Sidur Ashkenaz - Tefiloh-Sefas-Yisroel-Sidur Yis - Rabbi Rallis Wiesenthal

dpyd zenil dltz
mifpky` w"w bdpnk

miixewnd fpky` ixecq gqep
mixge`nd miwcwcnde milikynd dxepivd iyeaiy `ll
,oyid 'fpky` bdpn' xefià xzeia daeygd dlidwd zepexg`d mipyd ze`na dzid oiinc hxetwpxt zlidw
el oi`y swida mifpky`d mipey`xd ibdpn lr dèyd cr dxny ef dlidw .dipnxb axrn-mexca xnelk
oi`nd lr hxetwp`xt w"wn df xecqa zeltzd ibdpn aex !dtexi` lka zxg` dlidw meya rixe g`
,yceg y`x ,ycew zay ,leg ini ly zeltz ellkp eae :dixg` zekledd fpky` zeldw x`ye
ozlgzn minid oze`l :zekixvd zeltz x`y mre :mi`xep minie milbx ylye
:el ie`xd enewne excq lr lkd u"yd zxfgl od ldwdl od :oteq cre
:e`vnp `l mixeciqa miptl xy` zeltz x`y mre
inl mixèan mifpky`l micgeind mibdpn
zeize` eice xiipae :mda iwa epi`y
ipir xy`k iteid cv lr
:mixyin dpifgz mièxd
zxkfdl
.'d 'c 't bxeaned cà w"w
1335 - 1942
In Memory Of The Bad Homburg Kehilloh

:LC
al mi l ` zF`
` dY lt p d re dY ` lFc biM :zpya
:l`hprfiee dyn x oa uxid dnly axd ici lr dbene xceqn
by Rabbi Rallis Hermann Wiesenthal
(:fh zekxa 'nb) !EpizFa
` n ml M p `le WFap `le `h
gp `lW
Epicl`
'c Lipt N n oFvx id i
(:a sc zegpn 'nb) !ìd dxFY
epizFa
` bd p n
Version 1.25.5
THIS SIDDUR CONTAINS CONTENT BY BOTH MACHON MORESHES ASHKENAZ
AND KHAL ADAS YESHURUN JERUSALEM WHO HAVE GIVEN THEIR COMPLETE
PERMISSION FOR USE IN THIS SIDDUR WITHOUT CONFLICT TO THE CC-BY-SA
LICENSE.
TEFILOH SEFAS YISROEL 2016 AND SHARED WITH A CC-BY-SA
(CREATIVE COMMONS BY ATTRIBUTION SHARE ALIKE) 3.0 UNPORTED LICENSE

HTTP://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY-SA/3.0
_______________________________________________
ycwen df xeciq
:epevxk jpevx dyriy ick jpevxk epevx dyr xne` did èd"
":jpevx iptn mixg` oevx lhaiy ick epevx iptn jpevx lha
'c dpyn ,'a wxt zea` zkqn
zenyp ielirle xkfl

izxen in` ixen ia` ipec`
d"r xrtiy mdxa` za zicedi zex zxn l"f l`hprfiee dnly 'x oa dyn 'x
Marga Schiffer Gnter Wiesenthal
t"xz a` mgpn h"k orcièea zclep d"txz fenz 'h n"ctta clep
d"qyz hay g"k ebwiya zxhtp c"pyz hay e"h ebwiya xhtp
izpwf ipwf
d"r jixnr edil` 'x za dhr zxn l"f l`hprfiee dyn 'x oa dnly 'x
Herta Emmerich Sally [Rallis] Wiesenthal

a"pxz oeiq c"k bxeaned càa zclep `"nxz fenz h"k bxeaned càa clep
d"nyz a` mgpn `"i orhprncra zxhtp c"yz elqk e"h ebìihp`qa xhtp
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
dxwid izgtyn ceakl
izy`
'igzy oeqpiax mdxa` za dpg dwax zxn
Rebbetzin Rebecca Ann Robinson
ipa
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa edil` dyn 'ad
Johnathan Caleb Wiesenthal
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa xra mz awri 'ad
Jesse Nathaniel Wiesenthal
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa miig lèi mdxa` 'ad
Benjamin Ethan Wiesenthal
i"p l`hprfiee uxid dnly axd oa oxd` dcedi wgvi 'ad
David Samuel Wiesenthal
":mglywan
erxf
e afrp wicv izi`x`
le
izpw
fmb iziid xrp"
d"k ,f"l mildz
_______________________________________________
.ocr obA eici
nlz e mPdibA Èd `di `NW ic M ,Fci lr À `hg oi` ,miAx d z` dMfn d lM
(.ft `nei 'nb) ":zgW zF` x l L ci
q g jiciqg oYz `l lF`
Wl iW
t p afrz `l | iM " (i:fh mildz) :xn`PW

:mipey zexewnn hwln xeciqd

micgeine mixwi mixyi miyp`n
l"f l`hprfiee dnly 'x oa dyn 'x ixen ia`
*
l"vf iwqhxeh dyn oiic ixene iax
(fpky` zyxen oekn) `"hily xbxeand dnly oinipa axd epixen
The Machon Moreshes Ashkenaz Website: www.moreshesashkenaz.org
(milyexi oexeyi zcr w"w ofg) y"enr oncixt l`kin axd
The Khal Adas Yeshurun Jersusalem Website: www.KAYJ.net
(oriee w"wc dlidwd ax) i"p xrhqiinted xfril` dnly axd
miwdaene miwiecn miixewnd mifpky` mixecqe mixefgnn gqep
1720 (`d xrc o` bxeaned w"wn) mixetikd meie dpyd y`xl xefgn
1722 (`d xrc o` bxeaned w"wn) milbx ylyl xefgn
1722 (oiinc hxetwpxt w"wn) 'dpyd lkn xefgn'
1868 (xra onbilf) 'l`xyi zcear' xeciq
1884 (miidlcx) 'dxexa dty' xeciq
1909 (miidlcx) Gebete den Israeliten 'zn` zty' xeciq
1988 wxì èp oexeyi zcr ldw w"w ly mibdpn hewl 'oexeyi ibdpn'
1989 (xìexa ikcxn) daev mx` xzk ly dxeqnde gqepd it lr miaezk miìap dxez
1995 (eh`vel miig dyn iax) 'l"gnx xefgn'
2004 (odk cec) 'edil` xef`' xeciq
2010 (fpky` zyxen oekn) 'mifpky` w"w bdpnk dlitz' xeciq
2013 (oeneleq ail dix` oa dnly mdxa`) n"ctt w"w zeltz ibdpn 'xceqnd zldw ixac'
* TURETSKY, RABBI/DAYAN MORRIS (MOSHE) (22 January 1922-13 September 1993) Having attended grammar
school in his native Manchester, he graduated in Oriental Studies at the University of Manchester, received
a PhD at the University of Leeds, and in 1949 obtained dkinq at the Manchester Yeshiva. (He also received
zekinq from l"vf qiee awri wgvi oiic (1902-1989) author of the 'wgvi zgpn' and l"vf otypixb dnly ongp axd
(1878-1961). He was (1952-1959) Rabbi of Sunderland Hebrew Congregation in Sunderland and (1959-1970)
Rabbi at the Central Vilna Synagogue in Leeds, where he served on the oic zia. From (1970-1984) he was
Rabbi at the Western Synagogue, and then, until 1991, of the New West End Synagogue. A distinguished
Talmudic scholar, he contributed to the Londons Jewish Chronicle newspaper, and was involved in updating
the Singers Prayer Book for the centenary of its first edition. He combined his ministry of the Synagogue
with teaching at Jews College, where he took the course for Rabbinical Ordination. His pupils,
myself included, adored him and held both him and his scholarship in the very highest respect.
_______________________________________________
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
lecbd oerny epiax gqepd dfa elltzde oi`lr oifx it lr zeè ze` lk cqiizp fpky` gqepy ,ig` mkl erc"
gwexd xfrl` epiaxe mdicinlze zetqezd ilra eipa lke i"yxe oeyxb epiaxe mleyn epiaxe
mda e`xapy zeize` rcei did envr ipta cg` lk xy` ,ciqgd dcedi 'x epae ìapd lèny epiaxe
.eixage r"xl enk zeilr mdl dide miirahd lk zepyle zenler èxale uxè miny
(`pxnewn wifii` wgvi 'x) "?xe` `ln èd xy` df gqepn ohw xac zepyl eal e`ln xy` èd ine
We the descendants of Ashkenaz (German Jewry), have zxeqn ixnyn zeidl epikf ,fpky` ipa ,epgp`
merited to be the guardians of the ancient Torah
tradition. We do not have permission to abandon this llba z`f yehil zeyx epl oi` .dnecwd dxezd
for the convenience of being like everybody else (there rcin lr yi) "mlek enk zeidl" ly zegepd
is important material on this in the book Gedolei bdpn xnyn lr zexecd ilecb' xeaiga aeyg
HaDoros Al Mishmar Minhag Ashkenaz). I will suffice
here with one of the famous citations of The Rosh
mihehivd cgà dt wtzq` .('fpky`
(Rabbeinu Osher) who declined to accept the tradition z` lawl oìny y"`xd epiax ly minqxetnd
of the Jews of Spain, where he resided with his family ezgtyn mr ig da cxtq ux` zxeqn
and students:
.eicinlze
I hold firmly to our tradition and the legacy of our
forefathers, may their memory be for a blessing, the epizea` zlawe eply zxeqnd z` wifgn ip`
sages of Ashkenaz, to whom the Torah was an
inheritance from their ancestors from the days of the
mdl dyexi dxezd dzidy ,fpky` inkg l"f
destruction of the Temple, and also the tradition of our epizea` zlaw oke ,oaxgd zenin mdizea`n
ancestors and Rabbis the sages of France, more so than .z`fd ux`d ipa zlawn xzei ,ztxva epizeax
the tradition of those of this land [Spain]. (Responsa of .'k i"q ,'k llk, y"`xd z"ey
The Rosh 20:20)
Also in later generations, our Rabbis were insistent on jiyndl epizeax ecitwd mipexg`d zexeca mb
continuing the tradition of Ashkenaz (Germany), despite len herin zcnr jezn mb ,fpky` zxeqn z`
their position of then being (numerically) a minority
among the greater mass of European Jewry as a whole, ixen xteq mzgd cirdy itk ,zevx` x`y ipa
as the Chasam Sofer testified: xyè ,ytp igep miyecwd izeaè ixiage izeaxe
ax mci jxazi 'cl dlidz ...epcer miig dnd
"My holy teachers and Rabbis and colleagues and holy
ancestors, of blessed memory, as well as those who still it lr mbdpn aex ...md miaehe milecbe ,mdl
live with us.blessings to HaShem Yisborach, their ,`peaa mixt` iaxe ,lèi iaxe ...oe`b mxnr ax
hands were great and powerful and they are great and ,bxeaphexn m"xdne ,i"yxe ,zetqezd ilrae
fine..most of their customs are according to R.
Amram Gaonand R. Yoel, and R. Ephraim in Bonn, mdibdpn ...dfa jix`` dne ,xehde y"`xde
and the masters of the Tosefos, and Rashi, and Maharam exn`p eixac ik ,`"nx znkqdn daxd mipeyn
MiRothenburg, and the Rosh and the Tur, and what shall mecwd mbdpn epiy `l mde ,ìplet bdpn lr
I continue on about this... their customs are
different to a large degree from the conclusions of the .'i ,i"q zeycgd q"zg z"ey .df liaya
Ramo, because his words were stated according to the
tradition of Poland, and they (the Ashkenazim/Germans) lk hrnk ebdpe e`hazd dl` mixac gexa
did not change their pre-existing customs due to this.
(new responsa of Chasam Sofer 10) mdiwqtn miheq `l epè ,fpkyày epizeax
zxeqnd lr xenyl migny `l` ,mdizebdpde
Almost every Sage in Ashkenaz expressed and zekfk epnvrl z`f mièxe ,efd zihpze`d
conducted themselves in a similar manner, and we do
not deviate from their Halachic rulings and customs; .dlecb
rather we are happy to watch over this authentic
tradition, and regard this for ourselves as a great axd epixen z`n
privilege.
`"hily xbxeand dnly oinipa
,eizFa` zlgPn FlfFB ENi`M ,cinlY iRn dkld rpFOd lM :ax xn` dcEd
i ax xn` "
':aw ri zNd w dWxF n d n EpldEv d
xFY' (c:bl mixac) xn`pW

(:`v oixcdpq) ":ziW`x a ini zWX
n ,l`x
Ui lkl ìd dWxFn

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mipiprd okez
xwead znkyd
3 ..................................................................................................xgyd zekxa
9 .......................................................................zepaxwd xcqe dxezd zekxa
leg ini
14 ........................................................................................zilhd ztihr xcq
15 ............................................................................................oiltz zgpd xcq
16 ..................................................................................................dxnfc iweqt
31 ..................................................................................dizekxae rny zìxw
38 .......................................................................................legl dcinr zixgy
48 .......................................................................................... mit` zlitp xcq
54...........................................................................dizekxae dxez xtq z`ved
65 ...................................................................................................mei ly xiy
71 ..............................................................................................................ixy`
72 ..........................................................................................legl dcinr dgpn
79 ............................................................................................mit` zlitp xcq
82 ..................................................................................................zelrnd xiy
88 .........................................................................................legl dcinr ziaxr
94 .................................................................................................xnrd zxitq
96 .................................................................................dhnd lr rny zìxw
zay
99 ..............................................................................................................oiaexr
100 .......................................................................aeh meile zayl zexp zwlcd
100 ......................................................................................................zay zlaw
108 ......................................................aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw
112 ......................................................................................zayl dcinr ziaxr
117 ...................................................................................................oiwilcn dna
119 ...............................................................................zqpkd ziaa yeciw xcq
126 ...................................................................aeh meie zay lill yeciw xcq
129 ......................................................................aeh meile zayl dxnfc iweqt
146 ....................................................................................................ig lk znyp
148 ......................................................aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw
156 .....................................................................................zayl dcinr zixgy
162 ...........................................................................................dxez xtq z`ved
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mipiprd okez
174 ......................................................................................................owxt mewi
178 .........................................................................................dxez xtq zqpkd
180 ........................................................................................zayl dcinr sqen
189 .......................................................................................................cegid xiy
191 .....................................................................................................ceakd xiy
195 .........................................................aeh meie zayl xwea ly yeciw xcq
196 .............................................................................................oeivl àe ixy`
199 ..........................................................................dizekxae dxez xtq z`ved
203 ........................................................crend leg zayle zayl dcinr dgpn
208 ......................................................................................................iytp ikxa
211 ......................................................................................................zea` iwxt
228 .............................................................................zepibpa gvpnl jexa cecl
235 ......................................................................... zay i`venl dcinr ziaxr
245 ......................................................................................zqpkd ziaa dlcad
247 ..................................................................................................dpald zkxa
249 ...........................................................................................ziaa dlcad xcq
micren
254 .........................................................................................................lld xcq
260 .........................................................yceg y`x zaye yceg y`xl sqen
266 .....................................................................................milbx yelyl zeltz
269 ....................................................................................................alel zlihp
270 ..................................................................................................ci zpzn xcq
271 ......................................................crend lege milbx yelyl dcinr sqen
277 ...........................................................................................mitk zìyp xcq
280 .................................................................................................zepryed xcq
283 .......................................................................àx `pryedl zepryed xcq
289 ............................................................'zay uxèey'a zenyp zxkfd xcq
302 .........................................................................................dpyd y`x zeltz
304 .....................................................................................................jilyz xcq
305 ..........................................................................................xtey zriwz xcq
308 ..............................................................................dpyd y`xl sqen zltz
314 ....................................................................................................epkln epia`
316 ............................................................xetk mei axrl zeklne dxtkd xcq
317 .................................................................................................ixcp lk zltz
318 ........................................................dgpnle xveil ziaxrl xetk mei zltz
324 ........................................................................mixetkd meia zenyp zxkfd
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mipiprd okez
325 ...................................................................................xetk meil sqen zltz
331 ..................................................................................xetk meil dlirp zltz
335 ..........................................................................................................zecn b"i
336 .....................................................................................................dkepg xcq
338 ......................................................................................................mixet xcq
zekxa
340...............................................................................................................eppiad
340 ........................................................................................dxvwd oefnd zkxa
341 ............................................................................................oefnd zkxa xcq
346 ...................................................................................yly oirn dkxa xcq
347 .....................................................................................................zekxa xcq
miigd lbrn
349 .............................................................................................dlin zixa xcq
353 ..............................................................................................yiixw leg xcq
354 ................................................................................................oad oeict xcq
355 ............................................................................................jxcd zltz xcq
356 .........................................................................oièyipe oiqexi` zkxa xcq
357 ...........................................................................................zekxa ray xcq
zegny ipipr
359 ........................................................................................................diel xcq
366 .........................................................................................la`d ziaa dlitz
368 ..................................................................................la` ziaa oefnd zkxa
369 ....................................................................................................opaxc yicw
370 ......................................................................... zilbp` zeizeà mezi yicw
dxezd zìxw
371 ...............................................iyinge ipyle zaya dgpnl zeiyxtd xcq
399 ...........................................................................yceg y`xl dìxwd xcq
399 .........................................................................xeaiv ziprzl dìxwd xcq
400 ...................................................................................xeaiv ziprzl dxhtd
400 ....................................................................................dkepgl dìxwd xcq
403 ....................................................................................mixetl dìxwd xcq
403 ...................................................................gqt crend legl dìxwd xcq
406 ..........................................................................aà dryzl dìxwd xcq
406 ....................................................................................aà dryzl dxhtd
408 ..................................................................zekq crend legl dìxwd xcq
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Table Of Contents
A Tribute To The Bad (Pronounced Bahd) Homburg Kehilloh
A Brief History Of The City Of Bad Homburg And Its Jewish Residents II
Bad Homburg Historical Time Line 1335-1942 / 2012 - XII
Memorial For Bad Homburg Rabbonim And Chazzonim XVIII
The Commemoration Plaque for Bad Homburgs Jewish Soldiers Slain In World War I XIX
A Memorial to Bad Homburg Jews Deported From The City In 1942-1943 XX
A Tribute To Jews Who Originated From Bad Homburg Who Died In Churban Europe XXI
The Bad Homburg Minhag XXII
The Torah Legacy From The Land Of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands

1. The Migration of Torah Tradition from the Land of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands X
2. Types Of Customs XV
3. The Boundaries Of Minhag Ashkenaz XX
4. The Significance Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXI
5. Polish Customs In The Ramos Writings XXIV
6. Guardians Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXV
7. The Community Of Frankfurt - Stronghold Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXVII
8. Siddurim (Prayer Book Texts) XXX
Jdisch - Deutsch
German-Jewish Words And Phrases XXXIV
Vom Geistlichen Stand - Spiritual Terms XL
Piyutim
The Recitation Of Piyutim XLI
Piyut Curiosities by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Kaganoff XLIV
Various Ashkenazic Customs

iepikd sk L
ziaexrn siew L
y"ixd zgz gzt shg LI
Payos/Beard LI
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Table Of Contents
Swaying During Tefilloh LII
Ashkenazic Tradition LII
Nitel Nacht LIII
The Titles Chover and Moreinu LIV
Yekke or Jecke - The German Jew LIV
Placement Of The Omud And The Almemor (Bimoh) LV
Collecting Tzedokoh LVI
dltzd iptl zeywae zelitz LVI
ziaxre dgpn ipnf LVI
The Definition of Oren LVI
The Spinholz Sabbath LVII
Four Methods Of Reciting Tehillim LVIII
The Proper Way To Wear A Tallis LIX
A Tallis And Hat On Ones Head During Tefilloh LX
The Sharing of Sephardic And Ashkenazic Customs LXII
Various Sefiroh Customs

The Sixteen Customs Of Sefiroh Mourning Observance LXIII
Minhag Ashkenaz And Recent Lag BOmer Innovations LXV

The Make Up Of Kaddish and Borachu By The Individual LXVI
The Development Of Kaddish Yosom - Fundamentals And History LI
The Contemporary Confusion about the Kaddish after Kerias HaTorah LX
Further Comments About The Form And Function Of The Kaddish LXI
yicwd - l wxt miigd xyb xtq LXIII
The Pronunciation Of The ChOulom Vowel LXV

The Proper Recitation Of The Shem HaShem LXIX
aei` ,ilyn ,mildz ixtqa minrhd LXX
A Brief History Of German Jews In Chicago, Illinois LXXII
MY Family Customs, Memoirs and Traditions LXXVIII

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fpky` ibdpn iyxy
(fn:gk mixac) 'aal aEh
aE dgn U A Li l
` iiz` Yca r`
l xW` zgY ' ...xn` dpz
n ax"

(ì oikxr zkqn) "!dxi W df xnF` ied ?aal aEhaE dgn U A ...W dcFa r ìd Ffi`
In addition to the halachic prohibition of changing early ,minecw mipebip iepiy ly izkldd xeqi`d caln
melodies, brought down in the Ramo Orach Chaim 619,
,h"ixz 'iq g"e` `"nxa dkldl àend
there is a qualitative difference between the niggunim of
fpky` ipa ly mipebipd oia izeki` lcad yi
Bnei Ashkenaz and the 'chazonus' of Eastern Europe and
Chassidic song.
.ziciqg dxiye zitexi` gxfn 'zepfg' mipebipl
A. Among us the repetition of words in tefilloh is strongly milin zlitk xeng oteà dxq`p eplv` .`
prohibited. In Eastern European Chazonus they are not cinz `l dtexi` gxfn ly zepfga .dlitza
always particular on that. .jk lr micitwn
B. Our song almost always is carefully matched to be in dn`zd lr dcitwn cinz hrnk eply dxiyd .a
harmony with the words of the tefilloh. In other songs,
mizrl ziciqgd dpibpa .dlitzd ly milinl
very often there is no connection between the melody
milind oial oebipd oia xyw oi` ,ce`n zeaexw
and the words.
iciqg oebip edyfi` mye dt èvnl ozip i`ce

Certainly it is possible to find, in places, a Chassidic song
that is exemplary even according to our demanding ,zeifpky`d zeyixcd itl mb 'xcedn' èdy
standards. However, once such niggunim are allowed in dl` mipebipl lbx zqixc ozpizy rbxa la`
our synagogues, there would descend upon them various mipebip mb mdil` excgi ,eply zqpkd izaa
others as well, including truly problematic ones,
.xeaive ofg lk ly enrh itl ,miiziirae mipey
according to the tastes of individual chazonim and
mipebipn rpndl ce`n ievx 'belt `l' meyn
congregations. For the reason of 'lo ploog' (not
differentiating between similar-appearing things to afford .epizea` mdn erpnpy itk ,dl`
extra protection), it is very desirable to refrain from
these songs, as our forefathers refrained from them. miti mdn ,mipebip itl` fpky` zyxena yi
mzeida oiicr elvep `ly ,xzeia mixètne
There are, in the Ashkenazic heritage, thousands of mewna .zegcip zehlwdae miez ixtqa mipenh
songs, some exceedingly nice and beautiful, that haven't
epilr zlhen ,zihqiletet dwifena ynzydl
been put to use yet, being hidden in books of musical
notation and isolated recordings. Instead of using the
z` zeigdle dpyeil dxhr xifgdl zixqen daeg
currently popular music, there is a moral obligation upon .eply `ltpd ilwifend xve`d
us to return the crown to its place and to revive our
wondrous musical heritage. axd epixen z`n
`"hily xbxeand dnly oinipa
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eaeh dn dltz

The symbol denotes where the ofg/dltz lra begins his recitation aloud within a paragraph.
(The placement of this symbol and some of the text punctuation is based upon the xceqnd zldw ixac.)
,mcw ipn zlaewnd zifpky`d diibda milltzn
.zipeyl ìd dpekpd zifpky`d y"ixd2 .Ou [g]o ,E`` 1mlegd z` mibed ,wecwcd illk it lr oke
.zepexb zeize`k ze` ebde s"l`l o"ir oiae s"kl z"ig oia fpky` ipa elicad dycgd zrd iptl
mIw e ig Kln Lipt l ip` dcFn
xikn oa` dyn iax
:LzpEn ` dAx dln gA iz nW
p iA Y xfgdW

dlitz 3 2 1
:xnìe hrn dgyi zqpkd zial qpkiy iptl
:Lz ` x
iA L
W w lkid l` deg Y W
` Lzia `Fa
` LC
q ax
A ip` e g:d mildz
:xnìe d`xiae zgpa qpkie
:Wbx
A KNd p mi l
` ziaA eh:dp
:xnì zqpkd zial qpkiy
:l` x
Ui Li pMW n a ri Lil ` EaHd n d:ck xacna
:Lz ` x
iA L W w lkid l` deg Y W
` Lzia `Fa ` LC q ax A ip` e 4 g:d mildz
:LcFa
M oMW n mFw E LziA oFr n iY ad i i g:ek
:i r iiipt l dkx a` drx k` e deg Y W ` ip` e
:Lr
Wi znÀ ipp r L
Cqg ax A mi l` oFv x zr ii | L
liz Nt z ip` e ci:hq
il dcirè epnr oicdc heyt l"p 'd oirk oi`xew mifpky`d epgp`y 'gd zìxw l"f a"k 'iq une` siqei xtqa 1.
.fexgl 'ge 'd 'inrt dnk exag 'iphiit dnke . . . r"dg` i`venl 'gd exag miwcwcndc `cg 'ipn`p micr 'b
zn`d 'ietx s"kk z`xwp dpi` 'gdy gikedl dvex dfay . . . '` fexgl 'ke 'g exagy mewn meya epivn `l . . .
(sqei o`vk bdep) .dpick oixew ep` oi` 'ietx 'kd daxc` ik .'inrhn e`le ez`
The mipniz pronounce a z"lc without a ybc as a DH (as in these, those), and a e"iz without
a ybc as a TH(as in tooth, worth). It seems that the tradition of these pronunciations were
lost in fpky`, since they are not utilized either in the German or Yiddish languages. This could
explain why there is also no W sound (that the letters e"ie and z"ia sound identical).
(sqei o`vk bdep) .o"itl`l oipiir oia yixtdl jixvy d"kwe b"p 'iq miig gxeà àede (:ck dlibn) `xnba exn` 2.
1. The dyn dhn (gpwzz oniq) addresses the times one should oren (daven)
[see pg LVI in the back of this xecq for further explanation] earlier, even by a few minutes.
mdxa`
They are alluded to in the weqt: 'xwaa mkyie
'
` aà dryz , a dìxa dpyd y`x, the day mankind was created.
x dax, the big fast, xetk mei. d dax `pryed, m dlibn, the day of mixet.
.'myd mya' epiid ,'orn`p qrh`b oi`' :dpeknd dnkyd ,minid x`yn xzei zixgyl minikyn xetk mei ly bg exqà
2. According to fpky` bdpn, all zekxa are said aloud in synagogue, in order to answer on`, ogly)
a 'q 'e oniq jexr. The xeaiv usually recites zekxa before the dltz lra begins, so that the xeaiv
be attentive to the zekxa and respond properly. There is an oipr to respond with ninety one
on`s every day. If one is accustomed to enter synagogue with the three zeze` - ,oilitz ,ziviv
dfefn (l"fix` bdpn), it is still important to punctual in order to properly respond on`, (even if
one has already said xgyd zekxa).
3. The `"nx ('h 'iq 'v 'q g"` r"y), states that those areas which do not have a oipn
should nevertheless recite zixgy and ziaxr at the same time as the xeaiv.
'LziA oFr
n iYad ` 'c ' ,ceC xn ` w C `d
l zir n W C oeiM ,`Y W
pM iaA `piNv nE
`zi
aA `pqi
xB ièd Wixn ,iIA ` xn ` 4.
(.hk dlibn 'nb) .`Y W pM iaA `pqi
xB ièd
_______________________________________________
2
xgyd zekxa zixgy
xgyd zekxa 3 2 1
4
.micgein mipebipa mipievn miniae mx lewa 'mler oec`' obpn dltz lrad .'mler oec`'a dligzn xeaivd zlitz
.ygla eze` mixne` ,dxeaw iptl opin xa yi leg meia melye qg m` (.ygla mixne` xira opin xa yi m`)
The additional hyphens and lines are from the 'dpyd lkn xefgn' 1722 (n"ctt) '? lìxab oa` dnly
:`x
ap xivilM mx h A Kln xW` mlFr oFc` 6 5
:`x wp FnW Kln if` lM Fvtga dUr p zrl
:`xFp Klni FCal lMd zFlkM ix g` e
:dx`tz A did i Ède dFd Ède did Ède
:dxi
A gd l Fl | liWn d l ipW oiè cg` Ède
:dx UO de frd Fle zilk z ilA ziW`x ilA
:dxv zr A ila g xEve il` Fb ige il` Ède
:`x
w` mFiA iqFM zpn iqFpnE iQp Ède
:dxi r
è oWi` zr A igEx ciwt ` FciA
:`xi ` `le il ipc` izIeB igExmre
(.'`xi` `le il ip-c`' :milina cigi oebipde ,zcgeind oebipa xne` dltz lrad mixvnd oiaa)
.zegilq o`k mixne` (daeyz ini zxyre lel` ini) zegilqd inia
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'mici zlihp lr' zkxa z` mixne` (daeyz ini zxyre lel` ini) zegilq inia
1. There are various mibdpn in regard to where one of the miza ilra, or the yny leads zekxa and
`xnfc iweqt from a) `yiinxee bdpn from the dltz lra cenr, b) n"ctt bdpn from his seat,
c) dixbpede cpled ibdpn from the xrnrnl` (dnia).
2. According to fpky` bdpn (h 'q e"n oniq `"nx), miweqt said mipepgz jxca or for dxiny, may be said
before dxezd zekxa. The bxeaphexn m"xdn had a dlaw from ciqgd dcedi 'x, to recite the weqt,
l`xyi rny upon leaving home before zixgy. (g"nx 'q u"ayz :xewn)
3. The xe` ixe`n (cinlz of the dix` zb`y, the ax of Metz) writes that some individuals stand
for xgyd zekxa. The ycgd gnwd hwl (a ax in Amsterdam, formerly from Hungary), writes
that the bdpn is to stand while responding on` in synagogue to the xgyd zekxa.
crend leg (zay)ae zekq ,mi`xep mini oebip - dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`x ,zay ,leg - micgein mipebip 4.
mixet ,'xev fern' oebip - dkepg ini ,dxez zgny zetwd oebip - dxez zgny ,(llda mireprpd oebip) zekq oebip -
(fpky` oekn oekn) .'zencw`' zligz oebip - zeray ,'èd xic`' oebip - crend leg (zay)ae gqt ,mixet ipebipn cg` -
5. mler oec`s authorship and origin are uncertain. It is often attributed, as least tentatively,
to lìxab oa` dnly (1021-1058), who is known for his Hebrew poetry, but there is no solid
evidence apart from the quality of this hymn and the language appears to be older. It has also
been attributed to oe`b i`d ax (939-1038) and even to the Talmudic sage i`kf oa opgei oax.
Although its diction indicates antiquity, it did not become part of the morning liturgy until
the fifteenth century.
,exne` epa i`d iaxe oe`b `xixy axy ,ciqgd i"x mya ,`"l 'iq (l"yxdn ly ecinlz) 'dyn dhn' xtqa `zi` 6.
execiqa d"lyd k"ke ,zrnyp ezltzy el ghaen gaeyne d`p xiy èdy 'mler oec`' zltzd zra oieknd lk
xgyd zltz ik ,xgyd zltz iptl mler oec` xnel epwzy ,"mingxd xry" xeciq lra azke ."miny xry"
(:f zekxa) :oec` d"awdl `xwy oey`xd didy ,dpwz epia` mdxa`
_______________________________________________
3
xgyd zekxa zixgy
EpW
C
w xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` 12 ii dY` KExA (:q zekxa 'nb) 11 10 9 8 7
:mic
i zlihp lr (milina elew z` jinpn dltz lrad leg inia mixvnd oiaa) EpEv e eizFvn A
dnk g A mc
`d z` xvi xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` KExA (:q zekxa 'nb) 13
` ii dY
rE
c
ie iElB :milElg milElg miawp miawp Fa `x aE elew z` jinpn dltz lrad
mdn cg` mz Q i F` mdn cg` g z R i m`W LcFa k `Qk ipt l
` KExA16 :15Lipt l cnr
`tFx ii dY dl xWt ` i`14 lewa xne` dltz lrad
le mIw z
:zFUr l ìlt n E xUA lk ilg
.cinzd zyxt iptl cr dxezd zkxa mixne` oi`
.e"l 'iq dyn dhn azky enk fpky` bdpn oke .dpwzp ok ik
Dz`
x a dY ` :ìd dxFd h elew z` jinpn dltz lrad iA Y z PW
dnW p i l` (:q zekxa 'nb)
iPO n DlH l ciz r dY
è iAx
wA Dx
OW n dY ` e iA DY g t p dY
` DY x
vi dY `
Lipt l ip` dcFn iAx wa dnW
Pd W
onflM :àl cizr l iA Dxi fg d lE
:zFnWPd lM oFc` miUr Od lM oFAx lewa xne` dltz lrad izFa` i lè i l ` ii
:miz n mix bt l zFnWp xifg O d ii dY
` KExA
.xgyd zekxa lka cenrl mibdepd yi .zekxad lk z` ygla envrl xne` ldwdn cg` lke 7.
ezìxw 'it oieki d"a 'ied my exikfdae ,eiztya ìveny dn zelnd 'it oiekiy jixv zelitzde zekxad lka 8.
lrae siwzd èdy oieki micl` my exikfdae ,'idie 'ed 'id èdy ezaizka oieki mbe lkd oec` èdy zepcà
.mlk zegkd lrae zelkid
(sqei o`vk bdep) .el` zeny 'a 'iql ea eynye c"ei dzixgè dziy`x `vnz aelya i"pcè d"ied aezkzyk p"d d"d
'epeve' wiacdle ,eizevna zlna hrn wiqtdl xdfi 'epeve eizevna epycw xy`' dzlgzy dkxa lka] 9.
z`fd devnd epevy lr jk xgè ,llk jxca eizevna epycwy lr mikxan dlgza ik ,eixg`y dnl
.[ìdd zra miyery
.lewa dnizgd mr dnizgd iptly mipexg`d milnd xne` ,ygla dzvwn dltz lra xne`y dkxa lk] 10.
on` zeprle dnizgd oiadle renyl mal epzie ,dkxad mezgiy dnizgd iptl xak ldw ernyi ornl ,mrhde
[.g"q c"kw g"e` r"ey dpnn xidfdy ,dnezi diipr didz `ly ,ie`xk
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'mici zlihp lr' zkxa ofgd xne` dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 11.
12. Responding 'eny jexae èd jexa' upon hearing a dkxa, dates back to the fpky` iciqg. (y"`x)
13. The gqep of the dkxa was added by zyy ax and edited by `tt ax.
oi` on zxfbp dlnd ik sl`d zgz ixiva i`' .(miwized fpky` ixeciqa wixiga `le ixiva i` 14.
('c w"q 'e 'iq dxexa dpyn) '... z"ryae b"ntde h"dad k"k
(zldw ixac) .d"l 'iq dyn dhn azky enk fpky` bdpn ok .'zg` dry elit`' mixne` oiè 15.
lk ilg is the gqep of the mipey`x and the text in most ancient mixeciq.
16. xUA
_______________________________________________
4
xgyd zekxa zixgy
.oibexiql slgznd ,cgein oebipa mixne` 'gk sril ozepd' cre 'iekyl ozp xy`'n
(:q zekxa 'nb)
mlFrd Kln Epil
` ii dY` KExA :dler oebipa
:dlil 17 oiaE mFi oiA oiga d l dpia iek V
l ozp xW`
(:bn zegpn 'nb)
:iFB ipU ` ii dY` KExA :cxei oebipa 18
r `NW mlFrd Kln Epi l
:car ipU ` ii dY` KExA :dler oebipa 19
:dX` ipU ` ii dY` KExA :cxei oebipa 20
: miypd zekxan
21
:FpFvx
M ipU
r
W mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
(:q zekxa 'nb)
` ii dY` KExA :dler oebipa 23 22
:miOxr WiAln mlFrd Kln Epil
:mixer g wFR
mlFrd Kln Epil
` ii dY` KExA :cxei oebipa
iepiyde ,(gzta cwepna 'dz` epzldz' oiir dfl dnecke mb 'dlil' cewipa xgyd zekxaa mday `l`) i"q lka 17.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .ezrcn ycigy miwqtd daxd cer mb enk d"fx iiepiyn èd dkxad znizg iptl unwl
18. The ancient bdpn as practiced by n"ctt was ieb ipyr `ly. The censors were unhappy with
the term ieb, so it was changed to l`rnyi ipyr `ly, m"ekr or izek (or l`xyi ipyry). ixkp ipyr `ly
came about as a compromise.
`xwnd oeyly dprha à èd j` ,ieb èd ixewnd gqepdy oirceia ,wgvi xzriea exewn 'ix kp ipU r `NW' gqep
.eizeawra ekld l`xyi zceare d"eex .l"fg ly iebl `xwn oeyl èdy ixkp "owiz" okle ,dne` èd ieb
okpin ci-azk oiir) l` xU i ip` U
rW ,od El` ,mFi lkA zFkxA WlW Kx
al mc` aiIg ,xnF`
xi` n ia x did ,ìp Y
(:bn zegpn 'nb) .xEa ip` U
r `NW ,dW` ip` U
r `NW ,[hcinycleb lìpc-heite dlitz ixwgn]('iFB ipU r NW' `vnp ea
dy`l jiiy did mvrae .[clwz 'nr h"pyz "milyexi dltz giy" uaeway xpfyh dcedi axd zaeyza 'ir]
b"d seq h"t zekxa inlyexi) dpic oebk - (dy` ipyr `ly opikxanck jtidl oke) ,yi` dligzkl dxvep zeidl
dyà lblbzn yi` minrtl mb .k:ak ,a:`k ,i:gi ziy`xa yecwd miigd xeà cer 'ire .(`k:l ziy`xa i"yxa k"ke
jxaz xity okle - (fp ,ep ze` diebd y`xa zeielzd dxezd on dyrz `l zevna micxg xtq 'ir) jtidle
[dfa q"yxdn xecqa 'ire] .xkf ieb elit` dclep `ly gayl ick ,ieb ipyr `ly
,`nxb onfdy dyr zevna zaiig dpi` ìd mby dy` ip`yr `ly jxany t"r` car ip`yr `ly d"n` i"à 19.
.ith rexb èdy car ip`yr `ly jxal jixv
.`nxb onfdy dyr zevna zaiig dpi`y dy` ip`yr `ly d"n` i"à 20.
(xeh) .drxd lr oicd eilr wicvny ink èdy ok mibdepy xytè epevxk ip`yry jxal miypd ebdpe 21.
22. :(f"r 'iq g"` oiir) milt
W D iA bn mlFrd Kln Epi l
` i"`"A oitiqen uin w"wa
Reciting milty diabn is fpky` bdpn, though the sqei zia felt that it should not be said because
a) it did not commonly appear in ze`xnb icxtq, and b) it has the same meaning as mitetk swef.
This dkxa however, does appear in ze`xnb ifpky`. Amongst the oilet iwqet there was a zwelgn
concerning this dkxa, the g"a and the yeal felt it should be said, the f"h felt it should not.
The mdxa` obn ruled that both opinions are accepted. The micbn ixt is the most extreme in
the opposition to this dkxa. He felt that one should protest against anyone saying it.
(n"ctt bdpn) .'mixer gwet' zkxa iptl zxn`p 'minexr yialn' zkxa 23.
_______________________________________________
5
xgyd zekxa zixgy
:mixEq
` xiYn mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA :dler oebipa
:mitEtM swFf mlFrd Kln Epi l
:miO d lr ux` d rwFx mlFrd Kln Epi l

` ii dY` KExA :dxizi dilr oebipa
24
:xabicr
vn oikd xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
:iMx W 26 mlFrd Kln Epi l

vlM il dUr ` ii dY` KExA :dler oebipa
25
:dxEa
bA l`x
Ui xfF` mlFrd Kln Epi l
:dx
`t z A l`x ` ii dY` KExA :dxizi dilr oebipa 27
Ui xhFr mlFrd Kln Epi l
:gM sr ` ii dY` KExA :miiqn oebipa 28
Il o Pd mlFrd Kln Epi l
elew z` jinpn dltz lrad dpW xiarOd mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA (:q zekxa 'nb)
ipliBx
YW ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idie 29 :iRr
izFa` ilè i l trn dnEpzE ipir
n
oFr e dx
ar ici
l `le `hg ici
l `l ip` iaY lè Liz Fvn A ipw
Ac
e Lz xFz
A
rx mc
`n ipw
gx
e :rx
d xvi iAhlWi lè oFiGa ici
l `le oFiQp ici
l `le
:KlcAr Y W
d l ix
viz` ske miaFh miUr
na E aFh xviA ipw
Ac
e :rx xag n E
ipln bz e i`Fxlk ipir
aE Lipir
A ming xlE cqglE ogl mFilka E mFId ippzE

:l`x
Ui FOr
l miaFh mic qg lnFB ii dY` KExA :miaFh mic qg
(n"ctt bdpn) .'il dyry' zkxa iptl zxn`p 'xab icrvn oikd xy`' zkxa 24.
,dt bdpnd oke ,ikxv lk il dyry iptl oiknd jxal eazk xehe b"nqe gwexe dcebè...
(a w"q en 'q g"` miig xewn) [`"bna àen] .g"a ,oic ozil micizr mipynd lke
.xetk meia e` aà dryza 'ikxvlk il dyry' mihinyn oi` 25.
:ikx
vlM il z iU r
W mlFrd Kln Epi l
` i"`"A 26.
.ikxv lk 'il zi
U W' miqxeb uxid 'x xeciqe ,ixhie xefgn ,gwexde ,b"nqde ,y"`xde ,m"anxde ,s"ixd azk
r
.miax oeyla 'ikx
v' mixne` yiy azk e"n 'q g"`l mdxa` obnae fpky` 'iqa
.aà dryza dx`tza l`xyi xher mihinyn oiè 27.
28. This dkxa is not mentioned in the Talmud. An interesting explanation for its inclusion is given
by oecxeb al dix` axd in his dltz oeir: When the unending persecution and oppressions
threatened to overcome Israels strength, the fpky` inkg decided to offer encouragement to the
despairing masses by including this dkxa. They attached it, appropriately to the preceding
zekxa, dxEa
bA l`x
Ui xfF` and dx
`t z
A l`x
Ui xhFr. [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 36]
29. The `xnb (:q zekxa) uses the singular for miaeh micqg lneb. A sixteenth century mkg icxtq,
felt it needed to be in the plural form. The mdxa` obn publicized this opinion, although
he did not necessarily agree with it. From then on, mixeciq changed the tense to
the plural form. oilxa diryi 'x and the oglyd jexr were against the change. (It is interesting
to note, that micxtq in recent generations have reverted to the singular.)
_______________________________________________
6
miny zekln ler zlaw zixgy
mFId ipliSY W izFa` ilè i l` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi (:fh zekxa 'nb)
rx okX n E rx xag n E rx mc
`n mipR zEGr nE mipt iGr
n mFilka E
Aoa ÈdW oiA dWw oiC lrA n E dWw oiC
zix n zigW
O d ohV n E rx rbRn E
:zixAoa Fpi`W oiaE
,dlitz z`f oi` ik ;dax edil` 'xc `pzn 'xnìe' cr '`di mlerl' mixne` oi`
.ldwd zeltz xcq jeza `l la` ,envrl cigin e` yxecd axn dgkez jeza xn`dl 'ie`xd xqen zgkez m` ik
vlr `l minlFrdlM oFAx [`gtp xa opgei 'x] i"r

