Unit 78 Assignment 1

Photorealism
Photorealism is a genre of art that encompasses painting, drawing and other graphic media,
in which an artist studies a photograph and then attempts to reproduce the image as
realistically as possible in another medium. In art, the term "photorealism", "photo-realism"
or "photographic realism", describes a style of highly detailed 20th century realist
painting in which the artist attempts to replicate an image from a photograph in all its
microscopic exactness. There are many different ways in which an artist can strive for and
create photorealism, though it often depends on visual details like reflections, highlights,
and shadows. These are all elements of an image that a person naturally perceives in an
unconscious way that can quickly indicate that something is wrong or off in an image.
A painter working on canvas, for example, has to be very aware of how lights naturally
create highlights and shadows on various objects. The reflectivity of surfaces is also essential
to photorealism in a painting or similar work, since objects naturally reflect a certain
amount of light in ways that can be very subtle.

Cell Shading
Cell shading is a type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make 3-D computer
graphics appear to be flat by using less shading colour instead of a shade gradient or tints
and shades. Cell shading is often used to mimic the style of a comic book or cartoon and/or
give it a characteristic paper-like texture. But its not only referred to a shading method,
nowadays Cell Shading is known also and more generally as an artistic style/method of
making 3D graphics seem cartoonish with the use of specifically coloured textures, and also
using outlines to simulate drawing lines.
So the research will include also those 3D graphics with realistic shading, which look like
cartoons using Cell shading elements. Realistic shading on the left, Cell Shading on the right:
With this technique, and depending on which artistic style is going to be achieved, it is
possible to create 3D elements with looks really like 2D animation.
Abstraction
Abstract art styling in games could be defined as the opposite to photo realism, the style
doesnt strive to resemble realism in anyway and often has features that are very unrealistic
and may look different in the different perspectives of different people seeing them. The
style usually makes use of a lot of shapes and lines that dont really resemble any actually
objects in real life, such as Child of Eden and EDGE. Abstract is not just another name for
cartoony or cell-shading it is just like other abstract art forms which is it does not resemble
any sought reality but gives of an image using random shapes and colours to get the desired
effect. Many video games aesthetics are made up of random shapes and colours one being
geometry wars that heavily focuses on geometric lines and colours to specify objects.

Exaggeration
Exaggeration is a very sought of playful art style that is used in various games. The art style
concentrates on using very over the top graphics that can really make the game seem like it
is not meant to be taken very serious. There you are most likely to see the use of
exaggerated graphics is on the Nintendo Wii, which contains a huge library of games that
contains a lot of party based games that are really exaggerated in terms of graphics and
gameplay just seeming obscure and meant to be not taken very seriously at all.
Exaggeration is also used for emotions, as the characters have bigger eyes when sad, and
strong characters are muscular etc. A lot of designers exaggerate things like weapons
or vehicles the characters can use to make the player like them more as they look, feel and
shoot more awesome. Exaggeration is used in games, mostly in RPGs, this art style is used
for anime and manga typically, this art style is where the artist exaggerates many things
within the game, mostly games with a Japanese influence

Anime
Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the abbreviated
pronunciation of "animation" in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Outside
Japan, anime is used to refer specifically to animation from Japan or as a Japanese-
disseminated animation style often characterized by colourful graphics, vibrant characters
and fantastical themes. Typical anime themes or genres include Ninja and other martial arts;
the supernatural or horror story the romance and science fiction including robots and space
ships. Foils for the main characters, including robots, monsters, or just plain bad people,
often lack the doe-eyed quality. Japanese anime differs from western cartoons in several
ways. Some people refer to anime as a more complex form of a cartoon. Adults and children
can appreciate anime whereas western cartoons are generally marketed towards only a
younger audience. Anime tends to have complex storylines that delve into the backgrounds
of characters and can extend through multiple episodes that are between 22-25 minutes
long.

Manga
Manga loosely refers to a style of cartoons originating in Japan. They usually are published
in instalments, and depending on their form, can be up to several hundred pages long.
Many different genres are available, so they are popular with people of all ages and
backgrounds. Known for their in-depth plots and characters, these well-respected works
have been drawn for hundreds of years, although the modern version developed starting in
the mid-20th century.
Manga often is published in magazines, which usually are no more than 40 pages long.
Comic books usually are around 150 - 200 pages. Graphic novels, which are different from
regular comics and comic books in that they give a complete story with a beginning, middle
and end, can be several hundred pages long.

