Transformer Diagnostic

Measurements

Transformer Overview
Life Span and Operating Conditions
Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance
Oil Tests Dissolved Gas Analysis, Degree of
Polymerisation (DP) & Furan Analysis
Overview of CPC100 and Operating Software (Toolset)
Electrical Measurements
Dielectric Dissipation Factor Tan Delta
Dielectric Dissipation Factor - Moisture Content
Partial Discharge
Sweep Frequency Response
Testing Current Transformers
Summary

1
 Electrical Diagnostic
Measurements

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 2

 Ratio Measurements

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 3

TRRatio (per Tap): Setup

High voltage at the output!!

Do not perform the resistance measurement

before the Ratio test!
 TRRatio (per Tap): Vector Group
1. Example: YNd5
V u
Corresponding pairs
w are in parallell

U W
v

2. Example: Dy5
V
u
No parallel pairs:
w -> Short between u & v
and measure to w
U W v
TRRatio (per Tap): Vector Group

6
TRRatio (per Tap): Vector Group

7
 TRRatio (per Tap): Test Card
nominal ratio (3-phase) nominal ratio (1-phase)
Test Voltage

Options for
CP SB1
magnitude phase

to Settings
(ratio table)

V prim
Vsec Deviation from
nominal ratio (1-phase)
 Ratio Measurements

CP SB1
Options
manage Taps

back to Main
Page

nominal voltage
Transformer Ratio: Template
 Ratio Measurements

Assessment:

TRRatio:

within 0,5 % from nominal ratio

Transformer Ratio
Measurement Demonstration

16 March 2012
 Electrical Diagnostic
Measurements

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 13

 Winding Resistance

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 14

Measurement of Static Resistance Values

Static Resistance Measurement =

All internal contacts:

Diverter switch contacts +

Tapselector contacts +

Connecting leads +

Winding Resistance

15
New Voltage Selector Contact

16
 Testing of New 500MVA Transformer

285,00
280,00
275,00
270,00 KEMA
Resistance [m ]

265,00
OMICRON 121
260,00 Ref. Temp.
255,00 OMICRON 211
Ref. Temp.
250,00
245,00
240,00
235,00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Tap position

17
 100MVA, 220/110kV, U-Phase

R L1 (referred to 20C)

700.0

650.0

600.0
R L1 1974
mOhm

R L1 20.2.02 1...19
RL1 20.2.02 191
550.0

500.0

450.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Taps

Faulty Tap Selector Contact

18
 100MVA, 220/110kV, V-Phase

R L2 (referred to 20)

650.0

630.0

610.0

590.0

570.0
R L2 1974
m Ohm

550.0 R L2 20.2.02 119

R L2 20.2.02 191
530.0

510.0

490.0

470.0

450.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Taps

Faulty Tap Selector Contact

19
 100MVA, 220/110kV, W-Phase

R L3 (referred to 20)

630.0

610.0

590.0

570.0

550.0 R L3 1974
m Ohm

R L3 20.2.02 119
530.0 R L3K 20.2.02 191

510.0

490.0

470.0

450.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Taps

Faulty Tap Selector Contact

20
Faulty Tap Selector Contact

21
 Winding Resistance U-Phase
After repair

Resistance L1

650

630

610
Resistance [m]
]

590
Factory Measurement
570
OMICRON 119
550
OMICRON 191
530

510

490

470

450
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

Taps

22
 Difference in Contact Resistance
U-Phase UP c.f. Down
Resistance Difference L1 Up-Down

6
5
(Delta R) / R [%]]

4
3
2
1
0
-1
Before repair
-2
-3
-4
-5

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19
1

9
Taps

Resistance Difference L1 Up-Down

02
02
(Delta R) / R [%]]

01
01
00
After repair
-01
-01
-02
-02
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Taps

23
OLTC Diagnostic Approaches

24
 Winding Resistance Dynamic
Measurement
Dynamic Resistance Masurement is an enhancement of the winding
resistance measurement.

When a preset measuring current is applied the transient current

fluctuations that occur as the tap changer steps through the stages of
changing taps via the divertor switch and divertor resistors are monitored.

The response is recorded and the gradient of the fluctuation (slope) and its
amplitude (ripple) are compared for each tap to confirm if the behaviour of
the current is consistent or erratic.

Variations of the slope and ripple values indicate specific problems with the
OLTC.