EpipEpgY miliRn Epgp` Epiz Fwc
Epwc Sdn EpC qg dn EpiIg dn Ep` dn :miAx d Lin g x lr iM Lipt l
Epiz Fa` ilè Epil ` ii Lipt l xn`Pdn :Epz xEa
Bdn Ep Mdn Epr WIdn
mipFapE rC n ila M mink g e Eid `lM mXd iWp` e Lipt l oi` M mixFA
Bd lk `ld
m
c`d xz FnE hi:b zldw Lipt l lad mdiIg inie EdY mdiU rn ax iM :lMU d ila M
:lad lMd iM oi` dn dA d on
dI Od xdA FN Y r A W
PW
La ` mdx
a` ipA Lz ix a ipA LOr Epgp` la`
Lz
ad ` O W
LxFk
A LpA awr i zcr g A fO d iAB lr cwrPW
Fcigi wgv i rxf
:oExWi
e l`x
Ui FnWz` z `x
w FAYg n V W gn V n E Fz` Y a d ` W
Lz
gaW
oYle WC wlE KxalE Lx lE Ll zFcFdl miaIg Epgp` Kkitl
`t lE LgA W
:Epz X
xi dtIdnE EplxFB
mirPdnE Epw lg aFHdn Epix
W` :Ln W
l dicFd
e
n"ctt gqep
miaixr
nE miniMW
n Ep` W
Epix W` miaixr
nE miniMW n Ep` W W`
30 Epix
cinY mFilkA xwa e axr31 :mFi lkA min r
R mixnFè xwa e axr
:mix
nFè dad ` A min r
R
30. Generally, Ep` is l"fg oeyl, and Epgp` , `xwn oeyl. Changing Ep` to Epgp` , is one example,
of an attempt to change the xeciqd zqxib to `xwn oeyl.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .l"fg oeyl lr `xwn oeyl sicrdy wgvi xzie iiepyn èd epgpè ,i"q lka d"ke i"k xeciq
.'ebe 'rnW
mFi lkA min r
R mix
nFè xwa
e axr miaixr
nE miniMW n Ep` W W` ' `vnp mixecqd lkae - .xwae axr 31.
Epix
oeyld zeeydl ok eyr ileè .'ebe 'rnW mix nFè dad` A min r
R cinY mFilkA xwa W` ' t"t bdpn la`
e 'eke Epix
zltz seqa mb dfe aexwe .'dad` A min r R cinY mFilkA xwa e axr FnW mic gin d ' h"ieya sqen zyecw mr
(zldw ixac) .dkex`d megx ède
_______________________________________________
7
miny zekln ler zlaw zixgy
:weqtd z` dltz lrad mr lewa xne` ldw
:cg ` | ii Epi l Ui rn W
` ii l`x 32 c :e mixac
33
:cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA ygla
mlFrd `x
aPX
n Èd dY` mlFrd `x ` [dax edil` iac `pz]
ap `NW cr Èd dY
Ln W
iWiC
wn lr LnW
z` WC
w :Àd mlFrl Èd dY
è dGd mlFrA Èd dY`
ii dY
` KExA :Eppx
w D iA bz e mExY Lz rEWi
aE :LnlFrA LnW z` WC
we
:miAx
A LnW
z` WC
wn
:mipFilr
d min X
d inW
a E ux` a E min X
A Epi l
` ii Èd dY` [edil` iac `pz]
Liew uAw :mi l

` oi` Licr
lA n E oFxg` Èd dY` e oFW`x Èd dY` zn`
mi l
`d Èdd
Y` eh:hi 'a mikln iM mlFr iÀ lM Erc
ie ExiM i :ux` d zFtpM rAx
`n
mId z` ux` d zè min X
d z` ì:k zeny z iU r dY ` ux`d zFk
ln n lkl L C
al
Ll xnÌW mipFYgY a F` mipFilr
A Lic
i dUr
nlkA inE :mA xW` lMzè
Epilr `x
wPW
lFcBd LnW
xEar
A cqg EpO r dUr min X
A W
Epia ` :dUr
Ydn
mkz
` iv A w zr
aE mk z
` ìa ` ìdd zr
A k:c diptv :aEzMW
dn Epi l
` ii EplmIw e
k ipir
l mkizEa
Wz` ia EWA ux
` d iO r lkA dN d z
le mW
l mk z
` oY ` iM
:ii xn`
32. The dkld follows ìypd dcedi iax that only the first weqt need be said in its proper time
(:b"i zekxa), in case orenen is lengthened with the addition of miheit. To demonstrate this
we recite my jexa, however theres no need to recite zadè 't, contrary to the opinion of the
l"yxdn who recited it. The bdpn for rny zìxw ipnf is to follow the `"xbd ipnf.
.mx lewa ':cr

e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA' mixne` f`y xetk meia hrnl 33.
_______________________________________________
8
zepaxwd xcq dxezd zkxa zixgy
zepaxwd xcqe dxezd zkxa 1

.dxezd zekxa z` mx lewa xne` dltz lrad
eizF
vn A EpW
C
w xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY ` KExA (:ì zekxa 'nb)
.r"ya azky enk zg` dkxa ìd ik ,o`k on` mixne` oi` :dxFz ix ac A wqr l EpEv e
:l`x
Ui ziA LOr zFItita E Epit A Lz xFz ix aCz
` Epi l ` ii `paxr de
2
: Lz xFz
ic nFle Ln W
ircFi
EpNM l`x
Ui ziA LOr i`v `ve Epi` v `ve Epgp` did pe
:l`x
Ui FOrl dxFY
cOln d ii dY
` KExA
miOr
dlMn EpA xgA xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` KExA3
` ii dY
:dxFY
d ozFp ii dY ` KExA :FzxFYz
` Eplozpe
4
mxn`l did l"ixdn bdpn .'mixac el`' zpyne 'jkxai' iweqt z` mixne` oi` ,mcwn laewnd fpky` bdpn itl
.meia `l` epnf oi`y ,cinzd zyxt xnel oiicr lki `le ,dxezd zkxa jxiae xgyd zelr mcew cenll mikydyk wx
: Pgie Lil` eipR | ii x` i :Lx

nW
ie ii L k xa i ekck:e xacna
:mFlW Ll mUie Lil ` eipR | ii `V i
:xErW mdl oi`W
mixac EN` `:` d`t dpyn
:dxFY
cEnlz e mic
qg zElinbE oFi`x
de mixEM
Ad e d`R d
:Àd mlFrl Fl znIw oxT
de dGd mlFrA mdizFxiR lkF` mc `W mix
ac EN` `:fkw zay
ziaxre zix
gW WxcOd ziA znM W d e mic
qg zElinbE mè a` cEAM - od EN` e
dNt Y oEIre zOd zielE dNM zqpk d e milFg xETaE migxF` zqpk d e
(zEkf skl Fxag z` oce dxFY cEnlz l eipA lC bn d e) Fxagl mc
` oiA mFlW zà de
:mNM cbpM dxFY
cEnlz e -
1. We are required to immediately proceed dxezd cenil with dxezd zekxa. Since we learn straight
away, no additional miweqt or zeipyn are required such as those printed in most mixeciq.
However, one may recite mipepgz jxca miweqt before dxezd zekxa (i.e. lel` and the
daeyz ini zxyr, when zegilq are recited before the dlitzd onf). Hence we recite dxezd zekxa
after minlerdlk oeax even though the miweqt, 'l`xyi rny' and 'mkz` ìa` ìdd zra' are recited
beforehand as mentioned by the xeh.
.(`xnba `vnp èd zeicxtq zexecdna) xehae `xnba eppi` ik 'dnyl jzxez icnele' mixne` oi` 2.
There are various explanations of the term dnyl: a) to study without hope of reward or fear
of punishment, but solely because dxez is truth (m"anx), b) to study with the intent to practice
(miciqg xtq), c) to study dxez for the dxezs sake - simply to know and understand
its concepts and to derive therefrom, and not for the purposes of elevate ones stature
or amazing others with ones knowledge (b:c miigd ytp ,a"q mixcp y"`x).
,y`d jezn eixac eprinyde ,ipiq xd iptl epaxwe ,zene`d lkn epa xga xy` ,ipiq xd cnrn lr ezkxaa oieki 3.
[xeh] :mei lka da ryrzyn didy ezcng ilk epiig zia ìdy ,dyecwd ezxez z` epl ozpe
mdl oi`y mixac el`' mbe ,mipdk zkxac miweqt xnel ebdp miztxvde" ,'xhtp xaky' d"c 'a `"i zekxa 'qeza 4.
,['` f"kw zaya] `xnin ìdy ,'ek odizexit lke` mc`y mixac el`'e ,[d`tc `"t] dpyn ìdy 'xeriy
":k"r 'xz` lr cenliy irac inlyexin iptn
_______________________________________________
9
cin xnel micitwn dxezd zkxa xg`

.(cenlz) l`rnyi iaxc `ziixae ,(dpyn) zepaxwd xcq ,(`xwn) cinzd zyxt z`
mdl` Y x n` e l` x
Ui ipA z` e v :xn` N d nl` ii xAc ie 5 g`:gk xacna
Y
xn` e :Fc rF n
A il aix wd l Ex nW Y i gip g ix iX ` l in g l ipA xwz`
dlr mFIl mipW mn inz dpW ipA miU a M iil Eaix wY xW` dX ` d df md l
oiA dUrY ip X d UaM d z` e xA a dU rY cg` UaMd z` :cin z
:oid d zri ax zizM onWA dlElA dgpn l zlq dti`d zixi Ure :miA xrd
oid d zri ax FMqpe :iil dX` gi p g ixl ip iq xd A diUrd cin Y zlr
oiA dUrY ip X d UaM d z` e :iil xkW Kqp KQd W T A cg`d U Ml
:iil gip g i
x dX` dU rY FMqpk E xA d zg pn M miAxrd
6
ii ipt l dptv g AfO d Kxi lr F ` hg W
e ì:` `xwie
:aia q A fO d lr Fn Cz ` mipdM d ox
d` ipA Ew xfe
: mitiqen zaya
mipxUr ipW E mn inY dpW ipA miU a k ipW
zA X d mFiaE i-h :gk xacna
:DM q pe cinY d zlrlr FY
AW A A W zlr :FM qpe o X
a dlElA dgpn zlq
: mitiqen yceg y`xa
mip W xw aipA mix R iil dlr Eaix wY mk iWc g iW `xaE ehì:gk
dgpn zlq mipxUr d lWE :mn inY draW dpW ipA miU a M cg ` li` e
:cg `d li` l onX a dlElA dgpn zlq mipxUr ipW E cg`d R l onX a dlElA
:iil dX` gi p g ixdlr cg`d U Ml onX a dlElA dgpn zlq oFx Vr ox Vr e
oii U Ml oid d zri axE li` l oid d zW
ilW E xR l did i oidd iv g md iMq pe
iil z`Hg l7 cg` miGr xir U E :dpX d iWc gl FW c gA W g zlr z`f
:FM
qpe dUri cin Y d zlrlr
'd lr oibz .dX ` d df :(.iw zegpn) oaxw aixwd eli`k dxeza wqerdy xnel .dxez z"q .z` ev :xn` N d n 5.
(`"d c"t p"xy zea` d`x) mlekn daiag dlerde mkl izzp zepaxw ipin 'd jl xnel 'dX ` d ' ly dpexg`
z"x .mFIl mipW
mn inz :(.iw zegpn) zepaxw ipin 'd mzaxwd eli`k mkilr ip` dlrne dxez iyneg 'da ewqre
dler meidy mewna eze` mihgeyy ,'dler meil' dia ixw .cin z dlr mFIl :dpyl oiaxw oicinz jk lky .l"yz
(mixehd lra) :(:`l cinz)
6. The recital of 'ez` hgye' was not fpky` bdpn of the mipey`x, although it is listed amongst
the mibdpn of other mipencw. By the seventeenth century, it appears in most fpky` ixecq.
,Èd KExA WFcT d xn ` ?''cl' FA xn `PW Wcg W`x lW xir U dpY W p dn ,Wiw l oA oFrn W ia x xn ` 7.
(:q oileg ,.h zereay 'nb) .g x
Id z` iY h ri
O W lr dxR k `d i df xir U
_______________________________________________
10
8
zeipynd mixne`y oebipa xnì ,cenil xwra ìd (d"t migaf) 'onewn edfi`' wxt
?miga flW onFwn Edfi` [`]
,oFtSA ozh igW

- mixER
Md mFilW xirU e xR .oFtSA ozhigW
miWc
w iWc
w
,zkx
Rd lr
e ,miC
Ad oiAlr diGd oErh onc
e .oFtSA zx
W ilk A onC lEAwe
iaxr
n cFqi lr KtFW did mC
d ixi
W .zaM r
n odn zg` dpY
n .adGd gAfn lr
e
.aMr `l ,ozp `lm` .oFvigd g A fn lW
- mitx
UPd mixi
rU E mitx
UPd mix
R [a]
zkx
Rd lr diGd oErh onc
e .oFtSA zx
W ilk A onC lEAwe ,oFtSA ozh igW

iaxr
n cFqi lr KtFW did mC
d ixi
W .zaM r
n odn zg` dpY
n .adGd gAfn lr
e
.oWC
d ziaA oitx
Up EN` e EN` .aMr `l ,ozp `lm` .oFvigd g A fn lW
- cigId e xEASd z`Hg [b]
.oFtSA ozhigW
- zFcrFnl
We miWc
g iW`x ixi
rU :xEASd z`Hg od EN`
.zFpx
w rAx
` lr zFpYn rAx
` oErh onc
e .oFtSA zx
W ilk A onC lEAwe
,zipFtv zigxfn ,zigxfn zinFxC oxw
l FlàE aaFQl dpt E ,WaM a dlr ?cviM
.inFxC cFqilr KtFW did mC
d ixi
W .zinFxC ziaxr
n ,ziaxr
n zipFtv
.zFvgcr ,dlile mFil ,lk` n lkA ,dPdk ix
kfl ,mirlT d on mipt l oilk `pe
.miWc
w Wcw dlFrd [c]
zFpYn iY
W oErh Dnc
e .oFtSA zx
W ilk A DnC lEAwe ,oFtSA Dz h igW

.miX` l lilk e ,gEY
pe hWt d dpErhE .rAx
` odW

,dyn oipnk d"ny md dìxwde zeaiz n"cy ['ipiqn dynl dxexa dpyn' ìdy] onewn edfi` 8.
(gwex) .ipiqn dynl dpzp dt lra dxezy xnel
oiadl cenll mikixv mipian oi`y eiykr la` ,mebxz oeyl mipian eidy mdipnfa `wec il d`xp' `"nd azk .dpyn
dpynd xne` m` la` .ezpeek rcei èd jexa yecwd oian epi`y s` dltza `wecc ,cenill aygp epi` ok `l m`c
e` 'oiwilcn dna' e` 'onewn edfi`' xne`yk' d"lyd azke '.yexitd cenll oikixv okl .cenil `xwp epi` oian epiè
(a-` w"q p 'q g"` ahid xà) : my oiir 'zeipync oebip lew dyri 'zxehwd mehit'
_______________________________________________
11
,zFnW` e xEAv inlW

iga f [d]
,xifp mW` ,dtExg dgt W

mW` ,zFlirn mW` ,zFlfB mW` :zFnW` od El`
oErh onc
e ,oFtSA zx
W ilk A onC lEAwe ,oFtSA ozhigW
.iElY mW` ,r vn mW`
,lk` n lkA ,dPdk ix
kfl mirlT d on mipt l oilk `pe .rAx
` odW
zFpYn iY
W
.zFvgcr ,dlile mFil
.miNw miWc
w xifp liè dcFY
d [e]
.rAx
` odW
zFpYn iY
W oErh onc
e ,dx
fr
A mFwnlkA ozhigW

.zFvg cr ,dlile mFil ,lk` n lkA ,mc
`lkl ,xird lkA oilk `pe
:mdic
ar
lE mdipa le mdiWpl ,mip Ml lk`p mxEO
dW `N` ,mda `vFIM mdn mxEO
d
.miNw miWc
w minlW
[f]
.rAx
` odW
zFpYn iY
W oErh onc
e ,dx
fr
A mFwnlkA ozhigW

.cg` dlile mini ipW
l ,lk` n lkA ,mc
`lkl ,xird lkA oilk `pe
:mdic
ar
lE mdipa le mdiWpl ,mip Ml lk`p mxEO
dW `N` ,mda `vFIM mdn mxEO
d
.miNw miWc
w gqRd e xUr
Od e xFkAd [g]
.cFqid cbpM oYIW

cala E ,zg` dpY
n oErh onc
e ,dx
fr
A mFwnlkA ozh igW

,xird lkA oilk `pe .mc
`lkl xUr
Od e ,mip Ml lk`p xFkAd :ozlik` a dPW

lk`p Fpiè ,dliNa `N` lk`p Fpi` gqRd .cg` dlile mini ipW
l ,lk` n lkA
.ilv `N` lk`p Fpiè ,eiiEpnl `N` lk`p Fpiè ,zFvgcr `N`
_______________________________________________
12
.`xnbd oebipa xnìe wxtd oiaiy ecnll jixv l`rnyi 'xc `ziixa
[ryil` oa l`rnyi 'x i"r] `xtqc dgizt
:zWxc p dxFY
d zFCn dx Ur WlWA :xnF` l`r nW i iax 9
.xng e lTn [`]
.deW
dx fBn E [a]
.miaEzk ipX n aòipA n E ,cg` aEzMn aòipA n [b]
.hxtE llM n [c]
.llk E hx Rn E [d]
.hx
Rd oirM `N` oc dY ` i` ,llk E hx tE llM [e]
.llk l Kix
v ÈdW hx Rn E ,hx tl Kix v ÈdW llM n [f]
,`vi Fnvrl r cOll `l ,cOll llM d on `vie llk A did W xaCl M [g]
.`vi FNM llM d lr cOll `N`
.xing d l `le lwd l `vi ,Fpipr k ÈdW cg` orh rhl `vie llk A did W xaCl M [h]
.xing d lE lwd l `vi ,Fpipr k `NW xg` orh orhl `vie llk A did W xaCl M [i]
,Fllk l Fxifg d l lFki dY ì` ,Wc gd xaC A oFCl `vie llk A did W xaCl M [ì]
.WExtA Fllk l aEzMd EPxi fgIW cr
.FtFQn cnNd xac e ,Fpipr n cnNd xaC [ai]
iWilX d aEzMd `FaIW cr dfz` df miWigk O d miaEzk ipW oke [bi]
.mdipiA ri x
kie
Epin ia dxdn A WC
wO d ziA dpAIW
Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
10
:zFIpncw mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x
iA Lc ar
p mWe :Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze
zepaxw xg` yicw mixne` oi`
9. In the past iax was commonly used (iAx was mostly used in Sephardic mixeciq). miidpciid ax
changed the word to iAx, however, oicnr awri axd's opinion was that it should be pronounced
iax.
zexedl zgpend dlrd z`fl la` .`"eya y"ixd cwpl .izxtd mvrd myl zlthpd iax zlna izrc zeid mr .iax
.df èd ok .ilW
ax ez`xedy .iepkd c"eia àd iAx oick .z"iad yebce g"zta dzcewpy l"p yecwd epiax my lr
(zea` iwxt lr u"ari) .ely ax èdy xnel .iAx .yecwd epiax lr xne` dpeyd lky
da xacl eclgy cr ziaxrnd yiciia ef dlin ebd jk .iax èd cewipd xzei minecwd fpky` ixeciqa
(xbxeand dnly oinipa axd) .oicnr awri iax zrxkd mb ìd jke ,19-d d`nd zivgna
.dx
iA rnyi `ly ,ahid `hai 10.
_______________________________________________
13
oilitzd zgpde zilhd ztihr zixgy
zilhd ztihr
zezilh stripes and the use of lines in clothes is an ancient Jewish style, found in archeological
diggings from the time of ipy zia. It may have originated from sqei's miqt zpzk. There was no
uniform standard in fpky` for the color of the stripes, and in Worms, the dltz lra wore
a colorful zilh. Nevertheless, in most places all the zezilh had black lines on white, so that one
would not draw attention, since everyone had a similar garment for dlitz.
Before h"w zexifb, according to qepiix bdpn, mixega generally wore a zilh.
(This practice was stopped most likely because of the poverty at that time, and the costliness).
,dy` oi`yepy cr ziviva oithrzn oi` milecb mixrp mby oibdep qepiixa izclen uxà"
(oièyp zekld l"ixdn) "'dy` yi` gwi ik' dil jinqe 'jl dyrz milicb' aizkc jdl deknqe
In the land of my birth in the Rhine, the older youths were also accustomed not to wear wrap
themselves in ziviv until they married, based on a dyxc of mikenq 1
- the weqt of wearing ziviv
appears just before taking a wife.
(The l"ixdn added this yexc jxca. His dyxc could be an explanation for beginning to wear a zilh
after marriage, but definitely not a Halachic reason. The xiì zeg, xteq mzg and l`tx oeyny axd
yxid restored the original bdpn of mixega wearing a zilh once the economic situation improved
in Germany (and all of Western Europe). That is why in our days this bdpn is practiced by all
of Western European Jewry.)
.b"i libn wx mithrzny yie ,['g'd libn] lecb zilha mithrzn mixrp s` .zilha mitzrzn 'xn`y jexa' mcew
(:a oikxr) "':ziviva aiig shrzdl rceid ohw'-ìpzc .shrzdl rceid ohw iiezi`l ,i`n iiezi`l ziviva oiaiig lkd"
.zexyk eidiy ze`xl zeiviva wecal jixv zilha mithrzny mcew
.mx lewa zilhd zkxa z` mixne` dltz lrade axd
2
mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA (:q zekxa 'nb)
:zviSA sHrz
dl EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
w xW`
zexg`d mizye zil`ny szka eixg`l zeipinid zeiviv izy lehie eznewl eagx ey`x lr zilhd gipi ok ixg`
.zegtl zen` 'c jeld ick shern jk cenrie ,miqekn exhpqe eite l`ny cva zeiviv 'c lk e`vnp ,eiptl ex`yi
fpky` bdpn is a) to pull the zilh over ones head and back (on the head up to the eyes),
b) take the right side of the zilh and throw it over the left shoulder (or according to a later bdpn
to take the left side and throw it over the right shoulder), in such a way that the chin
(and also mouth and nose) are covered. The zilh should cover ones sides like a blanket
and not just resting on ones head and shoulders.
The mdxa` obn (c 'iq ,g 'q) derives from the `xnb in oiyecw zkqn (hk sc) a) that an unmarried
young man should not cover his head with a zilh, and from (g sc) of the same zkqn, b) that one
who is not a mkg cinlz should not cover his head, even if he is married. It is quite surprising that
those following oilet bdpn, do not follow the latter ruling of the mdxa` obn, although they do
follow the former. In fpky` this mdxa` obn wasn't followed (they had a different interpretation of
the `xnb), for example in the xteq mzg zaiyi, unmarried young men covered their heads with
a zilh. Today, in most synagogues which follow fpky` ibdpn, unmarried young men wear a hat,
as opposed to putting a zilh over their heads. The bdpn of a married adult men wearing a hat
rather than wearing a zilh over the head, was not started by fpky` ipax, and on the contrary -
the mipax themselves retained the old bdpn.
wx zgpen dpiè ,eiccv z` mb dqkn zilhd ztihr .onewnl zeivivd xifgie eipt lrn zilhd xiqi ok ixg`
zexecae ,raekd lrn zilhd gipdl epiidc zilha y`xd sehrl dltzd zra miptln ebdp .eitzke eab lr
.cala dtikd lrn zilhd migipne ixnbl raekd mixiqn e` eilrn zilh `la raek miyaegy hytzp mipexg`d
----------------------
? [b"dpk ixeiy] ziviv zevnn lhae ayei didi dy` `yi `ly crc denz xac 1.
(my dxexa dpyne ahid xà 'b sirq f"i oniq g"e`)
,mx lewa ,mikxan ,mdizelitz itl dltz ilra df xg` dfa eixgè ,axd dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 2.
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .mi`xep mini oebipa
_______________________________________________
14
oilitzd zgpde zilhd ztihr zixgy
oilitzd zgpd
oilitzd mewin lr wcwcl ick ,xyt`d lkk miphw oilitz iza xg` mixcdn
.mezq raexn èd y`x ly oilitz xyw .(miphw mdixa`y devn ipa mixirv lv` hxta)
dxenb daeg ìd ,zexecd lka fpkyà mipexgè mipey`xd epizeax zhiyl crend lega oilitz zgpd
,(mgipdle eizea` zea` zlawl xefgl eilr ,oilitz zgpdn elcg eizea`y in mby dxed xbi` daiwr epiaxe)
oilitzd lr jxan ,dkxaa eizea` bdpny in .drpva mze` migipn l`xyi uxà ,'eccbzz `l' yyga mpn`
ygla crend lega oilitzd lr jxan dltz lrad .(fpky` zelidw aexa heytd bdpnd didy enk)
.mini x`yak lewa `le
The jexr ogly in 'f 'q oilitz zekld states, "ybcae gzta `le `"dd zgz unwa 'g ipdl' jxai". There must
have been a difference in icxtq pronunciation between a unw and a gzt. Whether the
pronunciation changed over the centuries is surely a major issue. oicnr awri 'x was very opposed
to icxtq pronunciation for this reason. His well known statement was, lka 'd dceè ial gny ok lr'
'iaipA ifpky` icedi ip`yry ial (therefore my heart is glad, and I praise God with all my heart, that he
made me an Ashkenazic Jew in my pronunciation)".
.y`x ly oilitz zkxa mb ,mx lewa dl` zekxa mixne` dltz lrade axd
:jxai dxiywd mcewe ,rexfay deabd xya lr l`ny ci lr dpgipie ci ly dltz gwie
:oiNt Y g ipdl EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
w xW`
.dketd `weec `dz i"cvd oinia c"eidy (q"zge i"eg) mixcdn yie ,'sqei zia' azk èd m"zq azk
.y`x ly oilitz zgpd xg` mikxek ,dpey`xd dkixkd caln ,ci ly oilitz drevx ly rexfd aiaq zekixkd z`
`zxarnd jezay 'revxa rexfa ci ly oilitz wifgdy xg` y"`xd xn`
(l"ixdn) ...y`x ly z` xzl`l gipde dielz drevxd gipd
:oiNt Y zev n lr EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
w xW`
ze`n dnk iptc lr micxtqe mifpky` l`xyi lk bdpn mezq raexn èd y`x ly oilitz xyw
.mei cr miciqgd zecrn wlge dixbped ièvi mibdep oke sqei ziaa xèank
:xnì skiz dixgè
:cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA
:rexfd dpw lr zekixk 'f jxek jk xgè
The jxer ogly rules that the y`x ly oilitz should be put on immediately after the ci ly oilitz,
before one wraps the drevx around the arm. According to the dxexa dpyn and fpky` bdpn, the
wrapping around the hand is not oicd xwirn. The l"fix` states one should wrap the drevx around
the hand as well, because this is part of the devn, but not around the finger(s) until after the oilitz
y`x ly are put on. According to the milaewn the drevx should likewise be wrapped around the
finger(s). There is no need to wind the drevx around the middle finger(s) and no set fpky`
procedure. It eventually crept into fpky` as well, each person acting according to their family bdpn.
.zlyexn `le zxceqn dxeva oeilrd yeald z` xifgdl micitwn oilitz zgpd xg`
.drpiva aexl ,zizin` zeciqga miwfgeny dxez ilecb wx migipn mz epiaxc oilitz

Originally, dxnfc iweqt began with ixy`. Later when eced was added, there was a zwelgn between
the cxtqe fpky` iwqet. According to the cxtq bdpn, they placed the additions beforehand,
therefore eced is recited before xn`y jexa. (The l"fix` never instituted that xiy xenfn be recited
before xn`y jexa, but rather as a xenfn to be said after eced.) According to fpky` bdpn, dxnfc iweqt
are said only after xn`y jexa, since all zekxa are recited 'oziiyrl xaer' - before the devn is
performed. Therefore, the xeh (`"p oniq g"e`) rules, that it is better to recite eced after xn`y jexa.
Some recite therefore that, dcezl xenfn is said after eced in place of xiy xenfn, cxtq bdpnk.
,'xn`y jexa' iptl xg` xenfn e` 'xiy xenfn' mixne` oi`
.oziiyrl xaer dkxad `dzy jixve ,gay ixenfn zxin` lr dkxa ìdy
.dxyr dpeny xg`l cr 'xn`y jexa' zligzn ,eny jexae èd jexaa elit` ,wiqtdl xeq`
_______________________________________________
15
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
dxnfc iweqt
1
:'xn`y jexa' zxinà migzet mxh !dNt Y
d zr
WA dti dwizW
fixkn dltz lrad e` ynyd
2
. mei eze`l jiiyd oebipa e` ,leg oebipa elek 'xn`y jexa' xne` dltz lrad
3
.ecin zgpa mgipie mwypi 'zegayza' miiqiyke 'xn`y jexa' zxin` zrya zipinid ecia eiptly zeiviv 'ad fgìe
ziW`x a dUFr KExA :Èd KExA mlFrd did e xn` W KExA

ux` d lr mgx n KExA mIw n E xfFB KExA dUFre xnF` KExA
cr
l ig KExA ei`xi l aFh xkU mNW n KExA zFIx Ad lr mgx n KExA
mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA :FnW KExA liSn E dcFR KExA gvpl mIw e
eicar e eici
qg oFWlA x tnE gAW n FOr itA lNdn d ong x d a` l`d
Lx
`t pE LgA W
pE LlC
bp zFxinfa E zFgaW
A Epi l
` ii LlNd p LC
ar cec ixi Wa E
x tnE gAW n Kln minlFrd ig cigi Epi l
` EpM ln LnW xiMfpe Lkiln pe 4
(milina elew z` jinpn dltz lrad leg inia mixvnd oiaa) ii dY ` KExA :lFcBd FnW cri cr
5
:zFgAW Y
A lNdn Kln
1. The announcement dltzd zrya dti dwizy has Polish origins. The first source for saying it,
is the g"a (1561-1640). This was accepted both in Eastern and Western Europe. It means that
even words of dxez should not be spoken for the duration of the dlitz. Actually h"ei axd
xrlrd o`ntil composed a special jxay in to be said by the congregation for those who refrain
from talking during orenen. He thought that the tragedies in his days, were caused by talking
in synagogue. Many among fpky` ipa, following the tradition passed on by xrlrd axd, are
convinced that it was through their careful attention to correct gqep in orenen that much of the
German Jewish community had the zekf to survive the terrible persecution by the Third Reich.
We too, who face numerous threats, should try to use this as our secret ammunition to protect
ourselves from all who wish to destroy us. The first letters of ...dti dwizy are daiU. Anyone
who does so, will d"i` be dkef to reach old age. In different places dti dwizy was said before
u"yd zxfg or dxezd zìxw. In n"ctt, it was said before xn`y jexa, xtey zriwz and dlibnd zìxw.
.aeh mei oebipa milbx ylyae ,mi`xep mini oebipa 'xn`y jexa' mixne` dax `pryedae xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 2.
3. The l"fix`d bdpn of holding the front zeiviv in the right hand while reciting xn`y jexa,
was accepted by fpky` ipa.
Lkiln pe LnW
xiMfpe :xge`n gqep 4.
5. In j"pz the word is pronounced zFgAW Y . According to l"fg, it is pronounced zFgAW Y
('a cenr ,`"p sc dkeq zkqn). In all ancient mixeciq, zFgAW Y was used, (for example; m"anx,
the gwex, and the u"ari wrote zFgAW EY [with the letter e"ie]). It was changed to zFgAW
Y in
the mixeciq of xteq izay 'x and `plieen lìxfre edil` 'x. Regarding yicw as well, mifpky` recite
`z EY while micxtq recite `z g A W
gA W iY.
_______________________________________________
16
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
elg:fh ` minid ixac
:ei lilr miOra EricFd Fn Wa E` x *9 8 7 6
w iil EcFd
:ei `lt plkA EgiU FlEx
Of Fl ExiW
:ii iWw a n al gn U i FW cw mW A Elld z d
:cin Y eipt EWT A FGr
e ii EW xC
:Edit ihR W n E eiz
n dU r xW` ei `lt p Ex kf
:eixi gA awri ipA FC ar l` x Ui rxf *
:eih R W n u` d lkA Epi l` ii Èd
:xFC sl`l dEv xaC Fzi x A mlFrl Exkf
:wg v il FzrE a
WE md x a` z` zx M xW`
:mlFr zix A l`x Uil wg l awril d ci nrIe
:mk z lgp l g orp M ux` oY ` Ll xn` l
:DA mix be hrnM xR q n iz n mk zF idA
:xg ` mrl ` dkln O n E iFBl
` iFBn EkNd z Ie *
:mik ln mdilr gkFIe mw W rl Wi`l g iPd `l
:ErxYl ` iìapa E ig iWn A ErBY l`
:Fz rE W
i mFil`mFIn Ex VA ux` d lM iil ExiW
:ei `lt p miOrd lkA FcFa
Mz` miFBa ExRq
:mi l `lMlr Èd ` xFpe c` n lNdn E ii lFc b iM
iie
:dU r minW mil il` miOrd il
`lM i
M
oebipa xn`p dxez zgnya ,leg oebipa dax `pryedae ,zay oebipa dxnfc iweqt mixy xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 6.
.aeh mei
'eke epicl` 'c ennex .'cl llde cr 'cl exiy on ,miaxrd oia ly cinze ,erxzl` iìapae cr 'cl ecedn 7.
,mixvnd lr d"awd ìady zekn 'i cbpk ,d`ced ly zepeyl 'i df xenfna yie ,'eke ingxc iweqt x`ye
:mid lr epizea`l miqp 'ie
8. In the Middle Ages `xnfc iweqt were read responsively by dltz lra and ldw in a similar way
to zay zlaw.
weqt xg` weqt belca `xnfc iweqt mixne` 'ipfg ipyy mdibdpn xg` 'ixxbpde n"ctt w"wa xètn bdpn
('c `xnfc iweqt zekld ,sqei o`vk bdep) .mildz mixne`y oirk
9. *(zldw ixac) .efn ueg ygla miweqtd lk mixne` ldwd
_______________________________________________
17
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:F wnA dec
ge fr de cFd 10
eip t l xc
:fr
e cFa
M iil Ea
d miO r zFgRW
n iil Ea
d
:W wz
xc
dA iil Eeg Y W
d eip t l EàE
dg pn E`
U Fn
W cFa
M iil Ea
d
:hFO Y lA laY oFMYs
` ux` d lM eipt Nn Elig
:Kln ii miFBa Ex
nìe ux` d lbz
e minX
d Eg
nU i *
:FAx
W` lke dc
Vd ulri F`Fl
nE mId mrx
i
:ux` d z` hFRW
l àiM i i ipt Nn xr
Id iv r Eppx
i f`
:FC qg mlFrl iM aFh iM iil EcFd

miFBdon EpliSd e EpvA w e Epr
Wi i l
` Epri
WFd Ex
n` e
:Lz Nd z
A A Y W
d l LW
c
w mW
l zFcdl
:iil lNd e on ` mr
dlk ExnÌe mlrd cr
e mlFrd on l` x
Ui i l
` ii KEx
A
:Èd WFc
w eil bx mc
dl EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx d:hv mildz
:Epi l
` ii WF w iM FW c
w xd l EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx h:hv
:Fz
ng lM xir `le FR
` aiW
d l dAx
de zig W
i `le oFr xRk i | mEgx Èd
e gl:gr
:ipExSi cin Y L Y
n` L c
qg iPOn Ling x `lk z`
l i i dY` ai:n
:dOd mlFrn iM Li
cqge ii Ling xxk
f e:dk
:miw g X
A FG e ez
e`B l`x
Uilr mid l`
l fr EpY eldl:gq
:mi l
` KEx
A mr
l zFnvrz e r | o p Èd l` x
Ui l` LiWC
wO n mi l
` `
xFp
(:d dbibg 'nb) ':F wnA dec de cFd ' :xn
ge fr eipt l xc `PW ,Èd KExA WFcT d ipt l zEaiv
r oi` ,`R R ax xn ` 10.
_______________________________________________
18
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:ri
t Fd zFn
wp l` ii zFnwpl` * a`:cv
:mi` Blr lEn

B aW
d ux`d h W ÙPd
:dlQ Lzk x
a LOrl
r drEW
id iil h:b
:dlq aw r
i i l
` Epl aBU n EpOr zF`
av ii g:en
:KA g A mc
i
xW` zF`
av ii bi:ct
:Ep` x
wmFia Eppri Kl d dri
W Fd ii i:k
:mlFrd cr m V pe mrxE Lzlgpz` K

xaE LO rz
` | dri
W Fd h:gk
:Èd EpPbn E Epxfr iil dz M g EpWt p bkk:bl
:Epgh a FW c
w mWa iM EpAl gn U i FaiM
:Kl Eplgi xW
M Epilr ii L C
qg id i
:EploYY L r
We LC
qg ii Ep` x
d g:dt
:LC
qg orn l Epc
tE EpN dz x
fr dn Ew fk:cn
:Ed ln ` e LiR agx

d mix
vn ux` n Llr
O Li l
` ii | i p` ì:`t
:ei l
` iiW
m d i
xW` FN dkM W
mr W`
ix eh:cnw
:ilr ln b iM iil dxi

W ` LzrE
Wi
A iA l lbi iY g h a L C
qg A | ip` e * e:bi
.(129 'nr) aeh meile zayl dxnfc iweqt o`k mixne` mi`xep minide aeh meiae zaya
_______________________________________________
19
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
.gqt ly crend lege ,gqt axra `l mb ,xetk mei axra `l 'dcezl xenfn' mixne` oi`
.'dcezl xenfn' zxinà cenrl bdpnd oi`
:ux` d lM i il Erix cFzl xFnfn * 12

d d 11
w
:dppx
A eip l EÀ dgn U A iiz` Ec
ar
:Fzi
rx
n o`v
e F r Epgp` Fle `le Ep r Èd mid l
` Èd iiiM Er C
:Fn
W EkxA FlEcF
d dNd z
A ei xv g dcFz
A | eixr
W EÀ
:Fz
pEn
` x e xCc
re FCqg mlFrl ii aFhi
M*
k id i *14 13 `l:cw
:eiU rn A ii gnU i mlFrl ii cFa
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
id i ca:biw
:ii mW
lN dn F`Fa
ncr WnWgxfO n
lky azk `"p 'iq g"à [xeh] .oex`d iptl mei lka exne`l eraw cecy iptn exne`l owzp 'dcezl xenfn' 11.
('c `xnfc iweqt zekld ,sqei o`vk bdep) .oebpa dxn`l jixv jkitl dcezl xenfnn ueg lhazdl zecizr zexiyd
12. The l"ixdn mentions a bdpn to recite dcezl xenfn on zay and aeh mei beginning with the
word erixd. The siy m"xdn and the oglyd jexr both recite that one should not recite half a weqt,
even though our zelitz contain many half miweqt. This particular instance creates
the following problems, a) beginning in the middle of a weqt, containing God's name,
b) saying dcezl xenfn in any form on gqt, as the entirety of the xenfn deals with the dcez oaxw.
The `yiinxee zebdpn (miidyxiw aiil dcedi ax) writes:
.mixne` oi` dt la` ,erixd ligzdle xnel yiy mixne` yie ,dcezl xenfn `"` zay ly zixgya"
":mixne` dt la` ,zayd meil xiy xenfn aeh meia xnel oi`y mixne` yi oke
,mingl ipin drax` cbpk ''d' xenfna minrt 'ce .dcezd gaf cbpk cgè mingl 'n cbp zeaiz `"n df xenfna"
(e"h oniq gwex xeciq) ".cg` lkn xyrn gwel odkd dide ,ung 'i ,dkeax 'i ,zelg 'i ,zevn 'i
`"k mda yie ,cecl dldz mcew mixg` miweqtde ceak idi xnel ebdpe ,h"n 'iq "dyn dhn" xtqa azk 13.
jln 'c jln 'c oia llk wiqtdl oiè' ,'c w"q `"p 'iq x"à azke :k"r :cecl dldzay miweqt `"k cbpk ,zexkf`
.''qez iwqta gken ok ,zn`l mkicl` 'c oia wiqtdl oi`y enk ,'eke jelni 'c
WFcT d xn ` W drU A ,Fxn ` mlFrd xU df wEqR ':eiU k id i' `R R xA `pipg ia x Wxc 14.
rn A 'c gnU i mlFrl 'c cFa
,ìaEA
xr A Èd KExA WFcT d lW FpFvx m` ,on v r A xnFg e lw mi` W C EÙ p ,zFpli` A 'Edpin l' Èd KExA
Èd KExA WFcT d xn ` ìaEA xr A z`vl oMxC oi` W zFpli` dnE ,xnFg e lw cFre ?zFpli` A 'Edpin l' xn ` dn l
k id i' ,xn ` e mlFrd xU gz
mlFrl 'c cFa R ,Fpin l `vi cg ` e cg ` lM cIn ?dn k e dn M zg ` lr Ep` ,'Edpin l'
(.q oileg 'nb) .':eiU rn A 'c gnU i
_______________________________________________
20
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:FcFa
M min X
d lr ii | miFBlMlr mx
:xc
exc l L x
kf i i mlFrl L
nW
ii bi:dlw
:dlW
n lMA FzEk
l E F`
qM oik d min X
A i i hi:bw
:Kln ii miFBa Ex
nìe ux` d lbz
e min X
d Eg
nU i * `l:fh '` d"c
e mlrl Klni | ii 15 gi:eh zeny K ln ii `:bv Kl ii

:cr fh:i
:Fv x
`n miFb Ec
a` cr
e mlFr Kln ii fh:i mildz
:miO r zFa
Wg n ìpd miFBzvr xit d i i i:bl
:mEw z ìd i i zvre Wi` alA zFa

Wg n zFA x `k:hi ilyn
:xc
e xc l F l zFa
Wg n cn rY mlFrl ii zv r ì:bl mildz
:cn r
Ie dEv Èd idIe xn ` Èd iM h:bl
:Fl aWFnl DE` oFIv A ii xg a iM bi:alw
:Fz
Nbq l l` x
Ui Di Fl xg A aw riiM c:dlw
:afri `l Fz
lgpe FO r ii WH
i`l | iM ci:cv
:Fz
ng lM xir `le FR
` aiW
d l dA x
de zig W
e gl:gr
:Ep` x
wmFia Eppri KlO d dri
W Fd ii * i:k
:mec` zekln weqtd f` ,cre mlerl jelni 'd jln 'd jln 'd exnìy zrd àiyk jl xnel wqt .Klni | 'd 15.
(mixehd lra)
_______________________________________________
21
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:dlQ LElld i cFr Lzia ia W W` 16

Fi ix d:ct
:ei l
` iiW
mr
d i
xW` FN dkM W
mr
d ix
W` eh:cnw
cec
l dN d Y dnw
:cr
e mlFrl L
nW
dkxa ` e KlOd id Fl
` L
nn Fx `
:cr
e mlFrl L
nW
dlld ` e kxa ` mFilk A
:xwg oi` Fz
Nc
ble c`
n lNdn E ii lFc B
:EciBi Li xEabE LiUrn gA W
i xFcl xF C
:dgiU ` Li `lt p ix
ac
e L
cFd cFa
M xc d
:dPx
Rq ` L z Nc
bE jzelcbe Exnì Li `xF
p fEfr e
:EpPx
i L z
wc
ve EriA i L
aEha
x xk f
:cqg lc
bE miR ` Kx` ii mEgx
e oEP g
:eiU rn lMlr ein g x
e lM
l iiaF h
:dkEk xa i Lici
qge LiUrn lM ii LEcF i
:ExA c
i L z xEa
bE Exnì L zE
k
ln cFa M
:FzEk
ln xc
d cFa
E ei xEa
B mc
` ipa l | ri
cFd
l
:xc
e xFCl
kA L Y
lW
n E min lrl
M zEkln L zE
k
l n
:mit EtMd lkl sw Ffe milt P
dlkl ii Kn F q
:FY i Lil` lkipi r17
rA mlk ` z` mdlozFp dY` e ExAU
16. This xenfn was already known as ixy`, at the time of opgei iax (:c zekxa).
.Àd mlFrd oA ÈdW Fl gh aEn
,min
rR WlW mFi lkA 'cec
l dN d Y ' xnF`
d lM ,`pia ` ia x xn ` xfr l ` ia x xn `
Èd jExA WFcT d ?'FY
rA ' `N` ,xn
`p `l mY r A ':FY i Lil` lkipir' ,`pipY 17.
(my i"yx) ecenil itl cigie cigi lk jixv èdy dn itl lkd (:fq zeaezk 'nb) .FYr A Fzq pxR
_______________________________________________
22
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:oFv x ig lkl ri ciz` g zF R 19

AU n E L 18
:eiU rn lkA ciq g e eikxCl

kA ii wiC v
:zn à Ed`x
wi xW` lk
l ei`xwl
kl ii aFx w
:mri
WFie rn W
i mzr
eW
zè dUri ei`x
ioFv x
:cin W
i mir
Wxd lM zè eiad `l
Mz` ii xn F W
:cr
e mlFrl FW c
w mW xUA lM Kx
aie iR x
Aci i i zNd Y
:DiElld ml Frcr
e dYrn Di K
xa p | Epgp` e gi:ehw
The following mixenfn were sung by the miel in oey`x zia.

