Materials & Their Materials & Their Behavior in Welding Behavior in Welding

Welding Engineer (WE) Course
Engineering Center UI February 2011
Chapter 2
Materials & Their
Behavior in Welding
Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc
Departemen Metalurgi & Material

Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
Steel (Baja)
Steel : An alloy of iron and carbon with up to max.
2% carbon and other elements such as Mn, Si, P
and S, some alloying elements are also added
such as Cr, Ni, Mo, V, Nb, etc.
Carbon in
AW E IW S/ JW E S - Ban d un g Fe b-2 01 0 1
Binary Diagram of Fe-C
The Types of Crystal in Pure Irons
FCC
BCC
Phases in iron
LIQUID
1535C
FERRITE (delta)
1390C
AUSTENITE (gamma)
AUSTENITE
Face centred cubic (fcc)
910C
FERRITE (alpha)
FERRITE
Body centred cubic (bcc)
Crystalline lattice structure
a. Face centered cubic (FCC)
Steel (at high temp.), Austenitic stainless steel,
Al, Cu,...
b. Body centered cubic (BCC)
Steel (at low temp.), Ferritic stainless steel,
Ti (at high temp.)
c. Hexagonally closed packed (HCP)
Ti (at low temp.)
Q.2.1-1
Q.2.1-
The following sentences mention about steels. Choose the
correct one and encircle its number.
1. Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C),

which contains 0.008% or less carbon.
carbon.
which contains over 0.008% up to 2.0% carbon
carbon.
A3
A1
EQILIBRIUM DIAGRAM Fe-C
EUTECTOID MICROSTRUCTURE
HYPO-EUTECTOID MICROSTRUCTURE
HYPER-EUTECTOID MICROSTRUCTURE
Dilatometri-1
Dilatometri-2
Dilatometri-3
Transformation
In heating
Ac1: to start
Ac3: to finish
In cooling
Ar3: to start
Ar1: to finish
In rapid cooling
(quenching)
Ms: M start
Mf: M finish
TTT DIAGRAM
FOR NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATION
CCT DIAGRAM
FOR NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATION
BASIC HARDENING OF STEEL
Austenite
The aims of TEMPERING: to decrease
residual stress and to provide the
toughness of martensitic structure.
Austenitizing Bainit
Temperature
1st Tempering 2nd Tempering

Pre-heating
Ferrite
Martensite
Time
Maritensite Bainite
NON-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSFORMATION
Austenite
(g, A)
slow
cooling moderate
Coarse pearlite+ cooling
proeutectoid phase fast rapid
cooling quenching
Fine pearlite +
proeutectic phase
Matensite
Bainite
(BCT)
reheating
As-cast Tempered
microstructure martensite
Q.2.1-2
Q.2.1-
The following elements are said to be the 5 main elements of
ordinary carbon steel. Choose the wrong one and encircle its
number.
1. Manganese (Mn(Mn))
2. Silicon (Si)
3. Chromium (Cr)
4. Carbon (C)
5. Sulfur (S)
Steel : Fe + C (<
(<2%
2%))
Carbon
Low carbon steel ~0.3%
Middle carbon steel 0.3~0.5%
High carbon steel 0.5%~
Alloy components
Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mo, Nb, V, Al, Ti, and B
High alloy 10%~
Middle alloy 5~10%
Low alloy ~5%
Mn,
Mn, Si :for welding (de-
(de-oxidization)
Mn,
Mn, Si, Al :from refining process
Rimmed steel
Semi-
Semi-killed steel
Killed steel (de-
(de-oxidized with Si,Al)
Si,Al)
Impurities
S, and P -> Lamellar tear, hot crack
Steelmaking
Oxygen in
Argon in
Killed Semi-killed Rimming
Q.2.1-3
Q.2.1-
Regarding the following items about the JIS standard for steels,
choose the correct one from among the words.
(1) Chemical composition of SS400

