Module 22 - Digital Techniques Electronic Instrument Systems PDF

CAR66 CONVERSION TRAINING
MODULE 5
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
Rev 00 For Training Purpose Only Page 1

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS (5.1) (L1)
The term 'electronic instruments' is used to refer to the latest trend in aircraft instruments. This involves the use of CRTs (cathode ray tubes or TV
screens) to display aircraft instrument information. Another common term for this system is the 'glass cockpit'. The use of CRTs permits a greater
use of integrated instruments, which display numerous types of information on one screen. It also permits greater flexibility because the
information on each CRT can be changed in flight. It is also claimed that reliability is increased because complex electro-mechanical instruments
are replaced by CRTs that have no moving parts. A special type of computer control called a symbol generator operates these CRTs. The latest
generation of air carrier jets and bizjets are designed to use glass cockpit displays. This group include Boeing 757, 767, 777, 747-400, and Airbus A.
310, 320, 330, 340, 380 aircraft
Other aircraft have been retrofitted with glass cockpit displays in their latest versions or as an option from the factory. Some aircraft
have only one or two CRT's while others, with a full glass cockpit system, will use six or more CRT's. The electronic instruments that make up a full
glass cockpit come in three types:
Electronic Attitude Director Indicators (EADI's), also sometimes called the Primary Flight Displays (PFDs)
Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicators (EHSI's), also sometimes called the Navigation Displays (NDs)
Engine Indication and Crew Alerting (EICAS) or Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM).

ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS (EFIS)
Two primary displays in a glass cockpit are used to display information originally shown on the flight instrument panel. These two displays are
called, the Electronic Attitude Director Indicator (EADI) and the Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (EHSI). In essence these two displays
replace the analogue versions, the ADI and the HSI. The major difference is that the displays are more versatile, pilots can select the types of
information they wish to see and more information can be presented on the electronic version of the instrument. Another very important
advantage of electronic displays is that irrelevant information can be removed from the display until needed, reducing the 'clutter' and pilot
workload, both of which have a safety issue.

ELECTRONIC ATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR
The main element of the EADI is the horizon ball. As already mentioned, this instrument replaced the analogue version, the ADI. The origin of the
ADI is the artificial horizon, which simply showed an aircraft in relation to a line representing the horizon; later versions provided a better
representation of the aircraft attitude and were called Attitude Indicators (AI). As navigation aids and computer aided flight systems were
developed, various pointers and symbols were added to the AI. Some examples being, the flight director command bars, glide path pointer and
localiser deviation indicator. The addition of this flight information resulted in a change of name to Attitude Director Indicator (ADI), because the
instrument was now directing the pilot where to fly the aircraft in relation to the navigation aids.
A modern EADI will display, or is capable of displaying:
Pitch and roll information

Slip
Ground speed and speed error
Flight director information
Glide slope and localiser deviation Numerous warning and status messages, including pitch and roll mode, navigation aid selected, radio
altitude, altitude alert and decision height


ELECTRONIC HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR
The roots of the EHSI lie way back with the earliest aircraft. The direct reading magnetic compass was the original source of heading information,
however, problems with the use of magnetic compasses during manoeuvres resulted in the introduction of the Directional Gyro. For a period of
time, the gyro was used in conjunction with the magnetic compass, the compass giving long-term accuracy, the gyro accuracy during manoeuvres.
Later the combining of these two devices produced the remote reading compass system.
The addition of navigation and flight system information resulted in the indicator being called a Horizontal Situation Indicator
(HSI). The display now showed the aircraft's heading or position in relation to Navigation and Landing aids.
A modern Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator, EHSI for short, presents a selectable, dynamic colour display of the aircraft's position and
heading in relation to the navigation aids around it. Items displayed include:
Magnetic heading
Radio steering commands for VOR / INS
Way points, airports and navigation aids
Distance to go
ILS steering information

The diagram below shows only one of the numerous types of presentation possible on an
EHSI. Others will be examined later in the module.

