given variation with the Three-Phase Supply Unit.
Voltage and current measurements are to be made with RMS meters (727 10). Simple voltmeters
and ammeters can also be used as an alternative. Notices about the proper measurement ranges
are included in equipment lists for individual experiments. The unit configuration diagrams always
show the RMS meter devices.
Small machines always exhibit a certain amount of manufacturing tolerance so that they can be
produced economically. This means that a motor may not necessarily develop its nominally rated
power at the nominal speed specified by its rating plate. Tolerance related deviations, within the
limits of a permissible distribution range, are possible and acceptable!
In order to make the experiments carried out with a particular machine applicable to other
specimens of the same type (which may have minor deviations in performance), results must be
presented in a normalized form. When characteristics are recorded this permits the stator current
value to be determined which corresponds to nominal power. Subsequent graphic representations
use this as a reference value for normalized presentation. This ensures that the typical course of
curves resulting from the measurement of a particular machine will also be representative of others
of the same type, even if absolute result values deviate from one another.
It is recommended that the test object be operated with nominal load for a period of at least ten
minutes before recording load characteristics. On the other hand, measurements to be made with
high load torques should be performed expeditiously so that the motor protection switch does not
activate.
Finally, it should be mentioned that even line power frequency is subject to certain fluctuations
which may become noticeable in speed measurements. For example, if line frequency is 49.5 Hz
instead of 50 Hz, then a four-pole machine will have a rotary field speed of 1485 rpm instead of
1500 rpm. This effect can lead to differing measurement results, even when experiments on the
same machine are repeated.
7
T 10.4.2 Safety Precautions and Measurement Notifications
The term P1 is used for electric input power and P2 for output power to make a clear distinction
between these two different machine values when performing experiments.
A machine's active input power P1 is equal to the sum of active stator power and dc excitation
power.
The relationship between output power P2 and torque T for a rotating machine is as follows:
P2 = T ,
where is angular velocity.

The applicable units of measure are:
[P2] = 1 W, [T] = 1 Nm and [] = 1 s-1
Rotational revolution speed n is the customary unit of measure used in the field of electrical
machine engineering. Applicable for this unit of measure is:
[n] = rpm.
The relationship between rotational speed and angular velocity is:
n n
= 2 or
60 9.55
This yields the following unit equation for output power:
n
P2 = T
9.55
This equation can be rearranged to solve for torque:
9.55
T = P2
n
The above equations will be needed in the experiments to derive output power from measured
torque and speed values and vice versa.
8
T 10.4.2 Experiments with the Round-rotor Synchronous Machine
3 Experiments with the Round-rotor Synchronous Machine

Study Goals:
After carrying out the experiments, the trainee will be capable of:
connecting a round-rotor synchronous motor in a star circuit, starting the motor with line
power, and reversing its rotational direction.
recording and interpreting various synchronous machine load characteristics in motor
operation and determining its efficiency.
operating the synchronous motor as a phase shifter and recording its V curve characteristics.
measuring and interpreting motor operation run-up characteristic as an asynchronous
machine.
measuring and interpreting no-load voltage, short circuit voltage and load characteristics in
generator operation without connection to power lines (isolated).
set up of various synchronous circuits and understanding their manner of operation.
investigating synchronous machines in four-quadrant operation when connected to power lines
and determining efficiency in generator operation.
Important Notice:
If three-phase power at 230 / 133 V is available (e.g. by way of the 5 kVA, three-phase
transformer, TD 870 AN) then the following experiments can also be carried out with the motor in a
delta connection.
3.1 Basic Circuits

Equipment List:
1 synchronous machine SR 732 37
1 flywheel 732 44
1 coupling 731 06
1 coupling guard 731 08
2 shaft end guards 731 07
1 three-phase supply unit with FCCB 726 75
1 three pole on/off switch 731 42
1 motor protection switch, 1 ... 1.6 A 732 14
1 digital handheld tachometer 313 20
1 set of 10 safety connectors, black 500 59
1 set of 10 safety connectors, green/yellow 500 591
1 set of 32 safety experiment cables 500 851
1 set of 10 safety experiment cables, green/yellow 500 852
1 RMS meter 727 10
as an alternative to the RMS meter:
1 ammeter 0 ... 1 A
9
Fig. 3.1.1: Arrangement of Units for the Basic Circuits
Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.1.2.
Fig. 3.1.2: Connecting the Round-rotor

Synchronous Machine in a Star
Circuit
10
The synchronous machine will first be operated without excitation. The flywheel serves as a load.
The excitation winding must be short circuited (in this experiment, via the ammeter) to allow the
asynchronous machine to come up to speed. Turn on the voltage supply for the stator winding and
observe the machine. Measure the current that develops in the exciter winding due to induction
during the startup process.
What course does current in the exciter winding take?
Result: Briefly about 0.7 A then attenuation down to zero.
Observe the direction of rotation and measure the speed attained with the digital handheld
tachometer. Why is the speed somewhat less than synchronous speed?
Result: direction clockwise, n = 1493 rpm

The machine is operating here asynchronously with very little load.
In order to reverse the direction of rotation, turn off the machine and swap two feed lines on the
stator (e.g. L1 on V1, L2 on U1, L3 remains on W1).
Again put the machine into operation as you did in the previous experiment. Observe the direction
of rotation and again measure the speed with the digital handheld tachometer.
Result: direction counter clockwise, n = -1492 rpm
Repeat the experiment, but this time with an excited machine. The swap that was made with the
two stator phase lines should be undone. Connect the exciter winding to the DC motor supply and
excite the machine with a DC current of about 0.5 A prior to connecting the stator's winding to line
power. Measure the speed and compare it to the value obtained before.
Result: n = ns = 1500 rpm.

In contrast to the previous experiment, the machine now operates synchronously.
11
3.2 Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics in Motor Operation

Now the machine test system (731 989) will be used to load the test object instead of the flywheel.
Only the machine test system itself (without software) is needed to determine efficiency. The
automatic acquisition of various characteristics and subsequent evaluation of measurement data is
easily performed with the aid of the machine test system's corresponding software, CBM 10, which
performs computer-based analysis of electric machines. Details of operating the machine test
system and its software are available in its operating instructions.
Equipment List:
1 machine test system 731 989
1 CBM 10 computer-based analysis of electrical machines, V.5 728 421
1 DC motor supply, 300 W 725 852 D
1 coupling 731 06
1 shaft end guard 731 07
1 power factor meter 727 12
3 RMS meters 727 10
as an alternative to the RMS meters:
1 voltmeter 0 ... 400 V
1 ammeter 0 ... 1 A
1 ammeter 0 ... 2.5 A
12
Fig. 3.2.1: Arrangement of Units for Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics in Motor
Operation
Fig. 3.2.2: Circuit for Determining the

Efficiency of a Synchronous Motor
in a Star Circuit
13
Enter the rating plate data for the machine to be tested into Tab. 3.2.1.
Nominal voltage VN when connected in star: 400 V

Nominal voltage VN when connected in delta: 230 V
Nominal current IN when connected in star: 0.66 A
Nominal current IN when connected in delta: 1.14 A
Nominal power factor, cos N: 0.97
Nominal power PN: 300 W
Maximum excitation voltage VE: 150 V
Maximum excitation current IE: 0.95 A
Nominal speed nN: 1500 rpm
Tab. 3.2.1 Nominal Data for the Machine Under Test
First calculate the nominal torque that the machine can produce. Determine the present machine's
output nominal torque from its rating plate data:
Result: PN = 300 W when nN = ns = 1500 rpm TN = 1.91 Nm
First apply a DC excitation current of about 0.5 A and then turn on line power. After
synchronization has been achieved with the cradle dynamometer, set the above calculated value
for load torque in the machine test system (operational mode "Torque regulation"). Subsequently
adjust excitation current until the power factor matches the value specified on the rating plate.
Measure line-to-line voltage V, the current I in one stator supply line, the power factor cos , the
excitation voltage VE and excitation current IE while in this operational state.
Result: V = 400 V, I = 0.53 A, cos = 0.97, VE = 86.5 V, IE = 0.76 A
Calculate the active power input from: P1 = 3 V I cos + VE IE
Result: P1 = 356.2 W + 65.7 W = 421.9 W
14
P2
Efficiency is the ratio of output power to input power: =
P1
Determine the efficiency theor which can theoretically be expected on the basis of the rating plate's
data and the actual efficiency from the measured values (due to data missing on the rating plate,
use the above measured values for excitation voltage and excitation current in the calculation for
theor):
Result: P1 theor = 443.5 W + 65.7 W = 509.2 W
300 W 300 W
theor = = 0.589 = 58.9% , = = 0.711 = 71.1%
509.2 W 421.9 W
According to IEC standard 60034-1, the allowable tolerance for the efficiency of electric machines
with power ratings up to 50 kW is as follows:
upper: no limit, lower: = 0.15 (1 theor )
If measured efficiency is less than the theoretically expected value, the deviation is to be
determined.
Result: not necessary, since > theor
The course of certain values, such as current or power factor, in relationship to load torque are
referred to as "load characteristics".
A series of measurements are taken in which the values I (stator current), cos (power factor), P1
(input power), P2 (output power) and (efficiency) are recorded as a function of load torque;
whereby excitation current is set such that it exhibits its nominal value, per rating plate, when the
power factor is at its nominal point. This value for excitation current is to be maintained for the
entire experiment.
Another series of measurements will be performed that calls for readjustment of excitation current
to its nominal value for every power factor cos measurement point. Here values for I, P1, P2, IE
and , all as a function of load torque, will be of interest.
15
The measurements with constant excitation current are to be performed first.