(a. requirement of C; b. requirements of P and S; c. requirements of
C, P, and S; d. requirements of C, Si, MnMn,, P, and S)
(2) Chemical composition of SM490C
(a. requirement of C; b. requirements of P and S; c. requirements of
C, P, and S; d. requirements of C, Si, MnMn,, P, and S)
(3) Classification symbol of rolled steels for building construction
(a. SS; b. SM; c. SN; d. SB)
(4) The figure 490 in SN490C
(a. the lower limit of proof stress; b. the upper limit of proof stress; c.
the lower limit of tensile strength; d. the upper limit of tensile
strength)
(5) The steel grade for which the Charpy absorbed energy required is
biggest among SM490A, SM490B, and SM490C
(a. SM490A; b. SM490B; c. SM490C)
PLAIN CARBON STEEL
Application of Low Alloy Steel
Welded Construction such as

bridge, ship building and
pressure vessel
JIS standard and steels
Steels for
General structure SS series (SS
(SS400
400,, SS
SS490
490,, etc
etc)
Weld structure SM series

Building construction SN series ( Tensile strength )
Steels for
Q.2.1-3
Q.2.1-
(1) Requirement of chemical composition for SS400

a. C
b. P and S
c. C, P, and S;
d. C, Si, Mn
Mn,, P, and S
(2) Requirement of chemical composition for SM400C
a. C
b. P and S
c. C, P, and S;
d. C, Si, Mn
Mn,, P, and S
Q.2.1-3
Q.2.1-
(1) Requirement of chemical composition for SS400

a. C
b. P and S
c. C, P, and S;
d. C, Si, Mn
Mn,, P, and S
(2) Requirement of chemical composition for SM400C
a. C
b. P and S
c. C, P, and S;
d. C, Si, Mn
Mn,, P, and S
Steels for
Building construction SN series
Yield ratio Yield / Tensile
Steels for
Building construction
SN series
Yield ratio Yield / Tensile
Large ratio decrease

the compliance of
structures such as
building .

Steels for
General structure SS series (SS400, SS490, etc
etc)

Building construction SN series ( Tensile strength )
High strength steel
Tensile strength > 490 MPa
by QT, TMCP (Thermo
(Thermo--Mechanical Control Process), etc
called as HT
HT{ {Tensile strength}
HW
HW{ {Yield or proof strength}, SPV{
SPV{Yield or proof stress}
Low temperature service steel
SLA series, Al, Ni, Austenite stainless steel (304, 304L)
High temperature service steel
SB series : ex. for Boilers (Mo)
Others
SMA series : Atmospheric corrosion resisting
Example of Heat Resisting Steels
Cr-Mo Steel (Low Alloy Steel)
Hot rolling
TMCP of High Strength Low Alloy Steel Production
GRAIN SIZE AND STRENGTH
Grain Structure in
HSLA steels
CCT Diagram in HSLA steels
Q.2.1-3
Q.2.1-

a. SS b. SM c. SN d. SB

a. the lower limit of proof stress
b. the upper limit of proof stress
c. the lower limit of tensile strength
d. the upper limit of tensile strength
biggest among following steels
a. SM490A
b. SM490B
c. SM490C
Q.2.1-3
Q.2.1-

a. SS b. SM c. SN d. SB

a. the lower limit of proof stress
b. the upper limit of proof stress
c. the lower limit of tensile strength
d. the upper limit of tensile strength
biggest among following steels
a. SM490A
b. SM490B
c. SM490C
Q.2.1-4
Q.2.1-
Regarding the following items about heat treatment of low carbon steel,
choose the correct one from among the words in each parenthesis.
(1) Treatment of heating at the A3 temperature or higher and then cooling
down slowly in a furnace
(a. quenching; b. normalizing; c. annealing)
(2) Treatment of heating at a temperature higher than the A3 temperature
by about 50 C to obtain a uniform austenitic structure and then cooling
in the atmosphere
(a. tempering; b. normalizing; c. annealing)
(3) Treatment of rapid cooling from a temperature in the austenitic area
by, for instance, putting the material into water
(a. quenching; b. tempering; c. normalizing)
(4) Treatment of heating at, for instance, around 600 C for the purpose of
adjusting the quality of the material hardened by rapid cooling.
(5) Treatment of heating at around 300-
300-400
400C immediately after welding
finished for decreasing diffusible hydrogen in the welded joint
(a. preheating; b. annealing; c. immediate postweld heating)
Heat treatments of the steel
Equilibrium structure
-austenite (FCC)
-ferrite (BCC)
Cementite (Fe3C)
Cooling in the air -> Pearlite
Quenching (rapid cooling)-
cooling) -> Martensite.
Martensite.
Heat treatments of the steel

