t6 Data Description

Mathematics QA026
Topic 6: Descriptive Statistics Lesson Plan

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LECTURE 1 OF 6
TOPIC : 6.0 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
SUBTOPIC : 6.1 Introduction to Data
LEARNING
OUTCOMES : (a) to define the basic statistical terms;
population, sample, variables and types
of data
(b) to recognize ungrouped and grouped
data.
STATISTICS
a collection of methods for planning experiments,

obtaining data, organizing, summarizing, presenting,
analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions based
on the data.
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STATISTICS
DESCRIPTIVE INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS STATISTICS
Technique of Technique of
collecting analyzing
tabulating inferences
presenting
summarizing
information to make conclusion
about population
to describe data
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POPULATION
The collection of all elements of interest
SAMPLE
The selection of a few elements from this population

(subset of population)
population
sample
Example:
A survey was made regarding the methods of study used by
524 out of 2000 matriculation students from KMPh.
The population here is all the 2000 students and the sample
is 524 students.
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PARAMETER
a numerical measurement
describing characteristic of a population
STATISTICS
a numerical measurement
describing characteristic of a sample
VARIABLE
a variable is a characteristic under study that assumes

different values.
DATA
a collection of observations, measurements or

information obtained from study that is carried out.
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There are two types of data

(a) Quantitative Data
consists of numbers representing counts or
measurements.
Example: the weight of supermodels
(b) Qualitative Data

Can be separated into different categories that are
distinguished by some nonnumeric characteristic.
Example: the gender (male/female) of professional
athletes.
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Discrete Data Continuous Data
Discrete variable
Continuous variable
Variable can only be
Variable that can assume
assume particular
any numerical values over
numerical value /
a certain interval
countable value
Example:
Example:
- The monthly rainfall
- Number of students
(in cm3) for a
(1 , 2, 3, )
particular year
- Size of shirts
(5.3, 4.8, 6.1, 5.0, 3.0)
(14, 14 , 15, 15 , )
- Mass (in kg) for a
newborn baby
(3.1, 2.8, 4.0, 4.3, 3.45)
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UNGROUPED DATA
-data that have not been organized numerically
Example:
These are the number of rooms in each of 20 houses in
particular town
5 6 6 4 5 4 6 8 2 4
7 8 3 5 4 2 4 8 8 3
-The data can be summarized neatly as a frequency

distribution as shown below.
Number of Frequency
rooms
2 2
3 2
4 5
5 3
6 3
7 1
8 4
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GROUPED DATA
-The frequency distribution below shows the same data

but grouped in the following intervals 2 - 3, 4 - 5,
6 - 7and 8 9.
Number of Frequency
rooms
2-3 4
4-5 8
6-7 6
8-9 4
Exercise 1 ;p
1. Identity the population and sample for the following

(a) 5 students selected from an Accounting class
were interviewed.
Population :
Sample :
(b) 20 cars selected out of 500 cars were tested for

performance.
Population :
Sample :
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Exercise 2 ;)
2. Determine whether the following are quantitative or

qualitative data
(a) the age of babies in a competition
(b) the colours of houses in a certain state
(c) the weights of parcels in the post office
(d) the qualifications required for a certain job
Exercise 3 :D
3. Identify whether the following are discrete or

continuous
(a) The numbers of cell phone owned by families
(b) Salaries of employees in a company
(c) Monthly water bills
(d) The number of children per family
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LECTURE 2 OF 6
SUBTOPIC : 6.2 Frequency Distributions
LEARNING
OUTCOMES : (a) understand the important terms
related to frequency table: open and
closed class, class limit, class
boundaries, class width and class mid-
point.
Case:
Given below are the marks from UPS2 by the 30 leading

accounting students in KMPh.
62, 65, 63, 65, 70, 68, 65, 67, 67, 67, 69, 70, 70, 70, 67, 68,
68, 66, 69, 74, 67, 68, 69, 69, 69, 71, 71, 72, 69, 72, 69, 72.
1. How many students obtain mark between 50 70?