Put the machine back into operation with the rotor excited from the outset by the current value that
was determined above for nominal operation under "Determining Efficiency". Synchronize the
motor with the cradle dynamometer and change the load torque, beginning with zero, according to
Tab. 3.2.2. Measure the respective values for stator current I and power factor cos then enter
these values into the table. Speed values are based on synchronous speed ns. To normalize
current, use the above measured current value obtained for nominal power output: IN = 0.53 A at
V = 400 V. Other values for normalized representation are nominal torque TN = 1.91 Nm and
nominal power PN = 300 W.
T / TN 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

T / Nm 0 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.96 1.15
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

I/A 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.31
measure
cos 0.90 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.97 0.98
capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive
n / ns 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I / IN 0.13 0.17 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.49 0.58
P1 / W 108.3 121.3 147.5 174.1 202.8 239.3 275.1
calculate P1 / PN 0.36 0.40 0.49 0.58 0.68 0.80 0.92
P2 / W 0.0 30 60 90 120 150 180
P2 / PN 0.0 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
0 24.7 40.7 51.7 59.2 62.7 65.4
T / TN 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
T / Nm 1.34 1.53 1.72 1.91 1.1 1.2
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 2.10 2.29
I/A 0.36 0.41 0.47 0.53 0.60 0.70
measure
cos 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.90
inductive inductive inductive inductive inductive
n / ns 1 1 1 1 1500 1500
I / IN 0.68 0.77 0.89 1.00 1.13 1.32
P1 / W 314.0 345.8 383.7 420.8 459.5 501.1
calculate P1 / PN 1.05 1.15 1.28 1.40 1.53 1.67
P2 / W 210 240 270 300 330 360
P2 / PN 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20
66.9 69.4 70.4 71.3 71.8 71.8
Tab. 3.2.2: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Constant Excitation Current IEN = 0.76 A
16
Produce a graph of the normalized measurement values with load torque T / TN as the X-axis and
the values for n / ns, I / IN, P1 / PN, P2 / PN, cos and plotted in the Y-direction.
Fig. 3.2.3: Load Characteristic for the Round-

rotor Machine with Constant
Excitation Current IEN = 0.76 A
n / ns I / IN cos
P1 / PN P2 / PN
What typical course do the measured values take?
Result: As expected, speed remains at its nominal value, independent of load, while output
power increases proportionally with load torque.
Stator current exhibits an almost linear course but does have a small value even when
load torque is zero. Together with the constant excitation power, this also results in an
upward vector for active power input.
These figures result in a efficiency characteristic that increases with increased load to
reach a maximum of over 70%. The power factor lies at one across the entire area but
changes from capacitive to inductive values with increasing load.
17
Repeat the above measurement series but this time correct the power factor to its nominal value at
every measurement point by readjusting excitation current. Excitation current is to be referenced to
the current value that was ascertained further above under "Determining Efficiency" for nominal
operation: IEN = 0.76 A
T / TN 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

T / Nm 0 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.96 1.15
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

I/A 0.08 0.1 0.13 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.31
measure
VE / V 75 77.5 78 78 78.5 78.5 79
IE / A 0.67 0.68 0.69 0.70 0.71 0.72 0.73
n / ns 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
I / IN 0.15 0.19 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.49 0.58
IE / IEN 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92 0.93 0.95 0.96
P1 / W 104.0 119.9 141.2 168.9 196.9 231.3 266.0
calculate
P1 / PN 0.35 0.40 0.47 0.56 0.66 0.77 0.89
P2 / W 0.0 30.0 60.0 90.0 120.0 150.0 180.0
P2 / PN 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
0.0 25 42.5 53.3 61.0 64.9 67.7
T / TN 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
T / Nm 1.34 1.53 1.72 1.91 2.10 2.29
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
I/A 0.36 0.41 0.47 0.53 0.59 0.65
measure
VE / V 81 82.5 85 86.5 91.0 97.0
IE / A 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.80 0.84
n / ns 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
I / IN 0.68 0.77 0.89 1.0 1.11 1.23
IE / IEN 0.96 0.97 0.99 1.0 1.05 1.11
P1 / W 301.1 336.6 379.6 421.9 469.3 518.3
calculate
P1 / PN 1.00 1.12 1.27 1.41 1.56 1.73
P2 / W 210.0 240.0 270.0 300.0 330.0 360.0
P2 / PN 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20
69.8 71.3 71.1 71.1 70.3 69.5
Tab. 3.2.3: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Constant Power Factor cos N = 0.97
18
Here too, produce a graph of the normalized measurement values with load torque T / TN again as
the X-axis and the values for n / ns, I / IN, P1 / PN, P2 / PN and plotted in the Y-direction.
Fig. 3.2.4: Load Characteristics for the Round-

rotor Machine with Constant Power
Factor cos N = 0.97
n / ns I / IN I / IEN
P1 / PN P2 / PN
Result: The courses for speed, output power and stator current, as well as active power input
and efficiency are almost identical with the corresponding values in Fig. 3.2.3.
Excitation current lies beneath its nominal value for small load torques and increases
linearly to values above its nominal.
3.3 V Curves and Phase-shift Operation

If the excitation current for a synchronous machine is set such that it takes on a power factor value
of 1 at a certain load torque, the stator current will be at a minimum. In this state the machine
practically takes only active power from the power lines. If excitation is reduced, input current will
increase since the synchronous machine is now drawing inductive reactive power from the power
lines. Conversely, if excitation is increased then an increase in input current will also occur; but the
machine will now draw capacitive reactive power out of the power lines. The course of stator
current, illustrated as a function of excitation current for a given constant load torque, has a "V"
shape. Therefore it is referred to as a "V curve".
The above circuit can be used without change to record the so-called "V curves". This will again
only require the machine test system (without software).
19
Allow the machine to run up with an excitation current of about 0.5 A and synchronize with the
cradle dynamometer. Initially set the load torque to a value of zero on the control unit. Change the
excitation current IE, beginning with the maximum value, according to the values shown in the table
below and measure respective values for stator current I. Note at which current value the
machine's reactive power input changes from "capacitive" to "inductive". At excitation current
values over nominal, these measurements are to be performed expeditiously! Stop recording
measurements as soon as the machine drops out of step.
Use the values derived when determining efficiency as nominal values for stator current, excitation
current and load torque: IN = 0.53 A, IEN = 0.76 A, TN = 1.91 Nm
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 1.14 1.06 0.99 0.91 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.61
I/A 0.26 0.22 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.06
I / IN 0.49 0.42 0.34 0.28 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.11
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 0.53 0.46 0.38 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.08 0
I/A 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.21 0.27 0.34 0.42
I / IN 0.13 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.40 0.51 0.64 0.79
Tab. 3.3.1: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 0
Result: The transition from inductive to capacitive reactive power input is at IE / IEN = 0.80.
Synchronize the test object again with the cradle dynamometer and now set the load torque on the
control unit to T = 0.25 TN . Repeat the above measurements.
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 1.14 1.06 0.99 0.91 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.61
I/A 0.32 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.14
I / IN 0.60 0.53 0.45 0.40 0.34 0.30 0.26 0.26
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 0.53 0.46 0.38 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.08 0
I/A 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.33 0.41 - -
I / IN 0.28 0.32 0.40 0.49 0.62 0.77 - -
Tab. 3.3.2: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 0.25
Result: The transition from inductive to capacitive reactive power input is at IE / IEN = 0.85.
20
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 1.14 1.06 0.99 0.91 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.61
I/A 0.40 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.25
I / IN 0.75 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.47 0.47
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 0.53 0.46 0.38 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.08 0
I/A 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.41 - - - -
I / IN 0.51 0.57 0.64 0.77 - - - -
Result: The transition from inductive to capacitive reactive power input is at IE / IEN = 0.85
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 1.14 1.06 0.99 0.91 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.61
I/A 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.39
I / IN 0.89 0.83 0.77 0.74 0.72 0.70 0.70 0.74
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 0.53 0.46 0.38 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.08 0
I/A 0.42 0.47 -
I / IN 0.79 0.89 -
21
control unit equal to the nominal torque value. Repeat the above measurements.
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 1.14 1.06 0.99 0.91 0.84 0.76 0.68 0.61
I/A 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.57
I / IN 1.08 1.02 0.98 0.96 0.96 0.98 1.02 1.08
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 0.53 0.46 0.38 0.30 0.23 0.15 0.08 0
I/A - - -
I / IN - - -
Plot the normalized measurement values in a composite graph where excitation current IE / IEN is
the X axis and respective values for stator current I / IN are in the Y direction.
Fig. 3.3.1: V Curves for a Round-rotor Machine

at Various Load Torques
T / TN = 0.00 T / TN = 0.25
T / TN = 0.50 T / TN = 0.75
T / TN = 1.00
22
3.4 Computer-based Recoding of Run-up Characteristics

Run-up characteristics will be measured in asynchronous operation. The measurements will begin
with maximum torque, i.e. minimum speed, then the load will be reduced until no-load speed is
reached. The above circuit can be used, without change, for these automatic recording
procedures.
On the PC, select the operational mode "Run-up characteristics" from the "Configuration" menu
and then set the parameters there to a start speed of 1500 rpm and a stop speed of zero.
As with the previous experiments, allow the machine to run up on line power, with the excitation
winding shorted, and synchronize it to the cradle dynamometer. On the PC, select the "Automatic
measurement" mode and start the measurement process.
Of interest are the values T (torque), I (stator current), P1 (input power), P2 (output power),
(efficiency) as well as cos (power factor), all as a function of speed n. Represent the results in
normalized form, whereby the measured values are to be referenced to their nominal values.
Fig. 3.4.1: Run-up Characteristics of a Round-rotor Machine, Recorded with the CBM 10 Program for
Computer-based Analysis of Electric Machines
Describe the principle course of the torque curve.
Result: The torque curve exhibits the typical characteristics of an asynchronous machine.
Saddle torque is not significantly different than starting torque. Breakdown torque
occurs at a speed that is about 80 % of no-load speed.
23
3.5 Behavior as Generator in Isolated Operation