Pixel art (2D spirits 3D isometric sprite

Pixel art is a form of digital art, created through the use of raster graphics software, where
images are edited on the pixel level. Graphics in most old or relatively limited computer,
console, graphing calculator and mobile games are mostly pixel art. Modern pixel art has
been seen as a reaction to the 3D graphics industry by amateur game/graphic hobbyists.
Many retro enthusiasts often choose to mimic the style of the past. Some view the pixel art
revival as restoring the golden age of second and third generation consoles, where it is
argued graphics were more pleasing.
Pixel art was more or less essential throughout the 80s due to the low-powered hardware
of the time, but saw a rapid decline with the introduction of 3D-capable home consoles like
the Sony PlayStation and Nintendo 64. But in the second half of the last decade, pixel art
started coming back in the shape of retro revivals like Contra 4 and Mega Man 9, games
that felt like theyd been made 15 or 20 years earlier. The Nintendo DS was a particularly
good canvas for pixel art, and the concurrent rise of download services on home consoles
proved another great fit for 2D games. Thats something thats only likely to continue with
the ease of indie publishing on newer consoles and mobile platforms; games with lower
budgets naturally suit simpler graphics.

Concept Art
Concept art is a form of illustration used to convey an idea for use in films, video games,
animation, comic books or other media before it is put into the final product. Publishers
who develop games want their game to be hyped up so in order to fulfill these goals
sometimes they create concept art for their games. Companies only release concept are
when the game is nearly finished to give the fans something to talk about on different social
media websites. Also the developers of the game need to be on the same page as the
artists to recreate a drawing and put it in perspective to create it into physical for the game.
Concept art ranges from the stylized to the photorealistic. This is facilitated by the use of
special software by which an artist is able to fill in even small details pixel by pixel, or utilize
the natural paint settings and often take a large amount of work to be produced.

Characters

The characters in video games is crucial because its this what engages the user and leads to
the user developing a bond with the characters. In Fifa 17 the characters are the football
players and in a certain game mode you can create your own character and start a mode
which is called career mode this game mode allows the user to create their character and
personalise them. The game also features a game face which allows the user to upload a
picture of their face and then the game imports the face onto the player. This makes the
game more realistic if your own player is on the game.

On Call of Duty there is different characters on the campaign. The characters all play a part
of the story and the game makes the player a part of it too. In the multiplayer the game
features different character for maps. If a map is full of grass the player can change their
character to fit the map for example using a character which suits the visual map.

Non playing characters

A non-player character (NPC), sometimes known as a non-person character or non-

playable character, in a game is any character that is not controlled by a player. In video
games, this usually means a character controlled by the computer through artificial
intelligence. In fifa 17 the computer plays a big part of the game for example in the career
mode the only person who is against you is non playing characters. Another character which
is always non playing is the referee. The referee is controlled by the game and they make
the decisions. It makes a big impact on the game when the referee makes a decision
because it could finalise the game.

The non-playing characters also appear in the campaign for call of duty. The campaign is
controlled by you with only one character however there is more characters which are
simulated by the computer in the game.

2D

Sprites are 2D bitmaps that are drawn directly to a render target without using the pipeline
for transformations, lighting or effects. Sprites are commonly used to display information
such as health bars, number of lives, or text such as scores. Some games, especially older
games, are composed entirely of sprites.

To draw a sprite, create a Sprite Batch object, initialize it by calling Begin, and then call Draw
for each sprite. The bitmap data for a sprite is taken from a Texture2D object. The texture
may contain alpha channel information to make part of the texture transparent or semi-
transparent. You can tint, rotate, or scale sprites by using Draw.

3D

3D isometric sprites are 2D sprites that give the impression of depth, posed in 3D, these are
used in "The Sims" to add depth to the single perspective. They are still used in games today
normally on foliage as you play games the grass and leaves on trees turn to face you to give
the impression of depth

Video games with isometric graphics are video games that use a form of isometric
projection in all or some of their game play. Isometric projection is basically just a method
for visually representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. In the fields of game
developing, the technique has been popular because of the ease with which a 2D sprite can
be made to represent a 3D gaming environment

Weapons

Weapons have a big part in games because they are the main objects which the player uses.
Weapons are normally used in first person shooters for example games like call of duty and
battlefield. Weapons are usually customizable for the user to suit their needs for example
different attachments and camos. Aiming Down Sights, or, Aim Down Sights. Refers to the
common alternate method of firing a gun in an FPS shooter game, typically activated by
clicking the right mouse button. The real life analogue is when a person raises a rifle up and
places the stock just inside the shoulder area, and leans their head down so they can see in
a straight line along the top of the rifle, through both of the iron sights, or a scope, if
equipped. Firing the weapon this way greatly increases accuracy, but can limit vision,
situational awareness and mobility, and it also takes a variable amount of time to change
the weapon position, depending on the game. Weapons also have different benefits to
others for example Also known as aim-assist is a gameplay mechanic built into many games
to decrease the level of difficulty. The game itself has the ability to lock onto or near targets
for faster aiming. Games such as the newer Grand Theft Auto titles utilize "hard" or "soft"
aim settings to respectively either lock directly onto an enemy or assist the player's aim
towards the enemy while giving some freedom of precision for headshots.