2. How many students obtain below 40?
From the data given above (ungrouped data) it is hard to

answer the above question directly. A frequency
distribution table can be a helpful tool to answer the
question.
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THE CONSTRUCTION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Step 1
Determine the number of class
usually between 5 and 20
one rule to help decide on the number of classes is
Sturges formula:
C 1 3.3 log n
C is the number of classes
n is the number of observations in the data set
Step 2
Determine the width of the class interval
the class interval size should be the same for all
classes
must cover at least the lowest and the highest value
use formula:
H L
I
k
I is the class interval
H is the highest observed value
L is the lowest observed value
k is the number of classes
Eg: I 2902 , the interval can be 3000
Step 3
Tally the data into the frequency table
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Try this!
Form the frequency distribution table for the data below.
25 39 12 52
22 33 45 59
25 38 18 52
30 45 59 42
31 44 48 15
37 54 43 58
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Frequency Distribution Table

(For Quantitative Data)
contains a list of all the classes and the number of

values that belong to each class and its frequency.
Frequency : a number of times a value occurs.
Class interval :
- an interval that includes all the values
- bounded by the lower class limit and upper class limit.
The lower class limits smallest values of the class

interval
The upper class limits - biggest values of the class

interval.
Age (years) Number of buyers Lower Upper

(class interval) (frequency) limit limit
21 25 3 21 25
26 30 18 26 30
31 35 13 31 35
36 40 11 36 40
41 45 8 41 45
46 50 5 46 50
51 55 2 51 55
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Open and closed class - A class has either no lower

class limit or no upper class limit or both are missing in
a frequency table
Age (years) Number of buyers

(class interval) (frequency)
Below 29 3
29 33 18
33 37 13
37 41 11
41 45 8
45 49 5
49 Above 2
The lower boundary and upper boundary.

Type 1
Age (years) Number of Lower Upper
(class buyers boundary boundary
interval) (frequency)
25 29 3
29 33 18
33 37 13
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Type 2
Age (years) Number of Lower Upper
(class buyers boundary boundary
interval) (frequency)
25 29 3
30 34 18
35 39 13
The class width or class size
Class size = upper boundary lower boundary
The class mark or mid point = lower limit + upper limit

2
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Example 1
Determine the upper limit, lower limit, upper boundary and
lower boundary of each class interval in the table given
below.
Mark of Lower Upper Lower Upper

Quiz 1 limit limit boundary boundary
41 50
51 60
61 70
71 80
Example 2
Calculate the size of the class intervals and the midpoint of
each class interval.
Time in Number of Size of class

Midpoint,x
minutes customers interval
11 15 5
16 20 7
21 25 9
26 30 3
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Example 3
Determine the upper boundary, lower boundary, size of the
class intervals and midpoint of each class interval in the
table given below.
Number Lower Upper Size of

Weights Midpoint,
of boundary boundary class
in Kg x
students interval
50 55 8
55 60 12
60 65 6
65 70 23
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EXERCISE
The following data give the numbers of pieces of junk mail

received by 31 families during the past month.
Numbers of
Frequency
junk mail
58 3
9 12 5
13 16 8
17 20 7
21 24 6
25 28 2
Based on the above frequency distribution table, determine

(a) Lower boundary
(b) upper boundary
(c) size of the class intervals
(d) midpoint
of each class interval.
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LECTURE 3 OF 6
SUBTOPIC : 6.2 Frequency Distributions
LEARNING
OUTCOMES : (b) complete an extended frequency
distribution table.
Case:
Number of Number of
children families
5 4
6 4
7 10
8 2
Table 6.1: The number of children in 20 families
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RELATIVE FREQUENCY
The relative frequency of a category is obtained by dividing

the frequency of the category by the sum of all the
frequencies.
Frequencyof that category

Relative frequencyof a category
Sum of all frequencies
f
f
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A cumulative frequency distribution gives the total number

of values that fall below the upper boundary of each class.
In the form of fraction:
Number of Relative
children frequency
5 4
20
6 4
20
7 10
20
8 2
20
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In the form of decimals:
Number of Relative
children frequency
5
6
7
8
In the form of percentages:
Number of Relative
children frequency
5
6
7
8
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EXERCISE 1
Complete the following tables.
Number of Cumulative Relative

Frequency
books read frequency frequency
2
3
3
6
4
7
5
8
6
9
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EXERCISE 2
Determine the cumulative frequency, relative frequency and

midpoint of each class interval in the table given below.
Age Frequency Cumulative Relative Midpoint,