If a synchronous machine is driven and excited, it will operate as a generator. If the machine is not
connected to power lines, then one refers to this as so-called "isolated operation". In contrast to
asynchronous machines, in this mode it can be connected to loads to supply them with reactive
power.
The experiment below will first determine the behavior of the synchronous generator at no-load
and short circuited.
Equipment List:
1 coupling 731 06
1 resistive load 732 40
1 capacitive load 732 41
1 inductive load 732 42
2 RMS meters 727 10
2 ammeter 0 ... 1 A
Fig. 3.5.1: Arrangement of Units for Isolated Operation of the Round-rotor Machine
24
Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.5.2:
Fig. 3.5.2: Circuit for Measuring No-load

Voltage and Short-circuit Current
in a Round-rotor Synchronous
Generator
The generator will be driven by the cradle dynamometer; the CBM 10 program for computer-based
analysis of electric machines is not needed. The machine is not to be connected to power lines.
First measure the no-load voltage and then the short circuit current. Enter these results into Tables
3.5.1 and 3.5.2. Use the nominal value IEN for excitation current that was ascertained during the
assessment of efficiency. The same applies for nominal stator current IN.
On the control unit select the "Load characteristic" operational mode and drive the generator at a
constant speed of n = 1500 rpm after you have synchronized it with the cradle dynamometer. One
after the other, set the calculated values for excitation current and measure the corresponding no-
load voltage V0.
IE / IEN 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
IE / A 0.0 0.08 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.61 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.91
V0 / V 6 94 169 244 296 343 374 391 403 412 420 427 435
V0 / VN 0.02 0.24 0.43 0.61 0.74 0.86 0.94 0.98 1.01 1.03 1.05 1.07 1.09
Tab. 3.5.1: Measurements for the Round-rotor's No-load Voltage
25
Turn off the cradle dynamometer and change the circuit so that the stator's current can now be
measured instead of the stator's voltage (again between terminals U1 and V1). The third stator
winding, which is not needed for the measurement, should be short-circuited to ensure symmetric
operation. Repeat the above measurement series, this time though it is the short-circuit current ISC
which is to be recorded.
IE / IEN 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
IE / A 0.0 0.08 0.15 0.23 0.30 0.38 0.46 0.53 0.61 0.68 0.76 0.84 0.91
ISC / A 0 0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.34 0.40 0.47 0.53 0.59 0.66 0.73 0.79
ISC / IN 0.0 0.13 0.26 0.40 0.51 0.64 0.75 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.25 1.38 1.49
Tab. 3.5.2: Measurements for a Round-rotor's Short-circuit Current
Present the measurement results V0 = f (IE) and ISC = f (IE) in a normalized form composite graph.
The measured voltage is to be referenced to the machine's nominal voltage and the measured
current is to be referenced to nominal stator current.
Fig. 3.5.3: No-load Voltage and Short-circuit

current of a Round-rotor Machine
as a Function of Excitation Current
V0 / VN ISC / IN
(VN = 400 V, IN = 0.53 A,
IEN = 0.76 A)
Result: No-load voltage takes a course like the magnetization curve while the short-circuit
current increases proportionally with excitation current.
26
Now synchronous generator behavior is to be investigated in isolated operation when connected to

a resistive, inductive or capacitive load. Change the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.5.4 to record load
characteristics V = f(I) with constant speed and constant excitation current:
Fig. 3.5.4: Circuit for Recording Round-rotor

Machine Load Characteristics in
Isolated Operation
A resistive load will be used first. It will be connected in a star circuit (as the other loads will be as
well). Set the load to a value of 100% prior to beginning with the measurements. Select the "Load
characteristic" operational mode on the control unit and drive the generator with a constant speed
of n = 1500 rpm after it has synchronized with the cradle dynamometer. Excite the machine with
nominal current IEN (see No-load and Short-circuit experiment). Beginning with 100%, reduce the
resistive load according to the values shown in Tab. 3.5.3 and measure the corresponding values
for stator voltage and current. Represent these values in normalized form by referencing them to
the machine's nominal voltage and nominal current, respectively (nominal current was measured in
the Efficiency experiment):
27
R/% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
I/A 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.36 0.48 0.50 0.60
V/V 419 416 413 410 407 394 372 333 280 203
I / IN 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.36 0.45 0.68 0.91 0.94 1.13
V / VN 1.05 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.02 0.99 0.93 0.83 0.70 0.51
Tab. 3.5.3: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Resistive Load
De-energize the synchronous machine and turn off the cradle dynamometer. Replace the resistive
load with the inductive load (star circuit) and repeat the above measurement series for the
specified inductance values. Note that you must de-energize the synchronous machine before
each change of the load's patch cables! Measurements with small values of inductance are to be
made expeditiously to avoid overloading.
L/H 6.0 4.8 2.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
I/A 0.10 0.13 0.23 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.59
V/V 389 360 329 294 258 223 186 144 97
I / IN 0.19 0.25 0.43 0.72 0.79 0.87 0.94 1.02 1.11
V / VN 0.97 0.90 0.82 0.74 0.65 0.56 0.47 0.36 0.24
Tab. 3.5.4: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Inductive Load
De-energize the synchronous machine and turn off the cradle dynamometer. Replace the inductive
load with the capacitive load (star circuit) and repeat the above measurement series for the
specified capacitance values. Note that you must de-energize the synchronous machine before
each change of the load's patch cables! Since this type of load causes stator voltage to increase
strongly, the experiment may only be performed with the specified values of capacitance;
furthermore, these measurements should be made expeditiously!
C / F 1 2
I/A 0.08 0.18
V/V 439 460
I / IN 0.15 0.34
V / VN 1.10 1.15
Tab. 3.5.5: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Capacitive Load
28
Present the measurement results V = f (I) in normalized form for all three load types in a composite
graph.
Fig. 3.5.5: Load Characteristics of a Round-

rotor Machine in Isolated
Operation with Resistive ( ),
Inductive ( ) and Capacitive ( )
Loads
Result: The voltage sinks with increasing load current when a resistive or inductive load is
present but increases in the case of a capacitive load.
29
3.6 Synchronizing Circuits

In addition to asynchronous run-up (see Section 3.1) it is also possible to connect a synchronous
machine which has already been excited and is being driven at its nominal speed to three-phase
power lines. To accomplish this, the magnitude and phase of the generator's voltage, the
frequency and the phase sequence (i.e. the direction of the rotary field) must correspond to the
values of the power lines to which the machine is being connected. Monitoring the named values is
done with the help of special synchronizing circuits that are described below.
The simplest way to match the generator and power lines is done with the help of synchronizing
lamps placed between the power lines and the generator. Since it is possible that during the
synchronizing process an unfavorable phase relationship may exist between power lines and
generator that could place as much as twice the phase voltage across the lamps, two lamps are
always connected in series to form a pair. For the so-called "dark-lamp circuit", lamps are placed
between the same phases of the power lines and generator. The machine can be connected to the
power lines at the torque that all lights are simultaneously off. For the so-called "bright-lamp
circuit", lamps are connected between non-matching phases. If this circuit is correctly set up,
illumination will rotate clockwise among the three lamps when generator speed is too high. If
illumination rotates counterclockwise, then the generator is too slow. The parallel connection may
be made only then when the illumination's rotation stops and when the lamps in the dark-light
circuit are out.
Making parallel connections is very often done with the aid of a synchronoscope. This instrument
consists of a quotientmeter that makes the phase difference between two voltages visible with a
moving pointer. The direction of the pointer's movement indicates whether the generator to be
connected is running too fast or too slow. If the pointer remains in a vertical position then the
connection can be made.
Double voltmeters and double frequency meters are used as additional synchronizing aids. The
double voltmeter has two independent measurement mechanisms to show the voltages of both
systems to be connected at the same time. A double frequency meter is used for frequency and
speed control. It allows a comparison of the machine and power line frequencies. These two last-
named instruments serve only to get the generator running properly for connection to power lines.
However, one of the aforementioned synchronizing aids must also be used in order to determine
the right point in time for the parallel connection. A jolt-free connection requires a bit of practice,
regardless of which method is used. This is why automated synchronizing apparatus is often
employed to accomplish this task in practical applications, particularly for larger machines. The
Synchronization Unit (745 01) is just such a synchronizing aid. It adjusts the driving machine to the
right speed autonomously, takes over the synchronous machine's excitation process, and
automatically connects the machine to the power lines when phases are matched.
30
Equipment List:
1 coupling 731 06
1 synchronization indicator 731 62
1 zero voltmeter 727 24
1 double voltmeter 727 25
1 double frequency meter 727 27
1 synchronoscope 727 28
Fig. 3.6.1: Arrangement of Units for Various Synchronizing Circuits
31
The synchronizing circuit which employs lamps (as a synchronizing indicator) is to be investigated
first. The synchronous machine is to be wired in a star circuit and the star points of the power lines
and machine will be connected together. The CBM 10 program for computer-based analysis of
electric machines is not needed. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.6.2:
Fig. 3.6.2: Synchronizing Circuit for Round-

rotor Machine Employing the Dark-
lamp Indicator Method
Select the "Load characteristic" operational mode on the control unit and drive the generator at a
constant speed of n = 1500 rpm after you have synchronized it with the cradle dynamometer.
Excite the machine such that the voltage on its terminals is the same as that of the power lines (the
double voltmeter permits these two voltages to be compared). Watch the synchronization indicator.
Result: The lamps illuminate and go out in step with the frequency difference between power
lines and machine (beat frequency).
32
Change cradle dynamometer's speed slightly (if necessary) to achieve the conditions for
connection. Connect the machine to the power lines in the torque that all of the synchronization
indicator lamps are simultaneously out.
Disconnect the machine from the power lines, de-energize the machine and turn off the cradle
dynamometer. Change the lamp circuit so that dissimilar power lines/machine phases are
connected across two of the three lamp pairs, e.g. L2 with V1 and L3 with W1. Repeat the above
experiment and watch the synchronization indicator.
Result: If the circuit is correct, illumination of the lamps will rotate clockwise as long as the
generator's speed is too high. The parallel connection may be made when illumination
comes to a standstill with the lamp-pair connected in dark-lamp configuration turned off
and the remaining lights shining brightly.
Change the circuit to match Fig. 3.6.3 in order to investigate the other synchronization aids.
Fig. 3.6.3: Round-rotor Machine