Vehicles
Many first person shooters involve vehicles to their game and this is common with the
franchise call of duty. The franchise has been around for years and they have implemented
tanks and other vehicles to make the game more exciting and new for the players. Not only
people can run around and shoot enemies but vehicles in video games give the game
another meaning and life to the game. Letting the players control vehicles such as tanks give
the game more life and makes the player have more control over the game. The ability to
move around in a tank gives the player a more advantage over other players so getting into
a tank could be an advantage to most first person shooters
vehicles is the definitive in the game Battlefield that take place across land air and sea. The
mode will allow you to engage in dogfights with jets, destroy buildings with tanks, patrol the
rivers in attack boats and as always engage in intense infantry combat.
Environment

Even though we'd rather always see our kids outside interacting in and with the
environment instead of sitting inside playing videos games, at least there are several video
games available on the market today with an environmental and socially responsible focus.
These video games with an environmental focus will show kids ways in which we have
impacted our environment and what can happen if we choose to change our ways. For my
game the environment is not for children because the game will feature maps that are full
with explosives and guns. Some games prove to be so good in their storyline by using cut-
scenes that they are created and achieved. Another use of Full-Motion Video is game
trailers, these often provide the foundations of the Gaming Markets anticipations of the
games a good trailer can often sell any game. Call of duty franchise has a lot of cinematics to
show the different types of maps and scenery of the environment.

Texture Art

Critical to the overall video game experience, video game texture artists work on graphics
and backgrounds making them look as real as possible and giving the game a visual edge.
You may find video game texture artists staring at the floor, but theyre in fact doing their
job. Making a dirt floor look distinctly different from a cement floor in the game seems
trivial, but is in fact complicated, time-consuming, and necessary. Video game texture artists
need to be very observant of their surroundings, in order to gain more insight into the work
theyre doing on the job.

The textural elements of video games are highly important to the overall game play. Texture
artists can improve the quality of the games they work with by making them more realistic
and playable. Virtually every visual aspect of a video game has a texture, whether its
smooth text, bumpy dirt roads, a scaly lizard or stormy sky. Video game texture artists
should have experience in graphic design, as well as proficiency with Autodesk Maya. Once
video game texture artists gain ample experience, they often move on to 3D modeling and
animation.

Background graphics

Walls, forest, clouds

One of the most important aspects of a successful video game is the environment. The
background is what sets the stage for the player, and knowing how to create great-looking
backgrounds will improve your value as a designer. On Call of Duty there is texture which
feature on the walls. They have been designed to look like real life walls in the war. In most
games like the call of duty franchise they include different forests that feature in the maps
and also represent the different scenery. The visual of games is very important because its
what makes the game more realistic when adding features like walls, forests and clouds. For
the gamer it makes it a more pleasant gaming experience.

Some games prove to be so good in their storyline by using cut-scenes that they are created
and achieved. Another use of Full-Motion Video is game trailers, these often provide the
foundations of the Gaming Markets anticipations of the games a good trailer can often sell
any game. Call of duty franchise has a lot of cinematics to show the different types of maps
and scenery of the environment.
Head up display

A head-up display or heads-up display, also known as a HUD, is any transparent display that
presents data without requiring users to look away from their usual viewpoints. Head up
displays are very popular in games such as first person shooters and racing games. The
display shows features such as the speed of the car and more information for example the
settings and other features. In most games, developers strive to create a HUD that does not
intrude upon gameplay but be accessible at a glance when the player needs it (i.e. the
player can do battle, focusing on the gameplay but easily observe the character's health and
other vital statistics.

Also it is used in simulators for example an aircraft simulator. Initially used in aeronautics
engineering, HUD technology was designed to give pilots the ability to see aircraft specific
data on an aircraft's windshield.