ENGINE INDICATING & CREW ALERTING

In the first commercial jet aircraft built with glass cockpits there were two distinctively different approaches to the displaying of engine and system
parameters, and the associated warnings.
Boeing adopted a system called the 'Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting System (EICAS)'. As the name implies this system displays engine
parameters, and warnings in the event of a fault condition.
This system comprises two CRT displays, one above the other. During normal flight the lower screen is generally blank and the upper displays the
primary engine parameters. When a fault occurs a message is displayed on the top display and the faulty system parameters are shown on the
lower screen.
Airbus adopted a system called the 'Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor' (ECAM). This system was based on a decision that engine parameters
needed to be displayed continuously, therefore conventional engine instruments were retained.
This system comprised two CRT displays mounted side by side or one above the other on narrow aircraft (A320). The left (top) display shows
system status messages, warnings and corrective actions in the form of a list. The right (lower) display shows pictorial diagrams of systems.
Both systems are becoming more alike on modern aircraft. Airbus, in particular, displays engine information on the ECAM status page, dispensing
with separate engine instrumentation.
DISPLAY PRODUCTION
Although several systems will be examined in more detail later in this module, it makes sense at this stage to briefly mention how the information
on the displays is produced. In all cases computers are connected to numerous data sources. The computers processing the information and
producing the necessary video signals to drive the displays are generally called symbol generators (SG).

SYMBOL GENERATORS
These provide the analog, discrete and digital signal interfaces between an aircraft's systems, the display units and the control panel, and they
perform symbol generation, system monitoring, power control and the main control functions of the EFIS overall.
In large commercial aircraft there are generally three symbol generators. One to drive each of the two sets of primary flight displays and a third
which basically acts as a backup. This is however not always the case, some modern systems employ only two.
COMPARATOR SYSTEMS
In conventional instrument systems, instrument comparators are used to detect differences in signals from two sources, and to illuminate
corresponding warning lights whenever a significant difference exists.
In modern EFIS systems, failure of data signals are displayed on each EADI and EHSI in the form of yellow flags painted at specific locations on the
screen or by removal of elements of the display. In addition, fault messages may also be displayed.
PRESENTATION
Each Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) display contains three electron guns, one each for red, green and blue. By controlling the three guns, the symbol
generators can produce red, green or blue, as well as combinations resulting in yellow, cyan (light blue), magenta (pink) and white. If one or more
guns fail, the display automatically reverts to monochrome (black and white). The operation of CRT displays will be examined in more detail later in
these notes.
Aircraft display units employ two different methods for 'painting' the information onto the screen, raster and stroke. The vertical raster is used on
the EADI to paint the attitude ball and on the EHSI for the weather radar display. All other symbols use the point-to-point stroke type of scan. The
displays are made flicker-free by refreshing the stroke written symbols at a rate of 80 times per second and the raster at a rate of 40 times per
second.

SUB-MODULE 5.6
BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE

BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE (5.6) (L1)
A computer is an electronic device, which can accept and process data by carrying out a set of stored instructions in sequence. This sequence of
mathematical and logic operations is known as a Program.
The computer is constructed from electronic circuits, which operate on an ON/OFF principle. The data and instructions, used in the computer,
must therefore be in logical form.
The computer uses the digits "1" and "0" of the binary numbering system to represent ON and OFF". All data and program information must,
therefore, be converted into binary form, before being fed into the computer circuitry.
These units are called Bits (Binary Digits), with a number of bits called a word. A word of 8 bits is called a byte therefore a sixteen bit word will
be two bytes.
One of the most important characteristics of a computer is that it is a general-purpose device, capable of being used in a number of different
applications. By changing the stored program, the same machine can be used to carry out totally different tasks. (Think of all the different
applications you can use on a PC).
In general, aircraft computers only have to perform one particular task. This means that fixed programs can be used in those computers.
DIGITAL COMPUTERS
In the digital computer there are basically two types of input, namely Instructions and Data, from the various radio and non-radio sensors, which
will be referred to collectively as information. Information must of course, be coded into a form which the rest of the computer can understand,
such as digital form.

