2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)
Automatie Irrigation And Worm Deteetion
For Peanut Field Using Raspberry Pi With
OpenCV
B.Nagarasu / ME: Embedded Systems
Department of ECE
Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Erode
E-mail: nagarasubalu@gmail.com
Abstract-Crop productivity in agriculture is in great
demand. To increase or to achieve better production,
detection of worms at an early stage and better
irrigation is to be done. In earlier days irrigation
process is done by sensors by monitoring the soil
moisture in the field. It seems to be inaccurate, and
varies for different areas such as top layer and inner
layer of the soil. In order to avoid this problem,
Automatie irrigation system and worm detection at
early stage is being done. In automatie irrigation
system, Web camera is placed in the field to monitor
the dry peanut leaves wh ich will turn upside down
when it is dried and shrink if it is half dried (Ieaves).
The Captured leaves are compared with the database
images using color and edge histogram correlation
method. If it is found dry it sends the information to
the control room to turn ON the motor. This reduces
the man power needed for monitoring continuously.
Meanwhile, detecting the worm in leaves by edge
detection method is done which informs the people to
be aware and take preventive actions at the earliest.
By doing this Crop yield can be increased and can
reduce the wastages of plants.
Keywords-Web camera, OpenCV, Peanut leaf,
Color and edge histogram, Correlation method,
Worm, Canny Edge detection
I. INTRODUCTION
Agriculture field is one of the important
backbones of economic growth in our India. Now a
day ' s Indian population growth for three times but
requires crop-grain for four times and greater.
Therefore crop production and control is essential
for entire fields of plants. Thus, to increase the crop
yield, accurate irrigation process and monitoring
the disease in plants needed before getting affected
In earlier days irrigation is done by farmers are
to monitor the plant conditions in the field
regularly. In order to reduce this man work image
processing is required for capturing the plant
conditions. According to this information offer drip
irrigation is to be performed. Because of amongst
all other methods, the drip irrigation is the most
978-1-5090-4556-3/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE
M.Manimegalai / Assistant Professor
Department ofECE
Kongu Engineering College,
Perundurai, Erode
E-mail: manimegalai@kongu.ac.in
efficient because it covers the large area of field
plants. In this drip irrigation less amount of water
circulates through pressurized pipes and delivers
only in the plant line, leaving the remaining rest of
the field is dry. Thus, using the least amount of
water is possible. The trees and plants must have
leaves because of to make their food by
photosynthesis using sunlight. In plants, worm
infection is the main problem of our agricultural
field such as Caterpillars and Red necked peanut
worms, etc .. They are in hidden form and can cause
severe damage to eat of plants such as for peanut
plant. Therefore, we are concentrating to find worm
infections in peanut fields.
In order to avoid this problem for poor
irrigation and worm affection in peanut plants in
this project work is to implement the automatic
irrigation and worm detection in the peanut field
using a Raspberry pi controller with open computer
vision application software. Preprocessing of this
project is first Raspbian operating system is
installed and then Web camera can be interfaced
with the Raspberry pi controller. This web camera
can be placed in the particular field to capture the
dry and worm infected plants in the peanut field
[2]. Second to apply Gaussian and de-noising used
for noise filtering in nearest neighbor pixels in the
query images. Third one is applying color masking,
except green color leaf of query images using
bitwise AND operation. In this technique dry plant
information is compared with database images
using color and edge histogram correlation method
[1]. After this it transmits the information to control
room, whether to on or off the motor for irrigation.
And another one method of detecting the peanut
worm infections in the plant leaves at an early
stage. Whenever the worm and its affected areas
are detected using a web camera, they are
compared with normal peanut plant using edge
detection [8] and these information are sent through
the people using GSM [9] for taking corresponding
chemical usage.
 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)
The surveys of various papers that have
contributes, Basavaraj Anami proposed colour and
edge histogram comparison for plant leaf color and
edge matching [1]. Mila nikolova proposed colour
image processing for use fast hue range parameters
of histogram matching [7]. Kumthekar proposed
more number of video keyframe extraction by
using image processing [4]. Raman maini proposed
study and comparison different image Edge
Detection Techniques [8]. Senthilkumar proposed
image capturing using Raspberry Pi controller with
NOIR camera module[2]. Suvita vani proposed
SSH connection for interface of GSM with
Raspberry Pi [9].
11. EXISTING WORK
In existing work various peanut plant
diseases are detected such as fungi disease of foliar
disease( Cercospora arachidicola and
Cercosporidium personaturn ) using morphological
operations. Plant wilts, mildews, distortion are
detected using k-means c1ustering for locating
clusters to measure the minimum squared distance
between query and trained images after that using
artificial neural network [9]. In existing work of
irrigation is sensor measurement of soil moisture
based drip ON motor.
III. METHODOLOGY
The block diagram represents the hardware
setup for automatic irrigation and worm detection
for peanut field is shown in "Fig. (1)".
Figure 1. Block diagram