(years) frequency frequency x
10 x 15 30
15 x 20 78
20 x 25 90
25 x 30 20
30 x 40 34
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Exercise
1. Determine the cumulative frequency, relative

frequency and midpoint of each class interval in the table
given below.
Daily Frequency Cumulative Relative Midpoint,

pocket frequency frequency x
money
(RM)
1.5 2.4 5
2.5 3.4 10
3.5 4.4 4
4.5 5.4 9
5.5 6.4 3
Answer:
Daily Frequency Cumulative Relative Midpoint,

pocket frequency frequency x
money
(RM)
1.5 2.4 5 5 0.16 1.95
2.5 3.4 10 15 0.32 2.95
3.5 4.4 4 19 0.13 3.95
4.5 5.4 9 28 0.29 4.95
5.5 6.4 3 31 0.097 5.95
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HISTOGRAM
look like bar charts but histogram are not bar charts
area of a rectangle is proportional to the frequency
rectangles must be drawn side by side

(empty space means the class has zero frequency)
the class widths are the same
mode can be found from the histogram
the steps for constructing a histogram:

Step 1
Determine the class boundaries for each class
Step 2
Choose a suitable scale for the horizontal axis and mark
the class boundaries
Step 3
Choose a suitable scale for the vertical axis to represent
frequency
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FREQUENCY POLYGON
consists of line segments connecting the points
advantage: allow us to compare directly two or more

frequency distributions by constructing two frequency
polygons, on the top of the other
the steps for constructing a frequency polygon:

Step 1
Join the midpoints of the intervals of a histogram
Step 2
Plot frequencies against the class marks (midpoints) and
join the adjacent points with the line segments
Step 3
For a complete frequency polygon, a class with zero
frequency is added before the first class and after the
last class
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OGIVE
also called a cumulative frequency
two types of ogive:

1. more than ogive
2. less than ogive
the upper boundaries are used in the construction of

ogive
the first quartile, median, the third quartile and kth

percentile can be found from the ogive
the interquartile range and the range can be calculated

from the first and the third quartile
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EXAMPLE (construct a Histogram)
The marks obtained by 118 students in an examination are

recorded in the following table. Draw a histogram to
represent the information.
Hence, find the mode from the histogram.
Then, draw a frequency polygon.
Marks 30 - 40 - 50 - 60 - 70 - 80 - 90 -
39 49 59 69 79 89 99
frequency 20 18 22 24 0 14 20
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EXERCISE (construct a Histogram)
The ages of a group of students are shown in the

following frequency distribution.
Ages Number of students

5 x 8 6
8 x 11 13
11 x 14 20
14 x 17 10
17 x 20 1
a) determine the relative frequency distribution
b) construct a histogram
c) construct a frequency polygon
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EXAMPLE (construct an ogive)
The speeds of vehicles (km per hour) in a residential area

are shown. Construct an ogive for the distribution. Hence,
determine
i. the median
ii. the first quartile
iii. the third quartile
iv. the interquartile range
v. the range
vi. the 80th percentile
Speed 38 - 41 42 - 45 46 - 49 50 - 53 54 - 57 58 - 61
Frequency 0 25 14 7 3 1
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EXERCISE (construct an ogive)
In a class of 120 students, the following marks

distribution was found. Construct an ogive for the
distribution. Then, determine
i. the median
ii. the first quartile
iii. the third quartile
iv. the interquartile range
v. the range
vi. the 90th percentile
Marks Frequency
0 x 20 9
20 x 40 29
40 x 60 42
60 x 80 26
80 x 100 14
From graph ogive;

th
1
Median f observation
2
th
1
The first quartile f observation
4
th
3
The third quartile f observation
4
th
k
Percentile f observation
100
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SUBTOPIC : 6.3 Measures of Central Tendency
LEARNING (a) find and interpret the mean, median

OUTCOMES : and mode for ungrouped and grouped
data.
(b) Describe the symmetriness and
skewness of a data distribution by
comparing the location of the median
and mean
Measure of Central Tendency
The main purpose of statistics is to draw conclusions

about a population from a sample of observed values.
measures of central tendency are sometimes called
measures of location since they act as a focus for the
data such that they can be used as a single value to
represent the whole data set.
Measure of central tendency
Mean Median Mode
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Ungrouped Data
(a) Mean ( x )
x1 x2 x3 ... xn
x
n
Example 1
Find the mean of the following numbers