Synchronization Circuit for Use of
the Synchronoscope, the Zero
Voltmeter and the Double
Frequency Meter
33
Drive the machine as in the last experiment and excite it such that power line and generator
voltages are roughly the same. Watch the zero voltmeter, the double frequency meter and the
synchronoscope.
Result: As long as synchronization conditions have not been met, the zero voltmeter shows a
potential and the double frequency meter indicates unequal frequencies. The
synchronoscope indicates whether generator speed must be increased or decreased.
Connect the machine to the power lines the torque that frequency equality is achieved, the zero
voltmeter shows minimal deviation and the pointer on the sychronoscope stands vertically.
Repeat the synchronizing process carefully when the zero voltmeter is not at minimal deviation.
Result: If voltage and frequency are not the same, the generator will be pulled into
synchronization with a jerk when the connection is made. With larger machines this
would cause intolerably high load surges in the power lines.
3.7 Behavior on an Infinite Bus

Finally, the behavior of the round-rotor synchronous machine on an infinite bus (a constant-voltage
constant-frequency system) is to be investigated. If the machine is driven mechanically, it will
operate as a generator and deliver active power to the power lines. If it is mechanically loaded, it
will go into motor operation. If the machine is excited with a current that exceeds nominal excitation
current, it will deliver reactive power to the power lines. If it is excited at less than nominal
excitation current, it will draw reactive power from the power lines. Since drive torque and
excitation can be controlled independently of one another, it is possible to freely combine the
delivery or draw of active and reactive power in so-called "four-quadrant operation". In the case of
generator operation at nominal power, the efficiency will be determined and compared with the
efficiency of motor operation.
34
Equipment List:
1 coupling 731 06
1 power meter 727 11
1 RMS meter 727 10
1 ammeter 0 ... 1 A
Fig. 3.7.1: Arrangement of Units for Operating a Round-rotor Synchronous Machine on an Infinite Bus
35
Fig. 3.7.2: Circuit for Investigating the

Operational Behavior of a Round-
rotor Machine on an Infinite Bus
Put the synchronous machine into operation as you did in previous experiments (operational mode
"Load characteristic") and then use the synchronoscope to get the machine connected to the
power lines. After this is accomplished, change the speed of the cradle dynamometer slightly (if
necessary) and the synchronous machine's excitation current a bit until the power meter indicates
zero for both active power as well as reactive power. From this no-load condition, slowly increase
the speed of the cradle dynamometer and observe the power meter's indicator when it is set to
read "active power".
Result: The machine delivers active power to the power lines, i.e. is operating as a generator.
Slowly reduce the cradle dynamometer's speed until it is beyond the no-load condition and observe
the active power indicator.
Result: The machine draws active power from the power lines, i.e. is operating as a motor.
36
Return the synchronous machine to its no-load condition and then slowly increase excitation
current. This time watch the power meter's indicator when it is set to read "reactive power".
Result: The machine delivers reactive power to the power lines when it is over-excited. This is
the typical mode of operation for a synchronous generator since the majority of loads
exhibit a resistive-inductive character.
Slowly reduce the machine's excitation current while watching the reactive power indicator.
Result: The machine draws reactive power from the power lines when it is under-excited. This
is referred to as phase-shifter operation.
Test various combinations of speed and excitation currents, this time watching both the active
power meter's indicator and the power factor meter.
Result: By varying the speed of the driving machine and changing excitation, four-quadrant
operation of the synchronous machine can be realized. Any given combination of active
and reactive power draw or delivery can be achieved as long as the constraints for
machine voltage, machine current and stability limits are not exceeded.
In conclusion, the efficiency of the round-rotor synchronous generator in nominal operation will be
determined. This can be done without changing the above circuit.
Adjust the machine's excitation and speed such that it delivers its nominal power to the power lines
while retaining its nominal power factor (both of these values can be taken from the rating plate).
Measure the corresponding values for cradle dynamometer speed and drive torque as well as
excitation voltage and excitation current of the synchronous machine.
Result: n = 1503 rpm, T = -2.42 Nm (the negative sign indicates that the cradle dynamometer
is working as a driving unit), VE = 92 V, IE = 0.84 A
n
The mechanical driving power is calculated with the equation P = T
9.55
The synchronous machine's input power is equal to the sum of the mechanical driving power and
the excitation power:
n
P1 = T + VE IE
9.55
Calculate this input power.
1503
Result: P1 = 2.42 W + 92 V 0.84 A = 380.9 W + 77.3 W = 458.2 W
9.55
37
P2
P1
270 W
Result: = = 0.589 = 58.9%
458.2 W
Compare these derived values with those for motor operation (see Section 3.2):
Result: Generator operation efficiency is about 83 % of motor operation efficiency.
38
T 10.4.2 Experiments with the Salient-pole Synchronous Machine
4 Experiments with the Salient-pole Synchronous Machine

Study Goals:
connecting a salient-pole synchronous motor in a star circuit, starting the motor with line
power, and reversing its rotational direction.
recording and interpreting various synchronous machine load characteristics in motor
operation and determining its efficiency.
operating the synchronous motor as a phase shifter and recording its V curve characteristics.
measuring and interpreting the machine's run-up characteristic in asynchronous motor
operation.
measuring and interpreting no-load voltage, short circuit voltage and load characteristics in
generator operation without connection to power lines (isolated).
setting up various synchronizing circuits and understanding their manner of operation.
investigating synchronous machines in four-quadrant operation when connected to power lines
and determining efficiency in generator operation.
Important Notice:
delta connection.
4.1 Basic Circuits

Equipment List:
1 multi-function machine 0.3 732 28
1 flywheel 732 44
1 coupling 731 06
1 RMS meter 727 10
1 ammeter 0 ... 5 A
39
Fig. 4.1.2: Connecting the Salient-pole

Synchronous Machine in a Star
Circuit
40
The synchronous machine is to be operated initially without excitation. Use the flywheel as a load.
The exciter winding must be shorted (for this experiment, via the ammeter) in order for the machine
to run up asynchronously. Turn on the voltage supply for the stator winding and watch the
machine. Measure the current induced into the exciter winding during the run up process.
What course does current in the exciter winding take?
Result: Briefly about 1.5 A then attenuation down to almost zero.
Observe the direction of rotation and measure the speed attained with the digital handheld
tachometer. Why is the speed somewhat less than synchronous speed?

The machine is operating here asynchronously with very little load.
In order to reverse the direction of rotation, turn off the machine and swap two feed lines on the
stator (e.g. L1 on V1, L2 on U1, L3 remains on W1). Put the machine into operation again like you
did in the previous experiment. Observe the direction of rotation and again measure the speed with
the digital handheld tachometer.
Repeat the experiment, but this time with an excited machine. The swap that was made with the
two stator phase lines should be undone. Connect the exciter winding to the DC motor supply and
excite the machine with a DC current of about 1 A prior to connecting the stator's winding to line
power. Measure the speed and compare it to the value obtained before.
Result: n = ns = 1500 rpm.

In contrast to the previous experiment, the machine now operates synchronously.
41
4.2 Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics in Motor Operation

Now the machine test system (731 989) will be used to load the test object instead of the flywheel.
Only the machine test system itself (without software) is needed to determine efficiency. The
automatic acquisition of various characteristics and subsequent evaluation of measurement data is
easily performed with the aid of the machine test system's corresponding software, CBM 10, which
performs computer-based analysis of electric machines. Details of operating the machine test
system and its software are available in its operating instructions.
Equipment List:
1 coupling 731 06
3 RMS meters 727 10
1 ammeter 0 ... 1 A
1 ammeter 0 ... 5 A
42
Fig. 4.2.1: Arrangement of Units for Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics in Motor
Operation

Efficiency of a Synchronous Motor
in a Star Circuit
43
Enter the rating plate data for the machine to be tested into Tab. 4.2.1.

Nominal excitation voltage VEN: 20 V
Nominal excitation current IEN: 4.0 A
Tab. 4.2.1 Nominal Data for the Machine Under Test

The remaining data in the rating plate is related to the machine's asynchronous operation with a
slip-ring rotor.
Result: PN = 270 W when nN = ns = 1500 rpm TN = 1.72 Nm
First apply a DC excitation current of about 1 A and then turn on line power. After synchronization
has been achieved with the cradle dynamometer, set the above calculated value for load torque in
the machine test system (operational mode "Torque regulation"). Subsequently adjust excitation
current until the power factor matches the value specified on the rating plate.
Measure line-to-line voltage V, the current I in one stator supply line, the power factor cos , the
excitation voltage VE and excitation current IE while in this operational state.
Result: V = 400 V, I = 0.44 A, cos = 1.0, VE = 18.8 V, IE = 3.1 A
Calculate the machine's active input power from: P1 = 3 V I cos + VE IE
Result: P1 = 304.84 W + 58.28 W = 363.12 W
44
P2
P1
data and the actual efficiency from the measured values:
Result: P1 theor = 575 W + 80 W = 655 W
270 W 270 W
theor = = 0.412 = 41.2% , = = 0.744 = 74.4%
655 W 363.1 W
determined.
The course of certain values, such as current or power factor, in relationship to load torque are
referred to as "load characteristics".
A series of measurements are taken in which the values I (stator current), cos (power factor), P1
(input power), P2 (output power) and (efficiency) are recorded as a function of load torque;
whereby excitation current is set such that it exhibits its nominal value, per rating plate, when the
power factor is at its nominal point. This value for excitation current is to be maintained for the
entire experiment.
Another series of measurements will be performed that calls for readjustment of excitation current
to its nominal value for every power factor cos measurement point. Here values for I, P1, P2, IE
and , all as a function of load torque, will be of interest.
45
The measurements with constant excitation current are to be performed first.