Web camera is interface with Raspberry Pi
controller that captures the real time peanut plant
images for period time. These query images are
apply with image processing techniques using
opencv software tool in Raspberry Pi board. After
that receive corresponding information to achieve
drip irrigation and message transfer facility for
worm indication using Zigbee and GSM
respectively.
In this project color and edge comparison
methods of flow chart is shown in "Fig. (2)". In
this flow chart represent the step by step process of
dry peanut leaf detection to perform irrigation. In
this method the query images of the peanut plant is
captured in real time. These input sampies are
preprocessed with noise rem oval and color
masking. After that calculate the color and edge
histogram for this images then these images are
compare with database image using correlation
method. If it is color and edge histograms of two
images are match then drip ON the motor. If it is
not match process goes to previues step of next
query images taken for comparison.
Figure 2. Flow chart
Canny edge detection is used for detect
the plant leaf worm detection and also detect the
infected areas at an early stage.
A. Raspberry Pi Board
The Raspberry Pi controller is a credit card
sized computer that interface with camera, Audio
and video device and some electronic devices like
GSM, XBEE etc .. Its like a mini personal computer
that can be used for games and data processing. It
is a ARMv7 Quad Core Processor. The board
consists of in build memory for 1GB RAM to
access large powerfid applications. Raspberry Pi
controller consists of 4 USB ports for connect
devices,1 HDMI port for video output display,
Ethernet port for network connections, and input
power supply for controller is 3.3v.
 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)
IV. PRE-PROCESSING AND HISTOGRAM
CALCULA nON OF PEANUT LEAF
SAMPLES
Pre-processing images commonly involve
removing circumstance noise of low frequency and,
adjust the intensity of the individual pixel of
images, removing speculations, and masking
portions of images.
Processes involved in Image Pre-Processing are:
1) Image Acquisition
2) Noise Removal
3) Color Masking
A. Image acquisition
In this image acquisition technique Web
Camera is interfaced with Raspberry Pi controller
in the 5 feet distance of the field . When the Dry
peanut leaves and worm affected peanut leaves is
present in a particular field which can be captured
by using this Web Camera in aperiod of time.
B. Noise removal
Noise reduction uses important role for
segmentation and feature detection methods
because noise affects the true image data and pixel
values. In order to avoid this problem to remove
noise thus, uses the clear appearance of true image
and removes adjacent pixel noises In this project to
remove noise using fast, non-Iocal means de-
noising method. In this method input query images
of background noise is removed. Each
neighborhood pixels are surrounded by window
size and then noise is removed.
C. Color masking
In this color masking mask the all colors
except for the required true image color. Therefore,
in this technique need to change the color spaces.
There are 150 number of color space conversion
techniques available in image processing. HSV
color space is mostly used in open computer vision
compared to RGB color space because RGB color
space varies in illumination levels. HSV means
Hue-Saturation-Value, In this Hue represent the
color. Saturation denotes the grayness, so that
saturation value is zero means image is grayscale
(or) dull image. For HSV, Hue range is [0,179],
and [0,255] for both saturation and value. In
different type of software uses varies the HSV
values, therefore need to normalize the images
After converting the BGR to HSV color space.
Depending upon this HSV values we are extract the
different color images. In corresponding green
color HSV value to extract the green color image
alone, except the all other colors of query images
using Bit wise AND operation
D. Edge detection
The Canny edge detector is a one of the
edge detection algorithm which can be used to
detect the wide area of the edges in query images.
Edge detection covers the edge values of each
pixels in boundary of query images. Depending up
on minimum and maximum values of gradient edge
direction of each pixel to take the edge values. This
edge values represent the binary form of zeros and
ones.
E. Histogram
A histogram is a graph or map, which
gives the information about the representation of
color image intensity distribution. In this pixel
value range is (0 to 255) in X-axis and a
corresponding number of image pixels on Y-axis.
Histogram method is another way to easily
identifies the lightness, grayness and intensity of
the image. Its mainly used to compare the two
color and edge grayscale images.
F. Histogram calculation
The function cv2.calcHist uses in open
computer vision to find the histogram. Histogram
calculation is depend upon various parameters such
as channels, histogram bin size, histogram ranges,
and mask values. Suppose Calculating the
histogram in particular image location mask
operation is needed. Histogram Channel value of
gray scale image is zero and for color image R,G,B
value is 0,1,2 respectively.
G. Histogram comparison
In this method the function compareHist is
used to determine the numerical parameter values
of HSV that can be represent the closest match for
either color or edge comparison of histograms. If it
is comparing two histograms using d(hl ,h2)
metrices of this function . It also having four types
metrices to perform histogram matching like
Correlation, Chi-squared, Intersection, and
Hellinger method ..
(1)
In "Eq (1)" shows the correlation method that
computes the two histograms which represent the
hue value is l.0 means perfect match and 0.9
means closest match.
 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)