10, 15, 12, 16, 13, 13, 16, 11, 13, 18, 17
Solution
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Example 2
At a supermarket, Nina buy 8 tins of soup. According to the

information on the tins, four have mass 400 grams, three
have mass 425 grams and one has mass 435 grams. Find the
mean mass (in grams) of the tins of soup.
Solution
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(b) Median ( x )
~
The median of a data set is the middle value when the

original data values are arranged in descending or ascending
numerical order.
Example 3
Find the median of the following numbers
10, 15, 12, 16, 13, 13, 16, 11, 13, 18, 17
Solution
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Example 4
Find the median of the following numbers.
15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24
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(c) Mode ( x )
The mode of a data set is the value that occurs most

frequently. The mode may not exist, and even if it does
exist it may not be unique.
Example 5
3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16
Example 6
2, 2, 5, 7, 9, 9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 18
Example 7
2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 9
Example 8
1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
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Example 9
The distances traveled to work by 150 commuters were
measured to the nearest five kilometers and is summarized
in the following frequency table.
Distance
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
traveled
Numbers of
12 23 45 32 21 9 5 3
commuters
Find the mean, median and mode for the distance traveled
by the 150 commuters (rounded the distance traveled to
the nearest kilometer).
Solution:
Distance traveled Number of commuters fx
x f
5 12
10 23
15 45
20 32
25 21
30 9
35 5
40 3
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(d) Quartiles and Percentiles
Quartiles
Quartiles are the summary measures that divide a data set
into four equal parts.
th
k
Qk n 1 observation
4
Percentiles
For a set of data which are arranged in ascending order,
percentiles divide the set into 100 equal parts.
th
k
Pk n observation
100
Example:
A group of 14 children were given a test in Mathematics.
Their marks out of 20 were as shown below:
8 18 10 14 18 11 13
16 13 14 13 17 15 8
Find the first quartile, the third quartile, P10, P25 and P30.
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Solution:
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Grouped Data
(a) Mean ( x )
fx
x
n
(b) Median ( x )
~
n
Fm 1
~
x Lm 2 c
fm
Lm = lower boundary of the median class

Fm 1 = cumulative frequency of classes before median class
f m = frequency of the median class
c = class width
(c) Mode ( x )
d1
x Lmo c
d1 2
L mo = lower boundary of the modal class

d 1 = difference between frequency of modal class and the
class before
d 2 = difference between frequency of modal class and the
class after
c = class width
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(c) Quartiles and Percentiles for the grouped data

Quartiles
1
n FL
Q1 LQ1 4 C
fc
LQ1 = lower boundary of the Q1 class

FL = cumulative frequency before the Q1 class
fc = frequencies of Q1 class
C = width of the Q1 class
n = total number of observation
3
n FL
Q3 LQ3 4 C
fc
LQ3 = lower boundary of the Q3 class

FL = cumulative frequency before the Q3 class
fc = frequencies of Q3 class
C =width of the Q3 class
n =total number of observation
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Percentiles
The kth percentile can be calculated using the following
formula:
k
n FL
Pk Lk 100 C
fc
Lk = lower boundary of the percentile class

FL = cumulative frequency before the percentile class
fc = frequencies of the percentile class
C =width of the percentile class
n =total number of observation
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Example 10
The table shows the numbers of staff cars were obtained
at the authors college and their ages (in years). Find the
average of ages (in years) for the numbers of staff cars
were obtained.
Age Staff f Class mark fx F

x
02 20
35 43
68 37
9 11 11
12 14 9
15 17 2
18 20 1
Find mean, median, mode, the first quartile, the third

quartile and 20th percentile.
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Solution:
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Exercise
1. The given values are the service times (in seconds) of

McDonalds drive-through customers.
65 88 35 93 65 65 55 83 99 74 44
Find the mean, the median and the mode.
2. The following data give the weights (in pounds) lost by

20 members of a health club at the end of three
months after joining the club.
10 8 7 15 12 11 10 10 11 6
10 9 8 13 9 6 5 14 16 15
Find the mean, median and mode.
3. The following table gives the weights (pounds) of all 100

babies born at a hospital in 2006.
Number of
Weight(pounds)
babies
35 5
68 33
9 11 36
12 14 24
15 17 2
Find the mean, median and mode.
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Skewness of Data Distribution
For largely skewed distribution, median is more appropriate

measure of central tendency.
For symmetrical distribution or almost symmetrical

distribution, mean is the appropriate measure of central
tendency.
Three important shapes:

(i) Symmetric
(ii) Positively skewed or right-skewed distribution
(iii) Negatively skewed or left-skewed distribution
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Example 1
Table below shows a frequency distribution of the weekly

wages of the 65 employees at the P & K Company.
Wages(RM) Number of employees

250.00 259.99 8
260.00 269.99 10
270.00 279.99 16
280.00 289.99 14
290.00 299.99 10
300.00 309.99 5
310.00 319.99 2
(a) Compute the mean, median and mode weekly wages.