Put the machine back into operation with the rotor excited from the outset by the current value as
was determined above for nominal operation under "Determining Efficiency". Synchronize the
motor with the cradle dynamometer and change the load torque, beginning with zero, according to
Tab. 4.2.2. Measure the respective values for stator current I and power factor cos then enter
these values into the table. Speed values are based on synchronous speed ns. To normalize
current, use the above measured current value obtained for nominal power output: IN = 0.44 A at
V = 400 V. Other values for normalized representation are nominal torque TN = 1.72 Nm and
nominal power PN = 270 W.
T / TN 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

T / Nm 0.00 0.17 0.34 0.52 0.69 0.86 1.03
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
I/A 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.13 0.17 0.22 0.26
measure
cos 0.95 0.96 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99
capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive capacitive
n / ns 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I / IN 0.00 0.09 0.20 0.30 0.39 0.50 0.59
P1 / W 58.3 84.9 118.1 145.7 173.7 207.7 236.6
calculate P1 / PN 0.22 0.31 0.44 0.54 0.64 0.77 0.88
P2 / W 0.0 27.0 54.0 81.1 108.1 135.1 162.1
P2 / PN 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
0 31.8 45.7 55.6 62.2 65.0 68.5
T / TN 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
T / Nm 1.20 1.38 1.55 1.72 1.89 2.06 2.24
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
I/A 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.57
measure
cos 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.0 0.99 0.98 0.97
capacitive capacitive capacitive inductive inductive inductive
n / ns 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I / IN 0.68 0.80 0.91 1.00 1.09 1.21 1.30
P1 / W 264.1 298.4 332.6 363.1 387.5 411.4 441.4
calculate P1 / PN 0.98 1.10 1.23 1.34 1.44 1.52 1.63
P2 / W 189.1 216.1 243.1 270.2 297.2 324.2 351.2
P2 / PN 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30
71.6 72.4 73.1 74.4 76.7 78.8 79.6
Tab. 4.2.2: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Constant Excitation Current IEN = 3.1 A
46
Produce a graph of the measurements using load torque T / TN as the X-axis and the values for
n / ns, I / IN, P1 / PN, P2 / PN, cos and plotted in the Y-direction.
Fig. 4.2.3: Load Characteristic for the Salient-

pole Machine with Constant
Excitation Current IEN = 3.1 A
n / ns I / IN cos
P1 / PN P2 / PN
Result: The course of the measured values is similar to that of the round-rotor machine but the
stator current here does begin at zero and efficiency reaches almost 80 %.
47
Repeat the above measurement series but this time correct the power factor to its nominal value at
every measurement point by readjusting excitation current.
T / TN 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

T / Nm 0.00 0.17 0.34 0.52 0.69 0.86 1.03
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
I/A 0.0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.19 0.23 0.28

measure
VE / V 20.0 20.0 19.2 18.2 17.9 17.8 17.3
IE / A 3.20 3.10 3.00 2.85 2.79 2.74 2.68
n / ns 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
I / IN 0.00 0.11 0.23 0.34 0.43 0.52 0.64
IE / IEN 1.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.90 0.88 0.86
P1 / W 64.1 96.6 126.9 155.8 181.6 208.1 240.4

calculate
P1 / PN 0.24 0.36 0.47 0.58 0.67 0.77 0.89
P2 / W 0.0 27.0 54.0 81.1 108.1 135.1 162.1
P2 / PN 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
0 28.0 42.6 52.0 59.5 64.9 67.4
T / TN 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3

T / Nm 1.20 1.38 1.55 1.72 1.89 2.06 2.24
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
I/A 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0.56
measure
cos 17.6 17.9 18.1 18.8 19.5 20.2 21.0
2.70 2.81 2.90 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40
n / ns 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
I / IN 0.73 0.82 0.91 1.00 1.09 1.18 1.27
IE / IEN 0.87 0.91 0.94 1.00 1.03 1.06 1.10
P1 / W 269.2 299.7 329.6 363.1 395.0 426.9 459.4
calculate
P1 / PN 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.34 1.46 1.58 1.70
P2 / W 189.1 216.1 243.1 270.2 297.2 324.2 351.2
P2 / PN 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30
70.2 72.1 73.8 74.4 75.2 75.9 76.5
Tab. 4.2.3: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Constant Power Factor cos N = 1.0
48
Here too, produce a graph of the measurement values with load torque T / MN again as the X-axis
and the values for n / ns, I / IN, P1 / PN, P2 / PN and plotted in the Y-direction.
Fig. 4.2.4: Load Characteristics for the Salient-

pole Machine with Constant Power
Factor cos N = 1.00
n / ns I / IN I / IEN
P1 / PN P2 / PN
Result: Here too the course of the measured values is similar to that of the round-rotor
machine. Excitation current is initially over its nominal value but becomes smaller and
then finally again exceeds its nominal value.
4.3 V Curves and Phase-shift Operation

If the excitation current for a synchronous machine is set such that it takes on a power factor value
of 1 at a certain load torque, the stator current will be at a minimum. In this state the machine
practically takes only active power from the power lines. If excitation is reduced, input current will
increase since the synchronous machine is now drawing inductive reactive power from the power
lines. Conversely, if excitation is increased then an increase in input current will also occur; but the
machine will now draw capacitive reactive power out of the power lines. The course of stator
current, illustrated as a function of excitation current for a given constant load torque, has a "V"
shape. Therefore it is referred to as a "V curve".
The above circuit can be used without change to record the so-called "V curves". This will again
only require the machine test system (without software).
49
Allow the machine to run up with an excitation current of about 1 A and synchronize with the cradle
dynamometer. Initially set the load torque to a value of zero on the control unit. Change the
excitation current IE, beginning with the maximum value, according to the values shown in the table
below and measure respective values for stator current I. Note at which current value the
machine's reactive power input changes from "capacitive" to "inductive". At excitation current
values over nominal, these measurements are to be performed expeditiously! Stop recording
measurements as soon as the machine drops out of step.
Use the values derived when determining efficiency as nominal values for stator current, excitation
current and load torque: IN = 0.44 A, IEN = 3.1 A, TN = 1.72 Nm
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 4.65 4.34 4.03 3.72 3.41 3.10 2.79 2.48
I/A 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.10
I / IN 0.55 0.41 0.27 0.18 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.23
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 2.17 1.86 1.55 1.24 0.93 0.62 0.31 0.0
I/A 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.53
I / IN 0.32 0.41 0.52 0.66 0.80 0.93 1.07 1.20
Tab. 4.3.1: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 0
Synchronize the test object with the cradle dynamometer again and now set the load torque on the
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 4.65 4.34 4.03 3.72 3.41 3.10 2.79 2.48
I/A 0.28 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.15
I / IN 0.64 0.55 0.45 0.39 0.34 0.32 0.32 0.34
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 2.17 1.86 1.55 1.24 0.93 0.62 0.31 0.0
I/A 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.39 0.48 - -
I / IN 0.39 0.48 0.59 0.73 0.89 1.09 - -
50
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 4.65 4.34 4.03 3.72 3.41 3.10 2.79 2.48
I/A 0.34 0.30 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.22
I / IN 0.77 0.68 0.61 0.55 0.50 0.48 0.48 0.50
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 2.17 1.86 1.55 1.24 0.93 0.62 0.31 0.0
I/A 0.25 0.29 0.35 0.43 - - - -
I / IN 0.57 0.66 0.80 0.98 - - - -
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 4.65 4.34 4.03 3.72 3.41 3.10 2.79 2.48
I/A 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.25
I / IN 0.82 0.75 0.68 0.61 0.57 0.55 0.55 0.57
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
IE / A 2.17 1.86 1.55 1.24 0.93 0.62 0.31 0.0
I/A 0.28 0.32 0.38 0.47 - - - -
I / IN 0.64 0.73 0.86 1.07 - - - -
51
control unit equal to the nominal torque value. Repeat the above measurements.
IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

IE / A 4.65 4.34 4.03 3.72 3.41 3.10 2.79 2.48
I/A 0.49 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.43 0.46
I / IN 1.11 1.05 1.00 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.98 1.05
IE / IEN 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
IE / A 2.17 1.86 1.55 1.24
I/A 0.51 - - -
I / IN 1.16 - - -
Plot the normalized measurement values in a composite graph where excitation current IE / IEN is
the X axis and respective values for stator current I / IN are in the Y direction.
Fig. 4.3.1: V Curves for a Salient-pole Machine

at Various Load Torques
T / TN = 0.00 T / TN = 0.25
T / TN = 0.50 T / TN = 0.75
T / TN = 1.00
52

The run-up characteristics will be measured in asynchronous operation. The measurements will
begin with maximum torque, i.e. minimum speed, then the load will be reduced until no-load speed
is reached. The above circuit can be used, without change, for these automatic recording
procedures.
On the PC, select the operational mode "Run-up characteristics" from the "Configuration" menu
and then set the parameters there to a start speed of 1500 rpm and a stop speed of zero.
As with the previous experiments, allow the machine to run up on line power, with the excitation
winding shorted, and synchronize it to the cradle dynamometer. On the PC, select the "Automatic
measurement" mode and start the measurement process.
Of interest are the values T (torque), I (stator current), P1 (input power), P2 (output power),
(efficiency) as well as cos (power factor), all as a function of speed n. Represent the results in
normalized form, whereby the measured values are to be referenced to their nominal values.
Fig. 4.4.1: Run-up Characteristics of a Salient-pole Machine, Recorded with the CBM 10 Program for
Result: The torque curve exhibits the typical characteristics of an asynchronous machine.
Breakdown torque occurs at a speed that is about 60 % of no-load speed.
53
4.5 Behavior as Generator in Isolated Operation

