ZONAL CAVITY METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE NUMBER OF

LAMPS IN A R00M

PRESENTED BY:

ENGR. AHMADU A. Y
(DIRECTOR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SERVICES)
MINISTRY OF ENERGY, ILORIN

DATE: 4TH MAY, 2017

VENUE:BEC
1.0 PRE-AMBLE:
Lighting design is mainly deployed within a frame work
of guidance and recommendations rather than fixed rules of
design.
Lighting objectives can be classified under three broad
headings:
- Safety and health
- Performance
- Appearance and comfort

In any building, the duty of the Architect is in the area of

aes-thetic, the functionality of the design depends largely on
the input of the services Electrical Engineer. The importance
of Electrical Services design is to determine the required
amount of illumination for different utilities avoiding glare as
much as practicable.
1.1 Zonal Cavity (Lumen Method) of Design
The most widely used approach to the systematic design
of electric lighting is the Zonal Cavity or Lumens method.
The method depends essentially on the utilization factor, for
example ratio of the lumens which are received on the
working plane to the total output of the lamps in the room.
The aim of the lumen method is to give a reasonably
even spread of light over the horizontal working plane. The
following equation is used in the Lumen method of design: -
E = FXNXUXM
A

Where: -
 E= the average horizontal illumination at the working
plane in Lux (refer to IES code)
F= the lamp lighting design (Lumens) (refer to
manufactures catalogue)
N= Number of Lamps
U= the utilization factor
M= the maintenance factor
A= the area of the working plane (m2)

NOTE:
(i) Utilization factor(s)
This is defined as the ratio of the lumens received on the
working plane to the total flux output of the lamps.
(ii) Maintenance factor (MF)
This is the ratio of maintained illuminance to initial
illuminance and it takes account of all losses
MF= LLMF X LSF X LMF X RSMF
Where:
LLMF Lamp Lumen maintenance Factor
LSF Lamp Survival Factor
LMF Luminaries Maintenance Factor
RSMF Room Surface Maintenance Factor

(iii) Spacing to height ratio (SHR)

 Spacing to height ratio (SHR) is the centre-to-centre
distance(s) between adjacent luminaries to their mounting
height (H) above the working plane. Manufactures
catalogues can be consulted to determine maximum SHRs
e.g. a luminaries with trough reflector is about 1.65 and an
enclosed diffuser about 1.4. As a rule of thumb,Luminaire
spacing<1.5H.
(iv) Room Index
The behavior of light in rooms is not a function of room
dimensions but the room index. Room index can be defined
as the ratio of the area of the horizontal surfaces to that of
the vertical surfaces in the room.
This is expressed by the equation: -
Room Index (RI) = Length (m) x Width (m)
Height of lighting fitting above the working plane
(length + width)

Room Index = LxW

H (L + W)
1.2 Lighting Design Using the Lumen (Zonal Cavity)
Method
The under-listed procedures are recommended for the
design of lighting installation.
(a) Decide upon the illumination required in Lux by selecting
from IES code.
(b) Calculate the room index
(c) Find the utilization factor of the luminaries to be used
(d) Assume a suitable maintenance factor
 Colour Factor
White or cream 0.7 or 0.8 (e) Calculate the number
Yellow 0.6 of fittings from Lumen
Light green or pink 0.5 method of design
Sky blue or grey 0.4 formula (Refer to the
Beige or Brown 0.3 lighting calculation
working sheet)
(f) Draw the layout of the fitting to a suitable scale
Table 1 Typical Reflectance Factors

Table 2 Typical Manufacturers Data for a typical

twin tube luminaries used to calculate
Utilization Factors.
Room Room Index
Reflectanc
e
C W F 0. 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 4. 5.0
75 0 25 50 0 50 0 0
0.7 0.5 0.2 N.A 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
1 5 7 0 1 3 4 5
0.3 N.A 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
8 2 4 7 9 1 3 4
0.1 N.A 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7
6 9 2 5 8 9 1 3
0.5 0.5 0.2 N.A 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
0 3 5 8 9 0 2 3
0.3 N.A 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7
8 1 3 6 8 9 1 2
 0.1 N.A 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7
6 9 1 4 6 8 9 1
0.3 0.5 0.2 N.A 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7
9 2 4 6 7 8 9 0
0.3 N.A 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
7 0 2 4 6 7 8 9
0.1 N.A 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
5 8 0 3 5 6 8 8
0.0 0.0 0.0 N.A 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
4 7 8 1 2 3 5 5

EXAMPLE

A room measure 15mx7.5mx3.6m high and the design illumination is 300lux on the
working plane (0.85m above the floor. If the maintenance factor is assumed to be 0.8
taking all losses into consideration.Compute the number of fittings required using the
lighting calculation working sheet using lumens method.
EXAMPLE

A room measure 15mx7.0mx3.6m high and the design illumination is 300lux on the working
plane (0.85m above the floor. If the maintenance factor is assumed to be 0.8 taking all
losses into consideration, Compute the number of fittings required using the lighting
calculation working sheet using lumens method.

ANSWER:-The application of lighting calculation working sheet using Lumens method is

indicated below

LIGHTING CALCULATION WORKING SHEET USING LUMENS

METHOD
FLOOR OR LEVEL GROUND FLOOR
REFERENCE
ROOM OR AREA ROOM
REFERNCE
LENGTH(L) L=15.0M
WIDTH(W) W=7.0M
AREA=LXW A=15.0X7.0=105SQD.METRE
MOUNTING HEIGHT ABOVE Hm=3.6-0.85=2.75M
WORKING PLANE Hm(m)
ROOM INDEX= A RI =105/2.75(15+7)=105/2.75(22) =1.70
Hm(L+W)
REFLECTANCES- 70,50,30
CEILING,WALL
& FLOOR
FITTING TYPE CFL
COEFFICIENT OF DERIVED BY INTERPOLATION AS
UTILIZATION Uf=0.47+0.2(0.52-0.47)=0.48
(Uf)
MAINTENANCE Mf=0.8
FACTOR(Mf)
ILLUMINATION E=300 LUX
REQUIRED(E)
TOTAL LUMENS T=300X105/0.48X0.8=82,031.25LUX
REQUIRED(T)
=EA/UfXMf
TYPE OF LAMP T5 HIGH OUT PUT LAMP
COLOUR DAY LIGHT/WARM WHITE
LENGTH/WATTAGE(MM)/ 1200MM/44W
(W)
LAMP DESIGN LUMEN OUT Qf=4275LUMEN
PUT
(Qf)
NO. OF LAMPS N=82,031.25/4275=19.18 APPROX.
REQUIRED(N) 20N0
=T/Qf
SPACE TO HEIGHT SHR=1/HmXSQ.ROOT (A/N)
RATIO(SHR) =1/2.75 SQ.ROOT(105/19.18=1(APPROX.)
NO.OF LAMPS PER N=1
FITTING(n)
MINIMUM NO.OF FITTINGS N/n=19/1=19
ACTUAL NO.OF FITTING N=19N0.
CALCULATED =4275X19X0.8X0.48/105=297LUX APPROX
ILLUMINATION 300LUX
=QfXNXUfXMf/A
MANUFACTURER PHILLIPS
SELECTED
FITTING
MANUFACTURER PHILLIPS
SELECTED
FITTING
REFERENCES:-
1. ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY CODE (IES)
2. CODE FOR INTERIOR LIGHTING ISSUED BY( CIBSE)1994
3. PHILLIPS LIGHTING PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
CATALOGUE 2013