A : to soften the steel, remove residual stress in furnaces
N : to obtain a uniform austenitic structure in the air
Q : to make martensite (strong but usually too hard and brittle)
QT : to give toughness to the martensite
Q.2.1-4
Q.2.1-
Regarding the following items about heat treatment of low carbon steel,
choose the correct one from among the words in each parenthesis.
(1) Treatment of heating at the A3 temperature or higher and then cooling

down slowly in a furnace
(a. quenching; b. normalizing; c. annealing)
(2) Treatment of heating at a temperature higher than the A3 temperature
by about 50 C to obtain a uniform austenitic structure and then cooling
in the atmosphere
(3) Treatment of rapid cooling from a temperature in the austenitic area
by, for instance, putting the material into water
(a. quenching; b. tempering; c. normalizing)
(4) Treatment of heating at, for instance, around 600 C for the purpose of
adjusting the quality of the material hardened by rapid cooling.
(5) Treatment of heating at around 300-
300-400
400C immediately after welding
finished for decreasing diffusible hydrogen in the welded joint
(a. preheating; b. annealing; c. immediate postweld heating)
Q.2.1-5
Q.2.1-
Choose the most closely related one from among the words given
in Group II in relation to the type of steel in Group I and enter its
alphabetic symbol into each parenthesis.
Group [ I ]
(1) SM570Q ( )
(2) SMA490B ( )
(3) SLA325A ( )
(4) SB410 ( )
(5) SN490B ( )
Group [ II ]
a. 9%Ni; b. yield ratio; c. quenching and tempering;
d. pressure vessel for low temperature use;
e. thermo mechanical control; f. boiler; g. weather resistant
Steels ( SS, SM, SN )
High strength steel
Low temperature service steel
Low carbon steel ((SLA
SLA series)
Al killed steel (Si-
(Si-Mn type)
Ni steels
Aluminum alloys
Austenite stainless steel (304, 304L)
Inver (34%Ni-
(34%Ni-Fe)
High temperature service steel
SB series : ex. for Boilers (Mo)
Others
SMA series : Atmospheric corrosion resisting
Steels (Fe + C)
High strength steel
Low temperature service steel (Ni, Al)
High temperature service steel (Mo, Cr, Mn)
s d p
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB BIIB 0
1 H He
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6 Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7 Fr Ra **
f
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
6 * La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
7 ** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Steels
High strength steel
Low temperature service steel (Ni, Al)
High temperature service steel (Mo, Cr, Mn
Mn))
Types
Carbon steel
0.5
0.5Mo
Mo steel, Mn-
Mn-0.5
0.5Mo
Mo steel
1Cr-
Cr-0.5
0.5Mo
Mo steel
11/4Cr-
Cr- 1Mo steel
Requirements
Strength at high temperature
Creep deformation
Corrosion
High pressure H2
Q.2.1-5
Q.2.1-
Choose the most closely related one from among the words given
in Group II in relation to the type of steel in Group I and enter its
alphabetic symbol into each parenthesis.
Group [ I ]
(1) SM570Q ( )
(2) SMA490B ( )
(3) SLA325A ( )
(4) SB410 ( )
(5) SN490B ( )
Group [ II ]
a. 9%Ni; b. yield ratio; c. quenching and tempering;
d. pressure vessel for low temperature use;
e. thermo mechanical control; f. boiler; g. weather resistant
Weld defects
Blowholes ( CO(steel), H2(Aluminum) )
Gas elements is introduced from Oxide, Paint, Electrode, etc
etc
X
The gas may be removed by flux and fixed in the slag.
X
The gas may come up to surface of molten pool.
In order to prevent the blowholes,,,,