The essential components of a digital computer are shown in Figure1
CONTROL
ARITHMETIC
INPUT MEMORY OUTPUT
CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT (CPU)
Figure 1 - Digital Computer Block Diagram

Coded information is passed to the memory in which it is stored until needed by the other units. The memory is divided into a large number of
cells, each of which can store a word representing a piece of information. Each cell has a unique address through which access to the information
contained within that cell can be obtained. There are usually two types of memory, long term and temporary stores. The latter, often termed
registers, will be used to hold intermediate results in calculations and data, which is to be processed next in the calculating, sequence. Long term
memory is normally external to the CPU, e.g. on a hard disk drive.
The arithmetic unit performs the actual arithmetic operations called for by instructions. It can be compared with a calculator.
The results of the calculations must be displayed in a suitable form easily interpreted by the pilot. This is the function of the output unit, which
reads from the store.
The control unit directs the overall functioning of the computer according to the program of instructions in store. This program is known as
software as opposed to the actual circuitry, which is termed hardware. Although control is drawn as a separate unit in the functional block
diagram, the control hardware, which comprises timing circuits and electronic switching, is spread throughout the computer.
Information is read into the appropriate address of the store under the control of the software. In aircraft navigation applications, incoming data
from sensors updates the contents of the store at a rate dependent upon the timing of the computer control.
The control acts on instructions held in store in the appropriate sequence. The basic task will be to transfer data from store to the arithmetic unit.
This carries out the necessary calculations, using registers to store the intermediate results, then writes the final result into the store.
The final control function will be to transfer data from store to the output as a result of built in instructions, or on specific instructions from the
pilot.
This process of input - store - calculate - store - output is carried out sequentially in accordance with software requirements.

THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
The CPU is the heart of any computing system. It executes the individual machine instructions, which make up a program. Basically, the CPU is
formed from the following interconnected units:
1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

2. Registers.
3. Control Unit.
These units are shown as part of a computer system in Figure2.
CPU
ARITHMETIC INPUT
C
UNIT OUTPUT
O UNIT
M
P
U
T
CONTROL E
R
CLOCK
H
I
G
H MEMORY
W
A
REGISTERS
Y
DATA/ADDRESS/CONTROL
BUSSES
FIG.2 CENTAL PROCESSING UNIT

ARITHMETIC UNIT (ALU).
This is where the mathematics and logic functions are implemented.
It is not essential for the ALU to subtract, divide, or multiply, as these functions are easily achieved by using addition in conjunction with 2's
complement arithmetic.
However, more powerful processors include sophisticated arithmetic hardware capable of division, multiplication, fixed and floating point
arithmetic etc. Large processors also employ parallel operation for high speed.
REGISTERS.
These are temporary storage units within the CPU (Memories). Some registers have dedicated uses, such as the program counter register and the
instruction register.
Other registers may be used for storing either data or program information
THE CONTROL UNIT.
This unit is responsible for the overall action of the computer. It coordinates the units, so that events take place in the correct sequence and at the
right time.
Because it is responsible for timing operations it includes a clock (normally crystal controlled), so that instructions and data can be transferred
between units under strict timing control (synchronous operation).
The crystal and the clock generator may either be contained within the CPU, or supplied as separate components.

BUSES
Lots of information needs to pass from one part of a computer to another quickly. Instead of using one pair of wires for these connections, large
numbers of parallel connected wires are used, forming the Computer Highway. This is made up of bunches of wires are called Buses. It can be
seen from Figure 3 that there are three buses - the data bus, the address bus, and the control bus. Each bus consists of a group of parallel wires.
The data bus transfers data between memory, CPU and Input/Output (I/O) units, under the control of signals sent through the control bus. For
example, if data is to be transferred (sent) from the CPU to a memory location, the control unit within the CPU sends an output instruction to the
CPU, and write instruction to the memory unit. When the data arrives at the memory, it must be written into the memory at a given address. The
address is already present, having been sent by the CPU along the address bus. Hence, data is stored at the memory address given. Note that if
the transfer had been from the CPU to an I/O device, the address of the I/O device would have been given.
The address bus is one-way only.
The control bus usually has one set of wires for input sensing lines, and one set for output controls. Data buses are usually bi-directional; that is,
data is either sent or fetched along the same set of wires. The control unit usually decides in which direction data will travel. If there are several
peripherals, and these all wish to use the CPU at the same time, some method of priority must be established. There are various ways of achieving
this. One method uses the control unit to select the lucky peripheral, whilst another method lets the peripherals themselves automatically decide
which peripheral takes control.