(b) Comment on the skewness of this distribution.
Solution
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Wages(RM) frequency Midpoint, fx F

x
250.00 259.99 8
260.00 269.99 10
270.00 279.99 16
280.00 289.99 14
290.00 299.99 10
300.00 309.99 5
310.00 319.99 2
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SUBTOPIC : 6.4 Measure of Dispersion
LEARNING
OUTCOMES : (a) to find and interpret range, variance
and standard deviation for ungrouped
and grouped data.
(b) to find and interpret coefficient of
variation for comparison of two data
distributions
Measures of Dispersion
Measures of dispersion are descriptive statistics that

describe how similar a set of scores are to each other.
The more similar the scores are to each other, the
lower the measure of dispersion will be.
The less similar the scores are to each other, the
higher the measure of dispersion will be.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Variance Standard
deviation
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Variance, 2 Standard Deviation,
Ungrouped 2 x x
2
( x x) 2
s s
n 1
Data n 1
2 2
2 1 2 x 1 2 x
s x s x
n 1 n n 1 n
Grouped 2 1 2
fx
2
1 2
( fx) 2
s fx s fx
f 1 f f 1 f
Data
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UNGROUPED DATA
Example 1
Consider the following sample:

1,3,4,4
(a) Calculate the mean
(b) Calculate the variance and standard deviation
Solution
x x x ( x x) 2
1
3
4
4
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Example 2
Find the variance and standard deviation of the following
data.
13.5, 7.9, 9.2, 15.3, 11.7, 5.5, 8.7, 4.2
Solution
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Example 3
Given the two data as listed below:
Data I :8, 18, 9, 10, 12, 16, 13, 15, 16, 13, 13
Data II : 11, 13, 13, 1, 2, 23, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20
Find the mean and standard deviation for the above data
and interpret the values obtained.
Solution
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Exercise
1. Find the sample variance and standard deviation of the

following data
87,84,103,89,90
2. Find the sample variance and standard deviation of the

following data
x f
20 4
30 7
40 3
50 5
Answer
1. Variance = 40.3
Standard Deviation = 6.348
2. Variance = 126.3
Standard Deviation = 11.2
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GROUPED DATA
Example 1
Find the variance and standard deviation of the following

data for the marks obtained in a test by 88 students.
Marks, x 0 10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50
Frequency 6 16 24 25 17
Solution
Marks f x fx x2 fx 2
0 10 6
10 20 16
20 30 24
30 40 25
40 50 17
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Example 2
Wages per hour (RM) paid to temporary workers at

production and marketing departments of a factory is as
shown in the following table.
Numbers of temporary workers

Wages Production Marketing
department department
8 x < 10 15 8
10 x < 12 18 31
12 x < 14 35 58
14 x < 16 25 32
16 x < 20 12 6
Find estimates for median, mean and standard deviation for

wages per hour for all the temporary workers in the
factory.
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Solution
Numbers of
Wages Temporary x fx f x2
workers
8 x < 10 23
10 x < 12 49
12 x < 14 93
14 x < 16 57
16 x < 20 18
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Example 3
Find the standard deviation for the following data.
Age
0-5 5 - 10 10 - 15 15 - 20 20 - 25 25 - 30 30 35
(years)
Frequency 5 8 12 18 9 6 2
Solution
Age(years) f
05 5
5 10 8
10 15 12
15 20 18
20 25 9
25 30 6
30 35 2
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Example 4
The frequency distribution table shows the hourly wages of

workers in a factory.
Wage
57 8 10 11 13 14 16 17 19
(RM)
Frequency 9 16 11 8 6
a) Find the standard deviation, correct to three decimal

places.
b) If the manager of the factory decides to increase the
wage of each worker by 20%, find the new standard
deviation.
Solution
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Coefficient of Variation
The coefficient of variation is the standard deviation

divided by the mean of the same data set, and
expressed as a percentage.
Formula:
standard deviation
Coefficient of Variation 100%
mean
A larger coefficient of variation means that the data is

more dispersed and less consistent.
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Example 1
Types of X Y
equipment
Mean 1525 days 19 days
Standard 250 days 3 days

deviation
The table above shows the mean life spans and their
standard deviation of 2 types of equipments, X and Y. Find
the coefficient of variation of each type of equipment.
Solution
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Example 2
Calculate the coefficient of variation