Today, HUD is applied in a variety of fields and areas, including:

Gaming gadgets
Assisting drivers in vehicles
Other three dimensional (3D) display or augmented reality applications

In game interference

When you first start up the game a series of splash screens are shown. A splash screen
contains elements such as logos, movies, and so forth. This allows the player to intefer with
the screen and interact with the game. The player's role in the character. There are usually 3
types of PCR, 3rd person, 1st person and influence:
3rd person: The player is not the character but instead is controlling the
character/characters impersonally.
1st Person: The player is the character/characters - and sees things from the characters
point of view both personally and visually.
The move from single-screen or flip-screen graphics to scrolling graphics, during the golden
age of video arcade games and during third-generation consoles, would prove to be a
pivotal leap in game design, comparable to the move to 3D graphics during the fifth
generation.
The scrolling feature is in the call of duty franchise. It is featured on the start-up menu and
the player can scroll up and down to select features like creating a class and options.

Print media art

Game packaging
Video game packaging refers to the physical storage of the contents of a PC or console
game, both for safekeeping and shop display. In the past, a number of materials and
packaging designs were used, mostly paperboard or plastic. Today, most console and PC
games are shipped in (CD) jewel cases or (DVD) keep cases, with little differences between
them. The packaging for these games are very important because thats the first impression
when a person picks up the game. For my game I will ensure that the packaging is unique
and original so it will engage the person to buying the product. Normally games come in the
same packaging as other games so it is easier for people to know what sort of games there is
and also it is labelled for what different console the game is on for example on the side of a
PS4 game it will show the PS4 logo and name.
(DVD Cover Box, Container, Label, a3 poster)
The term box art (also called a game cover or cover art) can refer to the artwork on the
front of PC or console game packaging. Box art is usually flashy and bombastic, in the vein
of movie posters, and serves a similar purpose. An instruction manual, a booklet that
instructs the player on how to play the game, is usually included as part of a video game
package. Manuals can be large, such as the Civilization II manual which runs hundreds of
pages, or small, such as the single sheet of double-sided A5 paper included with Half-Life 2.
he Xbox is a home video game console and the first instalment in the Xbox series of consoles
manufactured by Microsoft. It was released on November 15, 2001, in North America,
followed by Australia, Europe and Japan in 2002. It was Microsoft's first foray into the
gaming console market. The console contained a box which featured a picture of the Xbox
and also themed the colour green. The box contained all of the requirements to play the
game for example controller and all of the other cords.
The use of using a3 posters for video games is normally a marketing technique to promote
up and coming games for consoles like PS4 and Xbox. It is normally featured inside the
shops that sell games to promote the new game.
The idea behind Region Codes for DVD movies was created to control the exportation of
movies to other countries, thus eliminating the possibility of purchasing a DVD movie which
has yet to be played at a local movie theatre.

For example: standard DVD players purchased in the U.S. or Canada will only play
DVDs that specify they are REGION 1 dvds; standard DVD players purchased in New
Zealand will only play DVDs that specify they are REGION 4 DVDs.
For example: Region 4 DVDs WON'T PLAY in a standard Region 1 DVD player; Region
1 DVDs WON'T PLAY in a standard Region 4 DVD player.
U.S.A. and CANADA share the SAME REGION CODE: Region 1. An R1 dvd purchased
in Canada is exactly the same as an R1 dvd purchased in the U.S., and vice versa.

Here is a list of DVD Regions and their corresponding countries:
R1 Region 1 - U.S.A., U.S. Territories and Canada
R2 Region 2 - Europe, Japan, the Middle East, Egypt, South Africa, Greenland
R3 Region 3 - Taiwan, Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Hong Kong
R4 Region 4 - Mexico, South and Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Pacific
Islands, Caribbean
R5 Region 5 - Russia, Eastern Europe, India, Africa (excluding South Africa), North
Korea, Mongolia
R6 Region 6 - China

Manual
In all games now they include manuals which show feature a lot of the game in deph
instructions. Also it shows the settings for a game for example a game like fifa 17 the
manual will show which button works and how the buttons communicate with you.
Some games do not display manuals however it could be beneficial for the customer to have
this if they are new to gaming. Another part of the manual maybe discount codes which the
game shop provide in front of the manual or ad ons to the game.
Graphic research

Picture element

A picture element is the smallest possible quantitative part of an image, whether it is one
that is printed or a digital image on a monitor or television screen. The term is typically used
with reference to graphic artwork that is printed commercially or used in graphic design. It is
also commonly used with reference to monitors and displays for computer or televisions.
The number of picture elements present in such a monitor is typically used to describe the
quality of the monitor. A picture element is rarely considered in traditional forms of art,
such as drawing or painting, though it can be of importance for certain techniques.
Also called a pixel, a picture element does not have a set size for any given medium, but is
instead a term that relates to the smallest component of an image. One of the easiest ways
to understand a picture element is to consider older newspaper images.
Image resolution

Modern displays and monitors work much the same way, though these tiny points are
typically quite a bit more difficult to observe. The resolution of a computer monitor is
typically given in terms of the number of picture elements available in each direction of the
screen, 1024x768 indicates a monitor that is 1,024 pixels wide and 768 pixels high. Similarly,
high definition televisions (HDTVs) will typically indicate the number of pixels found running
the width of the screen, with higher numbers indicating greater picture quality.