Figure 3 - Computer Buses
INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) UNIT
ADDRESS BUS
I/P
CENTRAL
INPUT/OUTPUT
MEMORY PROCESSING
UNIT
O/P UNIT
CONTROL BUS
DATA BUS

This unit provides the interface between the computer and the computer peripherals. A computer peripheral is any unit, which is attached to, but
is not part of, the computer - e.g. visual display units, teleprinters, etc. A simple computing system may have only one input and one output. In
such cases, an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) may suffice for the input, and a digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) for the output.
Alternatively, complex-computing systems can literally service thousands of peripherals.
Figure 4 illustrates a simple I/O unit. The I/O unit can basically be described as a fan-out (and fan-in) device. The computer's 8-bit bi-directional
data bus can be connected to port 1, 2 or 3. The port chosen is dependent upon the address, on the address bus. The system illustrated allows
three peripherals to communicate with the computer. Only one peripheral at a time can send data to the computer, or receive data from the
computer. However, this is not a problem, because the computer works very much faster than the peripheral, and hence, it appears that the
computer services all three peripherals simultaneously
Figure 4 - Input/Output Unit
PERIPHERAL 1 PERIPHERAL 2 PERIPHERAL 3
PORT 1 PORT 2 PORT 3
CONTROL BUS INPUT/OUTPUT

UNIT
COMPUTER DATA BUS (8 BITS)
ADDRESS BUS

Peripherals can have either serial or parallel outputs. Also, as stated previously, peripherals work at a much slower speed than that of the
computer. The I/O system must, therefore, be capable of 'conditioning' the data received from the peripherals to a form which is readily digestible
by the computer, and vice versa.
MEMORY
The memory unit is used for the storage of binary coded information. Basically, information consists of instructions and data where:
Instructions are the coded pieces of information that direct the activities of the CPU.
Data is the information that is processed by the CPU.
The memory hardware contains a large number of cells or locations. Each location may store a single binary digit or a group of binary digits. The
cells are grouped so that a complete binary word is always accessed. Word length varies typically from 4-bits up to 64-bits depending upon
machine size. Each location in the memory is identified by a unique address, which then allows access to the word. Consequently, to obtain
information from the memory, the correct address must be placed onto the address bus.
There are fundamentally two types of memory - primary memory and secondary memory. Primary memory is essential; no computer can operate
without this. Secondary memory is necessary to supplement or back-up the primary memory on large computing systems; hence, it is often called
backing memory.
A large computer will generally require a large amount of primary memory, plus a substantial amount of secondary or backing memory. Primary
memories are fast, but have limited capacity; typically only hundreds of K-bits (1K bit = 1024 bits) are available per IC. Backing memories usually
employ magnetic technology (magnetic disc or tape). Their capacities start in the megabit range, but because they are basically sequential devices,
access time is slow, especially if the information required is at the wrong end of hundreds of metres of tape
The use of semi-conductor memory elements (bistables) has been made possible by the use of large scale integrated circuits (LSI) which provide
reliability, ease of application and good storage capacity per unit volume. There are two types of semi-conductor primary memory: ROM (Read
Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access memory). Both types employ solid state circuitry, and are packaged in Integrated Circuit (IC) form.

Figure 5 shows how these primary memories are connected to a simple computer bus.
Figure 5 - ROM and RAM Connection to Buses
DATA BUS
TO TO
INPUT/OUTPUT CPU
DEVICE
ROM RAM
MEMORY ADDRESS REGISTER

NOTE: CONTROL BUS
& CHIP SELECT DECODER OMITTED FOR SIMPLICITY
TO
INPUT/OUTPUT FROM
DEVICE CPU
ADDRESS BUS

ROM:
As would be expected, information can only be read from this memory unit. Normally the information is fixed into the memory during
manufacture. It is a non-volatile memory; that is, if power is removed, the contents remain unaltered.
RAM:
This is read/write memory. Information can be written into the memory (overwriting the old), or copied out from the memory. RAMs are usually
volatile - that is, if power is removed, the information will be lost unless battery back up is available. Information may be written into the memory
in any location; hence the term random access (as opposed to a serial access memory such as magnetic tape). These are often referred to as
Read/Write memories.
TYPES OF ROM
There are several types of ROM using different technologies.
Programmable ROM (PROM):