Clean up, Shield,,,
Choice of electrodes, wires, flux,,,
Giving enough time for the gas to come up to surface,,,
Weld cracks
Weld defects
Blowholes (CO, H2)
Weld cracks
Cold crack (Brittle HAZ + H2 + Stress)
Delayed cracking ( Cold crack delayed by H2 diffusion )
Hot crack (S, P)
Lamellar tear (S, P)
Reheat crack (at coarse grained HAZ during PWHT)
POROSITAS LASAN
Gambar 11: Sumber hidrogen pada pengelasan dengan MIG (acc. to Thier)
Weld Defects
Slag
inclusion
Wormhole
porosity
Incomplete
fusion
Overlap
Solidification
Cracks
Lamelar Tearing
H2 or Cold Cracking
MEKANISME DIFUSI HIDROGEN

DARI KAMPUH LASAN KE HAZ
KELARUTAN
HYDROGEN
DALAM BAJA
KELARUTAN
HYDROGEN DALAM
BERBAGAI JENIS
ELEKTRODA
Cold crack
The degree of restraint of the joint
Hydrogen (H2)
Brittleness/Hardness
Threshold of the index for cold crack sensitivity depends on

preheating temperature.
TPreHeat ( o C) 1440 PC 396
Preheat vs H2 or Cold Cracking
Hydrogen cracks originating in the HAZ Preheating to avoid hydrogen cracking
KEMAMPULASAN BAJA
WELDABILITY OF STEELS
KARBON EKIVALEN vs CRACK SENSITIVITY
Q.2.2-1
Q.2.2-
For arc welding of steels, choose the most appropriate one from among
the words.
(1) Cracks that appear in and near the heat-
heat-affected zone of the base
metal in cascade in parallel with the rolled surface.
(a. pear shape crack; b. toe crack; c. lamellar tear)
(2) Cracks caused by postweld heat treatment
(a. reheat crack; b. crater crack; c. pear shape crack)
(3) A chemical element in steel that is related to hot cracks most
(a. Al; b. S; c. Cr)
(4) The effective measure to prevent cold cracks in the heat-
heat-affected zone
(a. use of low Mn steel; b. use of low P steel; c. use of low diffusible
hydrogen welding materials)
(5) A particular gas that can be the main cause of blowholes in arc
welding
(a. hydrogen; b. argon; c. helium)
Q.2.2-2
Q.2.2-
Choose the appropriate one from among the words in each parenthesis.
(1) The cold crack susceptibility in weld joint of steel is determined by the
chemical compositions of steel, the quantity of [(a) oxygen; (b)
nitrogen; (c) hydrogen; (d) carbon dioxide] dissolved in the weld
metal, and the degree of restraint of the joint. Cold cracks include [(a)
crater crack; (b) underbead crack; (c) pear shape crack; (d) reheat
crack].
(2) For prevention of cold crack, [(a) preheating; (b) rapid cooling; (c)
water-
water-cooling; (d) restraint] of the part to be welded is effective. This
is to reduce the [(a) softening; (b) hardening; (c) deformation; (d)
precipitation] at heat affected zone and volume of [(a) oxygen; (b)
nitrogen; (c) hydrogen; (d) carbon dioxide] dissolved into the weld.
Definition of Weldability
The capacity of a material to be welded under the
imposed fabrication conditions into a specific,
suitably designed structure & to perform
satisfactorily in intended service.
(ANSI / AWS A3.0)
Kemampuan material untuk dapat dilas dibawah

kondisi perakitan khusus sehingga sesuai
dengan desain struktur dan dapat menunjukan
performa yang memuaskan di lapangan.
Mechanical properties (strength, toughness, etc
etc)
Micro
Micro--structure Cooling rate
Hardness (index)
STRUKTUR MIKRO
BAJA KARBON
RENDAH
STRUKTUR MIKRO
BAJA KARBON
MENENGAH
Continuous cooling transformation diagram