If you are using images in your design, make sure you are using the correct resolution. The
resolution of an image is measured in dots per inch (dpi), also known as pixels per inch (ppi).
The dpi determines the amount of detail the image has.

Intensity

Intensity refers to the amount of light or the numerical value of a pixel. For example, in
grayscale images, it's depicted by the grey level value at each pixel (e.g., 127 is darker than
220). In the digital Image processing perception, the intensity of an image could refer to a
global measure of that image, such as mean pixel intensity. A relative measure of image
intensity could be how bright (mean pixel intensity) the image appears compared to another
image. Brightness is the visual perception of reflected light. Increased brightness refers to
an image's increased luminance. Contrast is the separation of the lightest and darkest parts
of an image. An increase in contrast will darken shadows and lighten highlights. Increasing
contrast is generally used to make objects in an image more distinguishable.An image
gradient is a directional change in the intensity or colour in an image. Image gradients may
be used to extract information from images.

In graphics software for digital image editing, the term gradient or colour gradient is used
for a gradual blend of colour which can be considered as an even gradation from low to high
values, as used from white to black in the images to the right. Another name for this
is colour progression.

Raster images

In computer graphics, a raster graphics image is a dot matrix data structure, representing a
generally rectangular grid of pixels, or points of colour, viewable via a monitor, paper, or
other display medium. Raster images are stored in image files with varying formats. Since
raster graphics need to store so much information, large bitmaps require large file sizes.
Fortunately, there are several image compression algorithms that have been developed to
help reduce these file sizes. JPEG and GIF are the most common compressed image formats
on the Web, but several other types of image compression are available.
Raster graphics can typically be scaled down with no loss of quality, but enlarging a bitmap
image causes it to look blocky and "pixelated." For this reason, graphics are often used for
certain images, such as company logos, which need to be scaled to different sizes.

Here are a few file types of files

BMP
The BMP file format, also known as bitmap image file or device
independent bitmap (DIB) file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics
image file format used to store bitmap digital images

PNG

A file with the PNG file extension is a Portable Network Graphics file. The format uses
lossless compression and is generally considered the replacement to the GIF image format.
However, unlike GIF, PNG files do not support animations. The very similar MNG (Multiple-
image Network Graphics) format does, however, but has yet to gain the kind of popularity
that GIF or PNG files have. PNG files are often used to store graphics on websites.

The .bnp file extension is most commonly used for system files that have been created by
some Sony HD cameras. The Sony Camcorder HDR-SR5 and Handycam DCR-DVD810 both
use the .bnp file extension. These files are used by the internal systems of these HD
cameras.

GIF

Stands for "Graphics Interchange Format." GIF is an image file format commonly used for
images on the web and sprites in software programs. Unlike the JPEG image format, GIFs
uses lossless compression that does not degrade the quality of the image. However, GIFs
store image data using indexed colour, meaning a standard GIF image can include a
maximum of 256 colours. A Gif

Tiff

TIFF (Tag Image File Format) is a common format for exchanging raster graphics (bitmap)
images between application programs, including those used for scanner images. A TIFF file
can be identified as a file with a ".tiff" or ".tif" file name suffix. The TIFF format was
developed in 1986 by an industry committee chaired by the Aldus Corporation (now part of
Adobe Software). Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard were among the contributors to the
format. One of the most common graphic image formats, TIFF files are commonly used in
desktop publishing, faxing, 3-D applications, and medical imaging applications.
Vector images
Psd
A .PSD file is a layered image file used in Adobe Photoshop. PSD, which stands for
Photoshop Document, is the default format that Photoshop uses for saving data. PSD is a
proprietary file that allows the user to work with the images individual layers even after the
file has been saved. When designing something in Photoshop you can either save an image
or the actual file of the design. The file keeps the saved work so you can go back to it and
edit it however if you save it in a different format it will be just an image which you cant
edit.