The user can program a PROM after purchase. Each memory bit element in the PROM contains a nichrome or silicon link that acts as a fuse. The
user can selectively 'butt out' or 'blow' these fuses by applying pulses of current to the appropriate pins of the IC. A memory element with an non-
ruptured fuse stores a 1, whereas one with a ruptured fuse stores a 0. The programming is irreversible, so it must be right first time.
PROMs are capable of high operating speeds, but consume a relatively large amount of power. However, since they are non-volatile, they can be
switched off when not being accessed.

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM):

These memory devices can be programmed, erased and then reprogrammed by the user as often as required. In some devices the information can
be erased by flooding them with ultraviolet light, whilst in others, voltages are applied to the appropriate pins of the device.
Electrical Altered Read Only Memory (EAROM):

This memory device combines the non-volatility of the ROM with the electrically alterable characteristic of the RAM. It is, therefore, considered as
a non-volatile RAM.
As part of a general-purpose computer ROMs may be used to store information which is unchanged over most, if not all, of the operational life of
the equipment. If all the hardware of a computer were wired in using ROMs then we would no longer have a general-purpose computer and
hence have lost the inherent flexibility. However, saving in circuitry and some degree of flexibility can be achieved by having interchangeable
ROMs mounted on printed circuit boards (PCB) which can be removed from and fitted to the computer. A more practical solution is to have some
other means of storing program software, in the case of PCs on a hard disk drive for example.
FLASH MEMORIES :
These are high-density read/write memories that are non-volatile. Data can be stored indefinitely without power. They are also high-density
devices (large bit storage for their size). As manufacturing technology improves and prices fall, they are becoming much more common, being used
in place of hard disk drives in many portable applications (e.g. digital cameras, key ring memories).

MEMORY ACCESS
Figure 6 shows a simple 9-word store, each word consisting of 3-bits.
RD H
W O NGT
LE
SENSE WIRE
Y1 W1 W2 W3
Y-DRIVE
AND Y2 W4 W5 W6
DECODE MSB
Y3 W7 W8 W9
LSB SENSE
AMP
X1 X2 X3
MEMORY X-DRIVE
ADDRESS AND MEMORY
REGISTER DECODE CONTENT
REGISTER
REMAINDER OF COMPUTER
If one wishes to read the word at address W5, the memory address register sends, by way of the X and Y drive and decode circuits, a 1-bit along
wires X2 and Y2. The contents of W5 are then sequentially read from least significant bit to most significant bit by the sense wire which is
connected to each of the 27 elements.

SUB-MODULE 5.12
ELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICES

Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive Devices (5.12) (L1)
Many electronic Line Replaceable Units (LRUs) on aircraft contain printed circuit boards containing components that are susceptible to damage
from electrostatic discharges. Such components are referred to as electrostatic discharge sensitive (ESDS) devices. Decals installed on ESDS LRUs,
indicate that special handling is required. Some decals are shown below, the lower four are typical Boeing ESDS decals.

STATIC ELECTRICITY & ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE
The most common conception of static electricity and its accompanying discharge, is the miniature lighting shock you receive when you touch a
metal door handle having walked across a nylon carpet. If the door handle is touched with a key first, the discharge will be seen but not felt.
The discharge occurs because different materials receive different levels of charge as materials are rubbed together or pulled apart. The different
charge levels create potential differences between the different materials, and when materials of different electrical potential are brought into
close proximity with each other, a discharge occurs as the potentials equalise.
The different levels of charge with respect to cotton (the reference material) are shown on the following page, in what is known as the Triboelectric
Series.
The further up or down the series, the greater the charge developed and hence the greater the discharge when the two materials are brought
together.