CCT diagram
Effect of Preheating & PWHT
Charpy test
Absorbed energy
Transition temperature
Q.2.2
Q.2.2--3
Regarding the following items about the weldment of 490N/mm2 class
high tensile strength steel for welded structures, choose the correct one
from among the words in each parenthesis.
(1) A particular zone that is not affected by the welding heat and its micro-
micro-
structure is not changed [(a) coarse grain zone; (b) fine grain zone; (c)
spheroidal pearlitic zone; (d) original structure of base metal]
(2) A particular zone that has becomes good in toughness by heating at
immediately above the A3 temperature. [(a) coarse grain zone; (b) fine
grain zone; (c) spheroidal pearlitic zone; (d) original structure at base
metal]
(3) A particular zone that has been melted and then solidified to become a
dendritic structure [(a) weld metal; (b) coarse grain zone; (c) spheroidal
pearlitic zone; (d) original structure at base metal]
(4) A particular zone that has been heated at 750~900
750~900C and then become
often brittle because of partial high carbon martensite structure [(a) weld
metal; (b) coarse grain zone; (c) fine grain zone; (d) spheroidal
pearlitic zone]
(5) A particular zone that has been heated more than 1250 C and then
become remarkably hard and brittle [(a) coarse grain zone; (b) fine grain
zone; (c) spheroidal pearlitic zone; (d) original structure at base metal]
Japan
Europe
Q2.2-
Q2.2-4
Write the calculation formula to obtain the welding heat input H
(J/cm), provided that welding current is I (A), arc voltage is E (V),
and welding speed is v (cm/min). Then calculate the welding heat
input when I is 320 A, E is 30 V, and v is 40 cm/min.
(1) Calculation formula: H=
(2) Calculated welding heat input: ( ) J/cm
How to deduce the equation of heat input H (J/cm)
Consider 60 (s) of the process

process
Current is I (A) Power

Voltage is E (V) I x E (W, J/s)
Energy input in the 60 (s) 60 x I x E (J)
Welding speed is v (cm/min)
Length during the 60 (s) v (cm)
The energy (J) per 1 (cm) is

H (J/cm) = 60 x I x E (J) / v (cm)
Heat input
Thickness Cooling rate Microstructure

Joint shape
Preheating Mechanical properties
Q2.3-
Q2.3-1
About covered electrodes for shielded metal arc welding, choose the
correct one from among the words.
(1) The figure 43 in the JIS classification of D4301 defines [(a) the
minimum yield strength of deposited metal; (b) the minimum tensile
strength of deposited metal; (c) the type of coating flux; (d) applicable
welding positions].
(2) The JIS classification of [(a
[(a) D4303; (b) D4316; (c) D5016; (d)
D5816] designates a lime-
lime-titanium type covered electrodes for shielded
metal arc welding.
(3) The type of coating flux that generates the least diffusible hydrogen is
[(a) high-
high-cellulose type; (b) ilmenite type; (c) lime-
lime-titanium type; (d
(d )
low-
low-hydrogen type].
(4) The ordinary temperature range for re-re-drying ilmenite type covered
electrodes before use is [(a
[(a) 70-
70-100; (b) 100-
100-200; (c) 200-
200-300; (d)
300-
300-400] C.
(5) The ordinary temperature range for re-re-drying low-
low-hydrogen type
covered electrodes before use is [(a) 70-
70-100; (b) 100-
100-200; (c) 200-
200-
300; (d(d) 300-
300-400] C.
Q2.3-2
Q2.3-
Choose the correct one from among the words.
(1) The JIS classification of [(a) D4301; (b) D4303; (c (c) D4316; (d) D5016]
designates low-
low-hydrogen type covered electrodes for shielded metal arc
welding of mild steels.
(2) The JIS classification of [(a) D4303; (b
(b) D4311; (c) D5016; (d) D5816]
designates high-
high-cellulose type covered electrodes for shielded metal arc
welding.
(3) The figure 12 in the AWS classification of E6012 designates [(a) the
minimum tensile strength of deposited metal; (b) the range of chemical
compositions of deposited metal; (c (c) the type of coating flux; (d) the
maximum diameter of electrode] of the particular covered electrode for
shielded metal arc welding.
(4) The figure 60 in the AWS classification of E6012 designates [(a[(a) the
tensile strength of deposited metal; (b) the range of chemical
compositions of deposited metal; (c) the type of coating flux; (d) the
diameter of electrode] of the particular covered electrode for shielded
metal arc welding.
(5) Bonded-
Bonded-type fluxes for submerged arc welding have such advantages as
higher notch toughness of the weld metal and [(a) low moisture
absorption; (b) suitability for high speed welding; (c
(c) convenience of
addition of alloying elements].
Flux for submerged arc welding
Fused flux
Sintered flux
Bonded flux
Q2.3-
Q2.3-3
In the following sentences, choose the correct one.
(1) The most outstanding property of low-