Scanner

A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine
pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held,
feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or colour. Very high
resolution scanners are used for scanning for high-resolution printing, but lower resolution
scanners are adequate for capturing images for computer display.
he array used in flatbed scanners is usually a CCD (charge-coupled device) array. When light
hits one of the CCD's in the array, the light photons free the electrons in the semiconducting
material, in effect creating a charge that's directly proportional to the intensity of the light.
This process is repeated until the array reaches the end of the image and the resulting
sequence of charges is then digitized. Flatbed scanners use a one dimensional array that
moves across the surface of the image instead of the two dimensional arrays that are used
in digital cameras. Flatbed scanners have become increasingly popular, even in the
photography industry as high end flatbed scanners are beginning to rival the image quality
of drum scanners at a much lower cost.
Digital camera
A digital camera stores images digitally rather than recording them on film. Once a picture
has been taken, it can be downloaded to a computer system, and then manipulated with a
graphics program and printed.
Unlike film photographs, which have an almost infinite resolution, digital photos are limited
by the amount of memory in the camera, the optical resolution of the digitizing mechanism,
and, finally, by the resolution of the final output device. Even the best digital cameras
connected to the best printers cannot produce film-quality photos. However, if the final
output device is a laser printer, it doesn't really matter whether you take a real photo and
then scan it, or take a digital photo. In both cases, the image must eventually be reduced to
the resolution of the printer.
Digital cameras are used nowadays because of its high intense photo capabilities and is the
most common when capturing a moment.
There is different types of digital cameras.
Digital Slr Cameras:: Digital SLR cameras are the most versatile and advanced type cameras
available on the consumer market.

The first thing you will notice about a Digital Single Lens Reflex camera is that it is larger
than any compact consumer camera and putting one in your pocket is out of the question.
The Canon EOS Rebel T6i or the Nikon D3400 are examples of good quality affordable Digital
Slr cameras.

When using a Digital Slr camera you can set the camera to the automatic mode and just
start taking pictures. However, you also have the option of taking pictures in the full manual
mode or program modes.
Compact Digital Cameras: Digital compact cameras, which are also known as Point and
Shoot cameras, vary in features, price, and styles. Their smaller size and ease of use is the
main appeal of these types of digital cameras.
Bridge Compact Digital Cameras/Super Zoom Cameras: Bridge cameras, also known as
Advanced Compact cameras are a step up from the Basic Compact camera.
The main difference between Bridge cameras and Basic Compact cameras is that they allow
the photographer to have more control over the camera's exposure settings. Bridge
cameras will have semi automatic, Aperture Priority, Shutter priority, and Program modes.

Tablet
A tablet is a wireless, portable personal computer with a touchscreen interface. The tablet
form factor is typically smaller than a notebook computer, but larger than a smartphone.
Today, the most common type of tablet is the slate style, like Apple's iPad, Microsoft's
Surface or Amazon's Kindle Fire. External keyboards are available for most slate-style
tablets, and some keyboards also function as docking stations for the devices. People use
tablets for all kinds of different reasons. They can be used to read books and browsing the
web. The use of a tablet is to carry a portable device which is capable of a laptop however
using a laptop may not be the best fit for a person who is travelling so a tablet is a great idea
for people traveling.
Convertible tablets. These typically have a display that rotates 180 degrees and can be
folded to close, screen up, over an integrated hardware keyboard. Convertible models may
allow user input through a variety of methods in addition to the hardware keyboard,
including natural handwriting with a stylus or digital pen and typing through a screen-based
software keyboard.
Hybrid tablets. Sometimes referred to as convertible or hybrid notebooks, a hybrid is like a
regular notebook, but has a removable display that functions independently as a slate.
BMP

The BMP file format, also known as bitmap image file or device
independent bitmap (DIB) file format or simply a bitmap, is a raster graphics
image file format used to store bitmap digital images

PNG

A file with the PNG file extension is a Portable Network Graphics file. The format uses
lossless compression and is generally considered the replacement to the GIF image format.
However, unlike GIF, PNG files do not support animations. The very similar MNG (Multiple-
image Network Graphics) format does, however, but has yet to gain the kind of popularity
that GIF or PNG files have. PNG files are often used to store graphics on websites.

The .bnp file extension is most commonly used for system files that have been created by
some Sony HD cameras. The Sony Camcorder HDR-SR5 and Handycam DCR-DVD810 both
use the .bnp file extension. These files are used by the internal systems of these HD
cameras.