25
 Benefits of OLTC Check

During routine winding resistance measurement the OLTC Check

provides an overview of the operating performance of the OLTC and
an indication of the likely source of any problems.

It is a free test:
No additional effort
No additional time
Results incorporated into the Excel Template
Highlights a developing problem
No access required to the OLTC
Using the auxilary switch box SB1 the whole
measurement is automated

Valuable information which can be recorded at a scheduled

maintenance

26
TR Tap Change (for OLTC)
Measure winding
resistance of
individual taps of
OLTC
Inject constant
IAC/DC Input
current to Tap
Winding
VDC Input Measure current via
IAC/DC Input
Measure voltage by
VDC Input
Calculates
Resistance

27
 Dynamic Resistance Measurement

28
3/16
 The DC current source is a constant current supply.
With the change of impedance as the divertor switch connects to R1,
then R1 + R2 and finally R2 there is a first step change in the current.

29
3/16
 When the tap tap process is completed (R2 shorted by the tap
position contact) the constant current source immediately begins to
revert to its set value under the influence of the transformer winding
inductance.

30
3/16
 TR Tap Check (for OLTC)...Measurement

Test Settings: Itest

IDC: actual test current
VDC: voltage measured
at VDC Input

31
 TR Tap Check (for OLTC)...

Deviation

Inductance of a winding needs time to

saturated. An algorithm is used to determine
when the winding is saturated and the
resistance measurement can be made.

Resistance is measured every Interval and

compared to the previous reading. Final
measurement is made if deviation is below the
set value.

32
 TR Tap Check (for OLTC)...Measurement

Interval: time between

resistance measurement

Temperature Compensation for Cu:

Tmeas: ambient temperature
Tref: operating temperature of CT secondary winding
Rref = (VDC/IDC) x (1 + 3.92 x 10-3 x (Tref - Tmeas))
where 3.92 x 10-3 = temp coefficient for Cu at 20C
33
 TR Tap Check (for OLTC)...
TEST RESULTS

Static Resistance

Tap: indicates the tap of OLTC

Rmeas: actual resistance,

calculated from VDC/IDC

Dev: Deviation of the measured R

value compared to the value 10s
before

R ref: temperature corrected Static Resistance Dynamic Resistance

Measurement Measurement
resistance

May 2002
Page:
34
Ripple of a Diverter Switch in a Good Condition ?
(1100 MVA)

Ripple

2.5%

2.0% A UP
A DOWN
1.5%
B UP
B DOWN
1.0%
C UP
0.5% C DOWN

0.0%
000 005 010 015 020 025 030
Taps

35
Slope of a Diverter Switch in a Good Condition ?
(200 MVA)

Slope

0.0A/s
-0.1A/s
-0.2A/s A UP
-0.3A/s A DOWN
-0.4A/s B UP
-0.5A/s B DOWN
-0.6A/s C UP
-0.7A/s C DOWN
-0.8A/s
-0.9A/s
000 010 020 030
Taps

36
 Ripple of an aged Diverter Switch

Ripple

5.5%

5.0% A UP
A DOWN
4.5%
B UP
B DOWN
4.0%
C UP
3.5% C DOWN

3.0%
0 5 10 15 20
Taps

37
Aged Diverter Switch

38
Resistance Measurement: Setup
Resistance Measurement: Setup
I measure

I measure I measure

I measure

Parallel leg of Delta Winding

40
Resistance Measurement: Setup
I measure

I measure I zero

I guard

I guard

Single leg of Delta Winding

41
 RWinding: Test Card
Test is stopped
automatically if Dev. < 0,1 % 0,2mV
Rmin =
I test
10V
Rmax =
I test

Measurement Actual Deviation

VDC
Rmeas. =
I DC Main Measuring
time

235 + Tref .
Rref . = Rmeas. (IEC 60076-1)
235 + Tmeas.
 RWinding: Current profile

R-displayed
Rmax
Dev.
Rmin

Dev. = Rmax Rmin

t = 10 s

time
 OLTC Principle

Tap Tap
Selector Selector

Diverter Diverter
Switch Switch
R Commutating R Commutating
Resistors Resistors
A B A B

1. Step: 2. Step:
Tap Selector changes Diverter Switch moves
tap position from A to B
Definition of Ripple and Slope
 TR Tap Check: Test Card
choose Settings
to edit

Dynamic
Measurement Resistance

to settings

235 + Tref .
smallest Rref . = Rmeas.
deviation 235 + Tmeas.
 TR Tap Check: Test Card Settings