low-hydrogen type covered
electrodes for shielded metal arc welding is [(a) low price; (b
(b)) good
slag removal; (c) deep penetration; (d) low crack sensitivity].
(2) Low-
Low-hydrogen type covered electrodes for shielded metal arc welding
are recommended to re-
re-dry before use at [(a) 100-
100-200; (b) 150-
150-
250; (c
(c) 300-
300-400; (d) 450-
450-550] C for [(a) 10-
10-30; (b
(b) 30-
30-60; (c)
60-
60-120; (d) 120-
120-240] minutes.
(3) In shielded metal arc welding with low-

electrodes, an excessively wide weaving may cause deterioration of
the mechanical properties of the weld and occurrence of [(a) hot
cracks; (b) cold cracks; (c) stress corrosion cracks; (d
(d) blowholes].
Therefore, the weaving width should be kept within [(a) 2; (b(b) 3;
(c) 6; (d) 9] times as much as the diameter of the electrode.
Q2.3-
Q2.3-4 Regarding the following types of covered electrodes for shielded
metal arc welding of mild steels, choose the corresponding description
(1) ilmenite type ( )
(2) iron-
iron-powder-
powder-iron-
iron-oxide type ( )
(3) lime-
lime-titanium type ( )
(4) high-
high-cellulose type ( )
(5) low-
low-hydrogen type ( )
[Group A]
(a) A covered electrode for shielded metal arc welding whose coating flux
contains mainly calcium carbonate
(b) A covered electrode for shielded metal arc welding for high efficiency
and deep penetration
(c) A covered electrode for shielded metal arc welding whose coating flux
contains about 30%iron sand with 40% TiO2
(d) A covered electrode for shielded metal arc welding whose coating flux
contains about 30% titanium dioxide and 20% basic substance such as
calcium carbonate
(e) A gas-
gas-shielding type covered electrode for shielded metal arc welding
whose coating flux contains 20% or more of organic matters (c,b,d,e,a)
c,b,d,e,a)
Q2.3-
Q2.3-5 The following sentences describe covered electrodes for shielded
metal arc welding. Choose the correct one from among the words.
(1) One of the main functions of the coating flux of covered electrodes for
shielded metal arc welding is to help [(a) ion; (b (b) arc; (c) hydrogen]
ignition easily and to keep it stable.
(2) The functions of the coating flux of covered electrodes for shielded
metal arc welding are to generate neutral or reducing gases to prevent
entering of the atmosphere into the weld pool and to form slag to cover
the molten metal for preventing [(a) deoxidizing; (b) reduction; (c (c)
oxidizing] and nitriding.
nitriding.
(3) Mechanical properties of weld metal can be improved by adding [(a [(a)
alloying elements; (b) carbide; (c) sulfur] into the coating flux.
(4) D4301 covered electrode specified by the JIS for shielded metal arc
welding of mild steels has the coating flux of [(a
[(a) ilmenite type; (b)
lime-
lime-titanium type; (c) low-
low-hydrogen type].
(5) The JIS classifies covered electrodes for shielded metal arc welding of
mild steels with the classification system composed of D and four (4)
digits of figures (Dxxxx
(Dxxxx).
). The last 2 digits of the figures indicate the
type of coating flux and [(a) arc voltage range; (b) usability; (c (c)
welding position].
Q2.3-
Q2.3-6
The following sentences describe low-
electrodes for shielded metal arc welding. Choose the wrong one.
(1) The hydrogen content of deposited metal is lower as compared