20
:iiz` iW
p illd DiElld enw
:icFr
A i l`l dx
Of` iIg A ii dlld `
:drEW
z Fl oi`W | mc
òaA mia ic
pa Egh a Yl
`
:ei pY
Wr Ec
a` Èd
d mFIA Fz
nc
`l aW
i FgEx `v Y
:ei l
` iilr Fx
U Fxfr
A aw ri l`W ix
W` *
:mlFrl zn` x Xd mAxW` lMzè mId z` ux` e minW
| d r
:mixEq
` xiY n i i mia rxl mgl o p miw EWrl | hR W
n d r
:miw iC
v a ` i i mit EtM s f ii mix
er g R | ii
:zEr
i mir
Wx K c
e c
cFri dpn l` e mFz
i mix
Bz` x W | ii
:DiElld xc
e xc l oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni
.[f ,`p r"ey] xefgl jixv oeeik `l mè ,'L
ciz` g zFR' weqta oeekl jixv 18.
.dpeekd z` xxern lewd ik 'L
ciz` g zFR' weqta dnirpa elew mixn dltz lra 'ixy`' zxin` lka
19. The ancient bdpn of touching and kissing the oilitz during, ...L
ciz` g zFR, is cited by upi`n dyn ax.
,(dielld) 'cr
e mlFrl FWc
w mW xUA lM Kx i 'c zNd Y 'A micFn
aie iR xAc lMd ,àx xA oipg ax xn ` 20.
(.fiw migqt 'nb) :`w xi R Wix Dixz a C DiElld
_______________________________________________
23
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:dNd z de`p mir piM Epi l

` dx
Of aFhiM | Di Elld fnw
:qPk i l` x
Ui igc Exi 21 dpFA
p ii mlW
:mz FaSr l WA g E al ixE a Wl ` x d
:`x wi zFnW mN kl mia k FM l xRq n dpFn
:xR q n oi` Fz pEa z
l g Ma
x e EpipFc` lFc B
:ux` icr mir Wx liRW n ii miepr ccFr
n
:xFPk a Epi l`l ExOf d cFzA iil Epr
:xiv g mix
d g inv O d xhn ux` l oik O d mia r A | min W dQ k n d
:E`x wi xW` a r ipa l Dng l dn d a l oz Fp
:dvx i Wi` d iwFW a`l uRg i qEQd zxEa ba `l
:FC qg l milgin d z` ei`x iz` ii dvFx
:oFIv Ki l ` illd iiz` | mlW Exi ig A W
*
:KA x wA KipA Kx A Kixr
W ig ix A wGg iM
:Kri
AU i miH g alg mFlW KlEaBmV d 22
:Fx
aC uEx i dx dn cr ux` Fz x n` glXd
:xGt i xt` M xF M xnSM blW o Pd
:cn ri in Fz xw ipt l miY t k Fgxw KilW
n
:min ElGi FgE x aXi mqn ie Fx
aCg
lW i
:l` x
Uil eih R W E eiT g aw ril eix aC exac ciBn
:DiElld mEr c
ilA mih R W kl | ok dUr `l 23
n E iFBl
mly xak `xwp did xirde (ak ziy`xa) d`xi 'c xd ede`xwy mdxa` my lr `xwpy mlyexi dfc n"i' 21.
oipzep ep` oi` jkl mly my lre d`xi my lr mlyexi `xwpe mly jln wcv iklne (ci my) aizkck
(f"h ziprz 'qn 'mez) '.mly my lr m"nl c"nl oia mlyexia c"ei
mc` lW Fzia KFzA diEvn daixn oi` W ,FziA KFzA (lke`) dÈa z A xid f mc` `d i mlFrl ,dcEd
i ax xn ` 22.
(.hp `rivn àa 'nb) .':Kri AU i miH g alg mFlW
KlEaBmV d ' :xn
`PW ,dÈa
z iw q r lr `N`
.'mEr ilA mih R W
n E iFBlkl | ok dUr `l' :xn`
PW ,mia
kFM caFrl dxFz
ixa C oixqFn
oi` ,in ` ia x xn ` 23.
(.bi dbibg 'nb)
.mlrp ixn `k`n la edf l`xyi lkk le 'iy`xac 'a merci ly mihtyne dxezd mdl ozp `ly 'ok dUr `l'
_______________________________________________
24
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
:min FxOA EdEl ld minX d on iiz` Elld | Di Elld 24 gnw

:e` a v lM EdEl ld eik` ln lk EdEll
:xF` iak FMlM EdEl ld g x
ie WnW EdEll
:min X d lr n | xW` miO d e minX d in W EdEll
:E`x ape dEv Èd iM ii mW z` Elldi
:xFa ri `le oz pwg mlFrl cr l mci
nrIe
:zF dYl
ke mipiPY ux`d on iiz` Elld
:Fx ac d r dxr q g Ex xFhi we blW cx E W`
:mifx `lke ix R ur zFr aBlke mix dd
:spM xFRv e Unx dnd A lke dIg d
:ux` ih W lke mix U miO ` llke ux ìkln
:mix r pmr mipwf zFlEzAmbe mixEg A
:min W
e ux`lr FcF d FC al Fn W aBU piM i i mW z` | Elld i
25
:DiElld F xw mr l`x Ui ipa l eici qg lkl dNd Y FO r l | oxw mxIe
:mici
qg ldw A Fz Nd Y W cg xiW iil ExiW
| Di Elld hnw
:mM ln a Elibi oFIv ipA ei rA l` x Uign U i
:FlExOfi xFPk e sz A lFgna Fn W Elld i
:drEWi
A miepr x`t i FO r A ii dvFxiM
:mz FaMW n lr EpPx i cFa kA mici qg Eflr i
:mc iA zFIt iR age mpFxbA l` zFn nFx *26
:miO lA zFg kFY miFBA dnwp zFU rl
:lfx
a ila k A md ic Ak pe miT
fA mdikln xq`l
:DiElld eici
qg lkl Èd xc d aEz M hR W n | md A zFU rl
?sC
bnE
sxg n df ix
d mFi lka lNd `xFT
d ,xn xn ` d e ?ipi` .mFi lkA lNd ixnFB
n iw
lg `d
i ,iqFi
ia x xn ` 24.
(i"yx) :eycwa l-` elld ,minyd on 'c z` elld milelid ly mixenfn ipy (:giw zay 'nb) .`xn f C iwEq t A ,opixn ` w iM
,mic q
g ilnFb
e oipWi
IA d e mipn gxd ,(l`xyi ipa) Ef dnE` A Wi mipni q dW lW . . . (jlnd) ceC xn ` 25.
' kipR lr Fz i did Y xEa ra E' :aiz k C oipWi
`x iA (gi:bi mixac) 'LA x
de L n g x lozpe' :aiz k C mipn
e ming x L gx
dWl
W FA WIW lM .(hi:gi ziy`xa) ''ebe FziAzè eipA z` dEv i xW nl' :aiz k C mic q
` or g ilnFB (fi:k zeny)
(:gr zenai 'nb) .Ff dnE` A waCd l iE`x ,ElNd mipni q
26. On the occasion of a dlin zixa the dltz lra raises his voice when singing mpexba l` zennex
until onè on` to a special oebip.
_______________________________________________
25
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
.mx lewa mlek miweqtd z` dltz lrad xne` 'ciec jxaie' cr o`kn
:FGr ri
wx
A EdEl
ld FW c
wA lÈlld | Di Elld pw
:Flc
B ax
M EdEl
ld ei xEa
ba EdElld
:xFPk e lapA EdEl

ld xtFW rwz
A EdEll
:abr
e miPn A EdEl
ld lFg
nE sz
A EdEll
:drEx
z ilv lv A EdEl
ld rnWilv lv a EdElld
Pd lM
:DiElld Di lNd Y dnW
27
Pd lM
:on ` e | on` ml Frl ii KExA bp:ht
:DiElld m l W
Exi o W oFIS n | i i KExA `k:dlw
:FC
al zF`
lt p d r l`x
Ui i l
` mi l
` ii | KEx
A higi:ar
FcFak `lO ie mlFr

l FcFa
M mW | KEx
aE
:on ` e | on` (milina elew z` jinpn dltz lrad mixvnd oiaa) ux` d lMz`
.'onè on`' cr 'dnypd lk' lewa dltz lrad xne` ,'onè on`' cr ldwd exn`y xgè
mildz xtq oiniiqny l"x ,mei lka lld ixneb mr iwlg idi xnzi`c meyn 'ek dnypd lk oiltek jkl 27.
inp df mrhne .ixhie xefgna oke ,miiqnk d`xp `l oexg`d weqt letki `l m` `zyde .diellda cqiizpy
(l"ixdn) .ryeie meiq xg` cre mlerl jelni 'c oiltek
_______________________________________________
26
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
.(f 'iq `"p r"y mdxa` obn) 'gazyi'l aeye 'miegzyn jl minyd àve' cre o`kn cenrl yi
bii:h"k '` d"c
cieC xnÌe ldT d lM ipir l i iz` ci eC Kxaie 29 28
:mlFrcr e mlFrn Epia ` l` x Ui i l ` ii dY` KEx A
uxà E min X
A lkiM cFd de gvPd e zx` t Y
de dxEaBd e dN c Bd ii L
l
:W`xl | lkl `Vpz Od e dk ln O d i i L
l
dxEabE M Lcia E lM A lW Fn dY ` e Lip t Nn cFaMd e x r de
:lM l wGg lE l Cbl L c ia E
:LY x
`t Y mWl milld n E Kl Ep p` micFn Epi l ` dY re
ìe:h dingp
m` a v lke min X
d in W
min X
d z` z iU r Y ` L Cal ii ÈddY `
mNMz
` dIg n dY è md A xW` lke miOId d il r xW` lke ux` d
:mieg Y W n L l min X
d àv E
miC
UM xE` n Fz`vFd e mx
a` A Yxg A xW` mi l `d ii ÈddY `
30
:md x
a` FnX Y nUe
Li
pt l on `p Faalz` z` v n E
,'zixad enr zexke' zxin`l 'jiptl on`p' zxin` oia miwiqtn oi`
.wcpqde ldend ly zcgein oibexiq zxinà dl` miweqt mipbpny dlin zixa ly zixgya `l`
iprpM d ux
`z` zz l zix Ad FO r zFx ke lden
Fr xfl zz l iWBx Bd e iq Eaid e iGx
Rd e i n
`d iY g d wcpq
:dY` wiC v iM Lix aCz
` mwY e lden
:sEqm
ilr Y n W mzw rfzè mix vn A Epi a` iprz ` `xYe wcpq
Fv x
` mrl
ka E eic arl
ka E dr x tA miz nE z ` oYY e lden
:dGd mFId M mW L lUrY e mdilr Ecifd iM Y r c i iM wcpq
dWAIA mId KFz a Ex arIe md ipt l Y r w
A mId e lden
:miGr minA o ` FnM zlFvna Y k lW d md it xz
è wcpq
28. Thedlaw bdpn is to give dwcv while reciting cec jxaie was not done in Germany where people
gave dwcv before orenen, and in many places the yny walked around with the dwcv box
during u"yd zxfg, or lèb oeivl àe.
is an ancient custom to stand for 'ciec jxaie', until 'jzx`tz myl'. The l"ixdn would rise a little
29. It
while reciting L C
al 'c ÈddY` .
30. The zldw ixac cites the bdpn to stand until 'mdxa` eny'.
_______________________________________________
27
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
`xwnd inrh oebipa dxn`l ebdp mid zxiy
`ll:ci zeny
mix
vn cIn l`x
Uiz` Èd
d mFIA i i rWFIe lden
:mId ztU lr zn mix
vn z` l`x
Ui `xIe wcpq
iiz` mr
d E` xi
Ie mix
vn A ii dUr xW
` dl cBd cId z` l` x
Ui `xIe lden
:FC
ar d naE i iA Epin Ìe wcpq
ExnÌe i il z`Gd d
xiXd z` l` x i f` 32
Ui ipa E d nxiW 31
lden gi`:eh
qEq d` B d`
biM iiN dxi
W ` wcpq xn`
l
ilidie Di zx
nfe iGr lden :mIa dnx Fa xe
il
` Edep` e il` df wcpq drEWi
l
ii dng ln Wi` ii lden :Edpn x
è ia`
xga n E mIa dx
i Flige dr x
R za
Mx
n wcpq :Fn
W
FnM zlFvna Ec xi Eniq k i z dY lden :sEqm
ia Er
Ah eiWlW

L pin i M
A ixC
`p i i L
pin i wcpq :oa`
qx
dY LpF`
B ax
aE lden :aiF` urxY ii
g ExaE wcpq :WT
M Fnlk ì Lpx
g gNW
Y Linw
cpFnk Ea
Sp min Enxrp LiR `
xn` lden :mialA z dz E`
tw milfp
Fn` ln Y wcpq llW
wNg ` biV` sC x
` aiF`
Y t Wp lden :ic
i FnWixF Y iA x
g wix
` iW
t p
min A zxt FrM Ellv mi FnQ M LgExa
.lewa xne`y ,'ebe xari cr ,'ebe dknk in ,'ebe jpini ,'ebe dngln yi` 'c miweqtn ueg ygla mixne` 31.
32. xiyif` was chanted by the miel in the ycwnd zia on zay, when the cinz oaxw was brought
towards evening (`l sc dpyd y`x). After ipy zia oaxeg, it was chanted on zay in l`xyi ux`,
but not in laa. Afterwards, it was recited every day in l`xyi ux`, and in some parts of Italy.
The fact the mifpky` recite xiyi f` prior to gazyi in zixgy, is attributed to owfd dyn epiax, the
father of qenipelw epiax and lìzewi epiax, who were summoned by French King Charlemange
along with many other scholars from Lombardy/(Lucca) in Northern Italy to Mainz, Germany.
_______________________________________________
28
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
in i i ml` A d n kin wcpq :mixi C

`
d r zNdz ` xFp W T A xC `p d nM
z ig p wcpq :ux` Fnrla Y L pin i zih p lden :`lt
depl`33 LGr a Y ldp lden Y l`B Efmr LC qg a
lig oEfBx i miOr Er nW wcpq :LW
cw
it EN` Elda p f` lden :zWlR ia i fg `
Ebn p cr
x Fnfg ì a` Fn ili` mFc `
dz n i` mdilr lR Y wcpq :orpk ia i lM
cr34 lden oa`M En C i LrF xf lc bA cgt e
Efmr xaricr i i LO r xa ri
oFk n L z lgp xd A Fnr Hz e Fn` a Y wcpq :zipw
EppFM ipc` Wc Tn lden ii Y lr R L Y
aW l
| ii lden e mlrl Klni | ii wcpq
:cr :Lic
i
'cre mlerl jelni 'c' weqtd z` miltek mid zxiy seqa :cr e mlrl Klni
.'dkelnd 'cl ik' mikiynne (xnebe 'qeq à ik' ,xnebe 'dizekln 'c' mixne` oi`)
:miFBA l E dkElOd iil iM hk:ak mildz

:dk ElOd iil dzid e eUr xd z` hRWl oFIv xd A mirW Fn Elr e35 `k:` dicaer
:cg ` FnW E cg` ii did i Èd d mFIA ux`d lMlr Klnl ii did e h:ci dixkf
:miniiqn
36
:cg ` | ii Epil
` ii l`x
Ui rnW
c:e mixac xn`l aEzM Lz xFz
aE
FzSig n A FzF` oiqi
pk n oi` ,mkg cin lY Fpi` e ,mkg cin lY lW ziNh a d` Bz O d lM ,ax xn ` dcEd i ax xn ` 33.
(.gv `xza àa 'nb) .':LW w depl`' mz d aiz kE
c (d:a wewag) 'depi `le xidi xaB' `kd aiz M .Èd KEA WFcT d lW
(.el dheq ,:c zekxa) .(`xfr inia) dIp W dì A Ff ':z ipw Efmr aricr' (ryedi inia) dpFW`x dì A Ff ''c LO r a ricr' 34.
.mixet ipebipn cg` - mixne` mixetae ,'mizif ipy' dxe`nd oebip - 'oFIv xd A mirW e' mixne` dkepg inia 35.
Fn Elr
36. The xteq mzg writes (opgzè zxcq) one may think that since we conclude the dxiy with
the weqt, ...cg` 'c didi èdd meia that the nations will be on the same level as l`xyi ipa
(...ux`d d`lne). We assert at the end by adding the weqt of l`xyi rny, that even during
this time period, we will always be on a higher level of appreciation and have
a closer relationship with God than the other nations. Historically speaking, the l`xyi rny
was added by ztxv gqep, which made many additions to the dlitz (for example 'miaeh miigl'
and additional miweqt). Usually fpky` ilecb opposed their additions, but since during
`xnfc iweqt one may recite additional miweqt, they saw no reason not to.
_______________________________________________
29
dxnfc iweqt zixgy
dn lke ekxa mr dazd iptl xnìy dixg`y yicwd xeara my dxne`y ,gazyi iptl daizd iptl cxi dltz lrad
.'ixy`' cr exari `l mila` j` xaer èd hiivxdì yi m` ,dazd iptl xaer lltznd .dltzd xwir èdy eixg`y
WFcTd e lFcBd KlO d l`d EpM ln crl LnW gAY W i 38 37 [?dnly i"r]
dga W
E xiW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii d`p Ll iM ux` a E min W A
zEkln E dXc
w zx` t z e dNd Y dxEa
bE dNcB gvp dlW
n n E r dx
nfe lNd
zFgAW Y
A lFcB Kln l` ii dY ` KExA :mlFrcr e dY rn zF`cFd e zekx A
:minlFrd ig 39 l` Kln dx nf ixi
WA xgFAd zF`lt Pd oFc` zF`cFd
d l`
zelrnd xiy was initially only inserted here during daeyz ini zxyr by cxtq gqep in Europe.
miwnrnn
It is a l"fix` bdpn, which was not accepted by mifpky` across Europe,
although many Eastern European mifpky` eventually adopted its recital.
Dz Erx
k `xaC `nlr
A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz ie lC
Bz
i rxek dltz lra
l`x
UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A Dz Ekln Kiln ie
(on` ldw) :on` rxek dltz lra Exn` e - aix w onfa E `lbr
A
dltza micner m` mb mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr
l Kx `di 40
an Àx DinW
'jxazi' ea wiqtdl mi`yx oi`y mewna
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie KxAz
i rxek dltz lra
(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek dltz lra `Wc wC DinW
`z ngpe `z
gA W
Y `z xi
We `z kxAlMn `Nr l 41
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek dltz lra - `nlr A oxi n` C
37. fpky` ibdpn ixtq do not discuss the Kabbalistic issue of reciting the migay, zg` dniypa
(in one breath).
jny gazyi xnè gzte ,'eke ,ftne adf edtive ,oy ly e`qk lr ayil dlry meia oxciqe ,dnly gay 38.
:[gwexd xeciq oeilb] .eyibxi `ly gazyi micwd ezepzepr aexne ,zeaiz iy`xn eny mzge ,jlnd epkln crl
39. The use of either minlFrd ig or minlFrd ig are discussed amongst the miwqet, however, the usage
of minlFrd ig might be considered by some as possible dxitk (i.e. belief in multiple deities).
.eixgè yxid l`tx oeyny axd onf cr n"ctta xnype zexec ixecn fpky` lka ebdp 'minlFrd ig' iebdd
diny `di xnel yiy rnyn o`kn jxean lecbd eny `di' l"fe `:b zekxa zkqnn dceb`d lra ixac el` 40.
.'di my rnyn iedc diny 'd witn `le
miweica mb riten jke ,(c"qwz mcxhyn`) mixge`n mixeciql cre ...mipyi mixiciq lka d"k .lMn `Nr l 41.
zeaiz g"k eidiy ick l"fixà dxewn ,'lk on `lirl' zlaewnd `gqepd .ee`lwyn n"nxl dlitzd gqepa
l"fix`dc dinrhn `l j` 'lk on `lirl' qxb èd mb `prd onlf 'xe ...'`nlr n` C' cr 'Àx DinW
A oxi `di'n
(edil` xef` xeciq) .d"eex mb dpiy eizeawrae ,`xwnay inx` oeyl èd jky xaqy ezrcn dpiyy `l`
_______________________________________________
30
rny zìxw zekxa zixgy
legl dizekxae rny zìxw

: ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` dltz lrad cera jix`n dltz lrad
ikln Kln lW FnW `Vpz ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i miniae 'ekxa' zxinà
(oepgz oi`y) micgein
eicrlA n E oFxg` Ède oFW`x ÈdW :Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d :xzei cer jix`n
:eipt l Eflr e Fn
W DiA zFaxr a xl ENq d:gq mildz mi l ` oi`
:dNd zE
dkx AlMlr mnFxn FnWE
Ek xA 1
:cr
: ldwd xnì myd dltz lrad obpnyk
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA iiz `
: ldwd xnì 'jxand' dltz lrad obpnyk
:mlFrcr
e dY n Kan ii mW
id i a:biw
: K a n d
: eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:cr
e mlFrl K and ii KExA
: 'lkd z`' cr xvei zkxa y`x z` mx lewa xne` dltz lrad
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
:lMdz` `xF aE
mFlW d r KWg `xFaE xF` xvFi f:dn diryi
dUr n cinY mFilkA WC gn FaEhaE ming x A d ilr mixC le ux` l xiÒ d
n 2 ck:cw :ziW`x
:Lpipw ux d d`ln z iU r dn k g A mN i i | LiU rn EA xd a
mlFr i l ` :mlFr zFnin `Vpz Od e x tOd e gAW nd f`n FCal mnFxnd KlO d
Epr Wi obn EpABU n xEv EpGr oFc` Epilr mgx miAx d Lin g x A
cFaM xvi aFh dOg ix df lrtE oikd drC lFcB KExA l` :Epcr A aBU n
cinY iCW inn Fx miWFcw eià v zFPR FGr zFaiaq ozp zFxF`n FnWl
Lic i iUr
n gaW lr Epi l ` ii Kx Az Y :FzXc wE l`cFaM mix Rq n
:dlQ LEx `t i z iU r
W xFìxF ` nlre
dyecw ziipra enk ,eixg` `le ,xeaivd mr cgi 'cre mlerl jxeand 'c jexa' :xne` dltz lrad 'ekxa' zxinà 1.
.dxezl milerd ly 'ekxa'a bdpnd oke .ea `veike
,dW
AIA zFixA Ll Wie ,mIA zFlcB zFixA Ll Wi ,''c | LiU n ' ,xnF`
rn EA xd df wEqRl ri Bn àiw r ia x did W M 2.
,xEÀ zFlcB zFixA Ll Wi ,zFzn cIn mIl zFcxFi iln li` dW AIA W ,zFzn cIn dW AIA zFlFr iln li` mIA W
,zFzn cIn xE`l zFcxFi iln li` xie
À W ,zFzn cIn xie `l zFlFr iln li` xEÀW ,xie
À zFlcB zFixA Ll Wi
(.fkw oileg 'nb) .''c | LiU n '
rn EA xd
_______________________________________________
31
EpM ln cr
lLnW gAY W i :miWFcw `xFA
Epl` Fbe EpM ln EpxEv
Kx Az Y dltz lra
d`x
iA mirinW n E mlFr mExA mic nFr mNM eiz x Wn xW` e miz x Wn xvFi
mixEx A mNM miaEd` mNM :mlFr Kln E miIg mi l ` ix aC lFwA cgi
3
mdiRz` migzFR mNk e :mdpFw oFvx d`x ia E dniÀ mi r mNk e mixFA B mNM
mivixr nE mix`t n E migA W n E mikx
an E dx nfa E dxi WA dx dh a E dXcwA
- mikiln n E miWiC
wn E
:Èd WFcw `xFP de xFABd lFcBd KlO d l`d mWz` ldw
4
dfl df zEWx mipzFp e dGn df min W zEkln lr mdilr milA w n mNk e dltz lra
5
mipFr cg` M mNM dXc w dnirpa E dxEx
a dtU A g Exz gpA mxvFil WiC wd l
- d`x iA mix
nFè
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF`
av ii WFcw WFc w | WFcw b:e diryi ldw
mitx
U zOr
l mi`V pz
n lFcB Wrx A WcT d zFIge miPt F`de dltz lra
:mix
nFè migA W n mz
Or
l
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ai:b l`wfgi ldw
:Erin W
i zFgAW z
e Exn ì zFxinf mIw e ig l` Klnl :EpY i zFnirp KExA l`l
zFwc v rxFf
zFngln lrA zFWc g d r zFxEaB lrFR 6 FCal Èd iM
3. Almost all of the ancient mixeciq contain the word mdpFw, however, today mpFw is commonly
used, in order to alleviate any confusion that there might melye qg, be two zeieyx.
There are a number of such examples in j"pz.
(d:an diryi) :DA mik ld l g Exe d il r mr
l dn W
p o p d i`v `ve u` d r x md ihFpe min X
d ` xFA 'c | l-` d xn ` dM
(d:ì dixkf) :odilr lFngi `l md i xe xW r è 'c KEx A xn ì odix knE EnW ` i `le obx
di odipw xW
`
(dizekxae y"w oic ,sqei o`vk bdep) .mpew `le mdpew oevx dnià miyer xnel ie`xe xveid zgqep zepyl oi`
xn`ck ,odl oicxhpe dxiy mixneè mei lka mik`ln `xeay mixwal miycg (b dki`) yxcna epivn ikd. . . 4.
,zcd mircei mpi`y miycgd elè .dxiy xnel dfl df mipiznny mireawd mik`lna ze` yiy meyn jenqa
dXEcw ... dfl df zEWx oipz Fpe' xveia dlecbd zqpk iyp` ecqie epwz xy` epiide .dilk eaiigzpe xxeyl oixdnn
mei lka xnelk ,'mlFr mExA mic nFr mNEM eizx Wn xW` e mizx Wn xvFi' dlrnl mbe ,'mix nFè oipFr cg` M mNEM
(ozrifn d"c 'qez :bi dbibg 'nb) :crl oicnere mireaw eizxyn la` ,oicxhpe miycg `xea
wgvi xzrie epiy it lre ,mlega 'mlEM dWFcw dnirpa E' qxb mdxceaàe .mipyi mixecq lka d"k wexeya dXc w 5.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(mzrc dlawzp `le (!) b"ecdna `pliee dil` 'xe lìxfr 'x mbe) l`xyi zceare
6. (i:cr mildz) :gvpl L n W aiF` u`pi xv sx gi mi l ` iz n cr Now the letters of the two words gvpl jny
are those with which the names of the seven planets of the Ptolemaic system begin (zay 'nb
:hp zekxa i"yx ,:kw ,epw). These seven planets symbolize the powers mentioned in this passage...
The first planet, the sun, ruling on Sun-day is alluded to by zFxEaB lrFR ('ezxeaba ynyd z`vk').
The moon, star of Mon-day, is referred to by the phrase zFWc g d r, its outstanding
characteristic being its monthly cycle of renewal. zFngln lrA points to mic`n, the blood-red
star of the third day, Mars, the god of war of the Romans, called Tiu (Tuesday) by the ancient
Germans. zFrEWi g in v n hints at akek, the morning star that brings salvation
_______________________________________________
32
:zF`lt Pd oFc` zFNdz `xFp zFÈtx `xFA zFrEWi g in v n

mixF`
d rl f:elw mildz :xEn`M :ziW`x a dUr
n cinY mFilkA FaEhA WC gn d
:FxF`l dx g xF` :FC qg mlFrl iM milcB
dn EpNk dMfpe xi`Y oFIvlr Wc
:zFxFÒd xvFi ii dY
` KExA
:Epilr Y ln g dxzi
e dlFcB dln g Epi l ` ii EpY a d ` dAx dad ` ldw [lèny i"r]
EpPg Y oM miIg iTg mc OlY e La EghA W Epiz Fa` xEar A EpM ln Epia `
liMU d lE oiad l EpA lA oze Epilr mgx mgxnd ong x d a` Epia ` :(EpcOlzE 7)
Lz xFY cEnlz ix aCl
Mz` mIw lE zFUr le xnWl cOllE cnll rn Wl
8
dad ` l Epa a l cgie Lz xFz
A EpA l wAc e Liz Fvn A Epipir x`d e :dad ` A
Epgh A `xFP de lFcBd LWc w mWa iM :cr e mlFrl WFap`le Ln W z`9 d`x ilE
Epk ilFze ux` d zFtpM rAx `n mFlWl Ep` iad e :Lz rEWi
10
A dgn U pe dlibp
11
:oFWle mrl Mn Y xg a Epa E dY ` zFrEWilrFR l` iM :Epv x `l zEInn Fw
ii dY ` KExA :dad ` A Lc gilE Ll zFcFdl znÀ dlq lFcBd LnW l EpY a x
we
:dad ` A l`x
Ui FOr A xgFAd (milina elew z` jinpn dltz lrad mixvnd oiaa)
.dltz lrad ly dad` zkxa lr 'on`' miper
l`xyi rny weqtl mipird z` zeqkl
yie dìxwd zpeek mewn xwir èdy oey`xd weqta dpeekd xirdl èd aeh bdpne" :`"q 'iq ,miig gxe` xeh
dici gpn ded ck iax (:bi) zekxac a"tn mzii`xe oey`xd weqt zìxwa mdipt lr mdici oipzepy oibdep
dpeekd xxerl mc` dyriy dn lke oiekln erpeny xg` xaca lkzqi `ly ezpeek 'it dl ixw ded dipir`
".èd aeh
:hvw 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,xpfyh y"g xkfl ,dlitz giy :jeza ,(y"xdn) hhyiepn mely epiax ibdpne zekld
,cg` mixne`yk mdipt miqknd ,y"xdn xn` .eipir iab lr eici xiarny drya [a"r bi zekxa] xnzi`"
".`kdn mz[i]`x
(Mercury-Wednesday, Mercredi in French). Jupiter, called in Hebrew wcv, is referred to by

zFwcv rxFf.
The phrase zFÈtx `xFA is the designation used for the star of Friday, Venus (known
in Hebrew as dbep), which brings peace, joy, bliss, and health. Finally, the Sabbath star, izay
(Saturn, Saturday) is alluded to in zFNdz `xFp because ruling on the day of rest, it pays homage
to the Creator alone. [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 141]
mllkn q"yx xeciqe i"q aexa la` ,mdixg`y mixeciqae `"xe r"x xeciqa d"ke i"q zvwna d"k 7.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .ef daizl `zil
.'Liz Fvn A EpA l wAc A Epipir x`d e' `le 'Lz xFz
e Lz xFz e Liz Fvn A Epipir x`d e' èd oekpd gqepd 8.
A EpA l wAc
(!) xaqd lk `ll `pliee `"xe r"x xeciqa dpey`xl driten 'jny d`xile' `qxibde .mipyi mixecq lka d"k 9.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(e"eare d"eex xeciq hrnl) mdixg`y mixeciqa dlawzp `l j` ,d"fx xeciqa eizeawrae
10. The bdpn is to hold the two front zeiviv in the left hand, as mentioned by the following miwqet;
`pxih wifii` epiaxl mibdpnd xtq, dnly ly mi, mdxa` obn, axd jexr ogly, jexr ogly xeviw
and oglyd jexr. This was echoed by fpky` iwqet (`yiinxee ibdpn, [hxetwpxt ibdpn] clet oxd` 'x,
xiì zeg, and une` sqei xtq (although he held all four zeiviv, l"fix`d bdpnk)).
`hand zexidn mey okzi `l dlitzd ixacy" ezhiyl `prd onlf 'xn èd unwl iepiyde ,i"q lka - gzta sl`d 11.
(edil` xef` xeciq) ."xn`n lk oia xenb wqtd zzl ie`x la`
_______________________________________________
33
cr mqike eipir lr eci gipd rny zìxwc l`xyi rny l"bq i"xdn xn`yk" :dlitz zekld yix ,l"ixdn xtq
".cg` zpeek meiq
:mdn mipy hhv` .mipey`xae mipe`ba àend oyid bdpndn wlg d`xpk
dlrnl enlera cigi èd d"awdy eala aeygiy xeriy cg`c 'ca jix`dl jixve" :`"q oniq ,miig gxe` xeh
oiwtwtn yie zegex 'cle dhne dlrn daygnd itk y`xd zehdl oibdep yie mlerd zegex 'cae dhnle
xne` did l"f y"`xd `"è eiztya fenxi `le eipira uexwi `l rny z` `xewd ìpzc `d meyn xaca
dpeekd jxev ìd dfinxd `kd la` dpeekd oilhane `"c jxevl dfinxde dvixwd mzdc yegl oi`y
".dze` znxebe
daygnd itk y`xd zehdl mibdep yie l"fe ,`"q 'qa g"` azky enk dyry ipxekf" :81 'nr ,g"e` ,xyei hwl
".mlerd zegex 'ce dhne dlrn
minilyn yie .xeaiva ode cigia od 'on`p jln l`' zxin` dl minicwn y"wa zeaiz g"nx znlydl
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,dltz lrad ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx oeayg z`
it lr dìxwd xwir èdy oey`xd weqtd llek `xwnd inrha dlek y"w z` èxwl jixv dligzkl
,hxta fpky` ipa ly dnecwd `xwnd inrh zpibpae ,mda lbxen m` ,`xwnd inrh zpibpa rny zìxw .miweqtd
.mei lka miinrt rny zìxw ly `ziixe`c devnd z` miiwl zxgaend jxcd ìd
milind iiehia lr - `ziixe`c y"wa xzeiae - dltzd lka citwdl jixv miwcwcnde miweqtd it lr
oia mb fpky` ipa elicad epiptly zexecae ,fpky` ipa ly ef ìd dpekpd mlegd ziibd .zwcwecn ycewd oeyla
.(cpled ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"l`l o"ir oiae (dixbped ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"kl z"ig
'cg`' ly z"ilca jix`dl `xnbd oic lr citwdl jixv fpky` iwqet itl .zipeyl ìd dpekpd zifpky`d y"ixd
,zehiyd lr itl y"w onfa miwcwcnd md miax .(zeincwd zepeilrd miipiyd ixeg`n dyelw oeyld zcrxda)
.l"fg zxeqn itl dyrizy y"w mvra mb xcdl mivn`zny dl` md ixyè
p n l `
o n ` Kl
c:e mixac
:cg ` 13 12 | ii Epi l Ui rn W
` ii l`x
:cr
:L `nlka E LWt plka E L a a llkA 14 Lil ` ii z` Y ad ` e h-d:e mixac
mA Y x
Ac
e Lip a l mY PPW
e :La a llr mFId L ev n i p` xW ` dN` d mix aC
d Eid e
L
cilr zF`l mYx Ww E :Ln EwaE LAk W a E KxC a L Y kla E Lzi aA L Y
aW
A
15
:Lixr
Wa E Lzi A zFffn lr mYa z k E :Lipir oiA zt h l Eid e
:od El` e ,(od miri
w x) dra W xn ` Wiw
l Wix] miriwx 'fa d"awd jilniy ick cg` ly z"iga jix`dl jixv 12.
(d"ly xeciq lr miig jxc) .uxàe [(:ai dbibg 'nb) .zFax r ,oFkn ,oFrn ,lEaf ,miw g W ,ri
w x ,oFlie
(zldw ixac) .cer oiè mly cg` èdy aeygie ,z"iga jixìe slà xvwi 13.
,LpFnn lkA 'L `nlka E' ,LW t
p z` lhFp
Èd Elit ` 'LWt plka E' ,rxd xv
iaE
aFh xv iA ,Lix
vi ipW A 'L a a llkA ' 14.
(.cp zekxa 'nb) .Fl dcFn
ied ,Ll ccFn ÈdW dCnE dCn lkA 'L `nlka E' ,xg ` xaC
miza rax` dpin opitlic (fh:bi zeny) ' thFh lE' (gi:ì) ' thFh l' ,(g:e mixac) ' t h l' (lld ziac `nrh)15.
.zxFQ
n ipd ` e `xw ipd ` ,rA x` o`M ixd (i"yx) 'ek `xw ipd` inp opixw zethehl edleka opè oilitzl
(:cl zegpn ,:fl migaf 'nb) .miY W iwi xt ` A zR ,miY W iR z
kA hh ,Kix
v Fpi` ,xnF`
àiw
r ia x
_______________________________________________
34
mFId mkz ` dEv n i p` xW` i evn l` ErnW Y n Wm` did e `kbi:ì mixac
iY z pe :mk W t plka E mka a llkA Fc ar lE mk idl ` iiz` da d ` l16
aUr iY z pe17 :Lx dv ie L W
xiz e Lp bc Y
t q ` e WFw ln E d xFi FYrA mkv x `xh n
mY c are mY x qe mka a l dY ti oR mk l Ex nW d :Yr a U e Y lk ` e LYnda l LcU A
did i`le min X d z` xvr e mk A i is` dx ge :mdl mzi eg Y W d e mixg` mi l `
ii xW` d Hd ux` d lr n dx dn mYc a` e DlEaiz` oY z `l dn c `d e xh n
zF`l m ` mY x Ww E mkW t plr e mka a llr dN` ix aCz
` mY nU e :mkl o p
L Y aW A mA xA c l mkipA z` m ` mYc Ole :mk ipir oiA zthFh l Eid e mk c
ilr
:Lixr Wa E Lzi A zFfEfnlr mYa z k E :Ln EwaE LAk W a E KxC a L Y kla E Lzi aA
mk ipa in ie mk ini EA x i orn l 'zn`' cr 'eaxi ornl'n elew mixn minrha rny `xewd axd18
:ux` d lr min X d iniM mdl zz l mki a `l ii rA W
p xW ` dn c
`d lr
md l` Y
x
n` e l`x
Ui ipA l` xA C :xn` N d nl` ii xnÌe `nfl:eh xacna
:zlk Y liz R sp Md zv ivlr Epz
pe m c l mdic ba itpM lr zv iv mdl EU r e
19
m ` mz iUre i i zev n lMz` mY x kfE F ` mzi`xE z
vivl m kl did e
Ex
MfY orn l :mdixg` mipf mY` xW` mk ipir ix g` e mk a a l i
xg` ExEz z`le
:mk i l`l mi cw mziid e i evn lMz` mzi Ure
.dltz lrad oke oexg`d weqtd axd mr ldwd exne`
mix
vn ux` n mk z ` iz`
vFd xW ` mk idl
` ii ip`
:mk idl
` ii ip` mi l
`l mkl zFid l
ìd Ffi` ' ka a llkA Fc arlE mkicl ` da d` l' ,ìp z C ?dlt z a C (minyb zexeab oixikfny) ol `pnE
` 'cz 16.
(.a ziprz 'nb) .'WFw ln E dxFi
FYrA mkv x`xh n iY z pe' ,Dixz A aiz kE
.dlt Y Ef xnF`
ied ?alA ìd W dcFa r
A aUr iY z pe' :xn
LcU `PW ,FYn d a l lk`
n oY
iW cr mElM mFrh IW mc`
l Fl xEq` ,ax xn ` dcEd i ax xn ` 17.
(.aq oihib 'nb) .':Y r a U
e Y lk ` e' xcd e 'LYn da l
18. opgei iax wondered how there could be old people in laa, away from the place where the
promise of eaxi ornl could take effect. But then it became clear to him as the prophet
(fh:ì l`wfgi) teaches us: :mW EÀxW` zFvx
À hr wn l mdl id è. Even outside of l`xyi ux`,
n WC
far from the ycwnd zia, one can experience the blissful nearness of God. zeiqpk iza, wherever
they may be, are considered a hrn ycwn, small sanctuaries where we can seek to be near to
God. ... A bdpn in many zelidw is for the ax to recite aloud the third paragraph of rny zìxw
(ziviv 't). The dpyn (c:` zekxa) teaches regarding this paragraph: mixvn zìvi oixikfn. The term
oixikfn has been understood to mean that one should publicly mention mixvn zìvi - hence the
custom for the ax to recite the paragraph aloud. In our dlidw (as in some others) the ax begins
i orn l, even though the sentence is not part of ziviv 't. However, if one
with the words EA x
understands the teaching of opgei iax, then it becomes clear that the recitation of EA x i orn l by
the ax, every morning and evening, conveys a dkxa to those who attend the zqpk zia.
(A Unique Perspective, Rav Breuers Essays 1914-1973 pg. 66)
19. While reciting the third dyxt (xnìe), the zeiviv are switched from the left to the right hand.
The bdpn of holding the zeiviv originated from the time of the cenlz and therefore is
considered a `xnbc dpic. The zeiviv are kissed only while reciting the words 'eze` mzi`xe'.
_______________________________________________
35
ziviv zyxt xne` dltz lrad jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè 'zn`' dlina elew mixn dltz lrad
.elld milnd oia wiqtdle eilr oizndl jxhvi `le ,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr
e mirpe cng pe aiag e aEdè on`pe xWie mIw e oFkpe aiSie 21 zn `