CP SB1
options

back to main
page
Transformer Tap Changer: Template
 Winding Resistance, Ripple and Slope:
Interpretation
Maximum difference of 1 % to factory test report (values
corrected to 75 C)
Difference between phases < 3 %
The behavior of ripple and slope of the 3 phases for up is
similar
The behavior of ripple and slope of the 3 phases for down
is similar
Ripple Slope

18,0% 0,0A/s
16,0% -2,0A/s
14,0% A UP A UP
12,0% A DOWN -4,0A/s A DOWN
10,0% B UP B UP
-6,0A/s
8,0% B DOWN B DOWN
6,0% C UP -8,0A/s C UP
4,0% C DOWN C DOWN
-10,0A/s
2,0%
0,0% -12,0A/s
000 005 010 015 020 025 030 000 005 010 015 020 025 030
Taps
Taps
Winding Resistance
Measurement Demonstration

16 March 2012
Electrical Diagnostic Measurements

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 51

Magnetising (Excitation) Current

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 52

 Detecting Failure Mag. Current

Works on the principal that any short-circuited

turns will result in a large increase in
magnetizing current on the affected phase.

However by the time there are short-circuited

turns, the transformer may be damaged beyond
repair, or have failed altogether.

Useful in distinguishing between severe and less

severe cases.

53
Detecting Failure Mag. Current

54
Detecting Failure Mag. Current

55
Detecting Failure Mag. Current

56
Magnetising (Excitation) Current

Test Voltage should be as high as possible within the rated

voltage, particularly to detect partilly shorted turns.

The test voltage of each consequent test should be the

same value to enable comparision of results.

Applying the test voltage on the HV winding reduces the

teat current required.

57
Magnetising (Excitation) Current

58
Magnetising (Excitation) Current

Dyn5 Transformer A Phase measurement

59
Magnetising (Excitation) Current

Dyn5 Transformer B Phase measurement

60
 Magnetising (Excitation) Current

Reactive OLTC
measured at lower voltage
each alternative tap to
reduce test curent in
bridgeing position

Resistive OLTC

61
Magnetising (Excitation) Current

Performed at comissioning and as a routine test

Supported by SFRA test

Results can be assessed without benchmark

Particularly helpful detecting core problems after

manufacture

62
Magnetising (Excitation) Current
Measurement Demonstration

16 March 2012
 Electrical Diagnostic
Measurements

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 64

Leakage (Short Circuit) Reactance

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 65

)

Short Circuit Impedance

(Stray or Leakage Reactance)

A small portion of the magnetic field from the primary coil does not
interact with the secondary coil and vice versa.

This loss is called the Stray Reactance as it strays or misses it

intended path and results in the induced voltage in the secondary
coil be slightly less than the winding ratio.

The Stray Reactance is the ractive component of the Short Circuit

Losses.

66
 Short Circuit Impedance
(Stray or Leakage Reactance)
Short Circuit
Z Impedance
Leakage Rectance
Trans-
former

FRSL

15 50 400 f
2 different measurements:
Three-phase equivalent test (Short Circuit
Impedance)
Per phase test (For Winding Diagnosis)
Equivalent Circuit: Neglecting of the core
L1 R1AC R1DC L2 R2AC R2DC

Lm RFe

n1:n2
Lm || RFe >> L2 + R2 AC + R2 DC
Core can be neglected if Trf is Shorted on one side!

L1 R1AC R1DC L2 R2AC R2DC

 Simplified Equivalent Circuit
ZSC

Lk Rac Rdc

2
n1
Primary Injection Z SC ,1 = jX 1 + RAC1 + RDC1 + ( jX 2 + RAC 2 + RDC 2 )
n2
2
n
Secondary Injection Z SC , 2 = ( jX 1 + RAC1 + RDC1 ) 2 + jX 2 + RAC 2 + RDC 2
n1
2
Z SC ,1 n1
=
Z SC , 2 n2
 Current Distribution in a Conductor

DIRECT CURRENT: Distributes

evenly across the cross-section
of the conductor.

ALTERNATING CURRENT:
Distributes such that current
density is largest near the
surface of the conductor,
decreasing at greater depths.
A.k.a., the Skin Effect.

OMICRON
 Skin Depth

Skin
Depth

Skin Depth: The average depth (from the conductor

surface) at which AC electrical current flows;
the thickness at which the current density is
reduced by 63% at 60 hz.