GIF

Stands for "Graphics Interchange Format." GIF is an image file format commonly used for
images on the web and sprites in software programs. Unlike the JPEG image format, GIFs
uses lossless compression that does not degrade the quality of the image. However, GIFs
store image data using indexed colour, meaning a standard GIF image can include a
maximum of 256 colours. A Gif

Tiff
TIFF (Tag Image File Format) is a common format for exchanging raster graphics (bitmap)
images between application programs, including those used for scanner images. A TIFF file
can be identified as a file with a ".tiff" or ".tif" file name suffix. The TIFF format was
developed in 1986 by an industry committee chaired by the Aldus Corporation (now part of
Adobe Software). Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard were among the contributors to the
format. One of the most common graphic image formats, TIFF files are commonly used in
desktop publishing, faxing, 3-D applications, and medical imaging applications.
Vector images
Psd
A .PSD file is a layered image file used in Adobe PhotoShop. PSD, which stands for
Photoshop Document, is the default format that Photoshop uses for saving data. PSD is a
proprietary file that allows the user to work with the images individual layers even after the
file has been saved. When designing something in photoshop you can either save an image
or the actual file of the design. The file keeps the saved work so you can go back to it and
edit it however if you save it in a different format it will be just an image which you cant
edit.

Optimising
Optimising involves increasing the efficiency or general performance of something, in terms
of graphics it involves creating a just balance so the quality of the image and the file size are
reasonable enough, this however is usually only done through optimising certain factors.
Target image output
The target destination is the destination where you wish the graphic to be located on your
network, in order to do this you need to be certain of the folder you intend to save all of the
graphics, By doing this it will save your work in a specific destination for you to come back to
next time.
If you want to get the best image possible, you should be aiming for the best image output.
Depending on your t.v. the best image output will vary. But if you have a HD TV the best
possible setting is 1080P.
Bit Depth
Bit Depth as previously stated is the volume of colour per pixel, reducing the bit depth will
obviously reduce the image file size although the image quality is likely to suffer, generally
deciding this involves making a decision between having good quality graphics with a slower
load time or poorer quality graphics that enable the website to perform quicker.
Bit depth refers to the colour information stored in an image. The higher the bit depth of an
image, the more colours it can store. The simplest image, a 1 bit image, can only show two
colours, black and white. That is because the 1 bit can only store one of two values, 0
(white) and 1 (black). An 8 bit image can store 256 possible colours, while a 24 bit image can
display about 16 million colours.

Resolution
The Graphic Resolution can optimise the file size and also optimise the quality of the image
although both will not be optimised at the same time, for example, optimising the graphic
quality will make the file size much larger which may not be that beneficial for you but the
users will benefit from the higher visual quality. Whereas if you decide to reduce the graphic
the file size will be smaller but the image quality will be worse, ultimately this is up to the
users preference. Screen resolution is the numbers of pixels in each dimension that can be
displayed on a electronic display screen. Most HD Televisions have can display True HD
which is 1080p unlike the normal standard of 720p which is progressive scan. There is
different resolution standards
Dimensions
Image dimensions relate to the length and width of the digital image, by controlling the
dimensions of the graphic you can then make the image smaller or bigger depending on the
purpose or location of the image. When changing the dimensions of the graphic the volume
of pixels stays the same, the only difference is the larger the image the more space the
pixels have to cover.
Image dimensions are the length and width of a digital image. It is usually measured in
pixels, but some graphics programs allow you to view and work with your image in the
equivalent inches or centimetres. Depending on what you plan to use your image for you
may want to change the image size. For example, if you are using a high-resolution digital
photograph, you may want to make the image dimensions smaller for publishing to a Web
page.