20
xiC
è `xFp
mlFr il
` zn` :cr
e mlFrl Epilr dGd xaC
d dtie aFhe lAwn E oTz
nE
oFkp F`qk e mIw FnWE mIw Èd xFce xFcl Epr
Wi obn awr
i xEv EpM ln
inl FrlE cr
l mic
ngpe mipn `p minIw e miig eix
acE znIw cr
l FzpEn
è FzEkln E
l`x
Ui rxf zFxFClM lr
e Epiz FxFClr
e EpipA lr Epilr
e Epiz Fa`lr :minl Fr
:Lic
ar
dpEn
è zn` cr
e mlFrl mIw e aFh xaC mipFxg` d lr
e mipFW`x
dlr
Epiz Fa` Kln EpM ln Epiz Fa` ilè Epil 22 zn` :xFar
` ii Èd dY` W i `le wg
Ln W
mlFrn EpliSn E EpcFR
Epz rEW
i xEv Epx
vFi Epiz Fa` l`FB Epl` FB
:Lz l Ef cFr mi l
` oi`
xFClkA mdix
g` mdipa l ri
W FnE obn mlFrn Èd dY` Epiz Fa` zxfr
Wi` ix
W` :ux` iqt ` cr Lz
wc
ve Lih R W
n E La W
Fn mlFr mExA :xFce
LO r
l oFc` Èd dY` zn` :FAllr miUi Lx
acE Lz xFz
e Liz Fvn l rnW
IW

oi` Licr
lA n E oFxg` Èd dY` e oFW`x Èd dY` zn` :maix aix
l xFAB Kln E
:Epz ic
R mic
ar ziAn E Epi l
` ii EpY l` B mix
vO n :ri
W FnE l`FB Kln Epl
`vi `l ,zia xr 'dpEn
è zn`'e ,zix
gW 'aiSie zn`' xn ` `lW lM ,axC Din X n àq `ppig xA dAx xn ` 20.
(:ai zekxa 'nb) .':zFliNA L z
pEnè L A ciBd l' :xn
Cqg xA `PW ,FzaFg ici
21. These fifteen words begin with the same letter 'e, and they correspond to the fifteen words in
the last weqt of the 'rny'.
egly zekxa d`n ecqiyk itl ,dzid zg` zxb` cre mlerl dfd xacd cr aivie zn`n mipe`bd dyrna izi`x
.cre mlerl epilr dfd xacd cr aivie zn` mdl egly ,zekxa d`n mei lka xnel mkilr lawl mkpevx dlebl
,zeaiz d`n jzlef cer cr aivie zn` on oke .zekxa 'w cbpk 'w ixd ,'i md o"idd 'a df'd xac'd ,miryz md o"iiee e"h
(gwex) .zekxa d`n cbpk
(edil` xef` xeciq) .lebqa o"iyd zcwepn xteq izay 'x iptly mipyi mixecq aex .Èd dY` W
zn` 22.
_______________________________________________
36
mici ci
e Y
rA h mic
fe Y
rw
A sEqmie Y l` B LxFk
aE Y bx
d mdixFk
AlM
z`flr :xz Fp `l m n cg` mdixv minEQkie
EgAW ì:ew mildz Y xa r
d
zF`cFd
e zFkx
A zFgAW
z
e zFxiW zFxinf mici c
i Epz
pe l` EnnFxe miaEd`
milt W
D iA bn E mi`B liRW
n `xFp
e lFcB `Vpemx mIw eig l` Klnl
:eil` mr
EW
zr
A FOr
l dpFre miNC xfFre miepr dcFtE
mixi
q` ìvFn
23
:K anE Èd KExA oFilr l`l zFNdY
- mNk Exn` e dAx dgn U A dxi
W Epr Ll l`x
Ui ipa E d n
:`lt dUr zNdz `
xFp WcT
A xC
`p d nM in i i ml` A d n
kin ì:eh zeny ldw
.'l`xyi l`b' cr o`kn mipbpn dlind meia
mId ztU lr LnW

l milE`b EgAW
dWc
g dxi
W dltz lra
:Exn` e Ekiln d e EcFd mNM cgi
:cr
e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh ldw
:l`x
Uie dcEd
i Ln` tE 25 l`x
pk dc Ui zxfr Ui xEv 24 dltz lra
A dnEw l`x
:l`x ` KExA 26
Ui l`B ii dY
.dpexg`d ze` cr mx lewa df z` mb mixne`
23. One takes three steps backward upon reciting oeilr l`l zeldz (l"ixdn).
xnel fpky` iciqg epizeax ly dcitw lr epcnli ,xzeia miknqend miifpky`d dlitzd ixcqa oeir 24.
iciqg x`ye gwexde ,ciqgd dcedi iax ly mdiazka .'eplèb' weqtd ztqed `la ,'l`xyi xev' gqepd z`
mibdpnd xtq) oqipa c"i el`bp èaix 'qy itl zeize` 'qe zeaiz c"i da yi 'l`xyi xev'a ik xèan ,fpky`
:dlitzd gqepl jiiy epi` 'eplèb' weqtdy dler mdn ,mipey mixaqd jkl epzp md ,(`pxih `"xl
!zetixga fpky` ipencw el ecbpzdy iztxvd aeliydn 'eplèb' weqtd
Unlike oilet gqep, which included the additional verse ':l`x Ui WFcw FnW zFàv 'c Epl B'
before the end of the l`xyi l`b zkxa, ancient fpky` gqep did not contain this verse.
':l
`x
Uie dcEd
i Ln `
pk dc
tE' :xge`n gqep 25.
zkxa lr 'on`' dper xeaivd oyid bdpnd itl zekxad x`yk mx lewa 'l`xyi l`b' zkxa miiqn dltz lrad 26.
.'on`' ziiprn rpndl ick dltz lrad mr dkxad seq z` xnel bdpnd hyt mipexg`d zexecae dltz lrad
_______________________________________________
37
legl dcinr zixgy zixgy
.legl dcinr zixgy 3 2 1
:Lz Nd Y ciBi i E gYt Y iz t U ipc` 4 fh:`p mildz (:h zekxa 'nb) `gtp oa opgei 'x
mdx
a` i l
` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
5
oFilr l` `xFP
de xFABd lFcBd l`d awr
i i lè wgv i i l
`
qg xkFfe Md dpwe 6 miaFh mic
mdipa ipa l l`Fb ìan E zFa` ic qg lnFB
:dad ` A FnW orn l
:['miigl epxkf' xne` ldwd oi` u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
nl miIg d xtq A Epa z
ke miIg A utg Kln miIg l Epx
kf
8 7
:mdx
a` obn ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek :obn E ri
W FnE xfFr Kln
1. The xecid of ekxa inelyz dates from the seventeenth century. If a person missed ekxa said by
the dltz lra, he may recite it before u"yd zxfg. An la` recites yicw ivg and ekxa and afterward
the dltz lra begins the u"yd zxfg. ekxa inelyz was recited at zixgy daily, (nowadays in
Breuers, it is only said at zixgy on days when there is no dxezd zìxw). Traditionally it was
not recited on zay or on aeh mei. According to the `yiinxee ibdpn and zldw ixac, it was even
said during dgpn, however without ekxa, if a person missed the yicw ivg before the dxyr dpny.
rqete ezlitz z` axd milynyk if` ,xvei zkxa iptl yicwe 'ekxa' erny `ly zixgy zlitzl mixg`n yiyk
gzet 'ekxa' xg` cin .'ekxa' eixg`le yicw ivg xneè ,zqpkd zia gzta cnrp 'hiivxdì' lra e` la` ,eixeg`l
.cala yicw ivg r"yd zxfg iptl 'hiivxdì'd lra e` la` d xne` ,mixg`n yi m` ,dgpna .u"yd zxfg z"ad
2. Taking three steps forward before the dcinr, is a mipencwd bdpn.
drpkde d`xia cenrie ,eal lr eicgie zil`nyd lr zipnid eci gipie ,zg` lbx mdizy eli`k cgi eilbx oieki
wiqti `l dyecw e` yicw xne` dltz lrady rnyi m` elitè ,llk ezltza wiqti `le ,dlecb dpeekae
.dltz lrad xne`y dnl oieki `l`
.cenrl micitwnd yie u"yd zxfg ayil ebdpy yi 3.
4. gztz izty 'c is said quietly by the dltz lra before the u"yd zxfg. (zldw ixac [bl sc])
(The miidprciid ee"x ixefgn does not include it when u"yd zxfg is printed separately.)
xzeia v"ydl dkiiy ef dltzc bidpnd l"pe .ygla gztz izty 'c weqt g"i zxfg mcew k"b xnì ofgd
.k"ie d"xay dlige` dltza eze` xne` v"ydy drawed okle 'izty zgizt jixve mx lewa lltzdl jixvy iptn
(sqei o`vk bdep)
(.dk dlibn 'nb) .Edl opixn ` `l op` ,Edpipw z e dlFcB d zq pM Ez` e (fi:i mixac) `zi
ixF`
A dW
n Edpia z
kC `l i` 5.
(i"yx) .'c
qgd e zix
Ad xn FW ` xFP
de xFA
Bd lFc Bd l-` d Epi l e' (al:h dingp) `xfr xtqa .dlecbd zqpk iyp`
` dY r
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(zecn b"in 'd
Tpe' zeize` èd 'dpwe'c) dlitzd gqepa meweic - xqg mlerl 'dpw' 6.
,dkxae dkxa lkl zeaexw mixne` 'obne riyene xfer jln' l` ribnyke dltzd xfeg u"yd aà dryzae mixeta 7.
.'mlyexi dpea' cr 'mdxa` obn'n aà dryzae ,'dvx' cr 'mdxa` obn'n mixeta
.'mdxa` obn' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 8.
_______________________________________________
38
:ri
W Fdl ax dY` mizn dIg n ipc` mlFrl xFAB dY`
: mitiqen gqt ly oey`x mei ly zixgy cr zxvr ipiny ly sqenn
10 9
mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x
A mizn dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n
11
LFn
k in :xtr ipW
il FzpEn
` mIw n E mixEq
` xiYn E milFg `tFxe
:drEW
i g in v n E dIg n E zinn Kln KNdnFC inE zFxEaB lrA
:['jenk in' xne` ldwd oi` u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in
:mizO d dIg n 12 ii dY` KExA :mizn zFigd l dY` on`pe
9. In j"pz where an `Yg pz ` occurs we find in most places 'mWB', however in a few places we do
find 'mWBd ' even after an `Yg pz `.
The dxeqn in the old mixeciq was always mWB. However, the
wgvi xzrie xtq written by Yitzchok Satanov, unknown at the time to be a likyn, claimed that
mWB was the proper gqep. That is how mWB unfortunately crept into the xeciq.
unwpy s` ,lebqa 'g ,'cqgA ' mixne` xy`ke [unwdn d"dk `le] bdpnke 'ipyi 'ixecqak ,lebqa 'b mybd :oekpd
oirn èd ik ,dt wqtd eppi` mybd ok ,wqtd eppi` dty itl ,'inecde 'cq g ipc`
L lE' bi:aq 'ildza wqtd mewna
ji` sqen zltz iptl 'g rinynyk mb k"re .'dqpxt epiid inyb' a"r 'a ziprza y"nk 'miIg lMlk n ' eixg` xen`n
(358 sc zldw ixac) .f` wiqtny s` ,mybd :xnì ,mzltza 'w exnì
10. The u"ayz (`w w"q) reports that his iax, the bxeaphexn m"xdn, would announce lhd cixen on the
first day of gqt because in l`xyi ux` they said lhd cixen when not saying mybd cixen. From
here we may conclude, that the m"xdn did not recite it all summer. (The gwex writes that the
letter z"ih does not appear in the second dkxa of the dcinr and therefore one does not recite
'lhd cixen'.) Therefore, since in the last eight hundred years at least, we have omitted lhd cixen,
there is no reason to start now.
.oix
vrp oi` W it l ,`pipg ia x xn ` ?`n
rh i`n .xiM f n ,xiM f d
l À m` e ,xiM f d
l min
kg EaiIg `l zFgExaE
lh A ,`pY
(.b ziprz 'nb)
xriixa axd writes that there is no difference between lh in that it is changed to un w in the case
of a strong pause, like an `Yg pz ` or a wEqt sFq. For example, a common mistake printed in
some miyneg is: (bi:fh zeny) ':dpg O l aiaq lHd za k W aE' with a oh w sw
dz id xA f. However, the
proper pronunciation is: 'lHd '. This mistake may have resulted because of the next weqt: l Y e
where is lh written with a unw since it is followed by an `zgpz`.
lHd za k W
(l"ixdn) .'xizne' `le 'mixeq` xizn' ,'axe' `le 'riyedl ax' 11.
.'miznd dign' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 12.
_______________________________________________
39
jexa mznrl' 'xnè' cr 'ycwp' milnd z` wx xne` dltz lrad WFcw LnW e WFcw dY`
:el` milna wzey ldwde ,'xn`l aezk jycw ixacae' ,'exnì
mlFrA LnW z` WC wp 14 cala dltz lra LElld13i mFilkA miWFcwE
aEzMM mFxn inW A FzF` miWiC mWM l`d
wO W ii dY` KExA :dlQ
we 15 b:e diryi Lìap cilr
xn ` e dfl` df `x :WFcTd (KlO d : z"iyra)
:minrt yly 'yecw' milind zxinà wx dlrn itlk hrn eiawr blci * eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw * WFc w * 16
w * | WFc
:Exn ì KExA mz Or l 17 dltz lra
.zg` mrt 'jexa' dlind zxinà cg` mrt dlrn itlk hrn eiawr blci * eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx A * ai:b l`wfgi
:xn`l aEzM LWc w ix ac
aE dltz lra
:DiElld xc e xc l oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz eicgi dltz lrae ldw
Epi l
` Lga W e WiC wp Lz Xcw migv p gvplE Llc B ciBp xFce xFcl dltz lra
ii dY
` KExA :dY ` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl WEni `l EpiRn
18
:WFcTd (KlO d : daeyz ini zxyra) l`d
drC dpiA 20 LY
`n EpPg e dpiA WFp
`l cOln E zrC mc `l opFg dY` 19
:zrC d opFg ii dY` KExA :lMU d e
,hRW v adF` Kln ,WFcwd l`d lNR z n mc` ,DlEM dpW d lM ,axC Din X n àq `ppig xA dAx xn ` e 13.
n E dwc
(:ai zekxa 'nb) .hRW O d KlO d e WFcTd KlO d lNR z O W ,mixER
M d mFie dpX d W`x oiAW min
i dxU r n uEg
14. The dltz lra alone says ycwp (dgpn ,zixgy) or jvixrp (sqen aeh meie zay) [dkw q"x g"e` r"ey].
.'xnè dfl` df `xwe' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa 15.
16. One rises on ones toes, for the miweqt of 'yecw' and 'jexa' as the mik`ln do when reciting dyecw,
whereas the weqt of 'jelni' is not part of mik`lnd zyecw. Those who rise on their toes for 'jelni'
as well, do so, since what the xeaiv recites in dyecw, is done in the manner of mik`ln.
.'exnì jexa mznrl' milina oebipd cxei mixvnd oiaa 17.
.h"w q"x g"e` r"eya hade on` zeprl xzeid exdfi z`fd dkxaae 18.
19. lMU
d e drC dpiA is in conformity with the very old xeciq of the xeaiv gily uxid ax laewn
(printed in 1560) The gwex makes note of both zegqep, (lMU d e drC dpiA as well as dpiA drC
lMU d e). In most ancient mixeciq the standard order of these words were lMU d e drC dpiA. This
order was retained in n"ctt. In j"pz, there are many examples in which dpia comes before
drc, as well as drc before dpia, and, basically, the order really makes no difference. Either it
means that through the dpia of the dxez one recognizes èd jexa yecwd, which is called drc;
or the reverse is also true: As a result of the recognition of èd jexa yecwd, drc, one proceeds
to learn his dxez, which is called dpia. (R Schwab on Prayer pg. 442)
dkxad xwir ìd ik 'dpia' micwdl sicry une` sqei azk 20.
(ck:hk diryi) ':gwlEcnli mipbFxe dpiA g Exi z Er cie weqtdn zekxaa `zi`ck
_______________________________________________
40
daEWz
a Epxi
fg d e Lz cFa
rl EpM ln Epa x
we Lz xFz
l Epia ` Epa iWd
:daEWz A dvFxd ii dY` KExA :Lipt l dnlW

EprW t 22 ald lr dkn iM EpM ln Epllgn Ep`h g ald lr dkn 21 iM Epia ` Eplglq
glFqe lgFn iM (oe`b dicrq ax xeciqn xewnd) .miprzn dxyr yiyk ziprza zegilq mixne` o`k 23
:gFlq l dAx
Od ,oEPg ii dY` KExA :dY`
:dY` wfg l`Fb iM Ln W
orn l dx
dn Epl` bE Epa ix daix
e Epipr
a d`x
:l`x Ui l`FB ii dY` KExA
('eppr' zkxaa dwcvd ywywn ziprza) : 'eppr' o`k dltz lrad siqen xeaiv ziprza
Epr Wxl
` otY l` :Epgp` dlFcb dx
va iM Epz ipr
Y mFv mFiA Eppr ii Eppr
Epz r eW
l aFxw `p did :Epz Pg Y n mNrz
Ylè EPO n LipR xY q Y lè
:xn`PW xaC M Eppr Lil` `x wp mxh Epn gpl LC qg `p idi
:rn W
` ip` e mix
Acn md cFr dpr ` ip` e E`xwimxh did e dk:dq diryi
ii dY` KExA :dwEve dx v zrl kA liSn E dcFR dx v zr A dpFrd ii dY` iM
:dx v zr
A dpFrd
jàxie` onlf dnly ax opposed adding drW
Epe Epri
WFd `txpe ii Ep` t x 24
the oevx idie in ep`tx, unless the individual
is critically ill. dnlW
dÈtx dlr de dY` Epz Nd z iM
: o`k xnì dlegd lr lltzdl dvexy in `tFx Kln l` iM * Epiz FMn lkl
Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idie *
min X
d on dnlW
dÈtx dx dn glW
Y W
,`tFx ii dY` KExA :dY` ong x e on`p
(t"at) dlFgl sEBd zÈtxE WtPd zÈtx :l`xUi FOr ilFg
:l`x
Ui ilFg x`W
KFzA
.ezenk ebdp `le oepgz mixne`y minia wx xiì zeegd zrcl 21.
One strikes ones chest each time one says 'ep`hg' and 'epryt' during dlitz, whether oepgz is said
that day or not.
(edil` xef` xeciq) i"qa d"k - gzta epryt 22.
23. Therecital of zegilq during the dcinr dates back to the very origins of zegilq. zegilq are recited
during the dcinr like aeh meie zay iheit. miciqg and `hil ipa also recite zegilq in the dcinr
on the most important dlitz of the year - dlirp. In fpky` bdpn, the one exception is in lel`
and daeyz ini zxyr, when zegilq are recited in the third zxeny` before the dlitzd onf,
and therefore the zegilq can not practically be recited within the dcinr.
24. In some communities dwcv was collected only on iyinge ipy. (The xyid aw tells of a miser
who wouldn't come to synagogue on those days, in order to avoid giving dwcv). n"ctt bdpn
is to collect dwcv daily, when the dltz lra recites ep`tx. (zldw ixac pg. 86)
zerahna lvlvne .ecia dtewe zqpkd ziaa xarl xarn zqpkd zia xrey jld 'ep`tx' zkxa dltz lra xne`y cera
.epxir iiprl ozip dkezay dne dwcvl zeaxdl dkezl zzl ellv lewl mrd xxerzi ornl dkezay dwcv
_______________________________________________
41
daFhl D 26
z` Eaz ipinlMzè z`Gd dpX d z` Epi l ` ii Epilr25Kx A
La EHn Epr AU e dnc `d ipR lr dk A (l xhn E lh : sxega ) oze
:mipX d Kx an ii dY` KExA :zFaFHd mipX M Epz FpW Kx aE
cgi Epv A w e Epiz FIlB 28 uAw l qp Ùe Epz Exgl lFcB xtFWA rwY 27
:l`xUi FOr igc p ,uAw n ii dY` KExA :ux` d zFtpM rAx `n
dgp` e oFbi EPO n xqd e dNg Y aM Epiv rFi
e dpFW`x aM Epih t FW daiW d
ii dY` KExA :hRW O A EpwCve ming x aE cqgA LC al ii dY` Epilr KFln29E
:hRW n E dwc v adF` ,Kln
(.xefgl jixv oi`y miwqetd aex zrc ,exn` `l mè hRW O d KlO d : dkxad miniiqn daeyz ini zxyra)
iaiF`lke Eca ì rbx M mipiOd lke dew z idYl ` mic OW nl 30 ohwd lèny
ri
pk z e xBn zE xAW zE
xTrz dx dn oFcf zEkln E Ezx Mi dx dn LOr
:mic f ri
pk n E miaiF` xaFW ii dY` KExA :Epin ia dx dn A
zhilR lr e l`x Ui ziA LOr ipw flr e mici qg d lr
e miwiC Sd lr
aFh xkU oze Epi 31
l
` ii Lin g x Endi Epilr e wcSd ix Blr e mdix tFq
WFap `l mlFrlE mdO r Epw lg miUe znÀ LnW A migh FAdlkl
:miwiCSl gha n E or Wn ii dY` KExA :Epgh A LaiM
xnel oiligzn oeygxn 'f lila l`xyi uxàe (xanrvrc 'e e` 'd) ixyz ztewz xg` h"p mei ly ziaxr zltza 25.
.gqt cr 'dkxal xhne lh oze'
.jzreyia epgnye jaehn epray aeh meie zaya mixne` ok ik daehn `le 'jaehn epraye' xnel jixv 26.
(l"yxdn mya dyn dhne 'c llk y"`xd 'eyz)
27. 'xteya rwz' zkxa contains exactly twenty words (xeh) which would make adding
the word 'epvx`l' superfluous. Mentioning l`xyi ux` as the gathering place,
seems unnecessary. j`lèe wifii` wgvi 'x, cites dlibn zkqn which states that from 'xteya rwz'
'cec gnv z`', there are six stages of dle`b; 1) Gathering the exiles, 2) Judgment for evil doers,
3) Destruction of those who rebel against God, 4) Elevation of the righteous.
5) Building of mlyexi, 6) Return of cec zia zekln. He likewise cites l"fg ixn`n,
which envisioned that in the stages of dle`b, there would first be a zeilb ueaw in ux`l ueg,
before returning to l`xyi ux`. zeilb ueaw is connected to cec zia zekln. Therefore, the idea
to add 'epvx`l' to the 'xteya rwz' zkxa seems out of place. The hwld ilay says that when
epia` awri went to down to mixvn and that he and his sons were all gathered together,
the zxyd ik`ln exclaimed 'l`xyi enr igcp uawn i"à'. And that was in ux`l ueg. It is interesting
that some cxtq igqep omit the term 'epvx`l' as well.
.'Epiz
FIlB' - zipniz zxeqn znerl ,'Epiz FIlB' zcwpn zicxtqe zifpky` zxeqn 28.
.':hRW v aiF` Kln ' rnyi `ly ,ahid `hai 29.
n E dwc
aeyl oze` oiziqne ,l`xyil mixivn eide ,l`xyia oipind eax lìlnb oax inia" .'` 'ld dltzn a"ta m"anxd 30.
da didzy zg` dkxa oiwzde ,epic ziae èd cnr ,mc` ipa ikxv lkn dlecb efy d`xy oeike ,myd ixg`n
:ef dkxaa ezgqep ìd efe :"lkd ita dkexr didzy ick ,dltza dze` rawe ,mipind ca`l myd iptln dl`y
ripkne miryx xaey i"à .epinia dxdna xayze xwrz oecf zeklne ,ecaì rbxk mlk mipind lke dewz idz l` micneynl
,ezxki dxdn ji`py lke jiai` lke ,ecaì rbxk mipind lke ,dewz idz l` micneynl ,i"kn mdxcea`d zgqepe :micf
,iwipel`y xefgna mbe i"ik mixecq ipyae :micf ripkne miai` xaey ,i"à .ripkze xayze dlkz dxdn oecf zeklne
oeyl ltk md ik ,ehnyp gwexae xehae ,'epiaie` lk' zeaiz izy cer eazkp 'ripkze' ixg` wx .oldlck dzgqep
,dxwirn `gqepd ok "micneynl" . . . ,'` llk '` xn`n e"l 'ta aizk jxcl dcva .jnr iaie` lke xen` xak ik
:[mipey`xd lkae l"f m"anxd zgqepe ,oe`b dicrq ax lye ,oe`b mxnr ax xeciqae] ,mipyi i"k lka d"ke 'eke
31. In ancient mixeciq, and in ze`gqep icxtq the text is 'WFap `l mlFrlE'.
_______________________________________________
42
(.dki` inrh oebipa - dkxad znizg zè ,zepiw ly reci oebipa xne` dlek 'jxir mlyexile' zkxa mixvnd oiaa)
DzF` dpa E Y xA C xW` M DkFzA oFMWz e aEWY ming x
A Lxi r mlW Exile
ii dY` KExA :oikY DkFzl dx dn cec `Qk e mlFr oipA Epin iA aFxwA
:mlW Exi dpFA
Lz rEWi
l iM Lz rEWi
A mExY Fpx
we g in v z dx dn LC
ar ceC gnvz`
:drEW
i oxw ,gin v n ii dY` KExA :mFIdlM EpiEw
oFvxaE ming x A lAw e Epilr mgx e qEg Epi l ` ii EplFw rnW 32

mwix EpM ln Lipt Nn E dY` EpipEpgz e Epz Nt Y 33 rn FW l` iM Epz Nt Yz
`
ii dY` KExA :ming x A l`x
Ui LOr zNt Y rn FW dY` iM Epa iWYl `
:dNt Y rn FW 34
Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
r
d aWd e mzNt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr
A Epi l ` ii dvx 35
cinY oFvxl idzE
oFvx
A lAw z dad ` A dx
dn mzNt zE l`xUi iX` e
:LO r l`x
Ui zcFa r
:'àie dlri' mixne` crend legae yceg y`xa
32. oicnrawri axd was against adding fixed texts of dywa to eplew rny but for adding ones own
request. The reasoning being, if l"fg required a specific text to be added - they would have
added it themselves. We don't find these zelitz in mixeciq before miidpciid slèe axd. The gqep
we have for the iecie was written by d"ly xeviw (oiihytr lkin lìgi axd 1800s), which is
similar to the gqep printed in oeiv ixry (Kabbalistic zelitz written about hundred years prior).
(edil` xef` xeciq) .oyid gqepd riten xzei mixge`n mixeciqa la` ...'EpipEpgz e Epz Nt Y ' èd gqepd i"q lka 33.
mirneyd z` xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'dlitz rney' zkxa znizg 34.
.ef 'on`' ziipr zeaiygl
miwicv znyp lr `dc azky (hw 'nr) `fiinxbn y"x xeciq 'iire ,(67 'nr) e"fgna ,(`"r g) b"rxa 'dx dn ' zqxib 35.
.dx
dn xnel ield epiax lhia okl ,'eke ef dlitz dcqiizp dlrn ly gafn lr mei lka l`kin aixwny
.i`w miwicvd znyp lry itl dx dn xn`l dgin `fiinbxn ield i"xe gwexd zqxib dx dn :f"c oyi xefgnae
.(86 dxrd 86 'nr) c"g myead zbexr oiire ,dad` A dx dn b"ly rnyn dceare d"c :ì zekxa i"yx oke
(hny 'nr gwexl dlitzd xeciq iyexit)
zetqezd ewizrd oke mxnr ax xcqa oke 'lAw z dad` A dx dn ' `gqepd micxtqd ixecqa mb f"tx xecqa
opixn`c epiide .y` ly miyak xne`y in yie ,miwicv ly odizenyp xne`y in yi oiwelg zeyxcn] zegpn seqa
xiacl dceard ayde' lirlc` i`wc `"ie .'oevxa lawz dadà dxdn mzlitze l`xyi iyè' dceara dxyr dpenya
dxdn xnel `ly dev l"ixdn la` .[(l`kine d"c 'qez .iw zegpn 'nb) :xzei iz`vn `l .'l`xyi iyè jzia
xnì `l 'dcFa dz`' qxeby iny ,'dcFa
r dz` aWd e' ly dqxbd iepya ielz iepyd znàe ,(g"n 'q une` sqei)
r
dfl oia dfl oia fè (n"ctt gqep) 'z`' zln ila 'dcFa rd aWd e' xnì 'dx
dn ' xnìy ine (`fiinxb gqep) 'dx dn '
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) .gwexde ea lkd zlagk ef dkxaa zeaz c"l
_______________________________________________
43
EppFxkf xkGie cwR ie rnX ie dvxie d`xie ri

Bie `Faie dlr
i Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
oFxkfe LW cw xir mlW
Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo
A g iWn oFxkfe Epiz Fa` oFxkfe EppFCwt E
mFiA mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA LOrl M
dGd zFM Qd bg : zekql | dGd zFSOd bg : gqtl | dGd Wcg d W`x : yceg y`xl
miIg l Fa Epri WFde (on` ldw) dkx al Fa Epc wt E (on` ldw) daFhl FA Epi l ` ii EPxkf
Epipir Lil` iM Epri WFde Epilr mgx e EpPg e qEg ming x e drEW
i xac aE (on` ldw)
:dY` mEgx e oEPg Kln l` iM
:oFIvl 37 FzpikW
xifg O d 36 ii dY` KExA :ming x
A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir dpifgz e
.ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv
40
(.n dheq 'nb) opaxc micen Èd d Y` W
Kl Epgp` micFn 38 degzyn
Èd dY `W
Kl Epgp` micFn
degzyn :cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii swef
i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef xFcl Èd dY ` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv
:ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi xUA lk EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce
39
WFcTd e lFcBd LnW l zF`cFd e zFkx A Epiz FnWplre Lc iA mixEq Od
EpIg Y oM :EpY n Iw e Epz iigdW
lr EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr
e Kl zFcEwRd
zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq `z
e EpnIw zE zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
LpFvx zFUr le LiT g xnWl LW c
w Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa e axr
41
Ep` W lr mlW aalA LC ar lE Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
42
dlind mixne`yk hrn mirxek K l micFn :Kl Epiew mlFrn
:zF`cFd d l` swef KExA
xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'oeivl ezpiky xifgnd' zkxa znizg 36.
.opaxc micen zxin`l mirneyd z`
.elew z` diabn aey ,'oeivl' epiidc dvx ly dpexg` dlna mle` ,elew z` lityn dkxad seqa mixvnd oiaa 37.
38. The dltz lra continues to recite the dcinr aloud as he reads 'micen'. The recent practice
that he should recite 'micen' quietly while the xeaiv recite 'opaxc micen' has no basis in dkld
or tradition. aèey oerny axd stated, "I don't know where the bdpn of saying the beginning
of 'micen' silently, comes from?" The issue of irnzyn `l ilew ixz does not apply since both
are reciting different paragraphs.
39. zFcEwRd not zFcwR EOd is the correct gqep.
.'Kl micFn
Ep` W
lr ,Epi l` 'c Kl Epgp` micFn '- ax xn ` ?mixnF` md dn mrd ,micFn xnF` xEAv gi lX W on f A 40.
.'Kl micFn
Ep` W
lr ,ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi' - xnF`
i`ni q ia x .'Kl micFn Ep` W
lr ,xUA lk il `' - xn ` lÈn WE
.'Kl micFn
Ep` W
lr ,EpY n Iw e Epz iigdW lr lFcBd LnW l zF`cFd e zFkx A' - i`ni q ia xC Din X n ixn ` irCxd
p
LiT
g xnWl ,LW
c
w zFxvg l ,Epiz FIlB sq `z e EpvA w z E ,EpPg z E EpIg Y oM' - ik d DA miIq n awri xA `g ` ax
.EdlEkl Edpixni p KMl id ,`R R ax xn ` .'Kl micFn Ep` W lr ,mlW aalA LpFvx zFUr le
41. The original `qxib 'Kl micFn Ep` W lr'.
42. opaxc micen corresponds to the u"yl micen - so we bow both at the beginning and at the
final 'jexa' which corresponds to 'jny aehd...jexa'.
(une` sqei) .zg` drixka eze` mixne` miwcwcnde ,'ze`cedd l` jexa' opaxc micen meiq
_______________________________________________
44
:'miqpd lr' o`k mixne` ,zixgya (e"h) c"i meia mixeta mb ,dkepg ini lk
zFnglO d lr e zFrEWY d lr
e zFxEaBd lr e owxR d lre miQPd lr
:dGd onfA mdd minIA Epiz Fa`l z iU r
W
44
xYq ` e ikCx n iniA : mixeta eipa E ipnWg lFcB o M opg FioA Ediz Yn iniA : dkepga
mdilr cnr WM dxi Ad oWEWA l`x Ui LOrl r dr Wx d oei zEkln dc nrWM
bi:b xzq` W TA rWx d ond dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ardlE Lz xFY
mgiMW d l
cA ` lE bxdl d l z` Y a x mzx
cin W v zr A mdl Y cnr miAxd Lin g x
A
sh ow fcr
e xr Pn micEd Mz` Y xq n :mzn w pz` Y n w
Idl p mpiCz
` Y pC maix
xUr dWFlWA cg ` mFiA miWpe mi`n h E miHr n ciA miAx e miWNg ciA mixFA B
x
c` W g Èd xUrmi pW W g l iwq Fr ciA mic fe miwiC v ciA mirW xE mixFd
h ciA
miAx d Lin g x
A dY` e :fFa l mllW E LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz
Y lw
lw e Fzvrz ` Y xt d xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE dlFcb drEW Y z iU r l`x Ui
FlEnB z Fa Wde FYaW g n z` Exdh e Llk idz` EPtE Lz iA xiac l Lipa EÀ KM
eipA zè Fz` Elze FW`xA Eraw e LW c
w zFxvg A zFxp Ewilc de LW C
wn z`
43
:urdlr :lFcBd LnW l lNd l E zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini zpFnW
:cr
e mlFrl cinY EpM ln LnW
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
45
(on` ldw) :Lz
ix
a ipA miaFh miIg l aFzkE : daeyz ini zxyra
:[ef dxin` lr xfeg ldwd oi`y ,'miigl aezke' dxin` lr 'on`' wx dper ldwd u"yd zxfga]
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
i l`d znÀ LnW
z` Elld ie dlQ LEcFi
miIg d lke
:zFcFdl d`p LlE LnW aFHd 46 ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
43. The phrase, z`fd zra miqpe `lt epicl` 'c epnr ok ,dfd onfae mdd minia zexeabe miqp mdl ziyry myk
appears in numerous manuscripts from the mipey`x (`yiinxee xefgn and oeyy i"k ixhie xefgn),
yet the xeh and jexr ogly (a"txz oniq) omit it. By the time of the mipexg`, we don't find the text
at all. This is but one example, where several parts of dlitz have changed from the time
of the mipey`x, sometimes due to a variety of accepted ze`qxb.
(:i dlibn 'nb) .(pure myrrh) ikc ixn opin B xz n 44.
45. The gqep of the bxeaphexn m"xdn as cited by the xeh is 'jzixa ipa lk miaeh miigl aezke'. However,
the gwex stresses the importance of the phrase containing only five words. Therefore
the l"ixdn omits 'miaeh', while `yiinxee bdpn and n"ctt bdpn (131 'nr zldw ixac) omit 'lk'.
.'zecedl d`p jle jny aehd' milina elew z` lityn dkxad seqa mixvnd oiaa 46.
_______________________________________________
45
:(mitk mi`yep `l mipdkd la` la` ziaae aà dryza s` mixne`) dltz lrad xne` u"yd zxfga
.ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà
47
LC
ar d n icilr daEzMd dxFY A zWNW nd dkx
AA Epk x A Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l`
:xEn`M - LW Fcw mr mip M eipa E oxd` iRn dxEn `d
oevx idi ok :JPgie Lil`
eipR | ii x` i oevx idi ok :LxnW ie ii L k xa i ek-ck:e xacna
oevx idi ok :mFlW Ll mUie Lil ` eipR | ii `V i
mexna xic` is recited if the mipdk go up to okec.
:LO r l`x
UilMlr e Epilr ming x aE daFh mFlW miU 48
e cqge og dkx
Epi l` ii Epl Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg`M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A
Lipir
A aFhe :mFlWe miIg e ming x e dkxaE dwc vE cqg zad ` e miIg zxFY