v. RESUL TS AND DISCUSSIONS B. Edge comparison result

Opencv software tool is used for image

processing in real time applications. In this
proposed work using opencv to perform better
irrigation and detection of worm infections in
peanut field. The following figures shows the color
and edge comparison recognition result.

Figure 5. Edge comparison ofsample 1 and database

image

The "Fig. (5)", shows that the edge

comparison result for sampie 1 and database image
using Correlation method.
Figure 3. Query image sampies ofpeanut field
c. Worm detection using edge detection
The "Fig. (3)", shows that the input method
sampies captured by web camera in peanut field.

A. Colour comparison result

IWIS/.e l lwu .C':J

Figure 6. Detection ofworm infections using canny

edge detection

The figure 6 shows that the detection of worm

and its infections in query images in peanut plant at an
early stage using canny edge detection.

Table I. Comparison result of dry peanut leaf

Edge Colour
histogram histogram
Parameter matching matching
value value
Input sampie 1 0.9998 0.5441
and database

Input sampie 2 0.9999 0.6798

and database
Recognition 0.4 sec 0.43 sec
Figure 4. Color comparison for sampie 1 and database rate
image
The table 1 shows the comparison of color
The "Fig. (4)", shows that the Color and edge parameters of different peanut plant
comparison result for sampie 1 and database image sampie. The value of color and edge histogram is
using Correlation method. 1.0 means perfeet match.
 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)

VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE [8] Raman Maini , and Himanshu Aggarwal , "Study and
Comparison of Various Image Edge Detection
ENHANCEMENT Techniques," International Journal of image
processing(IJIP), vol. 3
In this project, overall irrigation rate is
increased with a reduction in water was tage in the [9] Suvita vani , and N ithappriya, "Establishing SSH
peanut field. In earlier days fanners used to visit connection and interfacing GSM functi onality with
Raspberry Pi," International Journal of Innovative
the field to check for water availability and all sorts Research in Computer and Communication Engineering,
of agricultural practices leading to greater man vol. 2, Issue. I, March 2014.
hours . The existing technologies like sensor based
irrigation system are less accurate and reliable as
they get changed with changing weather
conditions. In this project monitoring the health
condition of leaf is carried out directly thereby
eliminating the anomalies of weather. Moreover
this project identifies the worm infection on a leaf
more effectively.

Future work of this project can be extended as

a complete setup by setting up a motor and
message transmission facility to make it more user
friendly and make this hardware setup to cover the
large areas to monitor the peanut field in various
heights in high observation capability using
movable robots.

REFERENC ES

[1] Basavaraj Anami, Suvama Nandyal , and Govardhan, " A

Combined Color, T exture and Edge feature Based Approach
for Identification and Classification of Indian M edicinal
Plants," International Journal of Computer Applications,
vol. 6, September 2010.

[2] Senthil kumar, and gopalakrishnan, " Embedded image

capturing system using Raspberry Pi system," International
journal o f emerging trends and technology in computer
science, vol. 3, Issue. 2, April 2014.

[3] Shivkumar Bagde, and Swaranjali Patil, "Artificial Neural

Network Based Plant Leaf Disease Detection," International
Journal of computer science and mobile computing, vol. 4,
Issue. 4 ,April 2015.

[4] Kumthekar, and Patil , " Key frame extraction using color
histogram m ethod," International Journal of Scientific
Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), vol 2,
Issue. 4, July 2013.

[5] Kue-Bum Lee, and Kwang-Seok Hong, "An

Implementation of Leaf Recognition System using Leaf
Vein and Shape," International Journal of Bio-Science and
Bio-Technology ,vol. 5, No. 2, April 2013.

[6] Manuel Grand-Brochier, and Antoine Vacavant, 'T ree

leaves extraction in natural images: Comparative study of
preprocessing tools and segmentation methods," IEEE
Transactions on Image Processing in 2015.

[7] Mila N ikolova, and Gabriele Steidl , " Fast Hue and Range
Preserving Histogram Specification: Theory and New
Aigorithms for Color Image Enhancement," IEEE
transactions on image processing, vol. 23, No. 9, September
2014.