If a synchronous machine is driven and excited, it will operate as a generator. If the machine is not
connected to power lines, then one refers to this as so-called "isolated operation". In contrast to
asynchronous machines, in this mode it can be connected to loads to supply them with reactive
power. The experiment below will first determine the behavior of the synchronous generator at no-
load and short circuited.
Equipment List:
1 coupling 731 06
1 resistive load 732 40
1 capacitive load 732 41
1 inductive load 732 42
2 RMS meters 727 10
2 ammeter 0 ... 5 A
Fig. 4.5.1: Arrangement of Units for Isolated Operation of the Salient-pole Machine
54
Fig. 4.5.2: Circuit for Measuring No-load

Voltage and Short-circuit Current
in a Salient-pole Synchronous
Generator
The generator will be driven by the cradle dynamometer; the CBM 10 program for computer-based
analysis of electric machines is not needed. The machine is not to be connected to power lines.
First measure the no-load voltage and then the short circuit current. Enter these results into in
Tables 4.5.1 and 4.5.2. Use the nominal value IEN for excitation current that was ascertained during
the assessment of efficiency. The same applies for nominal stator current IN.
On the control unit select the "Load characteristic" operational mode and drive the generator at a
constant speed of n = 1500 rpm after you have synchronized it with the cradle dynamometer. One
after the other, set the calculated values for excitation current and measure the corresponding no-
load voltage V0.
IE / IEN 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
IE / A 0.0 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10 3.41 3.72
V0 / V 5 88 155 230 280 320 350 365 377 389 400 410 420
V0 / VN 0.01 0.22 0.43 0.58 0.70 0.80 0.88 0.91 0.94 0.97 1.00 1.03 1.05
Tab. 4.5.1: Measurements for the Salient-pole Rotor's No-load Voltage
55
Turn off the cradle dynamometer and change the circuit so that the stator's current can now be
measured instead of the stator's voltage (again between terminals U1 and V1). The third stator
winding, which is not needed for the measurement, should be short-circuited to ensure symmetric
operation. Repeat the above measurement series, this time though it is the short-circuit current ISC
which is to be recorded.
IE / IEN 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
IE / A 0.0 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.10 3.41 3.72
ISC / A 0.0 0.08 0.16 0.23 0.30 0.37 0.45 0.52 0.59 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.87
ISC / IN 0.00 0.18 0.36 0.52 0.68 0.84 1.02 1.18 1.34 1.50 1.66 1.82 1.98
Tab. 4.5.2: Measurements for a Salient-pole Rotor's Short-circuit Current
Present the measurement results V0 = f (IE) and ISC = f (IE) in a normalized form composite graph.
The measured voltage is to be referenced to the machine's nominal voltage and the measured
current is to be referenced to nominal stator current.
Fig. 4.5.3: No-load Voltage and Short-circuit

current of a Salient-pole Rotor as a
Function of Excitation Current
V0 / VN ISC / IN
(VN = 400 V, IN = 0.44 A,
IEN = 3.1 A)
Result: The statement made for the round-rotor machine also applies here.
56
Now synchronous generator behavior is to be investigated in isolated operation when connected to

a resistive, inductive or capacitive load. Change the circuit as shown in Fig. 4.5.4 to record load
characteristics V = f(I) with constant speed and constant excitation current:
Fig. 4.5.4: Circuit for Recording Salient-pole

Rotor Machine Load
Characteristics in Isolated
Operation
A resistive load will be used first. It will be connected in a star circuit (as the other loads will be as
well). Set the load to a value of 100% prior to beginning with the measurements. Select the "Load
characteristic" operational mode on the control unit and drive the generator with a constant speed
of n = 1500 rpm after it has synchronized with the cradle dynamometer. Excite the machine with
nominal current IEN (see No-load and Short-circuit experiment). Beginning with 100%, reduce the
resistive load according to the values shown in the table below and measure the corresponding
values for stator voltage and current. Represent these values in normalized form by referencing
them to the machine's nominal voltage and nominal current, respectively (nominal current was
measured in the Efficiency experiment):
57
R/% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
I/A 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.36 0.47 0.52 0.65
V/V 390 388 385 383 376 368 350 322 273 215
I / IN 0.25 0.27 0.30 0.34 0.43 0.55 0.82 1.07 1.18 1.48
V / VN 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.88 0.81 0.68 0.54
Tab. 4.5.3: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Resistive Load
De-energize the synchronous machine and turn off the cradle dynamometer. Replace the resistive
load with the inductive load (star circuit) and repeat the above measurement series for the
specified inductance values. Note that you must de-energize the synchronous machine before
each change of the load's patch cables! Measurements with small values of inductance are to be
made expeditiously to avoid overloading.
L/H 6.0 4.8 2.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
I/A 0.10 0.13 0.22 0.37 0.43 0.46 0.50 0.56 0.63
V/V 380 358 327 294 260 220 182 135 85
I / IN 0.23 0.30 0.50 0.84 0.98 1.05 1.14 1.27 1.43
V / VN 0.95 0.90 0.82 0.74 0.65 0.55 0.46 0.34 0.21
Tab. 4.5.4: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Inductive Load
De-energize the synchronous machine and turn off the cradle dynamometer. Replace the inductive
load with the capacitive load (star circuit) and repeat the above measurement series for the
specified capacitance values. Note that you must de-energize the synchronous machine before
each change of the load's patch cables! Since this type of load causes stator voltage to increase
strongly, the experiment may only be performed with the specified values of capacitance;
furthermore, these measurements should be made expeditiously!
C / F 1 2
I/A 0.08 0.20
V/V 420 440
I / IN 0.18 0.45
V / VN 1.05 1.10
Tab. 4.5.5: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Capacitive Load
58
Present the measurement results V = f (I) in normalized form for all three load types in a composite
graph.
Fig. 4.5.5: Load Characteristics of a Salient-

pole Rotor Machine in Isolated
Operation with Resistive ( ),
Inductive ( ) and Capacitive ( )
Loads
Result: The statement made for the round-rotor machine also applies here.
59
4.6 Synchronizing Circuits

In addition to asynchronous run-up (see Section 4.1) it is also possible to connect a synchronous
machine, which has already been excited and is being driven at its nominal speed, to three-phase
power lines. To accomplish this, the magnitude and phase of the generator's voltage, the
frequency and the phase sequence (i.e. the direction of the rotary field) must correspond to the
values of the power lines to which the machine is being connected. Monitoring the named values is
done with the help of special synchronizing circuits that are described below.
The simplest way to match the generator and power lines is done with the help of synchronizing
lamps placed between the power lines and the generator. Since it is possible that during the
synchronizing process an unfavorable phase relationship may exist between power lines and
generator that could place as much as twice the phase voltage across the lamps, two lamps are
always connected in series to form a pair. For the so-called "dark-lamp circuit", lamps are placed
between the same phases of the power lines and generator. The machine can be connected to the
power lines at the torque that all lights are simultaneously off. For the so-called "bright-lamp
circuit", lamps are connected between non-matching phases. If this circuit is correctly set up,
illumination will rotate clockwise among the three lamps when generator speed is too high. If
illumination rotates counterclockwise, then the generator is too slow. The parallel connection may
be made only then when the illumination's rotation stops and when the lamps in the dark-light
circuit are out.
Making parallel connections is very often done with the aid of a synchronoscope. This instrument
consists of a quotientmeter that makes the phase difference between two voltages visible with a
moving pointer. The direction of the pointer's movement indicates whether the generator to be
connected is running too fast or too slow. If the pointer remains in a vertical position then the
connection can be made.
Double voltmeters and double frequency meters are used as additional synchronizing aids. The
double voltmeter has two independent measurement mechanisms to show the voltages of both
systems to be connected at the same time. A double frequency meter is used for frequency and
speed control. It allows a comparison of the machine and power line frequencies. These two last-
named instruments serve only to get the generator running properly for connection to power lines.
However, one of the aforementioned synchronizing aids must also be used in order to determine
the right point in time for the parallel connection. A jolt-free connection requires a bit of practice,
regardless of which method is used. This is why automated synchronizing apparatus is often
employed to accomplish this task in practical applications, particularly for larger machines. The
Synchronization Unit (745 01) is just such a synchronizing aid. It adjusts the driving machine to the
right speed autonomously, takes over the synchronous machine's excitation process, and
automatically connects the machine to the power lines when phases are matched.
60
Equipment List:
1 coupling 731 06
1 synchronization indicator 731 62
1 zero voltmeter 727 24
Fig. 4.6.1: Arrangement of Units for Various Synchronizing Circuits
61
The synchronizing circuit which employs lamps (as a synchronizing indicator) is to be investigated
first. The synchronous machine is to be wired in a star circuit and the star points of the power lines
and machine will be connected together. The CBM 10 program for computer-based analysis of
electric machines is not needed. Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 4.6.2:
Fig. 4.6.2: Synchronizing Circuit for the

Salient-pole Rotor Machine
Employing the Dark -lamp
Indicator Method
Select the "Load characteristic" operational mode on the control unit and drive the generator at a
constant speed of n = 1500 rpm after you have synchronized it with the cradle dynamometer.
Excite the machine such that the voltage on its terminals is the same as that of the power lines (the
double voltmeter permits these two voltages to be compared). Watch the synchronization indicator.
Result: The lamps illuminate and go out in step with the frequency difference between power
lines and machine (beat frequency).
62
Change cradle dynamometer's speed slightly (if necessary) to achieve the conditions for
connection. Connect the machine to the power lines in the torque that all of the synchronization
indicator lamps are simultaneously out.
Disconnect the machine from the power lines, de-energize the machine and turn off the cradle
dynamometer. Change the lamp circuit so that dissimilar power lines/machine phases are
connected across two of the three lamp pairs, e.g. L2 with V1 and L3 with W1. Repeat the above
experiment and watch the synchronization indicator.
Result: If the circuit is correct, illumination of the lamps will rotate clockwise as long as the
generator's speed is too high. The parallel connection may be made when illumination
comes to a standstill with the lamp-pair connected in dark-lamp configuration turned off
and the remaining lights shining brightly.
Change the circuit to match Fig. 4.6.3 in order to investigate the other synchronization aids.
Fig. 4.6.3: Salient-pole Rotor Machine