:Ln FlWA drWlka E zrl kA l`x Ui LOrz ` Kx al
50 z` jxand' zkxa znizg ,oepgz mixne` oi` xy`k
micwn ldwd u"yd zxfga] daeyz ini zxyra
:[dltz lrad iptl '...xtqa' zxin` lew znxda z"ad ici lr zxn`p 'melya l`xyi enr
51 xikfdl ick oepgz mixne` oi`yk zcgein dnirpae
daFh dqpx
tE mFlWe dkxA miIg xtq A " .ldwl z`f
LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l azM pe xkGp an d 49 ii dY` KExA
Kx
":mFlWl E miIg l l`x
Ui ziA
52
mFlXA l`x Ui FOrz
`
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA
47. mitk zìyp was performed daily, until about the year 5000. The mipey`x until then,
while discussing mitk zìyp zekld mention, that one should okec every day, without citing
that the bdpn is not to do so.
48. On every occasion that we recite mipdk zkxa, mely miy is also said. The text of mely miy itself,
has within it the request for miptd xe`, og, and mely, themes contained within the second
and the third zekxa of mipdk zkxa.
.dler aey oebipd 'melya' ,'l`xyi enrz` jxand' milina elew z` lityn dkxad seqa mixvnd oiaa 49.
'eke 'xtqa' oia dn :dfd t"t bdpn mrh epnn `ltpy il xn` l"vf oexwxalif awri d"n dnkg dpwy owfd oiicd 50.
?t"ta 'g zltza 'w 'ixne` oi`y ,'aezke ,jenk in ,epxkf' zeltz oiae ,lewa 'g zltza mb 'w eze` mixne`y
`l zeern idze ,jnelya xg`y dkxad zlgz xnìe exn`l 'g gkyi ot :'xtqa' 'w zxin` mrh l"py el izipre
'ixifgn oi` jenk ine epxkf xn` `l m`" d"q a"twz r"ya y"nk ,'kxad ly myd xak xikfd m` ,oewzl lkei
(178 sc zldw ixac) ".ikd `pic inp xtqae aezke xn` `l m` d"de 'kxa dze` miiqy wx eilbx xwr `l 'itè eze`
51. Adding the word 'miaeh' is ztxv bdpn, which was not accepted by fpky` ipeax.
'hniba dyery itl ,melya l`xyi enr z` jxan[d] dpyd zeni x`yae melyd dyer d"xa mixne` ep`y dn 52.
(l"ixdn) .melyle miaeh miigl epze` aezkiy dzr eze` oixikfn epè ,daizkd lr dpennd j`ln ède l"`xtq
oi` htyn mewnac mkxal leki epi` lekiak itl melya enr z` jxand `"` z"iyra gwexa azk mrh cer
.'laz oekz s` ux`d lk eiptln elig' aizkc mlera mely htyn dyery t"r`y melyd dyer 'ne` j` ,dwcv
(i-h:ev mildz)
_______________________________________________
46
dnx
n xAC
n izt U E rx
n ipFWl xvp i l
` (fi zekxa 'nb) `piax xa xn
Lz xFz
A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr
M iWt pe mCz iWt p illw n le
mzv r xtd dx
dn drx ilr miaW
Fgdlke :iWt p sCx
Y Liz Fvn a E
Lz X
c
w orn l dUr Lpini orn l dUr Ln W
orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e
:ippre eppre L
pin i dri
WFd Li
cic
i oEv
lg i or
nl f:q mildz :Lz xFY
orn l dUr
:il` b
e ixEv
i i Lipt l iA l oFibde it ix
n` | oFv xl Eidi eh:hi
53
: xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet
54
Epilr mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r
:on` Exn` e l`x
UilMlr
e
: xneè h`l swef
55
Epin ia dx
dn A WC
wO d ziA dpA iW
:zFIpnc
w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x
iA Lc
ar
p mWe :Lz xFz
A Epw
lg oze
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln
.dyecwl dltz lrad ribiy cr xeavae ,zen` 'c jeld ick cr eizeriqt elky mewna cnere
.ygla 'gztz izty ipc`' dlgzn xneè lewa lltzne xfeg dltz lrad
.(254 'nr) lld mixne` crend lege ,dkepg ,yceg y`x ly zixgya
.zegilq o`k mixne` miprzn dxyr oi`yk xii` a"dae oeygxn a"da zeiprza
.dxyr dpeny zlitz xg` (314 'nr) 'epkln epia`' mixne` daeyz ini zxyra
.mFlW oY i KM xg ` e ,eixFg
`l zFriq R WlW ri q t
iW Kixv lNR z O d ,iel oA r WFd
i ia x xn ` ixc pq M
l` ia x xn ` 53.
,FAxn xh t Pd cin lz
l lW n ,mwi n
l Dil ìr Ai
` mz d ,eixFg
`l zFriq R WlW rq RW oeiM ,ikc xn ax Dil xn `
,eixFg
`l zFriq R WlW ri q t
iW Kix
v lNR z O d ,ik d iO
p ìp Y !Fìw lr aX W alk l dnFC ,xY l` l xfFg m`
KM xg ` e oin
il mFlW ozFp W ,Exn ` dir n W mEWnE !llR z d `NW Fl iE`x ,oM dU r `l m` e .mFlW oY i KM xg ` e
(:bp `nei 'nb) .l`nU l
54. The `xnb makes mention of taking three steps backward upon finishing the dcinr.
55. In ancient mixeciq these miweqt do not appear. In the past two hundred to three hundred years,
the bdpn to recite them has become wide spread. It is considered a aeh bdpn accepted
by l`xyi llk (therefore they should be said and not skipped).
_______________________________________________
47
mit` zlitp xcq zixgy
oepgz xcq
iecie (epny`) was omitted the entire year, in order that it be said with the proper dpeek on xetk mei.
.eke (51 'nr) 'oepge megx' dxyr dpny xg` mixne` dpgz mda mixne`y minia legd ini lk
.yglae cnern eze` mixneè eke megx ède mitqen iyingae ipyae
1
:mdipt lr miltep oiè dpgz mda mixne` oi`y minid elè
oeiq yceg y`x ,xnera b l ,oqip ycg lk ,mini a ohw mixet ,haya xyr dyng ,dkepg ,yceg y`x ,dgpnl zay axra
,oeygxn yceg y`x xg` cr xetk mei axrne dpyd y`x axra `le ,aà xyr dyng ,aà dryz ,bg exq` xg` cr
,la` ziaa `le ,(aà xyr dynge haya xyr dyng on ueg) eiptly dgpna mb mixne` oi` el` minia
.dlind meia pkdaa `le ,(eiptly dgpna mb zelidw dnka bdpnd hytzpe) dtegl qpkpy meia ozg ziaa `le
[.libxk oepgz mixne` ipy gqta]
:Fz ng lM xir i`le FR ` aiW dl dAx de zig W i `le oFr xRk i | mEg x Èd e2 gl:gr mildz
:EpExSi cinY LY n` e LC qg EPO n Lin g x `lk z `l ii dY`
:Lz Nd z A g A Y W
d l LWc w mW l zFcdl miFBd on EpvA w e Epi l ` ii | Epri WFd fn:ew
:`x EY orn l dgilQ d L O r iM :cn ri in ipc` DixnW Y zF erm ` c-b:lw
Epa Epr Epiperm ` f:ci dinxi :Epilr lnbY Epiz FpFr k `le EpNdUr Y Epi` h g k `l
mFiA ii Eppr i :dOd mlFrn iM Li cqge ii Lin g xxk
f e:dk mildz LnW orn l dUr ii
:Ep` x wmFia Eppri KlO d dri W Fd ii i:k :awr i il ` mW Epa BU i dx v
:LnW orn l EpO r dUr dwc v miUr n EpA oi` iM Eppr e EpPg EpM ln Epia `
orn l Epri WFde Epiz Fa` zix Az` EplxkfE EpipEpgY lFwA rnW Epi l ` EppFc`
dw fg ciA mixvn ux`n L Orz
` z `v Fd xW` Epi l ` ipc` | dY r e fi-eh:h lìpc :LnW
L wc vlkM ipc` :EprW x Ep`hg dfgd l`ny lr sexbà mikn dGd mFIM mW L lUrY e
mlW Exi Epi a` zF era E Epi` h g a iM LWc wxd lW Exi L xi r
n L z
n g e LR ` `paWi
eip EpgY lè LC ar zNt Yl ` Epi l ` rn W | dY r e :Epi aia q lkl dRx gl L Or
e
:ipc` o n l mnX d LWC wn lr Lip R x` d e
1. The l"ixdn cites upin bdpn (Mainz), according to which, oepgz is recited the week
following zekq. n"ctt bdpn does not, which is supported by the ixy` zedbd and other mipey`x.
2. The historic origin of this prayer is shrouded in mystery. In Geonic responsa we find the
following report. After the destruction of the Temple, Vespasian, the Roman Emperor, had a
number of Jews set adrift in three rudder-less ships. After many weeks of helpless drifting, the
vessels finally landed on the coast of France and the Jews came to Lyon, Arles, and Bordeaux.
They were, at first well received. They settled in those towns and even grew quite prosperous.
However, when a new ruler arose, they were deprived of their property and were also
oppressed in many other ways.
Thereupon fast days were inaugurated, and on these days the megx ède prayer, composed by
two brothers (sqei and oinipa) and their cousin (lèny), was recited for the first time.
Subsequently the new ruler died suddenly, and the suffering of the Jews came to an end.
When these happenings became known to other communities, they too introduced the megx ède
prayer into the Monday and Thursday zixgy services. [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 224]
_______________________________________________
48
LnW
`
xwpxW` xir d e Epi n W d` xE Lipir gw
R dgwt r
nW
E Lpf` | i l
` dH d hi-gi:h
| ipc` :miA x
d Ling xl
r iM Lip t l EpipEpgY miliRn Epgp ` Epi wc
vlr `l | iM d ilr
`x
wp L
nW
iM i l
` L
prn l xg` Yl
` dUre daiW
w d ipc` dgl q | ipc` drn W

rAx
`n Epiz FvEtp uAw e daFhl zF` Ep` x
d ong x
d a` Epia ` :LO rl
re Lxi rl
r
Epia ` ii dYr
e f:cq diryi :Epi l
` ii dY` iM miFBdlM Erc
ie ExiMi ux
`d zFtpM
EpM ln EpxEv
LnW
orn l Epri
WFd :EpNM Lc
i dUrn E Epx
i dY ` e x g
d Epgp` dY`
Ex
nì dOl miFB mA lWn l dR x
gl L z lgp oY Y lè LO rl
r ii dqEg fi:a lèi :Epl` Fbe
Eplcnr
i lFcBd LnW
Epcr
A cnr
i in oiè Ep`h g iM Eprc
i :mdidl
` dI` miO ra
lr a` mgx
M :Ln W
orn l EpO r dUr dwc
v miUr
n EpA oi` iM Eprc
i :dx
v zr
A
Lz lgplr mgx j O rl
r lng :LnW
orn l Epr
WFde Epilr ii mgxY oM mipA
:zrl
kA zF`lt p d r dwc
Sd ii Ll iM Eppr
e EpPg :Lin g x axM `PdqEg
Epi l
` ii miAx
d Lin g x
A :LnW
orn l dx
dn A LOrl
r `pmgx `phAd
:zFiElz Epipir Ll iM svw EpA lWn ilè Lz irx
n o`v dri
W Fde mgx
ii Ll iM dx
v zr
A Eppr
e dhiA d :Lz ix
A orn l Epilr mgx Ln W
orn l Epri
WFd
Kln l` iM gNq e aFh l` `pglq `P` zFgilq D Fl` EpY lg Fz LA :drEW
id
:dY` mEgx
e oEPg
cigi zc
wr Lipt l d`xz e mixz A d oiA zix
al hAd e xFkf mEgx
e oEPg Kln `P`
zF`lt p d r :Epilr `x
wp lFcBd LnW
iM Eppr
e EpPg EpM ln Epia ` :l`x
Ui orn l
ii Ll iM dx
v zr
A Eppr
e dhiA d mEgx
e oEPg :LC
qg M EpO r dUr zrl
kA
Lic
qg e ii Lin g x xkf :Epillr
n rxM EpO r UrY l` Epq g n EpM ln Epia ` :drEW
id
:EpxEv
Licr
lA n xg` D Fl` Epl oi` iM Epilr `plng e Epri
WFd LaEh axkE
xaC
nE iaX
n E axgn dx
vw EpW
t p iM EPO n wgxY l` Epil
` ii Epa fr
Yl`
LipR x`d e :Epil
` ii Epn ilk Y lè EpiEw Ll iM EpliSd oFbie dx
vlMn E dtBO n E
rnW
E Epiz Fxva d`x :Ln W
orn l Epri
WFde Epiz Fa` zix
Az` EplxkfE EpA
:dRlM zNt Y rn FW dY` iM Eppr
e Epz Nt Y lFw
_______________________________________________
49
Ù `P` Epil ` ii :LFn M oi` iM LiU r nlMlr e Epilr mgx oEPge mEgx l`
lr aFhe ciqg g M A oiqg d mIw e ig l` Epl` Fbe EpxEv EpM ln Epia` :Epir Wt `p
xM EpO r dUr ming x `ln E miR ` Kx` l` :Epi l ` ii Èd dY` iM LiU r nlM
Epia ` :EpliSd oFbie dx vlMn E Epz Nt Y EpM ln rnW :Ln W orn l Epri WFde Lin g x
EpW H Y lè Epia ` Epa fr Yl` :EpgPY l` `x wp Epilr L nW e h:ci dinxi dY` EpM ln
:dY` mEgx e oEPg Kln l` iM Epx vFi Epg M W
Y lè Ep` xFA
:zn` e cqg ax e miR ` Kx` l` LFn M oi` Epil ` ii mEgx e oEPg LFn M oi`
awr ilE wgv il mdx a` l Lic ar l xkf :EpliSd fbx nE Wrx n miAx d Lin g x
A Epri WFd
mgPd e LR ` oFx gn aEW ai:al zeny :Epz `Hg lè Epr Wxl è EpiW w l` otY l`
cqg dUr LM xC ok iM dY` mEgx iM zeO d zMn EPO n xqd e :LO r l drxd lr
dtBO d zMn EPO n xqd e Ln r Gn EpliSd e LO rl r ii dqEg :xce xclkA mPg
mipR d zWA Eple dw c Sd ipc` L l f:h lìpc :l`x Ui xnFW dY` iM dWw dx fbE
daEW pe dxw gpe Epik xc dUR g p :wC hv PdnE xAc Pdn xn`PdnE opF`z Pdn
:`P dgilv d i i `P` `P driW Fd ii `P` dk:giw mildz :miaW lAw l dhEWt Lpini iM Lil`
EpPrzE dWgY l` lgip ii Ll EpiEw ii Ll EpiM g ii Ll :Ep` x wmFiA Eppr ii `P`
:deg Y W
Y cal Ll dnFwlke KxA lM mzew z dc a` miFb En`p iM
EppFaSr axn EpW t p dld a p mi`H g e mirW FR lAw l daEWz A ci g z FRd
dwc v EpA oi` m` EpM ln Epia ` :Ka Epiq g iM Epri WFde dnEw :gvp Epg M W Y l`
:cg` ii mFilkA Epiz Ecr e Epiz Fa` zix Az` Eplxkf miaFh miUr nE
Epia W
ux` A Epilr ii dqEg :Epa a l zFxve Epia F`kn EA x iM Epipr a dhiA d
miFBA EpcFa M lC dhiA d l` :Lz ix a ipA LOr Epgp` iM Epilr LpFxg KRWY lè
Lz xEa
b dxxFr :xvciA LY x `t z e iaW A LGr izn cr :dC Pd z`n h M EpEv TW e
:Epiz F`lY Lipt l Ehr nilè mzxEa Bn EYg ie EWa i md Epi` pFUlr Lz `pw e
zigW Y lè lr t Lpr nl Eppr nl `lmè Epz x v mFiA Lin g x EpEn C wi xdn
:mix nFè dad ` A cinY mFilkA min r R LnW mic gin d mF` xFkf :Epz ix `W xkf
:cg ` | ii Epil ` ii l`xUi rnW c:e mixac
_______________________________________________
50
,oetv cva dazl gixan cg`d edvwae mexcl cg`d edvwa daiza xaegn yxw did zqpkd iza ipya
dlitz lra cixed lewa dlitz seqae eiptl cner dlitz lrae ,lecbd dlitz xecq eilr gpen dltzd zrae
dbxcnd lr ayie dlre .ycewd oex`l u"y cnrn mewnn gzt dyrp dfae ,xeg`l gixad zkiyn ici lr yxwd z`
.dilry ci lr dlitz ceak iptn l`ny lr `le .oini rexf lr ey`x dhne .ycewd oex` iptly dpeilrd
(zldw ixac) ."rbx" cr "oepge megx" ygla xneè
3
lr dhi el oi`yke oini cv lr dhi erexfa oilitz yiyk .dxez xtq yiy mewna `l` mdipt lr miltep oi`
.mit` zlitp iptl 'cb l` cec xnìe' :weqtd z` mixne` oi` .ayeine erexf lr `wece el`ny
.dihd mcew ldwde dltz lrad mixne` 'iz`hg oepge megx' zelne
Lipt l iz`h g dlind zxinà ald lr oini cia mikn oEPge mEgx 5 4
:ipEpgY lAw e ilr mgx ming x `ln ii

ip` ll n ` iM ii ipPg :ipx Qiz L z ng A lè ipgikFz L R ` A l` i i 6 ì-a:e mildz
iW
t p dv Ng ii da EW :iz n cr i i dY` e z` ` n dld a p iWt pe :in v r Eld a p iM ii ip`t x
dgU ` iz gp` A | iYrbi :KNdcF i in lF` WA L
xkf zeO A oi` iM :LC qg orn l ipri WFd
:ixxF vl
kA dw z r ipir qrM n dW W r :dqn ` iU xr iz rnc A iz H n dlillka
:gT i iz Nt Y i i iz Pg Y ii rn W :iik A lFw i rnW iM oe` il Rl M iPO n ExEq
:rbx EWa i EaW i iai`l
M c`n Eld A ie EWa i
:eke (53 'nr) rcp `l epgpè cin mixne` reayd ini x`ya la` ,df mitiqen iyinge ipya
3. We do not actually prostrate ourselves while reciting oepgz, but merely lower our heads
and bury our faces in the bend of our arm. For only those worthy enough to expect fulfillment
of their demands from God may use the extreme form of adoration. Where there is no Torah
scroll present, even the act of bowing down is omitted, for following ryedi (e:f ryedi)
we want to demonstrate that our surrender to God means surrender to His Law.
[The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 227]
4. The dltz lra performs mit` zlitp in close proximity to the cenr, (in n"ctt there was a special
chair behind the dltz lra for this purpose). On days when either 'jt` oexgn aey l`xyi icl` 'c'
or 'l`xyi xney' are said, the dltz lra leads them aloud from the chair and remains seated until
'dyrp dn', when he arises as the xeaiv does.
(:ak dlibn 'nb) .iiElv ` ilv n C ,àxe iA `

l Edl `pifg ,oia ` xA ìIg ax xn ` (oepgz iab) 5.
6. The text of oepgz (according to our bdpn) consists chiefly of the 6th Psalm, which jlnd cec,
suffering in body and soul, uttered after his transgression with ray za (Malbim see on this
Psalm). [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 227]
_______________________________________________
51
(cxei oebipa miniiqn lewa mixn`pd mirhwd 'l`xyi icl` 'd' oenfta mixvnd oiaa)
8 7
:LO r
l drxd lr mgPd e LR ` oFx
gn aEW ai:al zeny l`x ` ii
Ui i l dltz lra
miFBA qlw n hAd

e brl Epiid iM d`xE min W ldw
:dRx
glE dMn lE cA` lE bxdl laEi gaHl o`vM EpaW g p
:EpgM W Y l` `p Epgk W `l LnW z`flka E dltz lra
:LO r
gn aEW ai:al zeny l`x
Ui i l
` ii
dEw n LnW nF` mixf
l m` og dew z e zlgFY oi` mix ldw
EplgpEd `le Ep bi d:d dki` dax
w EpzrEW
i xFdh
:Epilr
n Lqr
Mz` EWAk i Lin g x
:Yxg A xW` dNbq mgx
e LpFxgn aEW `p` dltz lra
:LO r
l drxd lr mgPd e LR ` oFxgn aEW ai:al zeny l`x Ui i l
` ii
:mix
fk ` ici
A EppY A Epilr ii dqEg
Ylè Lin g x ldw
:mdidl
` `pdI` miFBd Ex
nì dOl a:ehw mildz
:xg` Y lè (cqg EpO r ) dUr Lpr
nl
:Yx
gA xW` dNbq mgx e LpFxgn aEW `p` dltz lra
:LO r
gn aEW ai:al zeny l`x Ui i l
` ii
:EpnW
z` zFgnl EpiaiF` ciA EpW H Y lè ogze rnW z EplFw ldw
min X
d iak FkM Epiz Fa`l Y r A W
p xW` xkf
:dAx
dn hr n Epx` W
p dYr
e mkrxfz` dAx `
:EpgM W Y l` `p Epgk W
`l LnW z`flka E ldwe dltz lra
:LO r
Ui i l
` ii
LnW
cFa
M xaCl r Epr Wi il
` | Ep
xfr h:hr mildz ldw
:Ln W
orn l Epiz `Hglr xRk e EpliSd e
:LO r
Ui il
` ii ldwe dltz lra
7. An ancient tradition reports that this prayer was created dcedi jln ediwfg, at an hour of
extreme danger, when Sennacherib, King of Assyria was advancing against Jerusalem to
conquer it. ediwfgs name is said to be hidden in the acrostic of the verses, 'eke mixf ,dqeg.
8. The words 'jt` oexgn aey l`xyi icel` 'c' etc. are recited aloud by the dltz lra (in the regular
weekday melody), the continuation is said quietly, 'jnrl drxd lr mgpde 'eke z`f lkae' is said
aloud again by the dltz lra, and so on. [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 229]
_______________________________________________
52
,(zegilq seqa edexn` xaky elit` dilcb mevae) 'l`xyi xney' mixne` 'rcp `l epgpè' iptl mit` zlitp xg`
.cala (fenza f"i ,xzq` ziprz ,zaha 'i ,xiiè oeygxn a"da ,dilcb mev) xeaiv ziprz inil crepd heit èdy
.dnirp dzeà eilr xfeg xeaivd ,dreci dnirpa 'l`xyi xney' ly fexg lk xne` dltz lrad (n"ctt)
:l`x
Ui rnW mix nF`d l`x Ui caìlè l`x Ui zix
`W xFnW l`x Ui xnFW
cg` iFB caìlè cg` mr zix `W xFnW cg` iFB xnFW
:cg` ii Epi l
` ii LnW
mic gin d
WFcw iFB caìlè WFcw mr zix `W xFnW WFcw iFB xnFW
:WFcw WFcw WFcw zFXc w WlWA miWNW n d
:xfFr oi` iM ipr xFcl qIR z de dSxz d mipEpgz A qIR z
nE ming x
A dSxzn
:Epri
WFde cqge dwc
v EpO r dUr miUrn EpA oi` iM Eppr
e EpPg EpM ln Epia ` ygla
ii Lin g xxk
f e:dk mildz :Epipir Lilr iM dU r Pdn rc p `l Epgp ` e 10 9 ai:k 'a d"c
:Kl Eplgi xW ` M Epilr ii L C qg id i ak:bl :dOd mlFrn iM Li cqge
:c` n EpFNc iM Ling x EpEn C wi xdn mipW` x z er EplxMfYl ` g:hr
:xFM fY mgx fbxA a:b wewag :fEa EpraU axi M EpPg ii EpPg b:bkw
Epr Wi il
` | Ep xfr h:hr :Epgp` xtri M xEk f Ep
xvi rc
i ÈdiM ci:bw mildz
:Ln W
orn l Epiz`H
glr xRk e EpliSd e LnW cFa M xaCl
r
DzErx k `x aC `nlr A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz
ie lC Bz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix w onfa E `lbr A l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
(on` ldw) :on` rxek dltz lra Exn` e
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ìn lr inlrlE mlr
l Kx an Àx DinW `di
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC
dz ie `Vpz ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx Az
i rxek dltz lra
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek dltz lra `Wc wC DinW
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi We `z k xAlMn `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek dltz lra :`nlr A oxi n` C
.(60 'nr) 'ixy`'a mikiynn dxezd zìxw mda oi`yk reayd zeni lka
.'xq`p xry' oebipa eze` mixne` mixvnd oiaa ,cnern exn`l yie mit` jx` l` mixne` zeiprzae iyinge ipya
.(n"ctt bdpnk gqt axra `le) lecbe ohw mixet ly mini ipya `le ,dkepga ,ycg y`xa `l eze` mixne` oi`
LO rl
r ii dqEg fi:a lèi :Epg ikFY LR` A l` znè cqgax
e miR ` Kx` l`
:l` Lin g x xM `pglq :oFc` Ll Ep`h g dfgd l`ny lr sexbà mikn :rxl
Mn Epri
WFde
9. We do not know what else to do after having offered our adoration, as once epiax dyn did,
while seated, while standing, and while prostrate on our faces. The verse is taken from the
prayer of htyedi jln which he uttered to attain Divine aid in his battle against the hostile
armies arrayed against his people (ai:k 'a minid ixac). [The World of Prayer Volume I pg. 231]
zlitpae dcinrae daiyia lltzdl mc` lkeiy oipr lka eplltzdy itl ,'rcp `l epgpè' xnel ebdpy mrhde 10.
,'xda izcnr ikpè' k"gè ,'xda ayè' dlgza xn`y ,dxezd lawl eziilra xda epiax dyn dyr xy`k mit`
zlitp k"gè ,dcinra i"g k"gè ,daiyia zexinfd iweqt dltza ,epgp` epiyr oke ,''c iptl ltpzè' k"gè
:[mdxceaè .xeh] .'rcp `l epgpè' mixne` ep` xg` oipra lltzdl gk epa oi`y xg`ne ,mit`
Standing upon reciting 'dyrp dn' is quoted by the d"ly, who based his opinion on a 'cg` owf'.
_______________________________________________
53
dizekxae dzìxw dxezd xtq z`ved zixgy
dizekxae dxezd xtq z`ved

,dlilbe ddabd ,dqpkde d`ved ilra mde ,zilha mithrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn iyer lke dxezl milerd
.dlà `veike 'ceakd xiy'l ycewd oex` igzet mdenke ,iyily e` ipy dxez xtq i`yep ,obq lra
Lia ` Evt ie i i | dn Ew d n xnÌe ox`d q pA id ie dl:i xacna
:LipR n Li`pU
n Eqpie
:mlW
Exi n iixacE dxFz `v Y oFISn iM b:a diryi
:FzXc wA l`x Ui FOr l dxFY

ozPW KExA
"diny jixa" dltzd z` xeaiva xnel ebdp `l ,fpky` zelidw aexa
:lega `le zaya `l ,dxez xtq z`ved zra
.ldwd lr eiptyk cnere oinil exifgne eici 'aa elawn dltz lrae oini cia elhep dxez xtq ìvend
:'elcb' dnirpae mx lewa xne` dltz lrad

:eC
gi | Fn
W dnn FxpE iY ` | iil ElC
B c:cl mildz
dxez xtqy in lke .my oixewy lcbnl enr dlere epini jxc dpete jlede dlrnl ecia xtqd dltz lrad diabne
ezeell jixv dxez xtqa rbetd lke .ewyple el xyt` m` eici izya ewagle eiptn cenrl aiig eiptl xaer
xrnrnl`l dxez xtqd mr dlere epini jxc dpete dltz lrad jlede :mixne` ezkild jxcae ,xrnrnl`d cr
: dnirpa ldwd xne` ezkild jxcae ,my oixewy
cFd
de gvPd e zx` t Y
de d
xEaBd e dN c l1
Bd ii L ì:hk '` d"c
dk ln O d ii L
l uxà E min X
A lkiM
:W`xl | lkl `Vpz Od e
:Èd WFc
w eil bx mc
dl EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx d:hv mildz
:Epi l
` ii WF w iM FW c
w xd l EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx h:hv
,ziW` xa dU rn Ff 'dN c Bd 'c L l' ,Dil `piW xC ,`xw i`d A `qi P il cia rz ` e li`Fd ,(`liW ia x) xn ` 1.
:xn `PW mixv n zì v
i Ff 'd xEaBd e' (i:h aei`) ':xR q n oi`cr zF` lt pe xwg oi` cr zFlcb d r' ,xnF` Èd oke
WnX d mC Ie' :xn `PW r WFdi
l Fl Ecn rW dpalE dO g Ff 'zx` t Y de' (`l:ci zeny) ''ebe dl cBd cId z` l` x Ui `xIe'
'cFd de' (b,:bq diryi) ''ebe ic bA lr mg v p fie' :xnF`
Èd oke ,inFx lW DY lR n Ff 'gvPd e' (bi:i ryedi) ''ebe cn r g x ie
gln xq A xn ` i oM lr' (k:d mihtey) ''ebe mz FNqO n miak FM
n d Englp min W on' :xn `PW ,oFpx` ilg p zn g ln Ff
'dk ln O d 'c L l' :xn `PW ,`xqi q zn g ln Ff 'uxà E min X
A lkiM' (ci:`k xacna) ''ebe dt EqA adez` 'c
Èd oke ,bFbnE bFB zn g ln Ff ' V pz O d e' (fh:fi zeny) ''ebe D-i qM lr ciiM' :xnF` Èd oke ,wln r zn g ln Ff
,opgFi
ia x xn ` àx xA opg ax xn ` ,':W`xl | lkl' (b:gl l`wfgi) ':la z e KWn W`x ìU p bFB Lil ` ippd ' :xnF`

.Dil Epn Ìn W on ,`zi BxB Wix Elit `
oY n Ff 'zx` t Y de' ,zFxFkA zMn Ff 'd xEaBd e',sEq mi zri xw Ff 'dN cBd 'c L l',àiw r ia xC Din W n `pY `zi pz n A
(.gp zekxa 'nb) .WCw O d ziA Ff 'cFd de',milWEx
i Ff 'gvPd e',dxFY
_______________________________________________
54
Epiz FWtp liSie mipzi

` zix A xMfie miqEnr mr mgx i Èd ming x
d a`
minlFr zhilt l Epilr ogie miÈUPd on rx
d xviA xrbie zFrx
d zFrXd on
:ming x
e drEW
i daFh dC nA Epiz Fl`W
n `Nn ie
(dazd on wgxd zqpkd zia jezay) lcbnd lr dltz lrad ribda
: wqtd ila dlrnln jiynne ogleyd lr dxez xtqd gipn
l`x
Ui ziA FOr zhilt E Epz h lR ogie aFxw onfA Epilr FzEkln d`xz
e dlBz
e
Epi l`l lcb Ead lMd :(on` ldw) on` xn`pe :oFvxlE ming xlE cqglE ogl
o Md ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr i axw o M :dxFY l cFak EpzE
,l`xyil ezeaiyga dey ield xy`k ,odk mewna iel dler dligzkl zqpkd ziaa odk oi` xy`k
:'axw odk' xg` mixne` 'obie xefrie' e` 'd`xze dlbze' zxinàe
"o M mFwnA ieNd ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr w o M mFwnA iel o M o`M oi` m`"
i ax
:mixne` odkd zgz l`xyi dlere ,llk iel oi`y e` ,ield on blten l`xyi my yi mè
"o M mFwnA ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr
i ax Ui o M o`M oi` m`"
w o M mFwnA l`x
(.'cenri' llk mi`xew oi` obqde iàbde dìxw lrad)
Wtp zaiW xFY 2 h-g:hi mildz :FzXc

n dninY ii z wA l`x Ui FOr l dxFY ozPW KExA
aligO U
n mixWi ii i cETR :iz R zniM g n dpn `p ii zEc r
:mFl a FO rz
` Kx ai | i i oYi FO r
l fr i i ì:hk :mipir z
xi`n dx A ii zev n
:FAmi
gd | lk l Èd obn dtExv ii zx n` FMxC min Y l `d `l:gi
:mFId mkNMmi
Ig mkidl
` iiA miw a C è3 c:c mixac :eicgi dltz lrae ldw
d mY
.xiht n cnr
i :mifixkn f`y ,aà dryz zixgya caln ,mx lewa mi`xew oi` xihtnl
.(371 'nr) iyingle ipyl zeiyxtd xcq d`x

,(403 'nr) mixet ,(400 'nr) dkepg ini ,(399 'nr) xeaiv ziprz ,(399 'nr) yceg y`x
.(408 'nr) zekq crend leg ini ,(406 'nr) aà dryz ,(403 'nr) gqt crend leg ini
'c zevn' ,'mixyi 'c icewt' ,'dpn`p 'c zecr' ,'dninz 'c zxez' ,ingxc iweqt ipd dxez xtq oiìvenyk xnel ebdp 2.
.oex`d i`yep ly micrv dyy cbpk zeaiz yy ea yiy elcb xne` jk xgè ,mcva mxky ozny itl ,'dxa
dvxiy mewnl egzet k"gè ,dxezd dpzip mday mei 'nd cbpk 'dninz 'c zxez'a yi zeaiz 'ne (e a lèny)
.ea zeaezk zekxady oendd exnì `ly ick ,jxaiy mcew enzeqe elleb èd dligzkle .odk `xewe ea zexwl
mcew ellebl jixv i`ce ,ea `xwy xg`l la` .dzr jk lk ux`d inr igiky `l ixdy yegl oi` carica la`
(elleb d"c 'qez .al dlibn 'nb) :dcedi 'xk jxaiy
,' l ` W` Li l
` 'c iM' aiz k d e ?dpik W A iwEA
cl xW t ` ik e ':mFId mkNMmiIg mkicl d mY ` e' 3.
` 'cA miw a C
,eiq
kP n min
kg ici
n
lY dPd n d e ,min kg ici nl
z
l ìh n w xR dUFr
d e ,mkg cin lz
l FYA ìU O d lM `N`
(:ìw zeaezk 'nb) dpik W A wACn Eli` M aEzMd eilr dlrn
_______________________________________________
55
The original bdpn was for three people to stand next to the xrnrnl`, around the xtq,
the obq lra ([oey`x] iàb), dìxw lra and dler, to mirror xege ,oxd` ,dyn. It is common nowadays,
for there to be five people. In more "Yekkish" synagogues when one has just received an dilr,
typically one stands to the left of the dìxw lra.
4
The xeav need not have their heads covered with a zilh during dxezd zìxw,
and may only have their zetik on, while some will replace their hats.
dlere mcewn shern did `l m` zilha shrzn èxwd ,zilha shrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk
.dlilbe ddabde dqpkde d`vedk zevn x`y oky lke ,dìxwd zra iyily e` ipy dxez xtq `yepd s` ,lcbnl
A 7
:K and iiz` Ekx 6 5
xne` jxand
:cr
e mlFrl K and ii KExA : mnr cgi jxande dper ldw
: jiynn jxand
miOr
dlMn EpA xgA xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
:dxFY
d ozFp ii dY
` KExA :FzxFYz
` Eplozpe
dxez xtqa zfge` dcal epini ci x`yze dxez xtqdn zil`nyd eci xiqi dxeza zexwl `xewd ligznyke
dxezd xtq l` eidi mrd lk ipf` mbe .dlna dln `xewd mr ygla `xwi èd mbe ,dìxwd onf lk
miiqy weqta ziviva wypi dìxwd xg`le .d`xiae dnià mzlki lka da oiekle `xewd itn dìxwd renyl
:jxane dxezd xtq z` llebe
zn` zxFY
Eplozp xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
:dxFY
d ozFp ii dY
` KExA :Epk FzA rhp mlFr iIg e
(l"f i"x` mya) miryxe ,mipepia ,miwicv zeaiz iy`x 4.
5. dxezd zekxa, contains forty words which are said to allude to the forty days epiax dyn spent on
ipiq xd.
dxezd xtq z` gzti .oinia dlri ,zeey mikxcd izy mè .dxvw jxca enewnn dlri dxezl zelrl `xwpd 6.
.eici izya dxezd xtq z` fgìe eciay ziviv ici lr ewypie dìxwd z` ea ligzdl jixvy weqtd z` ze`xl
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) :lewa jxaie cvl eipt jetdi .'da miwifgnl ìd miig ur' : ygla dligz mixne` yi
7. It seems that the recitation of 'ìd miig ur', is a dlaw bdpn not fpky` bdpn. One bows for both,
the ekxa of the dler and the ...jxeand jexa of the xeaiv, as one bows before a king.
dligzkl one should stand from before the dlers ekxa until his first dkxa is completed.
_______________________________________________
56
:dxezl dlerl jxiay in

.leg ly dxezd zìxwa mb 'jxiay in'a dxezd iler lk z` mikxan
awr ie wgv i mdx
a` Epiz Fa` Kx AW in 8 : ekxan dltz lrade
Fl xW` lMzè FzF` ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z` Kx ai Èd
dxFY d cFakle mFwOd cFakl dlr W xEar A
dwEve dx vlMn EdliSie Edx
nW
i Èd KExA WFcTd df xkU A
eic
i dUrnlkA dglv d e dkx
A glW ie
daeyz ini zxyra lega
miig d xtq A EdaY
kie Edk x
aie
:on` xn`pe :eig` l`x
UilM mr
.da dlry efn zxg` jxca cxi 'jxay in'a dltz lrad ekxiay xgè
ìxa ly jxay in 9
awr ie wgv i mdxa` Epi ea` Kx AW in
eYrxvn onr
pe DYr x
vn dìapd mix nE eilg n dcEd
i Kln EdIw fg `Rx W inE
rWil` ic ilr egx i inE EpA x d n ic ilr dx n in wiYn d e
exEar
A dwc v ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x xc PW xEar A ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z` `Rxi e Kx
ai Èd
ieC Uxr lr Edcr
qie Edn ilg ie Edx
fri
e Edlivie Edx
nW
i mewOd df xkU A
eixaiè etEB lM lr dnlW dÈtx el glW ie
.on` l`x Ui ileg lM x`W KezA
,oyid bdpnd lr xenyl mikiynn ,zewdaend fpky` zelidw ipa
.mila` `le dìxwd xg` yicwd xnì dxeza `xewd e` dltz lray micitwne
(.cxei oebipa miizqn dxezd zìxw xg`y yicw ivg seq mixvnd oiaa)
DzEkln Kiln ie DzErxk `xaC `nlr
A (on` ldw) Àx DinW
swef WC
wz
ie lC
Bz
i rxek `xewd
:on` rxek `xewd Exn` e - aix w onfa E `lbr
A l`xUiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A
Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr l Kxan Àx DinW `di (on` ldw)
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC dz
ie `Vpz ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie KxAz
i rxek `xewd
`zxi
We `zk x
AlMn `Nr l (eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek `xewd `Wc wC DinW
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek `xewd - `nlr A oxi
n` C `zn gpe `zg A W
Y
ezy` xikfdl ila 'el xy` lk zè eze`' wx dltz lrale axl jxay in zkxaa hxetwpxta mixne`y mrhd 8.
. . . ecnrn itl cg` lka oeyld dpeyiy itl ?'mdizepae mdipae mdiype' ldw lya xne` xy`k ,eizepae eipa
,ldwd lk lya la` .md miax m` s` mikxean x`yl mb ok xne` zeeydle .llk jxc wx xne` okl
zldw ixac - .hxta mxikfn ,zepae mipae miyp mlerl mdly
md xa ` `rA ,md xa ` i`d xn ` wg v il ifgC lM ,wg v
i i`d xn ` md xa `
l ifg C lM,dpw
f did `l md xa ` cr 9.
,`W lEg ded e in
gx `rA ,`W lEg ded `l awri cr ."min IA À ow f md x a` e" :xn `PW ,dpw
f Dil ied ilC in
gx
gt Yi
` e in
gx `raE
rWi l`
`z ` e ,gt Yi
n C Wilg Wipi` ded `l rWi l`
cr ."dlg Lia` dPd sq Fil xnÌe" :xn `PW
(:fw oixcdpq 'nb) ."FA zEni xW` Filg z` dlg rW ilè" :xn
`PW
_______________________________________________
57
:lnebd zkxa
,`vie mixeq`d ziaa yeag didy ine ,`txzpe dleg didy in ,dxyr ipta cqg lnebd z` zecedl mikixv drax`
dxezl eze` oi`xewe ; aeyiil ribiyk xacna jldy ine ,epnn dlre mia cxei didy ine
: ef dkxa jxane siqen dxeza dzìxw lr dpexg` dkxa jxae `xwy xg`le
mlFrd Kln Epi l

` ii dY
` KExA [ax i"r]
:aFhlM ipln BW
zFaFh miaIg l lnFBd
:dlq aFhlM Lln bi Èd aFhlM Lln BW

in :ldw
.'xicìe' cr 'dxezd z`fe'n miweqtd z` dnirpa mixnfn yi dxezd zdabda
10
ii iR lr bk:h xacna :l` x
Ui ipA ipt l d n mU
xW` d
xFYd z`fe cn:c mixac
m p ikxc d ikxC fi :xX

`
n d ik ze DA miwi
fg O l ìd miIg ur gi:b ilyn :d nciA
t g ii `k:an diryi :cFa
ke xWr Dl e`nUA DpiniA mini K ` fh :mFlW
d iz Faiz plke
:xiC
ìe dxFY
liC
bi Fw c
v orn l
:(fpky` bdpn èdy xexa eppiè l`xyi zcearn xewnd) df xnì dxez xtqa dtnd z` jxek èdy cera
ii L
l uxà E min X
A lkiM cFd
de gvPd e zx` t Y d e d
xEaBd e dN c
Bd ii L
l bi-ì:hk '` d"c
d
xEabE M Lcia E lM
A lW
Fn dY ` e Lip t Nn cFaMd e x r
de :W`xl | lkl `Vpz
Od e dk ln O d
:LY x
`t Y mWl milld n E Kl Ep p` micFn
Epi l
` dY r
e :lM
l wGg lE l
Cbl L c ia E
Liz FCn lr Lin g x EllFBz
iW
izFa` i lè i l
:oiC
d zxEX
n mipt l mdl qpM z e LaEh zC
nA LipA lr bdpz
ze
.fpky` bdpn dpi` ,xg` onf lka e` dxeawd xg`l ,xeaiva 'mingx `ln l`' zxin`
mingx `ln l-` was not said or accepted in fpky` because a) it is a relatively recent dlitz and
in general, the tendency was not to accept such zelitz in synagogue b) there seems to be
Kabbalistic/esoteric aspects to it, which fpky` ipax felt, should be reserved only for dbixcn ilra
and not for the general public. We do see that sometimes micigi did recite this dlitz in fpky`
for instance, during a ctqd, (usually by mipax from Poland where the bdpn was adopted).
Fl ziU
rp ,dkf `l ,miIg mq Fl ziU
rp ,dkf 'd n mU xFYd z`fe' ?aiz k C i`n ,iel oA r WFd
xW` d i ia x xn ` 10.
(:ar `nei 'nb) :dzi n mq
_______________________________________________
58
dxezd xtq zqpkd zixgy
dltz lrad xnì oepgz mixne`yk lkidl dxez xtqd miqipkny mcew iyinge ipya
.dpyid fpky` zxeqn `l ìd ik ,llka z`fd dpigzd xnel ebdp `l n"ctt w"wa .'minyay epia` iptln oevx idi'
Epk FzA FzpikW z` aiWd lE EpiIg ziAz` opFkl min X A W
Epia ` ipt Nn oFvx idi
:on` xn`pe Epin ia dxdn A
dtBn E zigW n rF
pn le Epz h ilR lre Epilr mgxl min X A W
:on` xn`pe l`x Ui ziA FOrl M lr nE Epilr
n
mdizFpaE mdipa E mdiWpE md l`x Ui ink g EpA mIw l min X A W
:on` xn`pe mdizFaWFn zFnFwnlkA mdici nlz ici
nlz e mdici
nlz e
zFngpe zFrEWi zFaFh zFxFUA xVA z pe rnW PW
min X A W Epia ` ipt Nn oFvx idi
:on` xn`pe ux` d zFtpM rAx `n Epig C
p uAw ie
dWAIA oiaE mIA oiA mic nFrd dia X a E dx vA mipEzPd l`x UiziAlM Epig `
dN` bl cEArX n E dxF` l dlt ` n E dgex l dx Sn mìvFie mdilr mgx i mFwOd
:on` xn`pe aix w onfa E `lbr
A `YW d
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

: dnirpa xneè ,lkida eripvdle (dnia) xrnrnl`d on ekiledl dxezd xtq z` gwel dltz lrad
:min W
e ux`lr FcF d :ldw FC
al | Fn W aBU piM i i mW
z` | Elld i ci-bi:gnw
:DiElld F xw mr l`x
Ui ipa l eici
qg lkl dNd Y FO r
l | oxw mxIe
D cqi miO ilr ÈdiM :Da ia ie la Y D`FlnE ux` d iil xFnfn cec l 11 ck
miR k iw p :FW c w mFw nA mEw iin E iixda dl r i in :dppFk
i zFx dplr
e
12
ii z` n dkx a `V i :dn x
nl rA W
p le iWt p eytp èX l Ù p`l | xW` aal xaE
| mixr W E` U :dlq aw ri Lipt i w a n eiWxC eyxc xFC df :Fr Wi i l
`n dw cE
fEGr ii | cFa M d Kln df in :cFa Md Kln `Fa ie mlFr ig z R EÙPde mk iW`x
à ie mlFr ig z R E` E mk iW`x | mixr W E` U :dn g ln xFA B i i xFA be
:dlq cFa Md Kln Èd zF` av ii | cFa M d Kln df Èd in :cFa Md Kln
: mixne` ycewd oex`l dxezd xtq zqpkda
dn Ew i-g:alw mildz :l` x Ui itl` zFaax i i da EW xnì dgpa E el:i xacna
L
Car ceC xEar :EpPx i Li ciqge wcvEWAl i Lipd M :LGr oFx è dY
` LzgEpn l ii
:EafrY l` iz xF Y mkl iY z p aFh gwl iM a:c ilyn :LgiWn ipR aW Y l`
m p ikxc d ikxC fi:b :xX `
n d ik ze DA miwi fg O l ìd miIg ur gi:b
:mcwM Epini WCg daEW pe aeype Lil ` | ii Epa iWd `k:d dki` :mFlW d izFaiz
plke
11. On workdays and on holidays and other commemorative days which occur on weekdays,
Psalm 24 is sung while the Torah is restored to the ark. The last verses of this Psalm were
recited when the Holy Ark was carried into the Temple (mkiy`x mixry e`y).
.`rihw 'e `l` aizke ixw o`k oi` .''c xda dlri in' xkfpd myd lr aqene iWt p `le FWtp ìd dpekpd dìxwd 12.
(zldw ixac)
_______________________________________________
59
dltzd meiq zixgy
dlitzd meiq
1
xaer `l la` ,cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èd m` .dazd iptl xaer èd o`k zqpkd ziaa la` yi m`
,dkepg inia, yceg y`xa ,crend lega ,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ,mit` zlitp oi`y minia zelitzd lka
(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga
:dlQ LElld i cFr Lzia ia W