Compression
Compressing and uncompressing files (zip files) Compressed files take up less storage space
and can be transferred to other computers more quickly than uncompressed files. You can
work with compressed files and folders in the same way that you work with uncompressed
files and folders. I could do this to my files because video files are normally very large and
need to be compress in order for the programs to work efficiently. There is a program called
WinRAR which is a compression software tool which allows you to have large files then
compress them into files sizes from GB to MB or even KB. I may use this software to
compress my files because my videos will be large files and it might be difficult exporting
large files in different programs.
Lossless
Few lossless video formats are in common consumer use, as they would result in video files
taking up a huge amount of space. Common formats like H.264, MKV, and WMV are all
lossy. H.264 can provide smaller files with higher qualities than previous generations of
video codecs because it has a smarter algorithm thats better at choosing the data to
throw out.
Lossless compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the original data
to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data. By contrast, lossy compression
permits reconstruction only of an approximation of the original data, though this usually
improves compression rates (and therefore reduces file sizes).
Lossless data compression is used in many applications. For example, it is used in the ZIP file
format. It is also often used as a component within lossy data compression technologies.
Depending on what compression method you use if it is lossless this means you will not lose
the quality of the video you had prefer, all it does it compress the video file to a smaller size
and wont effect the quality.
Lossy
Refers to data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost. Lossy
compression technologies attempt to eliminate redundant or unnecessary information.
Most video compression technologies, such as MPEG, use a lossy technique. We use
compression to make files smaller, allowing them to download faster and take up less
storage space.
If were just uploading these files to a social network or placing them on a website, we dont
want these image files to take up so much space. A raw video could take up hundreds of
megabytes of space. RAW formats may be used by professional video editors to keep image
quality high during the editing process, but theyre not intended for the average person.
After compressing the video as lossy you cant get the original file back so youre stuck with
the lossy compression so this means you cannot compress programs and software's because
it could damage the program and you cant redo the method.
Famous lossy codecs include MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4 (AKA DivX3.11, DivX4/5, XviD,
Quicktime MPEG4), DV (and its variants DVCAM, DVCPRO, DVCPRO50, Digital-S, etc.),
Windows Media Video, RealVideo, Sorenson, Index, and the classic Cinepak. If a video has
been compressed in lossy it will change the video quality and could make it less quality as
the original version.
Resolution
Screen resolution is the numbers of pixels in each dimension that can be displayed on a
electronic display screen. Most HD Televisions have can display True HD which is 1080p
unlike the normal standard of 720p which is progressive scan. There is different resolution
standards
High Definition
720p (1,280 720 progressive scan)
1080i (1,920 1,080 split into two interlaced fields of 540 lines)
1080p (1,920 1,080 progressive scan)
Ultra High Definition
2160p (3,840 2,160 progressive scan; aka "4K ")
4320p (7,680 4,320 progressive scan; aka "8K ")
8640p (15,360 8,640 progressive scan; aka "16K ")
Most videos are shown at 720p because this is the most common display resolution for
people. There is a difference between the resolution and a pixel. A pixel is actually a unit of
the digital image. Resolution depends upon the size of the pixel. Usually, with any given TV ,
the smaller the size of the pixel, the higher the resolution will be and the clearer the video in
the video will be.

File Size and Format

File size measures the size of a computer file. Typically it is measured in bytes or bits. The
actual amount of disk space consumed by the file depends on the file system. The maximum
file size a file system supports depends on the number of bits reserved to store size
information and the total size of the file system.
A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It
specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats
may be either proprietary or free and may be either unpublished or open.
Images can be saved in a variety of file formats. Different file formats exist because some
are better at certain tasks than others.
Graphics packages allow the user to save their work in compatible file formats that can be
used in a variety of software programs - eg .jpg, .gif, .tiff. Most digital cameras automatically
save photographs as .jpg.
There are as many different file formats as there are different programs to process the files.
A few of the more common file formats are:
Word documents (.doc)
Web text pages (.htm or .html)
Web page images (.gif and .jpg)
Adobe Acrobat files (.pdf)
Executable programs (.exe)
Multimedia files (.mp3 and others)

File naming conventions

A File Naming Convention (FNC) is a framework for naming your files in a way that describes
what they contain and how they relate to other files.
Naming conventions are rules which enable the titling of electronic and physical folders,
documents and records in a consistent and logical way. This ensures that the correct records
can be located, identified and retrieved from a filing system in a timely efficient way, and
that they are stored in an appropriate secure location. Ideally, the best time to think how to
name and structure the documents and directories you create is at the start of a project.
It is a lot easier if files are store into a certain name which you are going to remember
because there is nothing worse than losing files and not being able to identify them.
Here is some ideas on how to name folders

Keep file and folder names short, but meaningful.

Avoid unnecessary repetition and redundant words in file names and file paths.
Use capital letters to delimit words, not spaces.
When including a number in a file name always give it as a two-digit number rather
than one, i.e. 01, 02 99, unless it is a year or another number with more than two
digits.
Asset management
Asset management is very important in the media industry because assets are the most
important parts of products that are made digitally. Managing assets can save alot of time
for companies who are trying to maintain their product. Companies also use asset
management to make their products secure. Asset management is the direction of a client's
cash and securities by a financial services company, usually an investment bank. The
institution offers investment services along with a wide range of traditional and alternative
product offerings that might not be available to the average investor. The account is held by
a financial institution and includes checking writing privileges, credit cards, debit cards,
margin loans, the automatic sweep of cash balances into a money market fund and
brokerage services