Triboelectric Series
Material
Asbestos
Rabbit Fur
Glass
Mica Increasingly Positive
Human Hands
Nylon
Wool
Fur
Lead
Silk
Aluminium
Paper
Cotton
Steel Increasingly Negative
Wood

Amber
Sealing Wax
Hard Rubber
Nickel Copper
Brass Silver
Gold Platinum
Sulphur
Acetate Rayon
Polyester
Celluloid
Orion
Saran
Polyurethane
Polyethylene
Polypropylene
PVC (vinyl)
Kelf (ctfe)
Silicon

The typical voltages that can occur are shown in the table below, note the importance of humidity.
Electrostatic Voltages
Means of Static Generation 10 to 20 Percent 65 to 90 Percent
Relative Humidity Relative Humidity
Walking across carpet 35,000 1,500
Walking over vinyl floor 12,000 250
Worker at bench 6,000 100
Vinyl envelopes for work

7,000 600
instructions
Common poly bag picked up
20,000 1,200
from bench
Work chair padded with
18,000 1,500
polyurethane form

The last table shows a list of static sensitive devices and the voltages that can cause damage. The damage may vary from a slight degradation of
performance, giving rise to intermittent and spurious indications, to complete destruction, giving rise to total system failure. The amount of
damage varies with the amount of energy that strikes the component.
The less obvious damage can cause considerable and expensive maintenance headaches, which may lead to lack of confidence in the equipment.
Sensitivity Range where

Static Sensitive Device
damage can occur
Field Effect Transistor (MOS / FET) 150 - 1000 volts
CMOS 250 - 1000 volts
Bipolar Transistors 4,000 - 15000 volts
Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) 4,000 - 15000 volts
Thin-Film Resistors 150 - 1000 volts

ESDS - MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
The following maintenance procedures have been taken directly from the Boeing 757 Maintenance Manual.
1. General (see diagram on the following page)

A. Many electronic line replaceable units (referred to as LRUs) contain micro-circuits and other sensitive devices which can be damaged
internally by electrostatic discharges. These LRUs are identified as Electrostatic Discharge sensitive (referred to a ESDS). The placards
installed on the ESDS LRUs show that you must be careful. The persons who remove, install, and move the ESDS LRUs must know about
static electricity and the protection from static discharges that is necessary.
B. Electrostatic charges can be caused by these: human bodies, hair, clothing, floors, equipment racks, and equipment units. An
electrostatic discharge is electrical potentials. Electrostatic discharges from nylon clothing or human hair onto polyethylene or steel can
damage ESDS components. Damage to the internal components of an ESDS LRU can cause failure with one static discharge. System
properties can change with time because of many static discharges.
C. The function of these procedures is to show the maintenance persons how to know and touch the ESDS placard. These procedures
contain the precautions that are necessary to safely touch the units that are identified by the ESDS placard. Three types of decals are
used to identify the units with ESDS sensitive circuits. The military and commercial symbols are used on some units, while the
international (JEDEC) symbol is used on most ESDS placard (see diagram). The ESDS printed circuit boards that are LRUs are identified
with a 'static sensitive' placard (see diagram).
D. This procedure contains four tasks. The first task removes the ESDS printed circuit boards. The second task installs the ESDS printed
circuit boards. The third task removes the ESDS metal encased units. The fourth task installs the ESDS metal encased units.


Remove the ESDS Printed Circuit Boards

A. Equipment:
i. Conductive Bags
ii. Conductive Plastic Carriers
iii. Ohmmeter
iv. Wrist Straps
a. A wrist strap is kept on the plenum of the racks E3 and E4 in the main equipment centre (see diagram below).
v. 100% Cotton Twine - Commercially available.
vi. ESDS Labels
b. JEDEC International Label - multi-source

B. Remove the Printed Circuit Boards with the static sensitive placards
Note: The placards on the outer area of the card files show the cards that contain the ESDS printed circuit boards that are LRUs.
Caution: Make sure you keep contamination or unwanted material away from the sensitive device. Contamination or unwanted
material near the sensitive device can cause a malfunction in the sensitive device.
i. Remove the system electrical power with the applicable Removal / Installation procedure.
Warning: Use a wrist strap with a minimum grounding lead resistance of 250 kilohms and a maximum of 15 megohms. Use of a low
resistance wrist strap can cause injury to persons if a high voltage source is touched.
ii. Do these steps to do a test of the wrist strap resistance:

a. Use an ohmmeter to make sure the wrist strap assembly has a minimum resistance of 250 kilohms and a maximum of 15 megohms.
b. Put the wrist strap on your wrist.
c. Use an ohmmeter to make sure the resistance is less than 10 megohms.
iii. Connect the wrist strap into the electrostatic ground jack of the card file.
Caution: The grounding lead on the wrist strap must touch the skin to give the protection that is necessary. Failure to use the wrist
strap correctly can cause damage to the ESDS printed circuit boards.
iv. Attach the wrist strap correctly on the person that will remove the printed circuit board.
v. Open the access door on the card file.
vi. From the location decal, find the printed circuit board to be removed.
vii. Use the top and bottom (or left or right) extractors on the printed circuit board to remove it from the card file
viii. Put the printed circuit board in the conductive bag or the container with the ESDS placard.
Caution: Do not use staples or adhesive tapes to close the conductive bags. Failure to close the conductive bags correctly can cause
damage to the printed circuit board.
ix. Use an ESDS or a 100% cotton twine to close the conductive bag.

Note: The printed circuit boards in a conductive bag must be put in a rigid container to make sure the conductive bag stays in a
satisfactory condition.
x. Close the access door to the card file.

xi. Disconnect the wrist strap from the electrostatic ground jack.
Install the ESDS Printed Circuit Boards

C. Equipment:
xii. Conductive Bags -
xiii. Conductive Plastic Carriers
xiv. Ohmmeter
xv. Wrist Straps -
d. A wrist strap is kept on the plenum of the racks E3 and E4 in the main equipment centre (see previous diagram).
xvi. 100% Cotton Twine - Commercially available.
xvii. ESDS Labels
e. JEDEC International Label - multi-source
D. Install the Printed Circuit Boards with a static sensitive placard.

Caution: Make sue you keep contamination or unwanted material away from the sensitive device. Contamination or unwanted
xviii. Remove the system electrical power with the applicable Removal / Installation procedure.
Use a wrist strap with a minimum grounding lead resistance of 250 kilohms and a maximum of 15 megohms. Use of a low resistance
wrist strap can cause injury to persons if a high voltage source is touched.

xix. . Do these steps to do a test of the wrist strap resistance:

f. Use an ohmmeter to make sure the wrist strap assembly has a minimum resistance of 250 kilohms and a maximum of 15 megohms.
g. Put the wrist strap on your wrist.
h. Use an ohmmeter to make sure the resistance is less than 10 megohms.
xx. Connect the wrist strap into the electrostatic ground jack of the card file.
Caution: The grounding lead on the wrist strap must touch the skin to give the protection that is necessary. Failure to use the wrist
strap correctly can cause damage to the ESDS printed circuit boards.
xxi. Attach the wrist strap correctly on the person that will remove the printed circuit board.
xxii. Open the access door on the card file.
xxiii. From the location decal, find the printed circuit board to be installed.
xxiv. Remove the ESDS printed circuit board from the conductive bag or the carrier.
xxv. With the top and bottom (or left and right) extractors, put the printed circuit board into the card file.
xxvi. Attach the printed circuit card with the extractors.
xxvii. Close the access door for the card file.
xxviii. Disconnect the wrist strap from the electrostatic ground jack.
2. Remove the ESDS Encased Units

E. General
xxix. The metal encased units can be put on a rack, the airplane structure or a control panel.
F. Equipment
xxx. Conductive electrical dust caps and connector covers.
Note: Conductive duct caps and connector covers are black or grey in colour.
i. ITT Cannon - as applicable (stamped 'conductive')

Part Number Marking on Cap Connector
025-1155-001 BKAD1-A&B-R BKAD1-A-R
BKAD1-B-R
025-1156-001 BKAD1-C-R BKAD1-C-R
025-1157-001 BKAD2&3-A&B-R BKAD2-A-R
BKAD2-B-R
BKAD3-A-R
BKAD3-B-R
0025-1158-001 BKAD2&3-C-R BKAD2-C-R
BKAD3-C-R