Fi ix
W` d:ct
:ei l
` iiW
mr d ixW` FN dkM W mr d ix W` eh:cnw
mFilkA :cr e mlFrl L nW dkxa ` e KlOd id Fl ` L nn Fx ` cec l dN d Y dnw
:xwg oi` Fz Ncble c` n lNdn E ii lF B :cr e mlFrl L nW dlld ` e kxa `
Li `lt p ix ac e L cFd cFa M xc d :EciBi Li xEabE LiUrn gA W i xFcl xFC
EriA i L aEha
x xkf :dPx Rq ` L z Nc bE jzelcbe Exnì Li `xF p fEfre :dgiU `
ein g x
e lM l iiaFh :cqg lc bE miR ` Kx` ii mEgx e oEPg :EpPx i L z
wc
ve
Exnì L zE k ln cFa M :dkEk xa i Lici qge LiUrn lM ii LEcFi :eiU rn lMlr
:FzEk ln xc d cFa E ei xEa B mc ` ipa l | ri cFd
l :ExA c i L z xEa
bE
milt P dlkl ii Kn Fq :xc e xFCl kA L Y lW n E min lrl M zEkln L zEk ln
:FY rA mlk ` z` mdlozFp dY` e ExAU i Lil` lkipir :mit EtMd lkl sw Ffe
ii wiC v :oFv x ig lkl ri AU n E L ciz` g zFR weqta dnirpa elew mixn dltz lrad
:zn à Ed`x wi xW` lk l ei`xwl kl ii aFx w :eiU rn lk A ciq g e eikxCl kA
eiad `l
Mz` ii xn FW :mri WFie rn W i mzr eW zè dUri ei`x ioFv x
FW c w mW xUA lM Kx aie iR xA ci i i zNd Y :cin W i mir Wxd lM zè
:DiElld ml Frcr e dYrn Di K xa p | Epgp` e gi:ehw :cr e mlFrl
,mixet oyeye mixet ,oey`x xc` e"he c"i ,dkepg ,yceg y`xa gvpnl mixne` oi`)
(.la` ziaa mixne` oi` mbe ,xetk mei axr ,aà dryz ,bg exq` ,crend leg ,gqt axr
L xfrg
lW i :aw ri i l
` | mW L aBU i d
xv mFiA ii L pri :cecl xFnfn g S pn l k
Laalk L loYi :dlQdpX c
i Lz lFre Li gpn lM xMfi :Jcr qi oFIS E W T n
:Liz Fl`W n lM i i `Nn i lBc
p Epi l `mW a E Lz rE
Wi
A | dpPx p :`Nn i L z
vrl
ke
:Fpini rWi zFx a bA FW c w in X
n Edpri FgiW n i i | riW Fd iM iY rc
i dYr
Eltpe Er xM dOd :xiM fp Epi l ` iimWA | Epgp ` e miq EQa dN` e akx a dN`
:Ep` x
W Fd ii :ccFr
z Pe EpnT Epgp` e
z` miktdn ,crend lege mixet ,milbxe zezaya .xegy hxq dl mixtezy epiid ,dxegy dxhr yi la`d zilha 1.
zilha shrzn ,silgn xcrida xetkd meie dpyd y`xa ofgl dpnzp m` .dvegd d`xii `ly xegyd hxqd
(wdaend fpky` bdpnl jixcn) .dxegyd dxhrd z` xizqn epi` dkepge yceg y`xa .dxegy dxhr `la ,dlibx
_______________________________________________
60
dltzd meiq zixgy
2
63 'nr ,a"kxz n"ctt ,zldw ixac ,xbiib onlf dnly iax ly n"ctt ibdpn xtqa xèank ,fpky` bdpn èd jk
:ii m`
p w riA r t iaW lE l` FB oFIvl àE 3 `k-k:hp diryi [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lrad
Lit A iY nU xW` ix acE Lil r xW` ig Ex i i xn ` mzF`
iz ix A z`f ip` e]5 4
[:mlFrcr e dY rn i i xn ` Lrxf rxf iR n E L rxf iR n E LiRn EWEn i`l
xn ` e dfl` df `x
we b:e diryi :l` x
Ui zFNd Y aW Fi WFcw dY` e c:ak mildz
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF`
av ii WFcw WFc
w | WFc
w ldwe dltz lra
:oix
n` e oiCo
n oiC oilA w n E [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
`rx
`lr WiC w DY ziA6 `nFxn inW
pikW A WiC
w [ygla] ldwe dltz lra
`rx
`lk ìln zFàv ii Ìn lr inlr lE mlr
l WiC
w DY xEa
B caFr
:Dx wi eif
2. The zldw ixac, xbiib onlf dnly axd (1792-1878) a oiic in n"ctt, was the older half-brother
of xbiib mdxa` (1810-74). He was also mdxa`'s childhood teacher and mentor (their father died
when mdxa` was only twelve or thirteen years old).
3. oeivl àe's Aramaic paraphrases of the preceding miweqt were composed by lìfer oa ozpei
known as the `xcqc dyecw. `xcqc dyecw, is based upon the practice of reading miweqt
from miìap, every day at the end of dlitz. According to oe`b ipexhp ax it was customary to read
ten miweqt daily from miìap with mebxz, followed by the dyecw. But when hardship became
prevalent, two miweqt, 'izixa z`f ipè lèb oeivl àe' were selected instead. The mdxcea` says
that this dyecw was arranged for the late comers who may have missed the main dyecw
of the dcinr. The gwex and the rexf xe` (b 'q zay zekld) recite that during the persecutions it
was forbidden to recite dyecw, it was therefore incorporated at this stage, with the addition
of the Aramaic passages in order to confuse the enemy. The gwex (e"r oniq) adds
that the reason for saying oeivl àe is to demonstrate our yearning for the dle`b. The reason
why it contains the dyecw is, the Evil Kingdom decreed that we should not learn dxez
and its Aramaic translation. The recital of the dyecw in oeivl àe saves a person from mpdib.
oeivl àe is said in order that the dltz lra may recite yicw at the end.
'iz ix
A z`f ip` e' weqtd z` miblcn la` ziaae aà dryza 4.
,mlFrl FrxGn zw qFR dxFY oi` aEW ,mkg cin lY FpaE
,mkg cin lY ÈdW lM ,opgFi ia x xn ` KpxR ia x xn ` 5.
L rxf iR n E LiRn EWEn i`l Lit A iYn U
xW` ix
acE Lil r xW
` ig Ex 'c xn ` mz F` iz ixA z`f ip` e' :xn
`PW
.df xacA Ll ax r ip` ,Èd KExA WFcT d xn ` ?''c xn ` ' i`n ':mlFrcr e dYrn 'c xn ` Lrxf rxf iR n E
(.dt `rivn àa 'nb) .dNW ìp q k ` lr zx Gg n dxFY ,din xi ia x xn ` ?':mlFrcr
e dYrn ' i`n
,h"py dìvipie ycw zxcd ,uxid 'x xeciq ,gwex ,b"rx xcqa z`vnp `l) .'d`Nr ' dlind z` hinydl yi 6.
(.b"ty e`pd ,h"rx b`xt
_______________________________________________
61
dltzd meiq zixgy
lFc
B Wr
x lFw ix
g` rn W
è g Ex ip` V Y
e ai:b l`wfgi [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
:FnFw A7 ldwe dltz lra

On iicFaM KEx
[ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
:oix
n` e oigA W
n C ìBq ri
f lw ixz
A zirn W
E `gEx ipz lh pE
:DY
pikW
ziA xz` n iic `x
wi Kix
A
:cr
e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny ldwe dltz lra
md x
a` i l
` i i gi:hk '` d"c :Ìn lr inlr l8 DzEk
lE mlr ln ii ygla mixne` ldw
LOr aa l zFaWg n xvil ml Frl z`Gdx

nW Epi a` l`x
Uie wgv i
aiW
d l dA x
de zig W
i`le oFr xRk i | mEg x Èd
e gl:gr mildz :Lil` maa l okd e
:Li` xwl
kl cqga
xe gNq e aFh ipc` dY ` iM d:et :Fz
ng lM xir i `le FR
`
mdx
a` l cg aw ril zn ` oYY k:f dkin :zn ` L z xFz
e mlFrl wc
v Lz
wc
v anw:hiw
l`d Epl qnri mFi | mFi ipc` KEx
A k:gq mildz :mcw inin Epi a`l Y
rAW
pxW`
:dlq aw ri i l
av ii g:en :dlq Epz rE
W
i
:Ep` x
W Fd ii i:k :KA g A mc
i
xW` zF`
av ii bi:ct
zn` zxFY
Epl ozpe mirFYdon EpliC
ad e FcFakl Ep` x
AW Epi l
` Èd KExA
d`x
ilE Fzad ` l EpA l mUie FzxFz
A EpA l gYt i Èd Epk FzA rhp mlFr iIg e
:dld Al clp `le wix
l rbip `l orn l mlW
aala Fcar
lE FpFvx zFUr
l FzF`
(:bi dbibg 'nb) .Dil rc

iC `Mil FnFwn C llM n 'FnFw A' 7.
On 'ccFaM KEx
(.m`w `vnp j` ,d`lr `vnp `l uxid 'x xeciqa) .'m`w ' dlind z` qexbl 8.
_______________________________________________
62
dltzd meiq zixgy
dGd mlFrA LiT g xnWPW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi 10 9
:Àd mlFrd iIg lE g iW O d zFni ipW l dkx
aE daFh Wxi pe d`x pe dig pe dMfpe
xaB d KEx A f:fi dinxi :JcF` mlFrl i l ` ii mC i `le cFak L x Ofi or nl bi:l
11
i i DiA iM cri cr iia Egh A c:ek diryi :Fg ha n ii did e iiA gha i xW`
:ii LiW xc Y fr`
l iM LnW ircF i La Egha ie ì:h mildz :min lFr xEv
:xiC
ìe dxFY liCbi Fw c
v orn l utg ii `k:an diryi
ie lC Bz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
w onfa E `lbr A l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ìn lr inlrlE mlrl Kx an Àx DinW `di
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC
ie gAY W
ie Kx Az
i rxek dltz lra
`z n gpe `z g A W
,yicw ivg wx dltz lrad xne` sqen mixne`y meia
:(271 'nr) milbx ly sqen e` (260 'nr) yceg y`xl sqen zltz milltzn eixgè
(!dltzd lkl mze` migipn `l` yceg y`x sqen iptl oilitzd oivleg oi`)
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e :Ìn W
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
id i :ldw a:biw mildz
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e :l`x
UilMlr
e Epilr miIg e Ìn W
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet dltz lra
Epilr mFlW dUr
i Èd xneè epinil dpet einFxnA mFlW d r xneè el`nyl dpet
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
ìdd meyn ,'...jiwg xenypy... jiptln oevx idi' xne`y drya mxiqdl oekpy izrnye" :xehird mya i"nbd 9.
jxal oi`y ol `xiaqc b"rè ,(:`p dcp 'nb) eiweg xenyl e"aw` oilitz zvilg lr mikxan eidy àxrn ipac
."àxrn ipa zxaql fnx carnl jiiy dkxa `kil `zlin `dac oeik n"n ,h"k 'iqa xàziy enk ozvilg lr
10. There are different mibdpn as to when one removes ones zilh and oiltz on weekdays.
The l"ixdn (milyexi oekn e"vy cenr) removed his zilh and oiltz after epilr, while l`tx oeyny ax
yxid would after the yicw epilr (bxeand bdpnk).
WFcT d A FpFgh A dlFYd lM . . .xn ` (in` iax) ':min lFr xEv 'c D-iA i cr 'ca Egh A ' ?aiz k C i`n 11.
M cri
(:hk zegpn 'nb) .Àd mlFrle dGd mlFrA dq g n Fl ix d ,Èd KExA
_______________________________________________
63
dltzd meiq zixgy
12
'epilr' mixne` jk xgè dltzd seqa milne 'epilr' z` oiblcn (349 'nr) zqpkd ziaa dlin yiyk
EpU r `NW ziW`x l Epilr

A xvFil dNcB zzl Md oFc`l g A W 13
Epl be mdM Epw lg mU `NW :dnc `d zFgRW n M Epn U `le zFvx `d iiFbM
` l` mil lR z
n E k:dn diryi wix e ladl mieg Y W n mdW 14 :mpFndlkM
WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln ipt l swef micFnE
mieg Y W rxek Epgp` e :ri
n E mirxFM W Fi `l
lrO n min X
A Fxwi aWFnE u x ` c ie m in W
dhFp bi:`p ÈdW :Èd KExA
FzlEf qt` EpM ln zn` cFr oi` Epi l ` Èd :minFxn ida bA FGr zpikW E
mi l
`d Èd i i iM L
aa ll` aW
d e mFId Y r cie hl:c mixac :FzxFz
A aEzMM
:cFr oi` zgYn u` d lr e lrO n min X
A
milENB xiardl LGr zx` t z A dx

dn zF`x ` ii LN dEw p oM
l Epi l lr 15
xUa ipA lke :iC
W zEkln A mlFr oTz l oEzx Mi zFxM milil`d e ux` d on
laz iaW FilM Erc ie ExiM i :ux` ir
Wxl
M Lil` zFptd l Ln W a E`xwi
ElR ie Erx
ki Epi l` ii Lipt l :oFW
llM raX Y KxA lM rx
kY bk:dn diryi Ll iM
mdilr Klnz e Lz Ekln lrz` mNk ElAw ie :EpY i xwi LnW cFakle
:cFakA Klnz e cr inlFr lE ìd LNW zEklO d iM :cr e mlFrl dx
dn
:epilr xg` miweqt llk exn` `l fpkyà mcewd bdpnd itl
:cr e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny :Lz xFz
A aEzMM )
(:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
d mFIA ux`d lMlr Klnl ii did e h:ci dixkf :xn`pe
12. epilr is only recited just before leaving the synagogue. Therefore, it is postponed in case
of dlin zixa.
.[ely deprd iptn] jetida zeaiz iy`xa fenx 'ryed' enye ,egixi z` yaky drya oep oa ryedi ici lr dxaeg 13.
(ciqgd dcedi iax)
14. The zldw ixac pg. 168 when discussing (dpyd y`x sqen) gayl epilr, mentions the xeav quietly
recites ':ri
W Fi `l l-`l` mil lR z
n E wix
e ladl mieg Y W '. It is clear that this verse was still said
n mdW
in his time (h"rwz). The uxid axd laewnd xeciq (Thuringia j"yz) notes, As these words
describe the worst of all the zetilw (spiritual shells or barriers), it is said without voice.
(either in a whisper or read silently without vocalizing the words.) The one exception, is that
on either December 25th in Western Europe or January 6th in Eastern Europe, it is recited
aloud, both in the evening and morning, [see the Nitel Nacht section pg. LIII in the back
of this dltz for further explanation].
.'dewp ok lr' zeaizd iy`xa mezg enye ,ezbixd iptl okr owiz 'jl dewp ok lr'n wlgd 15.
_______________________________________________
64
dltzd meiq zixgy
mei ly xiy
.mi`xep miniae aeh meia elit` mei ly xiy mixne`
1
:'ycwna mixne` eid mield' milind zxin`n mirpnp `l j` ,'zaya ... meid' aeh mei ly ipelt xenfn xnel oi`
mezi yicw mixne` eixgè ycwna mixne` eid mield xiyd mei lka xnel mibdep
'sq`l xenfn xiy'e mei ly xiy mixne` oi`y aà dryzn ueg) .(cg` la`n xzei yi m` wx xn`p)
(.llk mixne` oi` xetk meiae .dgpn zltz seq cr
FAW zAX
A oFW`x mFi mFId
:WC
wO A mix
nF` Eid mIeld wx mixne` h"eia
D cqi miO ilr ÈdiM :Da ia ie la Y D`FlnE ux` d iil xFnfn cec l ck
miR k iw p :FW c w mFw nA mEw iin E iixd a dl r i in :dppFk
i zFx dplr
e
nl rA W
p `le iWt p eytp èX l Ù p`l | xW` aal xaE
| mixrW E` U :dlq aw ri Lipt i w a n eiWxC eyxc xFC df :Fr Wi i l`n dw c
E
fEGr ii | cFa M d Kln df in :cFa Md Kln `Fa ie mlFr ig z
R EÙPd e mk iW`x
Kln à ie mlFr ig z
R E` E mk iW`x | mixr W E` U :dn g ln xFA B i i xFA
be
:dlq cFa Md Kln Èd zF` av ii | cFa M d Kln df Èd in :cFa Md
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
FAW zAX
A ipW
mFi mFId
:WC
wO A mix
:FW c wxd Epi l ` xir A c`
n lNdn E ii lF B :g wi pa l xFn fn xiW gn
d iz Fpnx
À mi l ` :ax Kln zix w oFt v iz M x
i oFIvxd ux`d lM UFU n sFp dti
:EfR g p Eld a p EdnY oM E`x dOd :eC gi Ex
ar EcrF p miklO d dPd iM :aBU n l rcFp
| Eprn W xW` M :WiW x Y zFIp` xA W
Y mic w g Ex A :dclFIM lig mW mzfg ` dcrx
:dlq mlFrcr dppFk i mi l` Epi l ` xir A zFàv iixirA Epi` x oM
uxìev w lr Lz Nd Y oM mi l ` L nW M :Llk id axw A L Cqg mi l ` EpiO C
oFIv EAq :Lih R W n orn l dcEdi zFpA dplbY oFIv xd | gnU i :Lpini d`ln wcv
Ex
Rq Y or nl d izFpnx ` EbQ R dl igl | mk A l EziW :dilC bn E t q d Eti Td e
:zEnl r Epbdpi Èd cr e mlFr Epi l ` mi l ` | df iM :oFx g` xFc l
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
1. The reason we do not recite the xenfn specifically designated for each day of aeh mei,
is because its recital is a mere ycwnl xkf. Therefore, since the sqen oaxw had a different
accompanying xenfn, we need not be particular, either on the exact xenfn, or on reciting it
before sqen. ('c w"q a"lw oniq mdxa` obn) (.dp dkeq 'nba oiir dnbecl)
_______________________________________________
65
dltzd meiq zixgy
FAW zAX
A iWilX
mFi mFId
:WC
wO A mix
izn cr :hR Wi mi l ` a w A l`zcrA aSp mi l `2 sq` l xFn fn at
:EwiC vd Wx e ipr mFz ie lcEhtW :dlqEÙY mir W x ipt E lerEh
RW Y
EhFO i EkNd z
i dkW
g A Epia i `le | Er ci `l :EliS d mir
Wx cIn oFia` e lcEh
NR
3
oEzEn
Y mc `M ok` :mkNM oFilr ipa E mY` mi l ` iY x
n` ip` :ux` ic qFnlM
:miFBdlkA lg pz dY` iM ux`d dh t W mi l ` dn Ew :ElR Y mix Vd cg` k E
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
FAW zAX
A iriax mFi mFId
:WC
wO A mix
:mi` Blr lEn B aW d ux`d h W ÙPd :ri t Fd zFn wp l` ii zFnwpl` cv
Ex O` z i wzr Ex Ac i EriA i :Eflri mir Wx iz n cr ii | mir Wx izn cr
:EgS x i min Fzie Ebx di xbe dpn l` :EPr i L z lgpe E` Mc i ii L Or :oe` il R lM
izn mil iq E mr A mixra Epi :aw ri i l ` oia i`le DId`x i `l ExnÌe
g ik Fi `ld miFB x id :hiA i `ld oir xv im ` rnW i `ld of` rhp d :EliM U Y
xaBd | i xW` :lad dOdiM m c` zFa Wg n r i i i :zrC mc ` cOln d
:zgW rW xl dx Micr r x inin Fl hiw Wd l :EPc Olz L z xFY nE DI EP xQiYx
W`
eix g` e hRW n aEW i wc vcri M :afri `l Fz lgpe FO r ii WH i`l | iM
ii ilEl :oe` il R mr il aSiz iin mirx nmr il mEw iin :alix WilM
:ipcr qi i i L C
qg ilbx dhn iY x n` m` :iW t p dn Ec dpk W | hr nM iN dz xfr
ln r x i zFEd `Q M Lx ag id :iW t p Er Wr Wi Lin EgpY iA x wA iR rx U ax A
i lè aBU n l il ii id ie :EriW x
i iw p mc e wiC v Wtplr ECFbi :wgi lr
:Epi l ` ii mzi
nv i mzinv i mzrx aE mpF`z` | md ilr aWIe :iq g n xEv l
4
:Epr
Wi xEv l dri xp iil dpPxp Ekl b-`:dv
:mi l `lMlr lFc B KlnE ii lFc B l` iM :Fl ri x p zFx nfA d cFzA eipt dn C wp
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
`' :xn
aSp mi l `PW ?zq
pM d ziAA iEvn Èd KExA WFcT d W oiPn ,wg v i ia x xn ` `C` ax xA oia x xn ` 2.
(.e zekxa 'nb) .'l-`zcrA aSp mi l
`' :xn
`PW ?md O r dpik X W oilN R z O W dxU
rl oiPnE
.'l-`zcrA
`le mik`lnk eidy) mlFrl EpÀ `l Ep` ,E`h g `l od `ln l` W ,EpizFa
`l daFh wif g pe E`FA ,Wiw l Wix xn ` 3.
.''eb oEzEn `M ok` ' mkiU
Y mc rn mYl
A g ':mkNM oFilr ipa E mY` mi l `PW ,i"yx (mipa eciled
n` ip` ' :xn
` iYx
(.d dxf dcear 'nb)
4. Later generations added the first three miweqt from d"v xenfn. The zldw ixac
(pg. 54 '` ohw sirq) deals with this subject at length, and claims that only one additional weqt
need be said.
_______________________________________________
66
dltzd meiq zixgy
FAW zAX
A iWing mFi mFId
:WC
wO A mix
:aw ri i l`l Erix
d EpGEr mi l`l Epipx
d :sq ` l ziY
Bd lr | g S pn l `t
:EpBg mFil dqM A xtFW W g

a Er
wY :lapmr mir
p xFPM szEp
zE dx
nfEÙ
ux` lr Fz`vA Fn
U sqFdiA | zEcr :aw ri i l`l hR W
n Èd l` x
Uil wg iM
:dp a rY cEC
n eiR M Fn
kW
laQ n izF
xi
qd :rn W
` iY
rc
i`l ztU mix
vn
iOr rn W
:dlq da ix
n inlr Lpg a ` mr
x xz
q A Lpr
` JvNg ` e z `x
w d
xSA
:xk p l` l deg Y W
z `le xf l` La did i`l :ilrn W
Ym
` l` x
Ui KA dci r
è
ilFwl iO r rn W
`le :Ed` ln ` e LiRa
gxd mix
vn ux` n Llr
O Li l
` ii | i p`
:mdiz FvrFn
A Ek
li mAl zExi x
WA EdgNW
è :il da``l l` x
Uie
:ic
i aiW
` md ixvl
re ri
pk ` mdiaiF` hr
nM :EkNd i ikxc
A l` x
Ui il r W iOr El
ri
AU ` Wa C | xES
E dHg alg n EdlikÌe :mlFrl mYr idie FlEWgk i ii i` pU
n
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
FAW zAX
A iXX
mFi mFId
:WC
wO A mix
:hFO Y lA la Y oFMYs
` xG` z
d fr ii Wa l Wal zE`
B K ln ii bv
zFx
dp EÙi mlFw zFx
dp E`
Up i i | zFx
dp E`
Up :dY ` mlFrn f`n L
`q M oFk
p
| Li cr :ii mFx
OA xiC
` miix
AW n mixi C
` miA x min | zFlTn :mik C
:min i K `
l i i W Td
e`p L zi
a l c`
n Epn `p
(68 'nr) mezi yicw
_______________________________________________
67
dltzd meiq zixgy
,bt xenfn mei ly xiy xg` mei lka xnel ,n"ctt w"wa mb ,zelidw daxda mibdep
.la` ziaa eze` `` mewn lkae .oepgz mixne` oi`y minia exn`l oi`y zelidw daxd bdpne
dPd iM :l` hw WYl

è Wx gYl
` KlinCl ` mi l ` :sq ` l xFn fn xiW 5 bt
:LipEtvlr Ev riz ie cFq Enixri LOrl r :W`x EÙp Li` pU E oEindi LiaiF`
zix A Lil r e
Cgi al Ev rF
p iM :cFr l` xUimW xkGi`le iFBn mci gk pe Ekl Ex
n`
ia imr zWl R wln re oFOr e la B :mix bd e a`Fn mil`r nW ie mFc ` ild` :Ezxki
` xqiqM oic
nM mdldU r :dlq hFlipa l rF xf Eid mOr del p xEX`mB :xFv
arM Fnaic p FnziW :dn c `l o c Eid x`Coi ra Ec nW
p :oFWi w lgpA oia ik
:mi l ` zF` p z` EpN dWxi p Exn xW` :Fnk iqplM rPn lv E gafk E a`fk e
:mix d hdlY da dl E xrixr aY W`M :gExi pt l Ww M lBlBk FnziW i l `
:ii L nW
E w a ie oFlw mdipt `Nn :mld a z L z t EqaE L xrq A mt CxY oM
L Cal ii L nW
dY ìM Er cie :Eca ìe Ex Rg ie cri cr Eld A ie EWai
:ux` d lMlr oFilr
DzErx k `x aC `nlr A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz ie lCBz
i rxek (ohw) mezi
:aixw onfa E `lbrA l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
(on` ldw) :on` rxek (ohw) mezi Exn` e
jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ìn lr inlrlE mlrl Kx an Àx DinW `di
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie KxAz i rxek (ohw) mezi
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek (ohw) mezi `Wc wC DinW
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi We `z k x AlMn `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek (ohw) mezi :`nlr A oxi n` C
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr miIg e Ìn W
on Àx `nlW `di
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet (ohw) mezi
Epilr mFlW dUri Èd xneè epinil dpet einFxnA mFlW d r xneè el`nyl dpet
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
No additional mixenfn (i.e. yceg y`x - iytp
ikxa or dkepg - kpgxiy xenfn)

are to be included within xeaiva dlitz.
.dixg` dkxa oi`y iptn ,dltzd xg` `xza 'ekxa' mixne` oi` mlerl
mixne` dyxc e` xeriy lk xg` .dkld e` dpyn micnel ea ,zqpkd ziaa xvw xeriy miiwzn dltzd xg` cin
.'eke 'dvx xn` ìywr oa ìppg iax' xnel oinicwnd yi `zzrnye dklda xeriy xg` .(369 'nr) opaxc yicw
.ef dxin` ekixvd `l `zcbà dyxc xg`
5. sq`l xenfn xiy has been recited since the end of the Geonic period (a few hundred years before
the introduction of the mei ly xiy). Its first appearance in fpky` was in the ixhie xefgn,
most likely as a result of the zexv and zexifb that were imposed upon l`xyi mr at the time.
Since one may not recite numerous miyicw, a yicw is recited at the end of the zixgy zltz
(sqen). According to fpky` bdpn, there is an opportunity for a yicw both after the mei ly xiy
and sq`l xenfn xiy, only if said by two different milia`. If there is a lone la` - he says the yicw
following this xenfn.
_______________________________________________
68
mildz ixenfn zxinè xtey zriwz ipic zixgy
,zixgy zlitz xg` ,(zayn ueg) lel` yceg y`xn mei lka
('c wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy d`x) .dpyd y`x iptl mini 'b rewzl miwiqtne
:driwz :drexz :mixay :driwz
oey`xd lilvl dxfg dler skize xzei jenp lilvl rwezd cxei cine ,libx lilva driwzd zligz .driwz
.driwzd seq cr ea jiynne
.micxeie miler mixaegn zelew dyely .mixay
.(miwqten zelew mrwezl dtexi` gxfn ipa lv` lbxenk `ly) micrexe mixaegn zelew dryz .drexz
('` wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy d`x)
.dxdei iede miciqg bdpn èd ik ,zeltzd ixg` 'iryie ixe`
'c | cecl' xenfn xnel oi`
xge`n bdpn .a .ze`zaya ceygd mini zngn wtwetn exewn .` mixg` minrh yi)
.oey`xd mrhd llba ezxin`n mirpnp miciqgd zecrn miax .c zereawd zelitzd lr mixenfn siqedl oi` .b
(.dltzd ixg` dpyd lk exn`l creiny `"i .d .mipniz y"ke lawzd `l llk micxtqd lvè
:hn xenfn z` xnel ebdp `le ,oepgz mda mixne`y minia mb ,fh xenfn mixne` ziaxre zixgy seqa la` ziaa
iz a Fh dY
` ipc` iil Y xn ` :Ka izi
q g iM l` ipx
nW l mYk n 6 fh
cec
xg` m zFa
Sr EA x i :ma ivt glM ixi C
è dOd ux` A xW` miWFcwl :Lilrl A
zpn i i :iz t U lr mzFn Wz` `V` laE m Cn mdiMq p KiQ ` lA Exdn
:ilr dxtW zl gps` min irPA ilEltp mila g :ilxF B Kin FY dY ` iq Fke iw
lg
cin z iC bpl ii iz iEW
:iz Filk ipExQi zFli l s` ipvr i xW` iiz` Kx a`
:ghal oMW i ixUAs
` icFa M lbIe iAl gn U | okl :hFO `lA ipinin iM
miIg g ` ipri
cF
Y :zgW zF` x l L ci
q g jiciqg oYz`
l lF` Wl iW
t p afrz `l | iM
:gvp L
pin iA zFnirp LipR z` zFgnU raU
i rxek (ohw) mezi
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie gAY W
`z n gpe `z g A W
on Àx `nlW `di
Epilr mFlW dUr
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
6. In fpky`, the recital of cecl mzkn is a late dlaw bdpn, in order for an la` to recite mezi yicw.
There is no need to insist on a specific xenfn, therefore, when a la` zia recites a different
xenfn one should recite that xenfn.
_______________________________________________
69
legl dgpn dgpn
fpky` bdpn is for the dltz lra to wear both zilh and jacket for all daily zelitz. If one is in
a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue and there is a ax, one should ask him beforehand and follow
his wqt. If the ax decides one should wear either a zilh or a jacket, it is better to wear a zilh
which covers fully, and makes one appear as a dltz lra. An la` or one who has hiivxdì wears
a zilh for all zelitz, whether dltz lra or not, even when not reciting yicw (for example at dgpn,
or there are other mila` and there is no yicw for the la` to recite by himself). The la` wears a zilh
with a dxegy dxhr, just as he changes his place for the zelitz, to make his zela` known.
.y`xd lr raekae oeilr cbaa milltzn .dltza caekn yeal lr micitwn

`cixb dtik `le ,edylk raek miyaeg mixrp mb
A hat has always been considered an important piece of traditional clothing. Both a lecb odk
and heicd odk wore hats to serve in the ycwnd zia. In German zelidw this was strictly adhered to,
therefore, not to wear a hat is disrespectful. One wears a hat and jacket for all daily zelitz,
whether one is orening (davening) [see page LVI in the back of this xeciq] xeava or zecigia.
,icar ixty `l ,ztpvnd ieqika wx micnere raekd skz mixiqn zqpkd zial mikledy miaeyid ipa mze`
mdiy`xa raekd egipiy ahen la` ,mdiy`xn raekd mb mixiqny `l`) lecb y`x ieqik xceq mdl oi`y ic `l
[d"ly xeviw] .(xzei miny `xen yi y`x ieqika ik
.dtika micner eide zilha mithrzn eid `l ,y`x zelw dnk mibdep miaeyid hxta mr ond aexe
[(xiì zeg) miig xewn] !oicd mein mdl ie`
.dgpn zltz
dgpn was orened after driwy, dligzkl since according to most miwqet a) zeynyd oia has not
yet begun and b) dgpn onf is opaxc and the rule is dlewl opaxc dwitq (This is according to
the mdxa` obn not the `"xb). The `"nx goes further and rules it can be orened until miakekd z`v.
,mit` zlitp oi`y minia zelitzd lka xaer `l la` ,cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èdy la` yi m`
,crend lega ,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ziaxre dgpn zlitza elit` dltz lrad ynyn epi` mday
(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga ,dkepg inia ,yceg y`xa
milerd ,mezi yicw ixne` ,dìxw lra ,xeaivd ipta 'devn' miyerd ly zilh sehir èd ,xeaivd ceak meyn zilh
lrad ly wdaend eyeal ìd zilh .zixgy zlitza `le ziviv onfa ielz epi` df sehir .devn iwqer x`ye dxezl
zexxerzde dpikyd ceak meyn mb èd jxev dfd sehirdy exiaqd md .l"fg ixacn miwqetd epcnl itk ,dltz
cr ebdp ok .ycwnd ziaa lecb odkd zcear oirk xètn cbaa 'c z` cearl ick zilh ly diti z` .d`xie dni`
.ziaxre dgpna zilh sehir bdpn lha zeiciqg zecr dnka .fpkyè dtexi` fkxn zevx` ,`hila mipexg`d zexecd
The bdpn is derived from :fi sc dpyd y`x zkqn, "xeav gilyk d"awd shrzpy cnln". A typical
dltz lra is shrzp with no distinction made between zixgy, dgpn, and ziaxr. The mdxa` obn,
in 'a w"q 'g 'q g"e` r"ey, states "u"yk d"awd shrzpy cnln ixn`ck shrzdl jixv daizd iptl xaer lkc".
The f"h, a w"q `twz 'q g"e`, discusses whether a dltz lra dons a zilh at night, writes `la i`cec"
"dpikyd ceak meyn `"` llk dtihr. The oglyd jexr, in gi 'iq f 'q g"e`, jixv daizd iptl xaerd u"y lkc"
"ziviva shrzdl. The dxexa dpyn, d w"q gi 'q g"e`, writes "shrzdl jixv daizd iptl xaerd lke".
_______________________________________________
70
legl dgpn dgpn
1
(mcxhynà mibdep/ebdp jky zexnl) .(10 'nr) cinzd zyxta ligzn dltz lrad zelidw zvwna
(zldw ixac) .'dlq' cr 'iayei ixy`'n zilh ila enewna ayi dltz lrad
Fi ix
W` d:ct
:ei l
` iiW
mr d ixW` FN dkM W mr d ixW` eh:cnw
mFilkA :cr e mlFrl L nW dkxa ` e KlOd id Fl ` L nn Fx ` cec
l dN d Y dnw
EriA i L aEha x xkf :dPx Rq ` L z Nc bE jzelcbe Exnì Li `xF p fEfre :dgiU `
ein g x
e lM l iiaFh :cqg lc bE miR ` Kx` ii mEgx e oEPg :EpPx i L z wc
ve
l :ExA c i L z xEa
bE
:FY rA mlk ` z` mdloz Fp dYè ExAU i Lil` lkipir :mit EtMd lkl sw Ffe
:zn à Ed`x wi xW` lk l ei`xwl kl ii aFx w :eiU rn lkA ciq g e eikxCl kA
` e eiad `l
Mz` ii xn FW :mri WFie rn W i mzr eW zè dUri ei`x ioFvx
:cr e mlFrl FW c w mW xUA lM Kx aie iR x Aci i i zNd Y :cin W
i mir Wxd lM
- my xneè daza zgpend zilha shrzn [daizd iptl xaer :l"x] d"lerd hiivxdìd e` dltzd lrad lega
:DiElld ml Frcr
e dYrn Di K
xap | Epgp` e gi:ehw
DzErxk `x aC `nlr A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz
ie lCBz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
w onfa E `lbr
A l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
'jxazi' mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ìn lr inlr
lE mlrl Kx an Àx DinW `di
`Vpz ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek dltz lra
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek dltz lra `Wc wC DinW lNd z ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie
`zn gpe `zg A W
Y `zxi We `zk xAlMn `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek dltz lra :`nlr A oxi
n` C
(399 'nr) 'lgie' zyxta ixab 'b oixewe (54 'nr) dxez xtq oiìven ,oiprzny dxyr yi m` ,xeav ziprza
.'yicw ivg' mrt cer dltz lrad xne` dxez xtq zqpkd xg` .(400 'nr) mixihtne
1. This was the bdpn in oilxa which was instituted by Professor Abraham Berliner and this is still
the bdpn of Golders Green Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in Golders Green, London.
_______________________________________________
71
xeaiv ziprzle legl dcinr dgpn dgpn
.xeav ziprzle legl dgpn zltz 2 1
:Lz Nd Y ciBi i E gYt Y iz t U ipc` fh:`p mildz

mdxa` i l
` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
oFilr l` `xFP
de xFABd lFcBd l`d awri i lè wgv i i l `
l`Fb ìan E zFa` ic qg xkFfe lMd dpwe miaFh mic qg lnFB
:dad ` A FnW orn l mdipa ipa l
:['miigl epxkf' xne` ldwd oi` u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
kf
a` obn 3 ii swef dY`
:mdx degzyn KExA rxek :obn E ri
W FnE xfFr Kln
:ri
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x A mizn dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n
LFn
k in :xtr ipW il FzpEn ` mIw n E mixEq
:drEW
:['jenk in' xne` ldwd oi` u"yd zxfga la`] daeyz ini zxyra
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in
:mizO d dIg n 4 ii dY` KExA :mizn zFigd l dY` on`pe
1. Taking three steps backward before the dcinr, is done in preparation to go forward. The three
steps forward should be immediately prior to the dcinr (sqen, dgpn and ziaxr) after yicw.
2. According to our miwqet, one does not recite dyecw [drFd] dbili`d during zixgy. At dgpn if
the hour is late, and the xeaiv will miss epnfa dlitz, one may recite it in the following way;
both the dltz lra and the xeaiv begin dxyr dpeny together and recites the entire dyecw
(including ycwp), together with the dltz lra. The dltz lra and the xeaiv recite xece xecl
together then they complete the dxyr dpeny silently. By the way, the recitation of yecw dz`
was in ancient times laa gqep and xece xecl was l`xyi ux` gqep.
.'mdxa` obn' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 3.
.'miznd dign' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 4.
_______________________________________________
72
,'exnì jexa mznrl' 'xnè' cr 'ycwp' milnd z` wx xne` dltz lrad
WFcw LnW e WFcw dY`
:el` milna wzey ldwde ,'xn`l aezk jycw ixacae'
mlFrA LnW z` WC wp cala dltz lraLElld i mFilkA miWFcwE
mFxn inW A FzF` miWiC mWM l`d ii dY` KExA :dlQ
wn W
we5 b:e diryi Lìap cilr aEzMM
dfl` df `x :WFcTd (KlO d : z"iyra)
xn ` e
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFc w | WFcw eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:Exn ì KExA mz Or l dltz lra6
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx A ai:b l`wfgi eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:xn`l aEzM LWc w ix ac aE dltz lra
Epi l
` Lga W e WiC wp Lz
Xc w migv p gvplE Llc B ciBp xFce xFcl dltz lra
ii dY
` KExA :dY ` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl WEni `l EpiR n
7
drC dpiA LY
`n EpPg e :dpiA WFp
`l cOln E zrC mc `l opFg dY`
:zrC
d opFg ii dY` KExA :lMU d e
daEWz
a Epxi
fg d e Lz cFa
rl EpM ln Epa x
we Lz xFz
l Epia ` Epa iWd

EprW
t ald lr dkn iM EpM ln Epllgn Ep`h g ald lr dkn iM Epia ` Eplglq
:gFlq l dAx Od ,oEPg ii dY` KExA :dY` glFqe lgFn iM
l`Fb iM Ln W
orn l dx
dn Epl` bE Epa ix daix
e Epipr
a d`x
:l`x
Ui l`FB ii dY` KExA :dY` wfg
: 'eppr' o`k dltz lrad siqen xeav ziprza
Epr Wxl
` otY l` :Epgp` dlFcb dx
va iM Epz ipr
Y mFv mFiA Eppr ii Eppr
Epz r eW
l aFxw `p did :Epz Pg Y n mNrz
Ylè EPO n LipR xY q Y lè
:xn`PW xaC M Eppr Lil` `x wp mxh Epn gpl LC qg `p idi
:rn W
` ip` e mix
Acn md cFr dpr ` ip` e E`xwimxh did e dk:dq diryi
ii dY` KExA :dwEve dx v zrl kA liSn E dcFR dx v zrA dpFrd ii dY` iM
:dx v zr
A dpFrd
.'xnè dfl` df `xwe' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn g"xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 5.
.'exnì jexa mznrl' milina oebipd cxei [a` mgpn g"xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 6.
.u"yd zxfg zyecw ixg` zilhd xiqn xeaiv ziprza dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk 7.
_______________________________________________
73
: o`k xnì dlegd lr lltzdl dvexy in drW Epe Epri
WFd `tx
pe ii Ep` t x
Epi l` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idie *
dnlW dÈtx dx dn glW
Y W dnlW dÈtx dlr de dY` Epz Nd z iM
WtPd zÈtx min X
d on on`p `tFx Kln l` iM * Epiz FMnlkl
(t"at) dlFgl sEBd zÈtxE
:l`x
Ui ilFg x`W KFzA
FOr ilFg ,`tFx ii dY` KExA :dY` ong x e
:l`x
Ui
daFhl Dz` Eaz ipinlMzè z`Gd dpX d z` Epi l
` ii Epilr Kx
A
La EHn Epr
AU
e dnc `d ipR lr dk A (l xhn E lh : sxega 8) oze
:mipX d Kx
an ii dY` KExA :zFaFHd mipX M Epz FpW Kx
aE
cgi Epv A w e Epiz FIlB uAw l qp Ùe Epz Exgl lFcB xtFWA rwY
:l`x Ui FOr igc p ,uAw n ii dY` KExA :ux` d zFtpM rAx
`n
EPO n xqd e dNg Y aM Epiv rFi
:hRW O A EpwC
ve ming x
aE cqgA LC
al ii dY` Epilr KFlnE dgp` e oFbi
:hRW n E dwc v adF` ,Kln ii dY` KExA
(.xefgl jixv oi`y miwqetd aex zrc ,exn` `l mè hRW O d KlO d : dkxad miniiqn daeyz ini zxyra)
LOr iaiF`lke Eca ì rbx
M mipiOd lke dew z idYl
` mic OW nl
ri
pk z e xBn zE
xAW zE
xTrz dx dn oFcf zEkln E Ezx Mi dx dn
:mic f ri
pk n E miaiF` xaFW ii dY` KExA :Epin ia dx
dn A
zhilR lr
e l`x
Ui ziA LOr ipw flr e mici qg d lr
e miwiC
Sd lr
aFh xkU oze Epi l
` ii Lin g x Endi Epilr
e wcSd ix
Blr
e mdix tFq
LaiM WFap `l mlFrlE mdO r Epw lg miUe znÀ LnW A migh FAdlkl
:miwiC Sl gha n E or
Wn ii dY` KExA :Epgh A
Y xA C xW` M DkFzA oFMWz e aEWY ming x A Lxi r mlW Exile 9
:oikY DkFzl dx dn cec `Qk e mlFr oipA Epin iA aFxwA DzF` dpa E
:mlW
Exi dpFA ii dY` KExA :(75 'nr) 'mgp' o`k mixne` aà dryza
xne` dlek 'jxir milyexile' zkxa [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 9.
.dki` inrh oebipa - dkxad znizg zè ,zepiw ly reci oebipa
_______________________________________________
74
daxgd e dla ` d xird zè mlW Exi ila ` zè oFIv ila ` z` Epi l ` ii mgp10
DcFa Mn diEfAd e d iz FpFrOn dax gd e d ipa ilA n dla ` d :dnn FXde diEfAd e
:dcli `NW dx wr dX` M iEtg DW`xe zaW Fi ìde :aWFi oi`n dnn FXde
axgl l`x Ui LOrz ` Elih Ie miliqt ic aFr dEW xi
Ie zFpFibl d Er Na ie
iAl iAl :DlFw oYY mlW Exi
e dMa Y xnA oFIv oMlr :oFilr ici qg oFcfa Ebx dIe
Wà E DYS d WÀ ii dY` iM mdillg lr ir n ir n mdillg lr
aia q W` znFg i im` p DNdid ` ip` e h:a dixkf :xEn`M DzFpal cizr dY`
:mlW
Exi dpFaE oFIv mgpn ii dY` KExA :Dk Fza did ` cFaklE
Lz rEWi
A mExY Fpx
ar ceC gnvz`
:drEW
i oxw ,gin v n ii dY` KExA :mFIdlM EpiEw Lz rEWi
l iM
Epz Nt Yz
` oFvx
aE ming xA lAw e Epilr mgx
e qEg Epi l ` ii EplFw rnW