with other types of electrodes.
(2) The ductility and toughness of deposited metal is good due to
the basic slag.
(3) This electrode is suitable for welding steel grades susceptible to
cold cracks.
(4) The coating flux contains a high amount of hydrogen source
materials such as organic matters.
(5) As blowholes tend to be generated at the arc starting area, it is
better to apply the back-
back-step method in welding.
MAG welding
Solid wire
Flux cored wire
YFW C 50 2 X
Flux type
( R:Rutile,M:Metalic,B:Basic, G:Other )
Charpy absorbed energy and temperature
Tensile strength
Shielding Gas (C:CO2,A:Ar)
Q2.3-
Q2.3-7 The following sentences describe MAG welding wires.
Choose the correct one.
(1) The JIS classification of [(a

[(a) YGW11; (b) YGW15; (c) YFW YFW--C50DR;
(d) YFW
YFW--A502R] designates a solid wire for CO2 gas gas--shielded arc
welding.
(2) The letter C in the JIS classification of YFW-
YFW-C502M indicates [(a) the
minimum yield strength of deposited metal; (b) the minimum tensile
strength of deposited metal; (c) the impact test temperature and
absorbed energy of deposited metal; (d (d) the kind of shielding gas].
(3) The figure 60 in the JIS classification of YFW-
YFW-A60FB indicates [(a) the
minimum yield strength of deposited metal; (b (b) the minimum tensile
strength of deposited metal; (c) the impact test temperature and
absorbed energy of deposited metal; (d) the kind of shielding gas].
(4) With the same wire diameter and the same welding current, [(a)
solid; (b) rutile-
rutile-type flux-
flux-cored; (c) basic-
basic-type flux-
flux-cored; (d
(d) metal-
metal-
cored] wire gives the highest deposited rate.
(5) In general, as compared with solid wires, flux-
flux-cored wires offer [(a)
lower price; (b
(b) less spatter; (c) deeper penetration; (d) better wire
feedability].
feedability].
Q2.3-
Q2.3-8
In the following sentences, choose the appropriate one from among
the words or letters in each parenthesis.
(1) As compared with the core wire of covered electrodes for shielded
metal arc welding, higher amounts of [(a[(a) Si and Mn
Mn;; (b) Si and Ni;
(c) Al and Si; (d) Mn and Ni] are added to the solid wire of YGW12
for CO2 gas arc welding. These elements prevent the occurrence of
[(a) hot cracks; (b) cold cracks; (c
(c) fatigue fracture; (d) blowholes]
by means of [(a) desulfurization; (b) decarburization; (c)
deoxidization, (d
(d) dephosphorization].
dephosphorization].
(2) When the same wire having the particular chemical composition is
used in MAG welding with Ar + CO2 mixture shielding gases with
varied CO2 percent, the amount of the above-
above-mentioned alloying
elements transferred from the wire to the weld metal (yield rate)
becomes [(a) bigger; (b (b) smaller] as the ratio of CO2 increases.
Therefore, if a particular wire designed for a shielding gas of
80%Ar+20%CO2 is used wrongly with a shielding gas of 100% CO2,
the strength of the deposited metal may [(a) become bigger than;
(b) become smaller than; (c) remain the same as] the designed
strength.
Q2.4-1 The following sentences describe blowholes that generate in GMA