OMICRON
 Frequency and the Skin Effect

50 Hz As Frequency
Increases, Skin Effect
becomes more
pronounced.

Frequency, f

Skin Effective
Depth AC
Resistance
400 Hz
OMICRON
 Conductor Diameter and the Skin Effect
As Diameter Increases, Skin
Effect becomes more
pronounced.

Diameter

Skin Effective
Depth AC
Resistance

OMICRON
 Conductor Bundles

OMICRON
 Strand-to-Strand Short Circuit

Skin effect and Proximity Effects become more

pronounced.
AC resistance increases from benchmark.
OMICRON
 Analysis: Comparison of 3 Phases

R(f)

4.5 Ohm
4.0 Ohm
3.5 Ohm
3.0 Ohm
A
2.5 Ohm
B
2.0 Ohm
C
1.5 Ohm
1.0 Ohm
0.5 Ohm
0.0 Ohm
0 100 200 300 400 500
Frequency (Hz)

Skin Effect becomes more pronounced as frequency is

increased.

OMICRON
 Winding design
Reducing eddy losses in the winding by
separating and isolating from each other
twisting parallel strands
Short Circuit Impedance
(Stray Reactance)

Lsc is getting larger with

wider stray channel

78
Frequency Response of Stray Losses (FRSL)

Rsc Xsc
R (f)
Zsc

R represents the
Rdcacrepresents the
losses of the stray
resistance of the
flux
windings
Rdc

79
Parallel Strands without Transposed Conductors

B
HV winding

Losses
by induced
currents

LV winding

80
 Parallel Strands with Transposed Conductors

B
HV winding

Induced
currents are
compensated

LV winding

81
 Parallel Strands with Short Circuit

B
HV Winding

Additional
losses by
induced
currents

R Winding is
LV Winding unchanged
Ratio is
unchanged
82
 Comparison of 3 Phases

R(f)

0.05 Ohm

0.04 Ohm

0.04 Ohm

0.03 Ohm
A
0.03 Ohm
B
0.02 Ohm
C
0.02 Ohm

0.01 Ohm

0.01 Ohm

0.0 Ohm
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Frequency (Hz)

83
 Faulty Phase C

R(f)

300

250

A
mOhm

200
B
150
C

100

50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Frequency [Hz]

84
Local Overheating

85
Setup: Three-phase equivalent test
Measure all combinations:
H1-H2
H2-H3
H3-H1

Short-circuit all 3 phases

Use a big cross-section for low
resistance!!
 Setup: Per phase test
Measure all 3 combinations according to ratio measurement!

Short-circuit only the Inject according to

corresponding terminals! ratio measurement
According to ratio measurement.
 Short Circuit Impedance
(Stray or Leakage Reactance)

Calculation of Zk
Comparison with data from 3-phase factory test with W-
Meter
Consideration wether Injection on HV- or LV-side
Consideration of Vector Group
Rk(f)
3 x three-phase equivalent test in one diagram
3 x per phase test in one diagram
Deviation limits for Lk and Rk
Lk(f)
Same structure as Rk(f)
 Short Circuit Impedance
(Stray or Leakage Reactance)

Measured value should not differ more than 2 % from

factory value

Difference between phases is usually less than 2 %

Interpretation: FRSL
 Short Circuit Impedance
(Stray or Leakage Reactance)

Case Study
DGA analysis indicated a hot spot involving paper:

Turns Ratio was correct

Excitation current was normal

DC resistance was normal

Comparison between Short Circuit Impedances was normal

(less than 3 %)
Case Study: FRSL (Assessment)

Phase A 13 shorted strands

Phase B 2 shorted strands
Phase C no shorted strands
Stray or Leakage Reactance Losses
Measurement Demonstration

16 March 2012
 Electrical Diagnostic
Measurements

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 94

 Insulation Resistance

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 95

 Electrical Diagnostic
Measurements

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 96

 Core Grounding

Reference Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance 97

 Transformer Diagnostic
Measurements

Transformer Overview
Life Span and Operating Conditions
Cigre Guide for Transformer Maintenance
Oil Tests Dissolved Gas Analysis, Degree of
Polymerisation (DP) & Furan Analysis
Overview of CPC100 and Operating Software (Toolset)
Electrical Measurements
Dielectric Dissipation Factor Tan Delta
Dielectric Dissipation Factor - Moisture Content
Partial Discharge
Sweep Frequency Response
Testing Current Transformers
Summary

98