:Epa iWYl
` mwix EpM ln Lipt Nn E dY` EpipEpgz e Epz Nt Y rn FW l` iM
dx va iM Epiz ipr Y mFv mFiA Eppr ii Eppr :mixne` ygl zltza xeaiv ziprz ly dgpna
:Epz Pg Y
n mNrz Ylè EPO n LipR xY q Y lè Epr Wxl
` otY l` :Epgp` dlFcB
xaC M Eppr Lil` `x wp mxh Epn gpl LC qg `p idi Epz r eW
l aFxw `p did
iM :rn W ` ip` e mix
Ac
n md cFr dpr ` ip` e E`xwimxh did e dk:dq diryi :xn`PW

rn FW dY` iM dwEve dx v zrl kA livn E dcFR dx v zr A dpFrd ii dY`
11
:dNt Y rn FW ii dY` KExA :ming x
A l`x
Ui LOr zNt Y
Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
r
d aWd e mzNt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr
A Epi l` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE
oFvx
A lAw z dad ` A dx dn mzNt zE
l`x Ui iX` e
:LO r l`xUi zcFa
r
EppFCwt E EppFxkf xkGie cwR ie rnX
ie dvx
ie d`xie ri
Bie `Faie dlr
i Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
LOrl
M oFxkfe LW cw xir mlW Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo A g iWn oFxkfe Epiz Fa` oFxkfe
mFiA mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA
miIg l Fa Epri WFde (on` ldw) dkx al Fa Epc wt E (on` ldw) daFhl FA Epi l ` ii EPx
kf
i xac aE (on` ldw)
(sqei o`vk bdep ,une` sqei) .'dpae' mcew oefnd zkxaa mgp exnì aà dryza milke`d dleg e` zclei 10.
mirneyd z` xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'dlitz rney' zkxa znizg 11.
.ef 'on`' ziipr zeaiygl
_______________________________________________
75
13 12
:oFIvl FzpikW
xifg O d ii dY` KExA :ming x
opaxc micen .ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv z"ad
Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
Epiz Fa` ilè Epil ` ii swef :cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` ilè Epil ` ii swef
:ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi xUA lk il ` xFcl Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv
WFcTd e lFcBd LnW l zF`cFd e zFkx A EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce
EpnIw zE
lr zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e Lc iA mixEq
Od
nWl LW cw zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq `z e EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr e Kl
aalA LC arlE LpFvx zFUr le LiT g zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
hrn mirxek :Kl micFn Ep` W lr mlW Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa e axr
:zF`cFd d l` swef KExA dlind mixne`yk Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
:Kl Epiew mlFrn
:'miqpd lr' o`k mixne` ,(e"h) c"i meia mixeta mb ,dkepg ini lk
e zFxEaBd lr e owxRd lre miQPd lr
W
xYq ` e ikCx n iniA : mixeta eipa E ipnWg lFcB o M opg FioA Ediz Yn iniA : dkepga
mdilr cnr WM dxi Ad oWEWA mgiMW d l l`x Ui LOrl
r dr Wxd oei zEkln dc nr
WM
WTA rWx d ond miAx d Lin g x
A dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi
ar
dl E Lz xFY

cA ` lE bx dl cin W
d l bi:b xzq` mpiCz ` Y pC maixz ` Y a x mzx v zrA mdl Y cnr
ow fcre xr Pn micEd
Idl Mz` miWNg ciA mixFA B Y xq n :mzn w pz` Y n w p
dWFlWA cg ` mFiA miWpe sh ciA mirW xE mixFd
h ciA mi`n h E miHr n ciA miAx e
U rmi
pW W g l xUr lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz iwq Fr ciA mic fe miwiC v
:fFa l mllW E xc` W g Èd dlFcb drEW Y z iU r l`x Ui LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe
Y xt d miAx d Lin g xA dY` e Lz iA xiac l Lipa EÀ KM xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE
Y lwlw e Fzvrz
` zFxp Ewilc de LW C
wn z` Exdh e Llk idz` EPtE
FlEnB z Fa Wde FYaW g n z` zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini zpFnW Eraw e LW c
w zFxvg A
eipA zè Fz` Elze FW`xA :lFcBd LnW l lNd l E
:ur dlr
xxerl ick zcgein dnirpae lew znxda dltz lrad ici lr zxn`p 'oeivl ezpiky xifgnd' zkxa znizg 12.
.opaxc micen zxin`l mirneyd z`
,elew z` lityn dkxad seqa [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 13.
.elew z` diabn aey ,'oeivl' epiidc dvx ly dpexg` dlna mle`
_______________________________________________
76
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
(on` ldw) :Lz ix
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
i l`d znÀ LnW
miIg d lke
aFHd 14 ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
:zFcFdl d`p LlE LnW
15
: dltz lrad xne` u"yd zxfga xeaiv ziprz ly dgpna
.ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd xeaiv ziprza l`xyi uxà
.dgpnd blt xg` wx mixne` yi
LC
ar d n icilr daEzMd dxFY A zWNW nd dkxAA Epk x A Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
eipR | ii x` i oevx idi ok :LxnW ie ii L k xa i ek-ck:e xacna
17
,dgpnl mb dxeza mi`xewyk) xeaiv ziprz ly dgpna l`xUilr ax mFlW 16
:('miig zxez ...epl zzp' mixikfn da ik ,'mely miy' zkxa mixne`
mlFrl miUY LOr
e cqge og dkx
ming x aE daFh mFlW miU
Kln Èd dY` iM
EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A :LO r l`x
UilMlr
e Epilr
aFhe :mFlXd lkl oFc`
ii EpN Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg` M
LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A
dkxaE dwc vE cqg zad ` e miIg zxFY
Epi l `
zrl
kA l`x Ui
LOrz
` Kx al LipirA aFhe :mFlWe miIg e ming x
e
:LnFlWA drWlka E
:LnFlWA dr Wlka E zrl
kA l`x Ui
.elew z` lityn dkxad seqa [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 14.
.ìn C dlir
p zNt z M ,iU xR `w dO g d zri
w W
l KEnq a C oeiM ?`z g
pn A Ediici ipd M iU xR `n
rh i`n `pCi ` d 15.
(:ek ziprz 'nb)
16. l`xyi ux` bdpn was to always recite ax mely and laa bdpn was to always recite mely miy.
These explanations are why the compromise between laa bdpn and l`xyi ux` bdpn was done
this way.
17. fpky` bdpn requires that whenever there is dxezd zìxw, the dlitz concludes with mely miy
in order to recite the words 'miig zxez epicl` 'c epl zzp jipt xeà ik'.
_______________________________________________
77
: daeyz ini zxyra

an d 18 ii dY` KExA
Kx
:[dltz lrad iptl '...xtqa' zxin` micwn ldwd u"yd zxfga]
az M pe xkGp daFh dqpx A miIg xtq A " :mFlXA l`x
tE mFlWe dkx Ui FOrz
`
Ui ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY
` KExA
mCz iWt p illw n le dnx

n xACn izt U E rx
n ipFWl xvp i l `
:iWt p sCx Y Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz
A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr M iWt pe
orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dxdn drx ilr miaW Fgdlke
:Lz xFY orn l dUr Lz X c
19
| oFv xl Eidi eh:hi :ippre eppre L
pin i dri
WFd Li
cic
i oEv
lg i or
nl f:q mildz
mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b

e ixEv
n`
:on` Exn` e :l`x
UilMlr e Epilr mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA
: xneè h`l swef
Epin ia dx dn A WC
wO d ziA dpA iW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:zFIpnc w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc
ar
p mWe :Lz xFz A Epw lg oze
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln
milina elew z` lityn dkxad seqa [a` mgpn yceg y`xe axr ,zay axrn ueg] mixvnd oiaa u"yd zxfga 18.
.dler aey oebipd 'melya' ,'l`xyi enrz` jxand'
.rxeb siqende xyid `gqepd ède ,df oeax 'oevxl eidi' iptl xne` eziprz zlawa cigid 19.
:xgn l dac
p zipr
zA Lipt l ip` ix
d minlFrd oFAx
:xnìe siqei eziprz z` milydl `ly ezrca mè
:dgpn zlt Y ix
g` cr :e` :mFId ivg cr
izlt Y Lipt l aze oFvx
aE dad` A iplA w Y
W izFa` i lè i l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
.'eke oevxl eidi :d
R lM zlt Y rn FW dY` iM :miAx d Lin g x
A izxi
zr dpr ze
: (fi zekxa 'nb) df 'oeax' xnì 'oevxl eidi' mcew dgpn zltza eziprz meia dprznd
oAxw aixwn `hFg mc ` mIw WC wO d ziAW onfA Lipt l rE c
ie iElB minlFrd oFAx
ziprzA iYa W
i eiWk r
e xRk n miAx
d Lin g x
A dY` e Fnc e FAlg `N` EPO n oiaix wn oiè
eiYa x
wd ENi`M mFId hr nz
PW ince iAlg idIW Lipt Nn oFvx idi :inc e iAlg hr nz pe
.'eke oevxl eidi :ipv x
ze g A fO d iAB lr Lipt l
_______________________________________________
78
mit` zlitp xcq dgpn
oepgz xcq1
.daeyz zay axrn ueg ,dxyr dpeny zltz xg` (314 'nr) 'epkln epia`' mixne` daeyz ini zxyra
.zilha shrzn 'epkln epia`'l ycewd oex` z` xbeqe gzetd
.eke oepge megx dxyr dpny xg` mixne` dpgz mda mixne`y minia legd ini lk
:mdipt lr miltep oiè dpgz mda mixne` oi`y minid elè
,bg exq` xg` cr oeiq yceg y`x ,xnera b l ,oqip ycg lk ,mini a ohw mixet ,dkepg ,yceg y`x ,zay axra
dgpna mb mixne` oi` el` minia ,oeygxn yceg y`x xg` cr xetk mei axrne dpyd y`x axra `le ,aà dryz
,(envr bgae bgd axra dgpna oepgz mixne`y aà xyr dynge ,xnera b"le ,haya xyr dyng on ueg) eiptly
,(eiptly dgpna mb zelidw dnka bdpnd hytzpe) dtegl qpkpy meia ozg ziaa `le ,la` ziaa `le
[.libxk oepgz mixne` ipy gqta] .dlind meia pkdaa `le
.ayeine erexf lr `weece el`ny lr dni ,dxez xtq yiy mewna `l` mdipt lr miltep oi`
.dihd mcew ldwde dltz lrad mixne` 'iz`hg oepge megx' zelne
Lipt l iz`h g dlind zxinà ald lr oini cia mikn oEPge mEgx
:ipEpgY lAw e ilr mgx ming x `ln ii
ip` ll n ì
M ii ipPg :ipx Qiz L z ng A lè ipgikFz L R ` A l` i i ì-a:e mildz
iW
t p dv Ng ii da EW :iz n cr i i dY` e zè ` n dld a p iWt pe :in v r Eld a p iM ii ip`t x
dgU ` izgp` A | iYrbi :KNdcF i in lF` WA L xkf zeO A oi` iM :LC qg orn l ipri WFd
:ixxF vl
kA dw z r ipir qrM n dW W r :dqn ` iU xr iz r nc A iz H n dlillka
:gT i iz Nt Y i i iz Pg Y ii rn W :iik A lFw i rnW iM oe` il Rl M iPO n ExEq
:rbx EWa i EaW i iai`l
M c`n Eld A ie | EWa i
(n"ctt bdpn) .cala dilcb meva 'l`xyi xney' mixne` (53 'nr) 'rcp `l epgpè' iptl mit` zlitp xg`
ii Lin g xxk
f e:dk mildz :Epipir Lilr iM dU r Pdn rc p `l Epgp ` e ai:k 'a d"c
:Kl Eplgi xW ` M Epilr ii L C
qg id i ak:bl :dOd mlFrn iM Li cqge
:c` n EpFNc iM Ling x EpEn C wi xdn mipW` x z er EplxMfYl ` g:hr
:xFM fY mgx fbxA a:b wewag :fEa EpraU axi M EpPg ii EpPg b:bkw
Epr Wi il` | Ep xfr h:hr :Epgp` xtri
M xEk f Ep
xvi rc
i ÈdiM ci:bw mildz
:Ln W
orn l Epiz`H
glr xRk e EpliSd e LnWcFa M xaCl
r
1. oepgz is recited at zixgy and dgpn only, and never at night. In the Temple, the assembled crowd
fell on their knees only after the cinz sacrifices of the morning and afternoon (b:f cinz dpyn).
_______________________________________________
79
dltzd meiq dgpn
:xn`
l Y A C xW` M ipc` M `plC bi dY r
e fi:ci xacna
:dOd mlFrn iM Li cqge ii Lin g xxk
f e:dk mildz
ie lC Bz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC
ie gAY W
ie Kx Az
i rxek dltz lra
`z n gpe `z g A W
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
Epilr mFlW dUr
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
(100 'nr) 'dppxp ekl'a cin mikiynn `l` zay zlawe dgpn zltz oia 'epilr' mixne` oi` zay axra
Until the time of the mipe`b, epilr was recited only in mi`xep minil sqen. By the time of the mipey`x,
it was said both after zixgy and ziaxr daily, since it contains miny zekln ler zlaw
(i.e. rny zìxw) but not after dgpn. Eventually it became customary to recite epilr as the
last dlitz before leaving synagogue. When two zelitz follow consecutively (even if there is
a xeriy in between), for which people stay from the beginning of one until after the other,
then epilr is said only at the end (ziaxr dgpn) (sqen zixgy). If each dlitz is said separately
(when people generally leave the zqpkd zia) epilr is said after each dlitz. The mdxa` obn
comments (quoted by the dxexa dpyn and the miig xewn) in the name of the d"ly,
that "In fpky` ux` where they are accustomed to to push ziaxr forward (i.e. oren back-to-back),
an individual dwelling in a town or a traveler (i.e. no oipn being available in either case) needs
to wait for miakekd z`v (to oren ziaxr)," Thus, dgpn and ziaxr would each conclude with epilr
since there would be time in between them.
When participating in a oipn which concludes dgpn with epilr and then immediately continues
with ziaxr, one must choose between the following two opinions: a) according to the oglyd jexr
actually reciting epilr together with the xeav is unnecessary. By bowing along with the xeav,
one acknowledges d"awd as miklnd ikln jln, b) other miwqet require that at least the first
paragraph of epilr always be said together with the oipn reciting it.
_______________________________________________
80
dltzd meiq dgpn
miny zekln ler zlaw oda yiy zelitzl wx 'epilr' epwizy meyn ,`cg ,mipencwd zxeqn èd jk
dxne`l dpwzp 'epilr' zxinè ,wqtd `la cgi ziaxre dgpn lltzdl `pc zncwn ebdpy ,cere ,rny zìxw ly
dgpn zlitz ,zayd zqipka ,dpde .ecal 'cl izla od dk cr epizlitz lky ricedl ,zqpkd zia zaifr iptl
aixrn xg`ly 'gayl epilr' fè ,(ziaxrl zay zlaw oia miyxecyk s`) aixrne zay zlawl zknqp
zxin` enk dfy xìa '` w"q mixeìa a"lw 'iq g"e` r"ey lr mipibn iwitàe .zelitzd izy z` miiqnd èd
,xetk meia oke ,cala sqen xg` `l` ,zixgy zlitz ixg` 'epilr' mixne` `ly sqen ea milltzny meia 'epilr'
ly aixrn meiqa `l` ,dnvr ipta dlitz lk meiqa 'epilr' mixne` oi` ,zqpkd ziaa svxa meid lk mi`vnpy
ly enewnac ,meid xcq mya mixeaib obnn ìad f w"q a"lw 'iq dxexa dpyna oke .cala xetik mei i`ven
ziaxr zlitz xg` `l` ,dgpn zlitz meiqa 'epilr' mixne` oi`y ,zelecb zeiqpk izaa bdpnd èd jk a"pynd
."dgpn` mb i`w aixrn zlitz xg` exnìy epilrc" :cala
iiFbM EpU r `NW ziW`x A xvFil dNcB zzl lMd oFc`l g A W l Epilr
Epl be mdM Epw lg mU `NW :dnc `d zFgRW n M Epn U `le zFvx `d
:ri
W Fi `l l`l` mil lR z
n E k:dn diryi wix e ladl mieg Y W n mdW :mpFndlkM
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln ipt l swef micFnE mieg Y W n E mirxFM
rxek Epgp` e
ida bA FGr zpikW
E lrO n min X
A Fxwi aWFnE u x ` c ie m in W dhFp bi:`p ÈdW
:FzxFz A aEzMM FzlEf qt` EpM ln zn` cFr oi` Epi l ` Èd :minFxn
lrO n min X
A mi l
`d Èd ii iM L aa ll` aW d e mFId Y r cie hl:c mixac
:cFr oi` zgYn u` d lr e
milENB xiardl LGr zx` t z A dx dn zF`x
l Epi l ` ii LN dEw p oMlr
xUa ipA lke :iC
laz iaW FilM Erc ie ExiM i :ux` irWxl
M Lil` zFptd l Ln W a E`x
wi
ElR ie Erx
ki Epi l
` ii Lipt l :oFW
llM raX kY 2 bk:dn diryi Ll iM
Y KxA lM rx
:cFakA Klnz e cr inlFr lE ìd LNW
zEklO d iM :cr e mlFrl dx dn
4 3
:cre mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny :Lz xFz
A aEzMM )
(:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
kY iliM' .':oFW
rx llM raX Y KxA lM rxkY iliM' :xn
`PW ,FzF` oiri A W O W cr (mg xd) mW n `vFi Fpi` (clEd) 2.
,dci
Nd mFi df ':oFW llM raX Y ' ,(l:ak mildz) 'xtr icxFil M Erx ki' :xn `PW ,dzi n d mFi df 'KxA lM
drEaW d ìd dnE .(c:ck mildz) ':dn x nl rA W p `le iWt p èX
l Ù p' :xn
p`l | xW` aal xaE miR k iw `PW
oz
PW dn W
pE ,mixFd h eiz xW nE
,xFdh Èd KExA WFcT d W r cFi ied e ,rW x id Y l` e wiC v id Y ?FzF` oiri A W O W
(:l dcp 'nb) .LO n dlhFp ipix d e`l m` e ,ahEn dx dh A DxO W n dY ` m` ,ìd dxFd h LA
llk yicw `"` (a 'irq ,dp 'iq 'miig xewn' xtqa xiì zegd ,cky q"eq gwexd xtq ,hv 'iq ixhie xefgna oiir) 3.
xn`pe jzxeza aezkk xn`y) yicw xnel oi` - (n"ca y"ire b"lw oniq) xehe gwex ,ixhie xefgna d"ke 'epilr' xg`
.(f 'iq ,g"e` ,c"g milrt ax z"ey ig yi` oad azk jk) 'epilr' xg` l"fix`d zrcl mb(y xn` èd ,ok it lr s`
4. According to fpky` bdpn, the miweqt, jzxeza aezkk' and 'xn`pe' are not considered part of epilr,
and need not be said, even in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue. The miweqt should be said
however, if one wishes to recite yicw after epilr. (Notwithstanding the fact that reciting yicw
after epilr is quite problematic according to fpky` bdpn).
_______________________________________________
81
rny zìxw zekxa ziaxr
.ziaxr zltz
,mit` zlitp oi`y minia zelitzd lka xaer `l la` cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èdy la` yi m`
,crend lega ,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ziaxre dgpn zlitza elit` dltz lrad ynyn epi` mday
.(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga ,dkepg inia ,yceg y`xa
1
,miakekd z`v xg` ziaxr milltznd
.(la` ziaa `l la`) yicw ivg mdixg`le ,enry miweqtde 'dpd zelrnd xiy' xnel minicwn
:zFliNA i iziaA mic
nr d ii ic
arl
M iiz` Ek xA | dPd zFlr O d xiW b-`:clw
:ux` e minW
d r oFIS n ii L
kxa i :iiz` Ek x E W w mkciE`
U
minrt 'b :dlq aw ri il ` Epl aBU n EpOr zF` av ii g:en
minrt 'b :KA g A mc i xW` zF`
av ii bi:ct
minrt 'b :Ep` xwmFia Eppri Kl d dri
W Fd ii i:k

i rxek (ohw) mezi
:aix w onfa E `lbr
lE mlr l Kxan Àx DinW `di
`Vpz ie mnFxz ie x`R z ie gAY W ie KxAz
i rxek (ohw) mezi
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek (ohw) mezi `Wc wC DinW lNd z ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
on Àx `nlW `di
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
1. When ziaxr is recited after nightfall, it is preceded by the following miweqt, which speak
of orenen at night. They were added to fpky` bdpn by the l"fix`, who in fact was only reviving
a practice from the Geonic era to recite a xenfn leading into ziaxr. After this xenfn,
the congregation says yicw before ekxa. If, however, ziaxr follows dgpn without a break,
there is no need to recite yicw in addition to the lawzz yicw following dgpn. At one time,
these miweqt, and this yicw, were recited only by small groups called epnfa aixrn zxag.
If one either attends a xeriy which concludes with the recital of a opaxc yicw or one orens
ziaxr without a oipn, then these miweqt may be omitted.
_______________________________________________
82
legl dizekxae rny zìxw

FR
` aiW
d l dA x
de zig W e 1 xne` dltz lrad gl:gr
i`le oFr xRk i | mEgx Èd
:Ep` x
W Fd ii mdixg` z"ade oiper ldwd i:k :Fz ng lM xir `le
x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i : ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` dltz lrad cera jix`n dltz lrad
ÈdW :Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln lW FnW `Vpz ie mnFxz
ie miniae 'ekxa' zxinà
(oepgz oi`y) micgein
zFaxr a xl ENq d:gq mildz :mi l ` oi` eicr
lA n E oFxg` Ède oFW`x :xzei cer jix`n
:dNd zE
dkx
AlMlr mnFxn FnWE :eipt l Eflr e Fn
W DiA
Ek xA
:cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA : ldwd xnì myd dltz lra obpnyk iiz `
:mlFrcr
e dY n Kan ii mW
id i a:biw : ldwd xnì 'jxand' dltz lra obpnyk :K a n d
:c r
e ml Frl K a n d ii KEx A : eicgi dltz lrae ldw
miaxr aixr n Fxac A xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA
miPn Gd z` silg n E miY r dPW n dpEaz aE mixr W g z FR dnk g A
dlile mFi `xFA :FpFvx M ri w x
A mdiz FxnW n A miak FMdz` xC qn E
dlil ìan E mFi xiar nE :xFìpR n KWg e KWgi
pR n xF` llFB
2
cinY mIw e ig l` :FnW zFàv ii dlil oiaE mFi oiA liC an E
:miaxr aixrOd ii dY
` KExA :cre mlFrl Epilr KFlni
mihR W n E miTg zFvn E dxFY :Ya d ` LOr l`x Ui ziA mlFr zad `
LiTgA g iU p Epn EwaE EpA k W
A Epi l ` ii oMlr :Ycn l Epz F`
Epin i Kx` e EpiIg md iM :cr
e mlFrl Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz
ix acA gnU pe
ii dY
` KExA :minlFrl EPO n xiqYl ` Lz ad ` e :dlile mnFi dBd p mda E
Ui FOr ,adF` 3
:l`x
1. The dltz lra ascends to the cenr for megx ède. megx ède is a way of saying that in the evening,
when there are no sin offerings, God provides atonement. (gwex)
2. One could read the phrase either cre mlerl epilr jelni . cinz miwe ig l-` or jelni cinz . miwe ig l-`
cre mlerl epilr, therefore, one pauses both before and after the word 'cinY '. (n"ctt bdpn)
,e"lx 'iqa ìady dn itl ,'lwyd zivgn'd zrc oke ,lirlc` jynp 'cinz' zlny ,dyixtd zrc
:'eke 'jelni cinz' 'xibd d"ra mya l"pd 'iqa ìad `"bne
.':l`x
Ui FOr aiF`' rnyi `ly ,ahid `hai 3.
_______________________________________________
83
oeayg z` minilyn yie .xeaiva e` cigia 'on`p jln l`' zxin` minicwn y"wa zeaiz g"nx znlydl
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,dltz lrad ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx
p n l `
o n ` Kl
c:e mixac
` ii l`x
:cr
:L `nlka E LWt plka E L a a llkA Lil ` ii z` Y ad ` e4 h-d:e mixac
mA Y x
Ac
e Lip a l mY PPW
d Eid e
L
aW
A
:LixrWa E LziA zFffn lr mYa z k E :Lipir oiA zt h l Eid e
iY z pe :mk W t plka E mka a llkA Fc arlE mk idl ` iiz` da d ` l
aUr iY z pe :Lx dv ie L W
xiz e Lp bc Y
` mY nU e :mkl o p
ilr
mk ipa in ie mk ini EA x i orn l 'zn`' cr 'eaxi ornl'n elew mixn minrha rny `xewd axd
:ux` d lr min X d iniM mdl zz l mki a `l ii rA W p xW ` dn c
`d lr
md l` Y
x
n` e l`x
m ` mz iUre i i zev n lMz` mY x kfE F ` mzi`xE z vivl m kl did e
Ex
xg` ExEz z`le
mix
vn ux` n mk z ` iz`
vFd xW ` mk idl
` ii ip`
:mk idl
` ii ip` mi l
`l mkl zFid l
4. xbi` daiwr iax asks How can d"awd demand for us to love Him? Can He recite 'Lil ` 'c ` Y a d ` e'?
How can one demand love? xbi` daiwr iax answers, before we recite rny zìxw, we recite
either 'dAx dad` ' or 'mlFr zad` ' in which we state how much d"awd loves us. If we truly feel
that d"awd loves us, we can be commanded to love Him in return.
_______________________________________________
84
'zn`' dlina elew mixn dltz lrad .s"l`d rleai `ly hrn geix ozi ok` ,'zn`'l 'mkidl`' sxvl yi
,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr ziviv zyxt xne` dltz lrad jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè
.elld milnd oia wiqtdle eilr oizndl jxhvi `le
FzlEf oiè Epi l ` ii Èd iM Epilr mIw e z`flM dpEn è zn `

sMn Epl` FBd EpM ln mikln cIn EpcFR d :FOr l`x Ui Epgp` e
:EpW
t p iaiF`lkl lEnB mNW n d e Epix
Sn Epl rx tPd l`d :mivixr dlM
EpWt p mV d h:eq mildz :xR q n oi`cr zF` lt pe xwg oi` cr zFlcb d rd i:h aei`
lr Eppxw mxIe Epia iF` zFnA lr Epk ixc Od :Eplbx hFO l ozp`le miIg A
:mgipA znc À miz t FnE zzF` drx tA dnwpE miQp EpNdUr d :Epi` pUlM
:mlFr zExgl mkFYn l`x Ui FOrz ` `vFIe mix vn ixFk
A lM Fzx ar
a dMO d
:rAh zFnFdz
A mdi`pFUzè mditcFxz
Od
` sEqmi ixfB oiA eipA xiar
:mdilr ElAw oFvx
A FzEkln E :FnWl EcFde EgAW FzxEa B eipa E`x
e
- mNk Exn` e dAx dgn U A dxi
W Epr Ll l`x
Ui ipa E d n
ldwe dltz lra
:`lt dUr zNdz ` xFp WcT A xC
kin ì:eh zeny
- Exn` e Epr il` dfa:eh d n ipt l mi r wFA
Lipa E`x LzEk ln dltz lra
:cre mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh ldwe dltz lra
:EPO n wfg cIn Fl
`bE aw riz` ii d
ctiM i:`l dinxi :xn`pe dltz lra
:l`xUi l`B ii dY ` KExA
Epilr qFxtE miIg l EpM ln Epci nr

de mFlWl Epi l ` ii Epa iMW d
Epcr
A obd e :Ln W orn l Epri
WFde Lipt Nn daFh dvrA EppT z e Ln FlW zMq
Epx g` n E Epipt ln ohU xqd e oFbie arxe axge xaC aiF` Epilr n xqd e
Kln l` iM dY ` EpliSn E Epx
nFW l` iM Epxi
Y
qY LitpM lva E
:mlFrcr
e dY r
n mFlWl E miIg l Ep` FaE Epz `v xFnWE :dY ` mEgx e oEPg
:cr
l l`x Ui FOr xnFW ii dY
` KExA
_______________________________________________
85
5
,l`xyi ux` ipal ode laa ipal od minkg ici lr dpwzp 'epipir e`xi' zkxa mr 'mlerl 'c jexa' iweqt zxin`
,l`xyi ux`l elry dl` s` mifpky` lk lv` mxn`l did laewne ,`pc zncwn l`xyi ux` ixeciqa eàede
,l`xyic `rx`c `xne n"ctt c"a` ,d"lyd jxry 'miny xry' xeciq llek miqtcpd mdixeciq lka z`vnp okle
el azk okle ,"onè on` mlerl 'c jexa xninl epiwz i`xza opax" ik epiiva) l`xyi uxà bdpy mibdpnd it lr
,'mlerl 'c jexa' mb mihinyn zay lil ziaxra 'exnye' mixne` mpi`y `"xbd icinlz .(xzqpe dlbp it lr xeìa
: `plieea iyi`d ebdpn it lr ,ux`l uega ode l`xyi uxà od
.xeaiva dlitz witqdl ick ef dkxa blcl xzen
6
mlW
Exi o W oFIS n | ii KExA `k:dlw :on ` e | on` ml Frl ii KExA bp:ht mildz
| KEx
aE :FC
al zF`
lt p d r l`x
Ui i l
` mi l
` ii | KEx
A higi:ar :DiElld
ii cFa
k id i `l:cw :on ` e | on` ux` d lMz` FcFak `lO ie mlFr
l FcFa
M mW
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
id i a:biw :eiU rn A ii gnU i mlFrl
zFUrl i i li` Fd i
M lFc
Bd Fn
W xEarA FO rz
` ii WH
i`l i
M ak:ai '` lèny
Ex
nÌe mdipR lr ElRIe mr
dlM `xIe hl:gi '` mikln :mr
l Fl mkz
`
ux`d lMlr Klnl ii did e h:ci dixkf :mi l
`d Èd ii mi l
`d Èd ii
Epilr ii L C
qg id i ak:bl mildz :cg ` FnWE cg` ii did i Èd
d mFIA
Epr
Wi i l
` Epri
WFd n` e7
Ex dl:fh '` minid ixac :Kl Eplgi xW
` M
:Lz Nd z
A A Y W
d l LW
c
w mW
l zFcdl miFBdon EpliSd e EpvA w e
:Ln W
l Ec
Ak ie ipc` Lipt l Eeg Y W
ie E`Fa
i z iU r x
W` | miFBlM i-h:et mildz
L zi
rx
n o`v
e | LO r Epgp` e bi:hr :LC
al mi l
` dY
` zF`
lt p d re dY ` lFc
biM
:Lz Nd Y xR q p xc
e xFc l mlFr
l L
N d
cFp
5. These eighteen miweqt (which contain the Divine name in each of them) were added by the
Academy of Persia (ixhie xefgn). According to zetqez (:c zekxa 'nb) these were added to enable
late comers to finish the service together, so that they should not be left alone praying at night.
According to the `"ayx, these were instituted at the time of religious persecution, to replace
the dxyr dpeny. It is therefore omitted on Friday night, as its dcinr contains only seven zekxa.
6. fpky` bdpn is to sit for mlerl 'c jexa, so people don't think they are dxyr dpeny `vei.
epryi icl` 'c epriyed xnì `le minid ixaca weqt ède epryi icl` epriyed xnel yiy l"yx mya `"n azk 7.
(e w"q e"lx oniq dxexa dpyn) :zexkf` g"i lr siqen èd k"`c
_______________________________________________
86
Lcia iM :Epn EwA ii KExA :EpA k W

A ii KExA :dliNA ii KExA :mFIA ii KExA
:Wi` xUA lM g Ex
e iglM Wtp FciA xW` i:ai aei` :miz O d e miIg d zFWtp
min X
A W
Epi l
` :zn ` l` i i iz F` z ic R ig Ex ciw t` L ciA 8 e:`l mildz
:cr
e mlFrl Epilr KlnE cinY LzEk ln mIw e LnW cgi
Kln oFIvl xn
À znÀ Lz rEWi
A EpW
t p lbz i
e EpA l gnU ie Epipir E`x
ìd LNW zEklO d iM :cre mlrl lni | ii gi:eh zeny K ln ii `:bv Kl ii fh:i :Ki l`
KlO d ii dY
` KExA :dY ` `N` Kln Epl oi` iM cFakA KlnY cr inlFr lE
:eiUrnlM lre cr e mlFrl Epilr KFlni cinY FcFakA
DzErx
k `x
aC `nlr
swef WC
wz
ie lC
Bz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
w onfa E `lbr
A l`x
UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
lE mlr l Kx an Àx DinW `di
DinW
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek dltz lra
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix
A rxek dltz lra `Wc
wC
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi
We `z k x
AlMn `Nr
l
n` C
xhne lh oze 9
: 'àie dlri' mifixkn yceg y`xc '` lila
:mx lewa mifixkn ,dxyr dpeny iptl ziaxra y`x ly cg` mei wx yi m` oke ,yceg y`xc 'a lila
10
.'xhne lh oze' :xnel ldwl xikfdl ick 'dl` W
' .'ycg y`x' mifixkn ,yceg
xni l Dil irA in (my i"yx) [:jka eic cinz ezqxb lr xefgl ezpynd libxy] mkg cin
n lY s` ,iIA ` xn ` 8.
(.d zekxa 'nb) .':zn ` l-` 'c iz F` zi
c t` L ciA ' ,oFbM ,in
R ig Ex ciw gxC `wEq
R cg
9. The iàb announces 'ycg y`x' before the dcinr, exactly one day per month (except in ixyz).
On the first day of a two day yceg y`x, only 'àie `lri' is announced, since it is really only
yceg y`x axr.
oilet ipal dnecd dkex` s"l` zrepza ceaicd ztya laewnd iebida fpkyà dzyrp ef dlin zfxkd] 10.
: `hil ipal dneca c"ei wixiga ef dlin ebd mda fpkyà zenewn yie ,(Schaale dl` `W
(fpky` bdpn iyxy) [(Schaile, Scheile) rliiW
_______________________________________________
87
legl dcinr ziaxr ziaxr
legl dcinr ziaxr

mdxa` i l
` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef dY` degzyn KExA1 rxek
oFilr l` `xFP
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
kf daeyz ini zxyra
:mdx
W FnE xfFr Kln
Fdl ax dY` mizn dIg n ipc` mlFrl xFAB dY` 2
:ri
W
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
LFn
:drEW
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in daeyz ini zxyra
:mizO d dIg n ii dY` KExA :mizn zFigd l dY` on`pe
ii dY` KExA :dlQ LElld i mFilkA miWFcwE WFcw LnW e WFcw dY` 3
drC dpiA LY
`n EpPg e :dpiA WFp
`l cOln E zrC mc`l opFg dY` 4
:zrCd opFg ii dY` KExA :lMU d e
daEWz
a Epxi
fg d e Lz cFa
rl EpM ln Epa x l Epia ` Epa iWd 5
we Lz xFz

'mil` ipA 'c l Ea
d' :xn `PW ?zFa` mixnF` W oiPn ,opA x EpY 1.
':fr
e cFa M 'c l Ea d' :xn `PW ?zFxEaB mixnF` W oiPnE
2.
':W wz xcdA 'cl Eeg Y W
d Fn
W cFa M c l Ea d' :xn `PW ?zFWEcw mixnF` W oiPnE
3.
':Evixri l`x
Ui il`zè aw ri WFc wz` EWiC wd e' ?dWEc
w xg ` dpiA xnFl E`x dnE 4.
'dpiA g Exi z Er cie' Dil Kin qE

':Fl `tx
e aWe oia i Fa alE' :aiz k C ?dpiA xg ` daEWY xnFl E`x dnE 5.
_______________________________________________
88
t ald lr dkn iM EpM ln Epllgn Ep`h g ald lr dkn iM Epia ` Eplglq 6