Synchronization Circuit for Use of
the Synchronoscope, the Zero
Voltmeter and the Double
Frequency Meter
63
Drive the machine as in the last experiment and excite it such that power line and generator
voltages are roughly the same. Watch the zero voltmeter, the double frequency meter and the
synchronoscope.
Result: As long as synchronization conditions have not been met, the zero voltmeter shows a
potential and the double frequency meter indicates unequal frequencies. The
synchronoscope indicates whether generator speed must be increased or decreased.
Connect the machine to the power lines the torque that frequency equality is achieved, the zero
voltmeter shows minimal deviation and the pointer on the sychronoscope stands vertically.
Repeat the synchronizing process carefully when the zero voltmeter is not at minimal deviation.
Result: If voltage and frequency are not the same, the generator will be pulled into
synchronization with a jerk when the connection is made. With larger machines this
would cause intolerably high load surges in the power lines.
4.7 Behavior on an Infinite Bus

Finally, the behavior of the salient-pole synchronous machine on an infinite bus (a constant-voltage
constant-frequency system) is to be investigated. If the machine is driven mechanically, it will
operate as a generator and deliver active power to the power lines. If it is mechanically loaded, it
will go into motor operation. If the machine is excited with a current that exceeds nominal excitation
current, it will deliver reactive power to the power lines. If it is excited at less than nominal
excitation current, it will draw reactive power from the power lines. Since drive torque and
excitation can be controlled independently of one another, it is possible to freely combine the
delivery or draw of active and reactive power in so-called "four-quadrant operation". In the case of
generator operation at nominal power, the efficiency will be determined and compared with the
efficiency of motor operation.
64
Equipment List:
1 coupling 731 06
1 power meter 727 11
1 RMS meter 727 10
1 ammeter 0 ... 5 A
Fig. 4.7.1: Arrangement of Units for Operating a Salient-pole Synchronous Machine on an Infinite Bus
65
Fig. 4.7.2: Circuit for Investigating the

Operational Behavior of a Salient-
pole Machine on an Infinite Bus
Put the synchronous machine into operation as you did in previous experiments (operational mode
"Load characteristic") and then use the synchronoscope to get the machine connected to the
power lines.
After this is accomplished, change the speed of the cradle dynamometer slightly (if necessary) and
the synchronous machine's excitation current a bit until the power meter indicates zero for both
active power as well as reactive power. From this no-load condition, slowly increase the speed of
the cradle dynamometer and observe the power meter's indicator when it is set to read "active
power".
Result: The machine delivers active power to the power lines, i.e. is operating as a generator.
Slowly reduce the cradle dynamometer's speed until it is beyond the no-load condition and observe
the active power indicator.
Result: The machine draws active power from the power lines, i.e. is operating as a motor.
66
Return the synchronous machine to its no-load condition and then slowly increase excitation
current. This time watch the power meter's indicator when it is set to read "reactive power".
Result: The machine delivers reactive power to the power lines when it is over-excited. This is
the typical mode of operation for a synchronous generator since the majority of loads
exhibit a resistive-inductive character.
Slowly reduce the machine's excitation current while watching the reactive power indicator.
Result: The machine draws reactive power from the power lines when it is under-excited. This
is referred to as phase-shifter operation.
Test various combinations of speed and excitation currents, this time watching both the active
power meter's indicator and the power factor meter.
Result: By varying the speed of the driving machine and changing excitation, four-quadrant
operation of the synchronous machine can be realized. Any given combination of active
and reactive power draw or delivery can be achieved as long as the constraints for
machine voltage, machine current and stability limits are not exceeded.
In conclusion, the efficiency of the salient-pole synchronous generator in nominal operation will be
determined. This can be done without changing the above circuit.
Adjust the machine's excitation and speed such that it delivers its nominal power to the power lines
while retaining its nominal power factor (both of these values can be taken from the rating plate).
Measure the corresponding values for cradle dynamometer speed and drive torque as well as
excitation voltage and excitation current of the synchronous machine.
Result: n = 1502 rpm, T = -2.41 Nm (the negative sign indicates that the cradle dynamometer
is working as a driving unit), VE = 23 V, IE = 3.8 A
The synchronous machine's input power is equal to the sum of the mechanical driving power and
the excitation power:
n
P1 = T + VE IE
9.55
Calculate this input power.
1502
Result: P1 = 2.41 W + 23 V 3.8 A = 379.0 W + 87.4 W = 466.4 W
9.55
67
P2
P1
270 W
Result: = = 0.579 = 57.9%
466.4 W
Compare these derived values with those for motor operation (see Section 4.2):
Result: Generator operation efficiency is about 78 % of motor operation efficiency.
68
T 10.4.2 Experiments with the Reluctance Motor
5 Experiments with the Reluctance Motor

Study Goals:
connecting a reluctance motor in a star circuit and reversing its direction of rotation with and
without a reversing switch.
performing measurements to determine a reluctance motor's efficiency and making a
comparison of this value to the value derived from rating plate data.
recording and interpreting various reluctance motor characteristics as a function of load torque
or speed.
Important Notice:
delta connection.
5.1 Basic Circuits

Equipment List:
1 reluctance motor 0.3 732 45
1 reversing switch 731 49
1 flywheel 732 44
2 RMS meter 727 10
1 ammeter 0 ... 2.5 A
69
Fig. 5.1.2: Connecting the Reluctance Motor

in a Star Circuit
70
The flywheel serves as a load. Put the motor into operation; observe its direction of rotation and
measure its speed with the digital handheld tachometer.
Measure line-to-line voltage and phase voltage at the motor as well as the current in a supply lead.
Result: 400 V, 230 V, 1.25 A
In order to reverse the direction of rotation, turn off the machine and swap two of the motor's feed
lines (e.g. L1 on V1, L2 on U1, L3 remains on W1).
Put the machine into operation again; observe the direction of rotation and again measure its
speed with the digital handheld tachometer.
The reversing switch can be used to simplify the motor's changeover from clockwise to counter
clockwise rotation.
Change the circuit to that shown in Fig. 5.1.3.
Fig. 5.1.3: Connecting the Reluctance Motor

via a Reversing Switch
Put the motor into operation and test the function of the reversing switch.
Result: The reversing switch works as intended.
71
5.2 Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics

Instead of the flywheel, the machine test system (consisting of cradle dynamometer and control
unit) will now be used to load the test object. The CBM 10 software will be needed to automatically
capture various characteristics for subsequent evaluation of measurement data. Details about how
to operate the machine test system and its software can be taken from its operating instructions.
Equipment List:
1 reluctance motor 0.3 732 45
1 coupling 731 06
2 RMS meters 727 10
1 ammeter 0 ... 2.5 A
Fig. 5.2.1: Arrangement of Units for Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics of a Reluctance
Motor
72

Efficiency of a Reluctance Motor in
a Star Circuit
Enter the rating plate data for the machine to be tested into Tab. 5.2.1:

Tab. 5.2.1: Nominal Data for the Machine Under Test
Result: P2 = 250 W when n = 1500 rpm T = 1.59 Nm
73
Allow the machine to run up without a load then synchronize it to the cradle dynamometer.
Manually set the machine test system to the above calculated value for load torque (operational
mode "Torque regulation").
With the motor in this operational state, measure the line-to-line voltage, the current in one supply
line, the power factor cos and the speed.
Result: T = 1.59 Nm, V = 400 V, I = 1.43 A, cos = 0.37, n = 1500 rpm
Therefore, calculated as a cross-check figure: P2 = 249.7 W.
Determine the machine's input power from: P1 = V I 3 cos
Result: P1 = 366.6 W
P2
P1
data and the actual efficiency from the measured values:
Result: theor = 56.1 %, = 68.1 %
determined.
The reluctance motor is a sub-type of induction motor, therefore its power factor must also be
tested for compliance with tolerance limits. For it, the IEC standard specifies:
upper: no limit, lower: cos =

(1 costheor )
6
If the measured power factor is less that the theoretically expected value, the deviation is to be
determined.
cos =
(1 costheor ) =
Result: 0.092 .
6
The power factor must therefore be at least 0.45 0.092 = 0.36. The motor is within
allowable tolerance.
74
Load characteristics can be recorded using the same experimental arrangement. The values for
n (speed), I (stator current), and cos (power factor), all in relationship to T (load torque), are of
initial interest. These values allow the machine's P1 (input power) and P2 (output power) and
(efficiency) to be calculated.
To normalize the stator current values in Tab. 5.2.2, use the measured current value obtained
above for nominal power: IN = 1.43 A at V = 400 V.
Other nominal values for the normalized presentation are: TN = 1.59 Nm, PN = 250 W
T / TN 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

T / Nm 0 0.16 0.32 0.48 0.64 0.80 0.95 1.11
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
measure I/A 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.25 1.27 1.29
cos 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.23 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32

n / ns 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I / IN 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.90
P1 / W 98.1 131.9 166.3 192.8 221.6 242.5 264.0 286.0
calculate P1 / PN 0.39 0.53 0.67 0.77 0.89 0.97 1.06 1.14

P2 / W 0.0 25.0 50.0 74.9 99.9 124.9 149.8 174.8
P2 / PN 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
/% 0.0 18.9 30.0 38.9 45.1 51.5 56.8 61.1

T / TN 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
T / Nm 1.27 1.43 1.59 1.75 1.91 2.07 2.23 2.39
n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
measure I/A 1.33 1.37 1.43 1.52 1.58 1.67 1.76 1.92
cos 0.34 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.46

n / ns 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I / IN 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.06 1.10 1.17 1.23 1.34
P1 / W 313.3 341.7 366.6 400.2 437.9 486.0 536.5 611.9
calculate P1 / PN 1.25 1.37 1.47 1.60 1.75 1.94 2.15 2.45