Souriau - as applicable
Part Number Type Connector Shell Size
8660-1404 Power 1
8660-1405 Signal 1
8660-1406 Power 2&3
8660-1407 Signal 2 &3
xxx.Anti-static dust caps and connector covers (alternate when conductive caps and covers not available).
j. Plastic dust caps and connector covers that have an anti-static solution applied and they are dated.
G. Remove the Metal Encased Units with the ESDS placards.
xxxi. Remove the system electrical power with the applicable Removal / Installation procedure.
xxxii. Remove the unit with the ESDS placard from the equipment rack, the airframe, or the panel as in the applicable Removal /
Installation procedure.
Note: Make sure you do not touch the pins in the electrical connector. Make sure a static sensitive placard is installed adjacent to the
electrical connector(s). The static sensitive placard, or an equivalent, will be shown:

CAUTION
Electrostatic Sensitive
Device. Conductive Connector

Dust Cover Required.
This placard shows that the unit can be damaged by an electrostatic discharge through the connector pins.
xxxiii. Install a conductive dust cover with a static sensitive placard on the connectors, and standard dust covers on the connectors that
do not have the placard.
Note: The conductive dust caps and the connector covers are black in colour.
Note: The conductive dust caps and the connector covers from the installed unit can be used on the removed unit.
xxxiv. Move the unit, as shown in the standard practices, with the conductive dust caps and connector covers installed.
Install the ESDS Metal Encased Units

H. Equipment
xxxv. Conductive electrical dust caps and connector covers.
Note: Conductive dust caps and connector covers are black or grey in colour.
k. ITT Cannon - as applicable (stamped 'conductive')

Part Number Marking on Cap Connector
025-1155-001 BKAD1-A&B-R BKAD1-A-R
BKAD1-B-R
025-1156-001 BKAD1-C-R BKAD1-C-R
025-1157-001 BKAD2&3-A&B-R BKAD2-A-R
BKAD2-B-R
BKAD3-A-R
BKAD3-B-R
0025-1158-001 BKAD2&3-C-R BKAD2-C-R
BKAD3-C-R

Souriau - as applicable
Part Number Type Connector Shell Size
8660-1404 Power 1
8660-1405 Signal 1
8660-1406 Power 2&3
8660-1407 Signal 2&3
Anti-static dust caps and connector covers (alternate when conductive caps and covers not available).
l. Plastic dust caps and connector covers that have an anti-static solution applied and they are dated.
Install the Metal Encased Units with ESDS placards.
xxxvi. Remove the system electrical power with the applicable Removal / Installation procedure.
xxxvii.Remove all of the conductive dust caps and the connector covers from the unit to be installed.
Note: Make sure you do not touch the electrical pins.
xxxviii. Install the ESDS unit with the applicable Removal / Installation procedure.

THANK YOU!!!!!!

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CAR66 CONVERSION TRAINING

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ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS (5.1) (L1)

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ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS (EFIS)

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ELECTRONIC ATTITUDE DIRECTOR INDICATOR

A modern EADI will display, or is capable of displaying:

Pitch and roll information

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ELECTRONIC HORIZONTAL SITUATION INDICATOR

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ENGINE INDICATING & CREW ALERTING

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BASIC COMPUTER STRUCTURE (5.6) (L1)

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The essential components of a digital computer are shown in Figure1

INPUT MEMORY OUTPUT

CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT (CPU)

Figure 1 - Digital Computer Block Diagram

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THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

FIG.2 CENTAL PROCESSING UNIT

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ARITHMETIC UNIT (ALU).

This is where the mathematics and logic functions are implemented.

THE CONTROL UNIT.

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The address bus is one-way only.

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Figure 3 - Computer Buses

INPUT/OUTPUT (I/O) UNIT

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PERIPHERAL 1 PERIPHERAL 2 PERIPHERAL 3

PORT 1 PORT 2 PORT 3

CONTROL BUS INPUT/OUTPUT

COMPUTER DATA BUS (8 BITS)

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Figure 5 - ROM and RAM Connection to Buses

MEMORY ADDRESS REGISTER

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Programmable ROM (PROM):

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Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM):

Electrical Altered Read Only Memory (EAROM):

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Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive Devices (5.12) (L1)

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STATIC ELECTRICITY & ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE

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Mica Increasingly Positive

Steel Increasingly Negative

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