Q2.4-
welding. Choose the correct one from among the words.
(1) In carbon steel welding, if large amounts of hydrogen and [(a) argon;
(b) helium; (c (c) nitrogen] are dissolved into the molten metal, they
become gas bubbles when the molten metal solidifies. If these gas
bubbles cannot come up to the surface of the molten metal during the
solidification process and are trapped in the weld metal, they become
blowholes.
(2) In carbon steel welding, it is effective for preventing blowholes to [(a)
use a non-
non-copper-
copper-coated welding wire; (b) use a welding wire with
extremely low C content; (c) use a welding wire containing smaller
amounts of Si and Mn Mn;; (d
(d) remove moisture and oil on the surfaces of
the steel plates].
(3) If the volume of gas dissolved into the weld pool is constant, blowholes
are more likely to generate as [(a) welding current; (b) arc voltage; (c (c)
welding speed; (d) welding heat input] is higher.
(4) In aluminum alloy welding, the main cause of blowholes is [(a) argon;
(b) helium; (c (c) hydrogen; (d) carbon].
(5) In MAG site welding of carbon steel, the probability of generation of
blowholes decreases remarkably, if the wind velocity around the arc is
[(
[(a
a) 2; (b) 5; (c) 10; (d) 15] m/second or lower.
Q.2.4-2
Q.2.4-
The following sentences describe the welding defects in steel welds.
Choose the correct one from among the words in each parenthesis
and encircle its alphabetic symbol.
(1) The main cause of blowholes in arc welding of steels is [(a) carbon;
(b) carbon monoxide; (c) carbon dioxide], and hydrogen has some
influence, too.
(2) For shielded metal arc welding, the coating flux of covered
electrodes contains deoxidizing agents like [(a) ferrochromium; (b)
ferromolybdenum; (c (c) ferrosilicon; (d) ferroniobium]
ferroniobium] to prevent
the occurrence of [(a) hot cracks; (b) slag inclusions; (c) lack of
fusion; ((d
d) blowholes].
(3) Liquation crack, a kind of hot crack in steel welds, occurs mainly in
the [(a) weld metal; (b (b) coarse grain area; (c) fine grain area; (d)
embrittled area] of the weld zone, and the main cause is believed to
be the non-
non-metallic inclusion of low melting point like [(a) carbide;
(b) nitride; (c
(c) sulfide].
Any questions ?

Materials & Their Materials & Their Behavior in Welding Behavior in Welding

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Welding Engineer (WE) Course

Engineering Center UI February 2011

Departemen Metalurgi & Material

1. Steel is an alloy of iron (Fe) and carbon (C),

EQILIBRIUM DIAGRAM Fe-C

1st Tempering 2nd Tempering

(1) Chemical composition of SS400

PLAIN CARBON STEEL

Welded Construction such as

Weld structure SM series

(1) Requirement of chemical composition for SS400

(1) Requirement of chemical composition for SS400

Yield ratio Yield / Tensile

Large ratio decrease

JIS standard and steels

Weld structure SM series

(3) Classification symbol of rolled steels for building construction

(4) The figure 490 in SN490C

(3) Classification symbol of rolled steels for building construction

(4) The figure 490 in SN490C

Heat treatments of the steel

(1) Treatment of heating at the A3 temperature or higher and then cooling

In order to prevent the blowholes,,,,

MEKANISME DIFUSI HIDROGEN

Threshold of the index for cold crack sensitivity depends on

TPreHeat ( o C) 1440 PC 396

Hydrogen cracks originating in the HAZ Preheating to avoid hydrogen cracking

Kemampuan material untuk dapat dilas dibawah

Continuous cooling transformation diagram

(1) Calculation formula: H=

(2) Calculated welding heat input: ( ) J/cm

Consider 60 (s) of the process

Current is I (A) Power

The energy (J) per 1 (cm) is

Thickness Cooling rate Microstructure

Preheating Mechanical properties

(1) The most outstanding property of low-

(3) In shielded metal arc welding with low-

(1) The hydrogen content of deposited metal is lower as compared

(1) The JIS classification of [(a

Q2.4-1 The following sentences describe blowholes that generate in GMA

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