P2 / W 199.8 224.8 249.7 274.7 299.7 324.7 349.6 374.6
P2 / PN 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50
/% 63.8 65.8 68.1 68.6 68.4 66.8 65.2 61.2
Tab. 5.2.2: Measurements for Producing a Reluctance Motor's Load Characteristic
75
Graphically present the measured values with load torque T / TN as the X-axis and the values n / ns,
I / IN, P1 / PN, P2 / PN, cos and plotted in the Y-direction.
Fig. 5.2.3: Load Characteristic for the

Reluctance Motor
n / ns I / IN cos
P1 / PN P2 / PN
Result: The course of measured values is similar to that of the round-rotor machine. However,
stator current does remain in the vicinity of its nominal value even at small load torques
and then rises almost linearly. The power factor is small across the entire load range
while efficiency values reach just below 70 % and then drops off again.
76

The experimental circuit can remain unchanged for the automatic recording of run-up
characteristics. The measurement will begin at maximum torque, i.e. minimum speed, then the
load will be reduced until no-load speed is reached.
The following settings are to be made for the CBM 10 control program:
Operational mode: "Load characteristic", start speed: 1500 rpm, stop speed: 0
As was the case in previous experiments, allow the machine to run up and synchronize with the
cradle dynamometer. On the PC, select the mode "Automatic measurement" and start the
measurement process.
Of interest are the values T (torque), I (current), P1 (input power), P2 (output power), (efficiency)
as well as cos (power factor), all as a function of speed n. Represent the results in normalized
form, whereby the measured values are to be referenced to their nominal values.
Fig. 5.3.1: Run-up Characteristics of a Reluctance Motor, Recorded with the CBM 10 Program for
Result: Also with this motor type, the torque curve exhibits the typical characteristics of an
asynchronous machine. Breakdown torque occurs at a speed between 50 and 60 % of
no-load speed.
77
T 10.4.2 Practice Questions
6 Practice Questions
1) What are the principle differences between asynchronous and synchronous machines ?
Speed is load-dependent for asynchronous machines. In contrast, the speed of synchronous
machines is constant until it is forced "out of step" by an overload. The asynchronous
machine's rotor has only a short-circuited winding whereas the synchronous machine's rotor is
fitted with a direct current exciter winding.
2) How can the direction of rotation be changed for a synchronous machine ?
The direction of rotation can be changed by swapping two phase lines to the motor.
3) What rotor designs are used for synchronous machines ?
Rotors for low speeds have more pronounced poles to allow space for the exciter winding.
This type of rotor is referred to as a "salient-pole" rotor. Increasing the number of pole pairs
lowers the speed. Rotors designed for high speeds consist of a massive rotor with grooves for
the exciter winding. These rotors are typically designed for two or four poles and are referred
to as round-rotor or turbine-type machines.
4) What happens to a synchronous machine when it is connected to an infinite bus ?
A synchronous machine cannot start by itself. It must either be brought up to nominal speed
with a starter motor or allowed to run up asynchronously. This is the purpose of the damper
winding (when present). If there is no damper winding, then the exciter winding must be short-
circuited for the asynchronous run up process.
5) How is synchronous motor efficiency defined ?
Efficiency is the ratio of mechanical power output to the electrical power input. For
synchronous motors, this is the sum of active stator power and the direct current excitation
current.
6) Is there a relationship between a synchronous machine's power factor cos and efficiency ?
Efficiency and power factor are independent of one another.
7) How do synchronous motors and synchronous generators differ in their physical design ?
A synchronous machine can be used as a motor as well as a generator. If a machine is
mechanically loaded (beginning at no-load), then it will act as a motor. If it is driven, then it will
go into generator operation.
8) Why is the synchronous generator preferred over the asynchronous generator for generating
power ?
In contrast to asynchronous generators, a synchronous generator can produce not only active
power but also inductive or capacitive reactive power, depending on the needs of connected
loads.
9) What is meant by the expression "isolated operation" with respect to a synchronous
generator ?
Isolated operation is when a single synchronous generator supplies the connected loads with
the necessary active and reactive power. The generator must be driven at a fixed speed in
order to attain a constant frequency.
10) What course does the no-load voltage of a synchronous generator take with respect to
excitation current ?
The no-load characteristic exhibits a course typical of a magnetization curve; with increasing
excitation current there is a point at which saturation occurs and the characteristic flattens out.
79
T 10.4.2 Practice Questions
11) What is the significance of a synchronous motor's so-called "V curves" ?

V curves describe the course of stator current as a function of exciter current for a fixed load
torque value.
12) What conditions must be met in order for a synchronous generator to be connected in parallel
with another synchronous generator or an infinite bus ?
Its phase sequence, phase position, voltage and frequency must be the same as the system to
which it is being connected. Together, these four conditions are referred to as "synchronizing
conditions".
13) How are phase sequence and phase position measured during synchronizing ?
Phase sequence (the direction of the rotary field) is usually only checked at the time of the
generator's initial commissioning and this is done with a phase-sequence indicator. Phase
position can be determined with the aid of lamps placed between the phase lines of the
machine and the system to which it is to be connected (the so-called "dark-lamp circuit").
14) How are voltage and frequency equality measured during synchronizing ?
Each pair of voltages (from synchronous machine and external system) are indicated by a
double voltmeter and the corresponding frequencies are indicated by a double frequency
meter.
15) Explain how a synchronoscope works.
A synchronoscope has a quotientmeter that displays the phase difference between generator
and external system voltages by way of a sweeping indicator. From the indicator's direction of
movement one can recognize whether the generator to be connected is running too fast or too
slow with respect to the external system to which it is to be connected. The connection may
only be made when the indicator remains standing in a vertical position.
16) Under what conditions does a synchronous generator deliver active power and inductive
reactive power to its connected external system ?
The generator must be mechanically driven and over-excited.
17) What is to be understood under the expression "four-quadrant operation" for a synchronous
machine ?
This expression is descriptive of the operational modes that a synchronous machine can take
on as generator or motor (with positive or negative active power) and simultaneously be
operated with over-excitation or under-excitation (to affect positive or negative reactive power).
18) What does "phase-shift operation" mean ?
This describes the manner of operation in which the synchronous machine does not produce
any active power but rather only reactive power is produced or drawn. This is done with the
objective of increasing the power grid's power factor.
19) To what category of machines does the reluctance motor belong ?
The reluctance motor is fundamentally an induction machine because the magnetic field in its
rotor is not produced by an exciter winding. Because of its rotor's design, it starts as an
asynchronous motor and then, when it reaches its nominal speed, continues to run as a
synchronous motor.
20) Why is a reluctance motor's power factor relatively low ?
The air gap and leakage for this machine type is large. That leads to a high reactive power
requirement and a low power factor.
80

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T 10.4.

1st Edition, August 2003

by Leybold Didactic GmbH Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany

2 Safety Precautions and Measurement Notifications 7

3 Experiments with the Round-rotor Synchronous Machine 9

4 Experiments with the Salient-pole Synchronous Machine 39

5 Experiments with the Reluctance Motor 69

2 Safety Precautions and Measurement Notifications

2.2 Measurement Notifications

where is angular velocity.

3 Experiments with the Round-rotor Synchronous Machine

3.1 Basic Circuits

Fig. 3.1.1: Arrangement of Units for the Basic Circuits

Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.1.2.

Fig. 3.1.2: Connecting the Round-rotor

Result: Briefly about 0.7 A then attenuation down to zero.

Result: direction clockwise, n = 1493 rpm

Result: direction counter clockwise, n = -1492 rpm

Result: n = ns = 1500 rpm.

3.2 Determining Efficiency and Recording Characteristics in Motor Operation

Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.2.2.

Fig. 3.2.2: Circuit for Determining the

Nominal voltage VN when connected in star: 400 V

Tab. 3.2.1 Nominal Data for the Machine Under Test

Result: PN = 300 W when nN = ns = 1500 rpm TN = 1.91 Nm

Result: V = 400 V, I = 0.53 A, cos = 0.97, VE = 86.5 V, IE = 0.76 A

Calculate the active power input from: P1 = 3 V I cos + VE IE

Result: P1 = 356.2 W + 65.7 W = 421.9 W

Result: P1 theor = 443.5 W + 65.7 W = 509.2 W

Result: not necessary, since > theor

The measurements with constant excitation current are to be performed first.

T / TN 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

Fig. 3.2.3: Load Characteristic for the Round-

What typical course do the measured values take?

T / TN 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

n / rpm 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

Fig. 3.2.4: Load Characteristics for the Round-

What typical course do the measured values take?

3.3 V Curves and Phase-shift Operation

IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

Tab. 3.3.1: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 0

IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

Tab. 3.3.2: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 0.25

IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

Tab. 3.3.3: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 0.50

IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

Tab. 3.3.4: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 0.75

IE / IEN 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8

Tab. 3.3.5: Measurements for Recording V Curves for T / TN = 1.00

Fig. 3.3.1: V Curves for a Round-rotor Machine

3.4 Computer-based Recoding of Run-up Characteristics

Describe the principle course of the torque curve.

3.5 Behavior as Generator in Isolated Operation

Set up the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.5.2:

Fig. 3.5.2: Circuit for Measuring No-load

Tab. 3.5.1: Measurements for the Round-rotor's No-load Voltage

Tab. 3.5.2: Measurements for a Round-rotor's Short-circuit Current

Fig. 3.5.3: No-load Voltage and Short-circuit

What typical course do the measured values take?

Now synchronous generator behavior is to be investigated in isolated operation when connected to

Fig. 3.5.4: Circuit for Recording Round-rotor

Tab. 3.5.3: Measurements for Load Characteristic with Resistive Load