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75.

The weld ripples or surface irregularities on both the inside ( if accessible ) and outside
shall be remved by any suitable
76. 1.5" thick
77. Alternative current is used
78. Pulse Echo Shear Wave Ultrasonics
79. a) Direct
b) Indirect or (remote visual examination )
c) Translucent
80. A shim shall be fabricated of radiographically similar material to the object to be
inspected.
81. c
82. a
83. a) An examination of a welded joint that will disclose surface and sub-surface discontinuties
without physical harm to the welded joint. Such examinations can be conducted by radiography,
ultrasonics, liquid penetrant or magnetic particle testing.
b) - Radiographic Examination
- Ultrasonic Examination
- Magnetic Particle Examination
- Liquid Penetrant Examination

84. a) IQI
b) Densitometers or step-wedge comparison films.
85. A radiograph is a shadow picture produced by the passage of X-rays or gamma rays
through an object onto a film. When the rays pass through the object, part of the radiation
penetrates the material and part is absorbed. The amount of radiation absorbed and the amount
that penetrates are a function of the thickness of the material. Where a void or discontinuity
exists, there is essentially less material to absorb the radiation. Therefore, more radiation will
pass through this section and a dark spot corresponding to the projected position of the void
will appear on the film.
86. a) 1.8 - 4.0 ( for any X-ray source )
b) 2.0 4.0 ( for any gamma source)
87. e-The correct answer is 15% from the transmitted density through the body of the
penetrameter
88.-15% = 2.295
+30% = 3.510
89. No, as a check on backscattered radiation, a lead symbol "B" with minimum dimensions
of 1/2" height and 1/16" thickness shall be attached to the back of each film holder. If a
light image of the "B" appears on a darker background of the radiograph, protection from
backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered unacceptable. A dark
image on a lighter background is not cause for rejection.
90. a) Requires at least 3 IQIs spaced 1200 apart.
b) Requiresat least 12 IQI, one on each film.
91. b
92. a
93. a) An IQI is a small strip of material, fabricated of radiographically similar material to the
object being inspected, and having a thickness of approximately 2% of the object being
radiographed. The IQI has three holes in it. The sizes of these holes are 1T, 2T and 4T
where "T" is the thickness of the IQI. The 2T is designated as the essential hole, i.e.the
hole whose image must appear on the radiograph. IQI thickness and essential hole size
requirements are listed in tables in Section V of the ASME Code.
The IQI is identified with a number made of lead that is attached to the IQI. This
number indicates the thickness of the IQI in thousandths of an inch.

An IQI is used for evaluating radiographic technique in that it serves as an image quality
indicator, proper technique should display the IQI image and the specified hole.

b) Wire type IQI use thin wires to ascertain sensitivity instead of holes. The ability to
see the wire required by the Code indicates a quality radiograph.

94. The IQI should be placed the source side of the material being radiographed. However,
where inaccessibility prevents this, the IQI may be placed on the film side of the material
being radiographed provided a lead letter "F" at least as high as the identification number
is placed adjacent to the IQI.

95. a) Surface discontinuties


b) Surface and slight sub-surface discontinuties
c) Surface and sub-surface discontinuties
d) Surface and sub-surface discontinuties

96. A densitometer ( or step wedge comparison film ) shall be used for judging film density
requirements. Film density is a measure of overall darkening of the radiograph, which is
directly related to the sensitivity, definition, and overall quality of the technique.
97. a) Shirms may be used when necessary to produce a radiograph in which the
radiographic density throughout the area of interest is no more than minus 15% from
( lighter than ) the radiographic density through the IQI.

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