(a) for a set of data having mean 14.0 and standard
deviation 2.3.
(b) for a set of data having mean 7, and variance 0.6.
Solution
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Example 3
In a study on the social status of people form 2 different

backgrounds, the following numerical measures were
calculated.
Group I (Urban) Group II (Rural)
Sample mean =83 points Sample mean=75 points
Sample standard deviation=6.5 Sample standard deviation=6.3
Which data group exhibits a greater variability or

dispersion?
Solution
45
Mathematics QA026
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Example 4
Which of the data set is more disperse, prove by the

suitable measurement.
Data Mean Standard

Deviation
Age of the 26 6
accountants
Salary of the 31000 4000
accountants
Solution
46
Mathematics QA026
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise
(1) Calculate an estimate of the mean, standard deviation

and coefficient of variation of the following grouped
data
Age(years) 0 5 10 15 20 25
4 9 14 19 24 29
Frequency 8 11 13 19 7 2
(2) The daily production of two comparable machines was
measured over a period of time,
giving the following statistics.
Machine A: Mean=485, Standard deviation=41
Machine B: Mean=560, Standard deviation=46
Which machine is more consistent in keeping to its
mean production level.
Answer
(1) 13 , 6.689 , 51.45%

(2) Machine B is more consistent
Mathematics QA026
___________________________________________________________________________
Pearsons Coefficient of Skewness, Sk
Describes the skewness of a distribution numerically

The range for Sk ; -3 to 3
The formula:
3(mean median)
Sk
s tan dard deviation
mean mod e
Sk
s tan dard deviation
Example:
Calculate Pearsons Coefficient of Skewness:
(a) For a set of data having mean 15.0, mode 12.0 and
standard deviation 3.1
(b) For a set of data having mean -1.9, median -1.1 and
variance 0.9

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Mathematics QA026

Topic 6: Descriptive Statistics Lesson Plan

TOPIC : 6.0 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

SUBTOPIC : 6.1 Introduction to Data

a collection of methods for planning experiments,

The collection of all elements of interest

The selection of a few elements from this population

a variable is a characteristic under study that assumes

a collection of observations, measurements or

There are two types of data

(b) Qualitative Data

Discrete Data Continuous Data

-data that have not been organized numerically

-The data can be summarized neatly as a frequency

-The frequency distribution below shows the same data

1. Identity the population and sample for the following

(b) 20 cars selected out of 500 cars were tested for

2. Determine whether the following are quantitative or

(b) the colours of houses in a certain state

(c) the weights of parcels in the post office

(d) the qualifications required for a certain job

3. Identify whether the following are discrete or

(b) Salaries of employees in a company

(c) Monthly water bills

(d) The number of children per family

SUBTOPIC : 6.2 Frequency Distributions

Given below are the marks from UPS2 by the 30 leading

1. How many students obtain mark between 50 70?

From the data given above (ungrouped data) it is hard to

THE CONSTRUCTION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Eg: I 2902 , the interval can be 3000

Form the frequency distribution table for the data below.

Frequency Distribution Table

contains a list of all the classes and the number of

Frequency : a number of times a value occurs.

The lower class limits smallest values of the class

The upper class limits - biggest values of the class

Age (years) Number of buyers Lower Upper

Open and closed class - A class has either no lower

Age (years) Number of buyers

The lower boundary and upper boundary.

The class width or class size

Class size = upper boundary lower boundary

The class mark or mid point = lower limit + upper limit

Mark of Lower Upper Lower Upper

Time in Number of Size of class

Number Lower Upper Size of

The following data give the numbers of pieces of junk mail

Based on the above frequency distribution table, determine

of each class interval.

SUBTOPIC : 6.2 Frequency Distributions

Table 6.1: The number of children in 20 families

The relative frequency of a category is obtained by dividing

Frequencyof that category

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

A cumulative frequency distribution gives the total number

In the form of fraction:

In the form of decimals:

In the form of percentages:

Complete the following tables.

Number of Cumulative Relative

Determine the cumulative frequency, relative frequency and

Age Frequency Cumulative Relative Midpoint,

1. Determine the cumulative frequency, relative