EprW
:gFlq l dAxOd ,oEPg ii dY` KExA :dY` glFqe lgFn iM
l`Fb iM Ln W
orn l dx
dn Epl` bE Epa ix daix a d`x7
e Epipr
:l`x
: o`k xnì dlegd lr lltzdl dvexy in drW Epe Epri pe ii Ep` t x8
WFd `tx
glW
Y W
Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idie dnlW dÈtx dlr de dY` Epz Nd z iM
zÈtx min X
d on dnlW dÈtx dx dn
dlFgl sEBd zÈtxE WtPd on`p `tFx Kln l` iM * Epiz FMnlkl
:l`xUi ilFg x`W KFzA (t"at) FOr ilFg ,`tFx ii dY` KExA :dY` ong x e
:l`x Ui
(xanrvrc 'e e` 'd) ixyz ztewz xg` h"p mei ly ziaxr zltza
.gqt cr 'dkxal xhne lh oze' xnel oiligzn oeygxn 'f lila l`xyi uxàe
daFhl Dz` Eaz ipinlMzè z`Gd dpX d z` Epi l A9
` ii Epilr Kx
Epz FpW Kx
aE La EHn Epr
AU
e dnc
`d ipR lr dk A (l xhn E lh : sxega) oze
:mipX d Kx
an ii dY` KExA :zFaFHd mipX M
cgi Epv A w e Epiz FIlB uAw l qp Ùe Epz Exgl lFcB xtFWA rwY 10
`n
oFbi EPO n xqd e dNg Y
aM Epiv rFi
e dpFW`x aM Epih t FW daiW d 11
:hRW O A EpwC
ve ming xaE cqgA LCal ii dY` Epilr KFlnE dgp` e
(.xefgl jixv oi`y miwqetd aex zrc ,exn` `l mè hRW
O d KlO d : dkxad miniiqn daeyz ini zxyra)
LOr iaiF`lke Eca ì rbx M mipiOd lke dew z idYl
` mic nl12
OW
dx
dn A ri
pk z e xBn zE
xAW
zE
xTrz dx dn oFcf zEkln E Ezx Mi dxdn
:micf ri
pk n E miaiF` xaFW ii dY` KExA :Epin ia
.ìd dgi lq xz A dÈt xE dlE`b C `xni n l 'ikiIg zgX kl glQd' 6.
n l` FBd :iki` lg Y lkl ` xd ikperl
.ziri a W A l`
Bil oici z rW KFYn ,àx xn ` ?ziri a W A dlE`B xnFl E`x dnE 7.
.zipin W A dEr
aw Kkit l ,dÈt x dkixS W dNin dpY pW KFYn `g ` ia x xn ` ?zipin W A dÈt x xnFl E`x dnE 8.
'rWx rF xf xaW' :aiz k C mix rW iriw t n cbpM ,ixC pq M l` ia x xn ` ?ziri W Y A mipW d zMxA xnFl E`x dnE 9.
.Dxn ` ziri W Y A Dxn
` iM cece
EÙY mkixtE EpY Y mkR pr l`x
Ui ixd mY ` e' :aiz k C ?mipW d zMxA xg ` l zFIlB uEAiw xnFl E`x dnE 10.
':`Fa l Eaxw iM l`x
Ui iO r
l
.'dpW`xaM Kih W daiW ` e' :xn
`PW ,mir W x A oiC dU rp zFIlB EvA w z
PW oeike 11.
':Elk i 'c iafr
e e R xaWe' :xn
Cgi mi`H g e mir `PW md O r mic f llFke ,mir WFR d ElM,mir W xd on oiC dU rPW oeike 12.
_______________________________________________
89
zhilR lr
e l`x
Ui ziA LOr ipw flr e mici qg d lr Sd lr13
e miwiC
aFh xkU oze Epi l
e wcSd ix
Blr
e mdix tFq
Y xA C xW` M DkFzA oFMWz e aEWY ming x A Lxi Exile14
r mlW
:mlW
Exi dpFA ii dY` KExA
Lz rEWi
A mExY Fpx
we g in v z dx ar ceC gnvz`15
dn LC
:drEW
l iM
oFvxaE ming x A lAw e Epilr mgx e qEg Epi l ` ii EplFw rnW 16
mwix EpM ln Lipt Nn E dY` EpipEpgz e Epz Nt Y rn FW l` iM Epz Nt Yz
`
:dNt Y rn FW
Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
r
d aWd e mzNt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr
A Epi l` ii dvx17
cinY oFvxl idzE
oFvx
l`x Ui iX` e
:LO r l`xUi zcFa r
EppFxkf xkGie cwR ie rnX
ie dvxie d`x
ie ri
Bie `Faie dlri Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
LW cw xir mlW Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo
miIg l E ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA LOrl M oFxkfe
mFiA mFlWl E
drEW
i xac aE miIg l Fa Epri WFde dkx al Fa Epc wt E daFhl FA Epi l ` ii EPx
kf
:dY` mEgx e oEPg Kln l` iM Epipir Lil` iM Epri WFde Epilr mgx
e EpPg e qEg ming xe
':wiC v zFpxw dpn n FxY rCb` mir Wx ipx wlke' :aiz k C miwi C v oxw zn nFx z n mir WFR d ElMW oeike 13.
.' B L Y
` (mkz`) xEbiik e' Dil Kin q e 'ow Y da iU ipR n ' :xn
f ipR Y xcd e mEw `PW miwi C S d mr wc
Sd ixi
B llFke
.':Kia d` Eil W i mlW
Exi mFlW El`W ' :xn `PW milWExi
A ?mpxw zn nFx z n okid e 14.
.'mMln ceC zè md icl ` 'cz
` EWwa E l` x Ui ipA EaW i xg ` ' :xn
`PW cec À milWExi
zipa PW oeike 15.
'iz Nt Y zia A miYg O U e iW w xd l` miz Fìa de' :xn
c `PW dlt Y dz` A cec ÀW oeike 16.
.'ig A fn lr oFvxl mdiga fe mdi lFr' :xn `PW dcFa
r zÀ dlt Y zÀW oeike 17.
_______________________________________________
90
:oFIvl FzpikW
:cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn 18 rxek
EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv
EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr e Kl zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e Lc iA mixEq
Od
Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa
e axr zrl
kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
:Kl Epiew mlFrn Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
:'miqpd lr' o`k mixne` ,dlibnd zìxw mcew ziaxr zltza mixeta mb ,dkepg ini lk
zFnglO d lr
e zFrEWY d lr e zFxEaBd lr e owxR
d lre miQPd lr
W
oWEWA xYq ` e ikCx n iniA : mixeta eipa E ipnWg lFcB o M opg FioA Ediz Yn iniA : dkepga
ond mdilr cnr WM dxi Ad l`x Ui LOrl r dr Wxd oei zEkln dc nrWM
cin W d l bi:b xzq` WTA rWx d dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ar
dlE Lz xFY
mgiMW d l
micEd
Idl Mz` cA ` lE bx dl z` Y a x mzx v zr A mdl Y c
nr miAx d Lin g x
A
mFiA miWpe sh ow fcr e xr Pn Y xq n :mzn w pz` Y n w
p mpiCz
` Y pC maix
W g l xUr dWFlWA cg ` ciA mi`n h E miHr n ciA miAxe miWNg ciA mixFA B
llW E x c` W g Èd xUrmi pW iwq Fr ciA mic fe miwiC v ciA mirW xE mixFd h
miAx d Lin g x A dY` e :fFa l LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz
lw e Fzvr z` Y xt d xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE
Y lw dlFcb drEW
Y z iU r l`x Ui
lr eipA zè Fz` Elze FW`xA Eraw e LW cw zFxvg A zFxp Ewilc de LW C
wn z`
:urd :lFcBd LnW l lNd l E zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini zpFnW
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
:Lz ix
:dlq Epz xfr
e Epz rEW
i l`d znÀ LnW
miIg d lke
19
:zFcFdl d`p LlE LnW aFHd ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
oFc` Kln Èd dY` iM mlFrl miUY LOr l`xUilr ax mFlW 20
dr
Wlka E zrl
kA l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A aFhe :mFlXd lkl
:LnFlWA
.'ippc g f' :xn
Ak i dcFY `PW dcFY
dz`
A dcFa
r zÀW oeike 18.
':min lX
d e dlrd e z`Hg d zU rn cxIe mkxa ie mrdl` e d` `V Ie' :aiz k C ?d` cFd
ciz` ox xg ` mipdM zM xA xnFl
E`x dnE
19.
':mk xa ` ip` e l`x
Ui ipA lr inW e' :aiz k C ?mipdM zMxA xg ` mFlW miU xnFl
z` EnU E`x dnE 20.
(.gi-.fi dlibn 'nb) ':mFl a FO rz
` Kx ai | 'c ' :xn
`PW ,mFlW Èd KExA WFcw d C dkxA
_______________________________________________
91
dltzd meiq ziaxr
daFh dqpx
tE mFlWe dkx
A miIg xtq A : daeyz ini zxyra Kx
an d ii dY` KExA
l`xUi ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l azM pe xkGp :mFlXA l`x Ui FOrz
`
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlWl E miIg l
mCz iWt p illw n le dnx n xAC n izt U E rx n ipFWl xvp i l `
:iWt p sCx Y Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr M iWt pe
orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dx dn drx ilr miaW Fgdlke
| oFv xl Eidi eh:hi :ippre eppre L pin i dri
WFd Li cic
i oEv lg i ornl f:q mildz
mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b e ixEv
n`
:on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA
: xneè h`l swef
:Lz xFz
A Epw
lg oze Epin ia dxdn A WC wO d ziA dpA iW
Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:zFIpnc w mipW k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc ar p mWe
:zFIpn c
w mipW k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln

ie lC Bz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC
ie gAY W
ie Kx Az
i rxek dltz lra
`z n gpe `z g A W
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
Epilr mFlW dUr
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
.(246 'nr) 'epilr'e ,(242 'nr) 'lawzz' yicw ,(241 'nr) 'yecw dzè' mixne` dlibnd zìxw xg` mixeta
.(94 'nr) xnerd z` o`k mixteq dxitq inia ,epnfa ziaxra
_______________________________________________
92
dltzd meiq ziaxr
iiFbM EpU r `NW ziW`x A xvFil dNc B zzl lMd oFc`l g A W l Epilr
:ri
n E k:dn diryi wix e ladl mieg Y W n mdW :mpFndlkM
rxek Epgp` e
ida bA FGr zpikW
E lrO n min X
A Fxwi aWFnE u x ` c ie m in W
dhFp bi:`p ÈdW
:FzxFz A aEzMM FzlEf qt` EpM ln zn` :cFr oi` Epi l ` Èd :minFxn
lrO n min X
A mi l
`d Èd ii iM L aa ll` aW d e mFId Y r cie hl:c mixac
milENB xiardl LGr zx` t z A dx dn zF`x
l Epi l ` ii LN dEw p oMlr
xUa ipA lke :iC
laz iaW FilM Erc ie ExiM i :ux` irWxl
M Lil` zFptd l Ln W a E`x
wi
ElR ie Erx
ki Epi l
` ii Lipt l :oFW llM raX
Y KxA lM rxkY bk:dn diryi Ll iM
:cFakA Klnz e cr inlFr lE ìd LNW
zEklO d iM :cr e mlFrl dx dn
A aEzMM )
(:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
.hn xenfn z` xnel ebdp `le ,oepgz mda mixne`y minia mb ,fh xenfn mixne` ziaxr seqa la` ziaa
:Lilrl
A iz a Fh dY` ipc` iil Y xn ` :Ka iziq g iM l` ipx nW cec
l mYk n fh
KiQ ` lA Exdn xg` m z FaSr EA x i :ma ivt glM ixi Cè dOd ux` A xW` miWFcwl
Kin FY dY ` iq Fke iw lg zpn i i :iz t U lr mz FnWz` `V` laE m Cn mdiMq p
s` ipvr
i xW ` iiz` Kx a` :ilr dxtW zl gps` min irPA ilEltp mila g :ilxF B
iAl gn U | okl :hFO `lA ipinin iM cin z iC bpl ii iziEW
:iz Filk ipEx
Qi zFlil
L ci
q g jiciqg oYz `l lF` Wl iW
t p f rz `l | iM :gha l oMW i ix
UA s` icFa
M lbIe
:gvp L
pin iA zFnirp LipR z` zFgnU raU miIg g ` ipri cF
Y :zgW zF` xl
,(`"nxae fpky` ibdpn ixtqae mipey`xa àen ìd) ziaxr zltz xg` ,(zayn ueg) lel` yceg y`xn mei lka
21
.(337 'nr) zqpka ziaa 'xev fern' o`k mixy dkepg inia
zxeqn did `ly zexnl .fpky` bdpnk dpyd y`xa zeriwz renyl envra xcdn did l"vf aiyil` y"ixbd 21.
.mipey`xde mipe`bdn d`xpk ,xec xg` xec epizea`n ef zwiecn zxeqn lawl epikfy epl xnege lwe .dfa eizea`
_______________________________________________
93
xnrd zxitq ziaxr
xnrd zxitq
.xnerd z` axr lka mixteq zereay axr cr gqt ly ipy liln lgd
.'jl ozie' mcew mixteq zezay i`vena ,zqpkd ziaa yeciwd xg` mixteq gqte zezay ilila
mlFrd Kln Epi l` ii dY ` KExA
:x r
d zxi
tq lr EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
w xW`
.(f"he ,`"nx ,`pxih wifii` iax) o`k eàedy zexewnd [z]yely caln 'xnera'l xewn hrnk oi`
,bidpnd ,mgexi epiax ,ealk ,`"ayx ,l"y ,dxe`d) .'xnerl' aezk my mibdpn zedbda envr `pxih wifii` iaxae
,xbi` daiwr 'x ,u"ari zli`y ,mibdpn zedbd ,micxe zpib z"ey ,airey oa` i"x ,u"ayxl zea` obn ,miig zegx`
.'xnerl' gqepd miwqet aexa' :dxexa dpyn ly mekiqa my miiqne (miax cere ,xteq mzg
Our gqep is to recite xnrl, as it appears in all the mipey`x which mention the word xnr within
the counting. In many of the mipey`xd iazk however, the word xnr does not appear
in the counting, but only in the dkxa. The `hil bdpn utilizes the term xnra.
opaxcn wx ìd dxitqd dfd onfay iptn ,mei ceran xetql xzen oicd xwirn fpky` inkg aex zrcl
,dlila `wec mixteqe mikxan oixcdnd on oixcdnde ,zeynyd oia cr mipiznn oixcdnd .ycwnl xkfe
.driwy cr mipiznn ,jkitl .mei ceran xetqle jxal sicr ok `l m`y ,mzial mèaa xetql egkyi `ly i`pzae
.mei ceran xetqle jxal mdl xzen ,xyt` i` mè
zaya okl dlil wtq onf èd zeynyd oiae zeid .xnerd zxitq iptl lek`l xeq` dxitqd onf ribd m`
cer i`ce f`y ,zeynyd oia iptl ycwl e` .ycwle xetql f` wxe miakekd z`v xg` cr oizndl ie`x ziaa
.xnerd zxitq aeig onf ribd `l
:xnr l cg` mFi mFId (oqip f"h) 1
:xnr l mini ipW mFId (oqip f"i) 2
:xnr l mini d lW mFId (oqip g"i) 3
:xnr l mini dr Ax ` mFId (oqip h"i) 4
:xnr l mini dXn g mFId (oqip 'k) 5
:xnr l mini dXW mFid (oqip `"k) 6
:xnr l cg` rE a W mdW mini dr aW mFId (oqip a"k) 7
:xnr l cg` mFie cg` rE a
W mdW mini dpFnW mFId (oqip b"k) 8
:xnr l mini ipW E cg` rE a
W mdW mini dr WY mFId (oqip c"k) 9
:xnr l mini d lWE cg` rE a W mdW mini dx Ur mFId (oqip d"k) 10
:xnr l mini dr Ax
è cg` rE a
W mdW mFi xUr cg` mFId (oqip e"k) 11
:xnr l mini dXn g e cg` rE a
W mdW mFi xUr mipW mFId (oqip f"k) 12
:xnr l mini dXW e cg` rE a
W mdW mFi xUr d lW mFId (oqip g"k) 13
:xnr l zFrEaW ipW mdW mFi xUr dr Ax ` mFId (oqip h"k) 14
:xnr l cg` mFie zFrEaW ipW mdW mFi xUr dXn g mFId (oqip 'l) 15
:xnr l mini ipW E zFrEaW ipW mdW mFi xUr dXW mFId (xii` '`) 16
:xnr l mini d lWE zFrEaW ipW mdW mFi xUr dr aW mFId (xii` 'a) 17
:xnr
l mini dr Axè zFrEaW ipW mdW mFi xUr dpFnW mFId (xii` 'b) 18
:xnr l mini dXn g e zFrEaW ipW mdW mFi xUr dr WY mFId (xii` 'c) 19
:xnr l mini dXW e zFrEaW ipW mdW mFi mix Ur mFId (xii` 'd) 20
:xnr l zFrEaW d lW mdW mFi mix Ur
e cg` mFId (xii` 'e) 21
:xnr l cg` mFie zFrEaW d lW mdW mFi mix Ur
e mipW mFId (xii` 'f) 22
_______________________________________________
94
xnrd zxitq ziaxr
:xnr l mini ipW E zFrEaW d lW mdW mFi mixUr e d lW mFId (xii` 'g) 23
:xnr l mini d lWE zFrEaW d lW mdW mFi mixUr e drAx ` mFId (xii` 'h) 24
:xnr l mini dr Ax è zFrEaW d lW mdW mFi mix
Ur e dXn g mFId (xii` 'i) 25
:xnr l mini dXn g e zFrEaW d lW mdW mFi mixUr e dXW mFId (xii` `"i) 26
:xnr l mini dXW e zFrEaW d lW mdW mFi mixUr e draW mFId (xii` a"i) 27
:xnr l zFrEaW dr Ax ` mdW mFi mixUr e dpFnW mFId (xii` b"i) 28
:xnr l cg` mFie zFrEaW dr Ax` mdW mFi mixUr e drWY mFId (xii` c"i) 29
:xnr
l mini ipW E zFrEaW dr Ax` mdW
mFi mi lW mFId (xii` e"h) 30
:xnr l mini d lWE zFrEaW dr Ax` mdW mFi mi lWE cg` mFId (xii` f"h) 31
:xnr l mini dr Ax è zFrEaW dr Ax` mdW mFi mi lWE mipW mFId (xii` f"i) 32
:xnr l mini dXn g e zFrEaW dr Ax` mdW mFi mi lyE d lW mFId (xii` g"i) 33
:xnr l mini dXW e zFrEaW dr Ax` mdW mFi mi lWE dr Ax ` mFId (xii` h"i) 34
:xnr l zFrEaW dXn g mdW mFi mi lWE dXn g mFId (xii` 'k) 35
:xnr l cg` mFie zFrEaW dXn g mdW mFi mi lWE dXW mFId (xii` `"k) 36
:xnr l mini ipW E zFrEaW dXn g mdW mFi mi lWE dr aW mFId (xii` a"k) 37
:xnr l mini d lWE zFrEaW dXn g mdW mFi mi lWE dpFnW mFId (xii` b"k) 38
:xnr l mini dr Ax è zFrEaW dXn g mdW mFi mi lWE dr WY mFId (xii` c"k) 39
:xnr l mini dXn g e zFrEaW dXn g mdW mFi mirA x ` mFId (xii` d"k) 40
:xnr l mini dXW e zFrEaW dXn g mdW mFi mirA xè cg` mFId (xii` e"k) 41
:xnr l zFrEaW dXW mdW mFi mirA xè mipW mFId (xii` f"k) 42
:xnr l cg` mFie zFrEaW dXW mdW mFi mirA x
è d lW mFId (xii` g"k) 43
:xnr l mini ipW E zFrEaW dXW mdW mFi mirA x
è dr Ax ` mFId(xii` h"k) 44
:xnr l mini d lWE zFrEaW dXW mdW mFi mirA x
è dXn g mFId (oeiq '`) 45
:xnr l mini dr Ax è zFrEaW dXW mdW mFi mirA xè dXW mFId (oeiq 'a) 46
:xnr l mini dXn g e zFrEay dXW mdW mFi mirA x
è draW mFId (oeiq 'b) 47
:xnr l mini dXW e zFrEaW dXW mdW mFi mirA x
è dpFnW mFId (oeiq 'c) 48
:xnr l zFrEaW dr aW mdW mFi mirA x
è dr WY mFId (oeiq 'd) 49
:DnFwnl WC wn d ziA zcFa r xifg i Èd ong x d
Epin ia dx
dn A WCwO d ziA dpA iW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:zFIpncw mipW k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc ar p mWe :Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze
:dlq EpY ` eipR xì Epkxa ie EpPg i mi l` :xiW xFnfn zpibpA gSpn l fq
:mNM miO r LEcF i mi l ` | miO r LEcFi :Lz rE W i miFBlkA LMxC ux` A zr cl
:dlq mgpY u` A | miO ` lE xWi n miO r hR Wzi
M miO ` l Eppxi
e Egn U i
:Epi l` mi l` Epk xa i DlEai dpz p ux` :mNM miO r LEcF i mi l ` | miO r LEcFi
:ux` iqt ` lM FzF ` E` xi
ie mi l` Epkxa i
.(93 'nr) 'epilr'a mikiynn reayd ini x`ya
.(121 'nr) 'epilr'a mikiynn aeh meie zay lila
.(243 'nr) 'jl ozie'a mikiynn zay i`vena
.(245 'nr) 'epilr' jk xgè 'dlcad'a mikiynn aeh mei i`vena
_______________________________________________
95
dhnd lr rny zìxw xcq ziaxr
.dhnd lr rny zìxw xcq

.'litnd' zkxal rny zìxw minicwn ,wdaend bdpn itl
(o n `p Kl n l ` 1 )
c:e mixac
` ii l`x 2
:cr
:L `nlka E LWt plka E L a a llkA Lil ` ii z` Y ad ` e h-d:e mixac
mA Y x
Ac
e Lip a l mY PPW
d Eid e
L
aW
A
iiz` da d` l mFId mkz ` dEv n i p` xW` i evn l` ErnW Y n Wm` did e `kbi:ì mixac
WFw ln E dxFi FYrA mkv x `xh n iY z pe :mk W t plka E mka a llkA Fc ar
lE mk idl `
mk l Ex nW
d :Yr a U e Y lk ` e LYnda l LcU A aUr iY z pe :Lx dv ie L W
xiz e Lp bc Y
t q ` e
xvre mk A i is` dx ge :mdl mzieg Y W d e mix
g` mi l ` mY care mY x qe mka a l dYt i oR
d Hd ux` d lr n dx dn mY c a` e DlEaiz` oYz `l dn c `d e xh n did i`le min X d z`
` mY n U e :mkl o p ii xW`
Lz iaA L Y aW A mA xA c l mkipA z` m ` mYc Ole :mk ipir oiA zthFh l Eid e mk c
ilr
mk ini EA x i orn l :Lixr Wa E LziA zFfEfnlr mYa z k E :Ln EwaE LAk W a E KxCa L Y kla E
:ux` d lr min X d iniM mdl zz l mki a `l ii rA W
p xW ` dn c `d lr mk ipa in ie
zv iv mdl EU r e md l` Y x
n` e l`x
Ui ipA l` xA C :xn`
N d nl` ii xnÌe `nfl:eh xacna
mz i`xE z vivl m kl did e :zlk Y liz R sp Md zv ivlr Epz pe m c l mdic
ba itpM lr
mk ipir ix
g` e mk a a l i
xg` ExEz z`le m ` mziUre i i zev n lMz` mY x kfE F `
:mk i l`l mi cw mziid e i evn lMz` mziUre Ex MfY orn l :mdix
g` mipf mY` xW`
zn` :mk idl
` ii ip` mi l
`l mkl zFid l mix
vn ux` n mk z
` iz`vFd xW
` mk idl
` ii ip`
lk z` mixne` k"`` z`f xnel `xaq oi` zehytae .`zil iaxrnd fpky` gqepae oilet gqep i"q lka d"k 1.
.r"ve zelitzd xve` xeciqa k"ke zeaiz g"nxl milydl icke zeiyxt 'bd
(edil` xef` xeciq) i"q lka d"k - cala dpey`x dyxt 2.
_______________________________________________
96
.'igex ciwt` jcia' cr o`kn miblcn xcqd ilila
,miàd miweqtd z` wx xnel yi ,fpkyà oyid bdpn oke ,oicd xwirn

.gaeyn df ixd oldly miweqtd lr l"f epizeaxn dxiny iweqt siqend lke
Epilr dppFM Epici dU

rn E Epilr Epi l
` ipc` mr
p | id ie fi:v mildz
:EdppFM Epic
i dUr
nE
:FAg
ha ` i l
` iz cE
v
nE iq g n iil x ` :opFlz
i iC
W lvA oFilr xzq A a i `v
dqg Y eit pM zgz e Kl Kqi | Fz x

a` A :zFEd xaC
n WE i gRn LliSi Èd iM
Kldi l`
A xaC
n :mn Fi sEr
i ug n dlil cgR n `xi z `l :FY
n` dx
gq
e dPv
:WBi `l Lil ` Lpinin daa xE sl` | LC
Sn lR
i :mix
dv cEWi ahT n
3
iq g n ii dY ` iM :d` xY mir
Wx znNW
e hiA z Lipir
A wx
FN dz rEW
i oi` iW
t p l mix
n` m iAx :ilr min w miA x i
xv EA xd
n ii h-a:b
`xw` iil` ilFw :iW

`x mix
nE icFa
M icrA obn ii dY ` e :dlq mi là
`xi
``l :ipk n q i ii iM iz Fvi
wd dpWi` e iY
ak W
ip` :dlq FW c
w xdn ipprIe
z iM d iM i l
` ipriW
Fd | ii dnEw :ilr EzW
aia q xW` mr zFa
ax
n
drEW
id iil :YxA W
mir
Wx iPW
igl ia i`l
Mz`
Epilr qFxtE :miIg l EpM ln Epci

nr
de mFlWl Epi l
` ii Epa iMW
d
Epcr
A obd e :Ln W
orn l Epri
WFde :Lipt Nn daFh dvr
A EppT z e :Ln FlW zMq
:Epx
g` n E Epipt ln ohU xqd e :oFbie arx
e axge xaC aiF` Epilr
n xqd e
oEPg Kln l` iM dY ` EpliSn E Epx
nFW l` iM :Epxi
Y
qY LitpM lva E
:mlFrcr
e dY r
n mFlWlE miIg l Ep` FaE Epz `v xFnWE :dY ` mEgx
e
ezhn dpd y"n cbpk zeaiz miyy iqgn 'd dz` cr ik eplaw" my `"ahixd 'igae - 'iq g n 'c dY ` iM ' cr 3.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .zekixà (`"vy 'iq) dyn dhn 'ire ,"dl aiaq mixeab miyy dnlyly
_______________________________________________
97
:zn ` l` i i iz F` z ic
R ig Ex ciw
t` L ciA e:`l mildz
oh V d LA ii xr
bi oh V d l` i i xnÌe a:b dixkf
:W` n lSn cE` df `Fld mlW
Exi
A x Ad L
A ii xrbie
:l` x
Ui ABn Dl aia q mi AB miX
W FzHn dPd 4 g-f:b mixiyd xiy
d lWNW
:zFliNA c R n Fk x
ilr FAx
g Wi` dng ln c
Oln axg ifg` mlM
:iz iEw Lz rEWi
l ii ii Lz rEWi
l iz iEw :ii iz iEw Lz rEWi
l gi:hn ziy`xa
.'mler oec`' o`k xnel mibdepy yi
Kln if` lM Fvtga dUr

p zr
l :`x
ap xivilM mxh A Kln xW` mlFr oFc`
dFd Ède did Ède :`xFp
KFlni Fcal lMd zFlkM ix
g` e :`x
wp FnW
ziW`x ilA :dxi
A g d l Fl liWn d l ipW
oiè cg` Ède :dx
`t z
A did i Ède
:dx
v zr
A ila g xEve il` FB ige il` Ède :dx
UO d e fFrd Fle zilk z ilA
oWi` zr
A igEx ciwt ` FciA :`x
w` mFiA iqFM zpn iqFpnE iQp Ède
:`xi
` `le il ii iz IeB igEx mre :dxi r
è
.dpiyl 'litnd' zkxa oia llk miwiqtn oi`
ipirl
r dpW
ila g liRO d mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA (:q zekxa 'nb)
i l
` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi :oirz
A oFWi`l xiÒ E :iRr
trl
r dnEpzE

mirx zFnFlg ipEld a i lè :mFlWlE miIg l ipci
nr
ze mFlWl ipa iMW
Y W

:zeO d oWiòR ipir x`d e :Lipt l dnlW
iz
Hn `dzE
:mirx mixEd
xde
:FcFakA FNM mlFrl xiÒ d ii dY
` KExA
,eizFki
xi oiA Fl zg
pEn axg Eli` M Fnv r oiIC d` xi mlFrl ,oz pFi ia x xn ` ipn g p xA lÈn W ia x xn ` 4.
miX
W (ely melydy) lWNW (zifbd zkyl myy ycwnd zia) FzHn dPd ' :xn` PW .eiY g Y n Fl dgEz
R mPdi
be
(my i"yx) (:hw zenai 'nb) .dlill dnFC
W mPdi Ui ABn Dl aia q (mipiic) mi AB
B lW cg R n ':zFliNA c R n 'ebe l` x
_______________________________________________
98
oiaexir aeh meie zay axr
zexvg aexir
,'ekxa' iptl zexvg iaexir miyer ,mei ceran gqt lil ly ziaxr milltzn oda zelidwa
.zay zlaw e` dgpn zltz iptl ok miyer ,dlila ziaxr lltzdl zexg`nd zelidwae
dlidwd ipan cg` e` ynyd icil dxqene dvnd z` lhep ,(dnia) xrnrnl`dl dler ,ldway aeygd e` axd
:(mdl zpaend zxg` dtya e`) ycewd oeyln el xneè
dpX
d KWn A xEcl E`FaIW e EpO r dR mixC
d l`x Ui ipA Epig ` l df aExr
A dkf
:miÀ d miaFh minia E zFzAW
A zEWx l zEWx
n Fci lr lhlh l eilr Eknq IW
z`Gd xirA
!dkFf ipix
d :xneè mxear zekfl oeekzne gth dvnd z` diabn ynyd
mx lewa jxane ynyd icin dvnd z` lhep axd
:aExr zev n lr EpEv e ei evn A EpW
C
w xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
:(xird ipax mrhn illk zexivg aexir da miyery xira zqpk ziaa zeklne mya jxal oi`)
.illkd aexird z` qexdl `ly ick i`pz zeyrl jixv - xira illk aexir dyrp xak m`
(.f ,g"qy oglyd jexrae ;'e iav mkg z"ey t"r ,jxan d"c e"qy 'iq dkld xeìa 'ir)
xneè jiynne
miYA d e zFxvg d e zFaFgx
A ilEhlh lE ilEIr
lE iwER`l `pl `xW `di àExr ocA
zia l ziA n E miYA l zFxvg d e zFaFgx dn E zFaFgx de zFxvgl miYA d n E
ol Kix vc xz` lklE zFBBl zFxvg d e miYA d n E bbl bBn E xvg l xvg n E
:z`Gd xirA xEcl mici zr
de mixC
dlklE Epl miaFh minie dpX d zFzAW lkA
,cig` gqep ef dxinà oi` .dniad lr gpend 'jeaxenn'a meyxd gqep jezn ok èxwl elbxed zenewn dnka
edelkì `lye caì `ly xneyn mewna zqpkd ziaa aexird z` migipn .mixg` migqepa z`f mixne` yie
zqtew jeza oirl ielb mewna zqpkd zia axrna dxwzl jenq ezelzl ebdpe ,mixg` miwifn e` mixakr
dpyd zvexna aexird zvn dytrzd m` .dvnd z` dkxc ze`xl ozipe cec obn zxeva dzlcy ,zxètn ur
miyyeg k"``) zay axr lka `le] .jxevd itk ,mrta mrtk zexvg aexir ycgn miyer ,drilzd e`
[(.clepy ohwle xiibzpy xble miycg mixiicl
oiliyaz aexir
An oiliyaz aexir is performed in the following manner; one takes a piece of dvn or dlg,
places some cooked or roasted meat upon it, raises it, and recites the following:
:aExr zev n lr EpEv e ei evn A EpW
C
` ii dY` KExA
Then the following declaration is recited:
`bx
W `wlc`lE `pn h ` lE `lX
a lE `tinl `pl `x
W `di àExr oicdA
:z`Gd xirA mixC
dlklE Epl `z A W l àh `nFIn `pM x
vlM cAr n lE
By means of this aexir may we be permitted to bake, cook, keep food warm, kindle lights
and prepare on the festival all that we require for the zay,
we and all the inhabitants of this city.
The oiliyaz aexir is preserved until zay, when the portion of the dvn or dlg is used as dpyn mgl
for the for the first two meals and eaten at ziyily dcerq. Some eat it at the dipy dcerq.
_______________________________________________
99
zay zlaw xcq zay zlaw
1
zexp zwlcd
ei evn A EpW
C
` ii dY` KExA
:mixetikd meia :dpyd y`xe milbx ylya zayl
lW xp wilc
dl EpEv e lW xp wilc
dl EpEv e wilc
dl EpEv e
:mixER
Md mFi (lWe zAW :zay axra) :zAW
:zay axra) :aFh mFi (lWe zAW lW xp
2
:mixne` (gqt ly oexgè iriayn ueg) mi`xep miniae aeh mei lka
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
zay zlaw
yxid l`tx oeyny ax is the one who introduced zay zlaw into official n"ctt ibdpn.
The `"xb opposed additions to xeaiva dlitz, which were not instituted by l"fg, because of `gxih
`xeaivc. Nevertheless, the congregation over which xlc` ozp iax opposed reciting zay zlaw,
which at the time was not widespread. It was only said by individuals which called themselves
'zay ilawn ixag', (which dates back to the time of une` sqei [v"y zpy]). Before yxid ax's time, one
said ekxa immediately after dgpn's lawzz yicw. (Both micxtq and b`xt zlidw had the bdpn
to begin with xiy xenfn.) Even after yxid ax brought zay zlaw into the synagogue as a fixed gqep,
xlc` ozp iaxs synagogue continued his bdpn not to recite it. There is no dkldl aeig to recite zlaw
zay, but it is a prevalent bdpn, which has the oic of dxez l`xyi bdpn, according to various miwqet.
If someone has the bdpn to recite zay zlaw every zay axr (including on axra zeidl lgy aeh mei
zay as in done in fpky` bdpn), one may even recite it in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue. However,
once the xeav begins ekxa etc., one should skip the remaining zay zlaw and oren with them.
In n"ctt they differentiated between older and newer mibdpn, (for this reason, for the
last sixty zeriwz on dpyd y`x, the rwez lra does not stand next to the xrnrnl` as he does in the
first forty zeriwz, but stands next to the axs place). zay zlaw xcq is a new addition, however the
recitation of mildz before dlitz is said before zixgy every day. Therefore icec dkl which is
a relatively new bdpn is said from the xrnrnl`, whereas the mildz are said from the cenr. In `hil
the bdpn was to recite the entire zay zlaw, including dppxp ekl at the cenr, (possibly because of the
`"xb's bdpn not to recite it at all).
1. In fpky` a Shabbos Lamp was used to bench licht. If a Shabbos Lamp is unavailable, one
lights two candles. If one completely forgot to light candles zay axr - one must light an
additional candle from then on. The bdpn of lighting a candle for everyone in the family is a
late miciqg bdpn, not fpky` bdpn. On aeh mei, the n"ctt bdpn and most places, was to light
candles before the dcerq. Unlike on zay, when one must light before the dkxa, there was no
such insistence on aeh mei. In Holland, the bdpn on aeh mei was to light prior to going to
synagogue.
2. The term mi`xep mini, Days of Awe, in connection with dpyd y`x and xetk mei was
first employed by the l"ixdn. (The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 172)
_______________________________________________
100
3
zayd z` milawn 'e mei ly dgpn xg` .dgpn xg` 'epilr' mixne` oiè ,dgpn xg` skiz xn`p zay zlaw xcq
xcq mixne` oi` la` llk mibelic `la ,zaya e` zay axra aeh mei lgyk mb mibdep oke .epiptly xcqd itl
xne` cg` weqt epiid ,oibexiql mixn`p 'ebe 'dppxp ekl' zay zlaw ixenfn .zaya lgy xetk meia zay zlaw
xnel ldwl ie`xe .mixenfnd meiq cr dlilg xfege ,mx lewa ldwd xne` eixg`y weqtd zè mx lewa ofgd
.dltzd xwirn df oi`y zexedl zilh ila lltzn ofgd .ldwd iweqt z` mb xnel ofgle ,ofgd iweqt z` mb ygla
:EprWi xEv l dri xp iil dpPxp Ekl ofg dv

:Fl ri x p zFx nfA d cFzA eipt dn C wp ldw
:mi l `lMlr lFc B KlnE ii lFc B l` iM ofg
:Fl mix d ztrF z
e uxìx wg n FciA xW` ldw
:Exv i eici zWA ie EdUr Ède mId FlxW` ofg
:Ep r iiipt l dk x
ap dr xkpe deg Y W
p EÀ ldw
:Ern W z F wAm` mFId Fc i o`v e Fzirx n mr Epgp` e Epi l ` Èd iM ofg
:xA cOA dQ n mFiM daix nM mka a l EW wY l` ldw
:il rt E` xm
B ipEpg A mkiz Fa ` ipEQp xW` ofg
:ik xc Er c
i`l md e md aa l i Y mr x è xFc A hEw ` | dp W mi A x` ldw
:iz
gEpn l` oE aim` iR ` a iY rAW pxW` [eicgi ldw] ofg
:ux` d lM i il ExiW W cg xiW iil ExiW ofg ev
:Fz rE W i mFilmFIn Ex VA Fn W Ek xA iil ExiW ldw
:eiz F`lt p miO rdl
kA FcFa M miFBa Ex Rq ofg
:mi l `lMlr Èd ` xFp c` n lNdn E ii lFc b iM ldw
:dU r minW i ie milil` miO rd i l `lM | iM ofg
:FW C wn A zx` t z
e fr eipt l x cdecFd ldw
:fr
e cFa M i il Ea
d miO r zFgRW n iil Ea d ofg
:eiz Fxvg l EàE dg pn E` U Fn W cFa M iil Ea d ldw
:ux` d lM eipR n Elig W wz xc dA iil Eeg Y W
d ofg
:mix
Win A miO r oic
i hFO Yl
A la Y oFM Ys ` Kl n ii | miFBa Exn` ldw
:F lnE mId mrxi ux`d lbz e min X d EgnU i ofg
:xriivrl M Eppx i f` FAx
W` lke ic U flri ldw
:Fz
pEn
À miO r
e wcvA laYh R Wi ux`d R Wl ` a iM à iM | i i ipt l [eicgi 'w] 'g
ztihra zilha (dray jeza) la`d shrzn ,jenq xcga e` ,zqpkd zia xecfexta zay zlaw iptl 3.
lltzn ,dgpn lltzd `l m` .shern x`yp jke ,zeielb eipire miqekn eite exhpqy epiidc ,mil`rnyi
.df sehira xecfexta
(.ck ohw cren 'nb) .[dqekn epwfe entye enheg] dtih
r Dpi` mil`rn W
i zti
h
rM Dpi` W dtih
r lM . . . ,lÈn
W xn `
_______________________________________________
101
:miA x miI` Eg
nU i ux`d lbY Kl ii ofg fv
:F`
qM oFk
n hR W
E wcv eiaiaq ltxre opr ldw
:eix
v aia q hdlzE
KlY eipt l W` ofg
:ux` d lg Y
e dz
`x laY eiwx
a Exi` d ldw
:ux` d lM oFc
` ipt Nn ii ipt Nn EQnp bpFCM mix
d ofg
:FcFa
M miO rd lk E`x
e Fw c
v min X
d EciBd ldw
:mi l
`lM FlEegY W
d mililÀ milld z
O d lqt ic
arl
M | EWa
i ofg
:ii Lih R W
n o n l d
cEdi zFpA dplbYe
oFIv | gn U Y
e dr
nW
ldw
:mi l
`lMlr z il rp c`
n ux`d lMlr oFilr i i dY` iM ofg
:mliSi mir W
x cIn ei
ciqg zFW
tp x r
x E`
pU i i iad ` ldw
:dg n U alix Sl rxfxF`4 ofg
WilE wiC
:FW c
w xkfl EcFd
e iiA miwiC
EgnU ofg jk xgè ldw
:FW c
w rF
xfE Fpini FNdri
W Fd dUr zF`
lt piM Wc
xiW
| iil ExiW
xFn
fn ofg gv
:Fz
wc
v dNB miFBd ipir
l Fz rE
W
i ii ri
cFd
ldw
:Epi l
` zrEW
i z` uxìqt ` lk E` x l`x Ui zial FzpEn qg xkf 5 ofg
è | FC
:ExOfe Eppx
e EgvR ux`d lM iil Erix d ldw
:dx
nf lFw
e xFPk A xFPk A iil Ex
Of ofg
:ii KlO d | ipt l Erix
d xtFW lFw
e zFxvv
gA ldw
:Da iaW
ie la Y F lnE mId mrx
i ofg
:EpPx
i mix
d cgi skE`gn i zFx
dp ldw
:mix
Win A miO r
e wcvA laYh
R Wi ux`d hR
Wl `
a iM i i ipt l [eicgi ldw] ofg
,dxF`
l miwi
C v .dg n U
l mixWi
e ,dxF`
l miwi
C v ,dg n U
l lMd `le ,dxF` l lMd `l . . . wg v i xA on g
p ax xn ` 4.
(.eh ziprz 'nb) .':dg n U WilE' :aiz k C ,dg n U
alix l mixWi
le 'wiC
Sl rxfxF`' :aiz k C
(.ì dlibn 'nb) .xY q ` e ikc xn ini
A ?Epi l i z` uxìqt ` lk E` x iz ni
` zrEW ` 5.
_______________________________________________
102
:ux` d hEpY mia ExM aWi miO r EfBx

i Kln ii ofg hv
:miO rd lMlr Èd m

xe lFc
B oFIvA ii ldw
:Èd WFc
w `xFp
e lFc
B LnW
EcFi
ofg
:ziU r dY ` | w riA dw c
E hRW
n mix
WiO Y
ppFM dY
` ad` hRW
n K ln r
e 'w
:Èd WFc
w eil bx mc
dl EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx ofg
:mpri Ède i il` mi` w Fn
W i` xw d` e d n 6 ldw
A lÈn E eip kA | ox
:Fnlozp wge ei cr Ex
nW
mdil` xA c
i opr cEO r
A ofg
:mz Flilrl
r m pe mdl zi
id ` p l` mzipr dY` Epi l
` ii ldw
:Epi l
` ii WFc
wiM FW c
w xd l EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx [eicgi ldwe] ofg
.'cecl xenfn' zxinà mb ayil ebdp
:fr
e cFa
M i il Ea
d mil` ipA iil Ea
d cec
l xFn
fn ofg hk
:W wz
xc
dA i il Eeg Y W
d Fn
W cFa
M iil Ea
d ldw
:miA x minlr i i mirx
d cFa
Md l` miOd lr i i lFw ofg
:xc
dA i i lFw M
A iilFw ldw
:oFpa Nd ifx
`z` i i xAW
ie mifx
` x W ii lFw ofg
:min ` xo
a Fn
M oix
Ue oFpa l lbrFn
M m
ciwxIe ldw
:W` zFa
dl a g iilFw ofg
:Wc
w xAc
n i i lig i xAc
n lig i ii lFw ldw
:cFa
M x ` FN M Flk id a E zFxr
i sU
gIe zFl
I` llFgi | ii lFw ofg
:mlFrl Kln i i aWIe aWi lEA
Ol ii ldw
:mFl a FO rz
` Kx
ai | i i oYi FO r
l fr i i [eicgi ldw] ofg
.'Fn
W i` xw
A lÈn E eipdk d` e d n ' :aiz k C ,oxd ` e dW
A | ox nM iPY
lw W ,mlFr lW FpFAx ,eipt
l [lÈn
W] xn ` 6.
(:d ziprz 'nb)
_______________________________________________
103
7
mixenfnd ipy zxin`l mb my x`yp ,dnirpa 'icec dkl' obpne (dnia) xrnrnl`d l` dler ofgd
.'icec dkl' ifexg z` ,eixg` `le ,ofgd mr cgi xnfn xeaivd .'jln 'c'e 'zayd meil xiy xenfn'
icec dkl8
ield dnly mifexgd iy`x
:dlA w p zAW ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl
cg` xEAc A xFkfe xFnW
cgin d l` Epri nW
d
cg` FnWE cg` ii
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x wl icFc
dkl :dNd z
le zx` t z lE mWl
dklpe Ekl zAW wl

z`x
dkx
Ad xFwn ìd iM
dkEqp mcT n W`xn
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :dNg Y daW g n A dUr
n sFq
dkEln xir Kln WC wn

dkt dd KFYn i`v inEw
`kA d wnr
A zaW Kl ax
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :dln g Kilr lngi Ède
inEw xtrn ixrpz d

iOr KYx `t z icbA iWa l
ing Nd ziA iWioA cilr
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :Dl` b iWt pl` dax w
ixxFr
z d ixxF r z d
ixF ` inEw KxF` à iM
ixA c xiW ixE r ixE r
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :dlbp Kilr ii cFaM
'zldw ixac' extqa wnip hxetwpxtn xbiib onlf dnly iax .'icec dkl' zxinà wx dniad l` dler ofgd 7.
.xge`n bdpn ìd 'icec dkl' zxin`y oeik z`fe ,"dlitzd xwirn df oi`y zexedl" ok miyery (60 'nr)
,fpky` zelidw ly mbdpn edf ik ok mb ìad 'fpky` zecdi ibdpnn' extqa `pe` xecbia` iax
."dniad l` cnerd ci-lry enewnn u"yd xaer icec dkl zxiyl"y
.'icec dkl'l mireaw mipebip yi dkepge ,mixvnd oia ,dxitqd zezaya 8.
_______________________________________________
104
inlM z `le iWFa z `l

indY
dnE igg FY WY dn
iOr iIpr Eqgi KA
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :DNY lr xir dzpa pe
Kiq `W dQW n l Eide

Kir Na n lM Ewgx e
Ki l ` Kilr UiUi
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :dNM lr ozg UFUnM
i xtY l`nUE oini

ivix r
Y iizè
ivx
R oA Wi`ci lr
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :dlibpe dgn U pe
:ynyd fixkn ,(ziaxr ly 'ekxa' iptl ,lecbd meid cera zay lawl zenicwny zelidwa) 'melya ièa' iptl
,ezaiyi mewn l` ,dnipt ekilene ,'qpkd' :el xne` axd .eil` mi`vei ldwd iaeygn cg` mr axd .'la` z`xwl'
:la`l xeaivd xne` ,enewnl ezkilde la` zqipk zra .reawd enewnn dpey
:mlW
Exi
e oFIv ila ` x`W
KFzA (mkz
`) LzF`
mgpi mFwOd
10 9
.mipbpne axrnl mdipte micner ldwe ofg 'melya ièa' xn`nl ribnyke
:oexg`d 'icec dkl' gxfnl eiptyk obpne ,ofgd oke .gxfnl zeipyae ,mexcl mipet zepey`xd 'dlk ièa' zelna
Dlr A zxhr mFlWa i`FA
dldv a E dgn U A mB
dNBq mr ipEn` KFY
:dlA w p zAW
ipR dNM z`x
wl icFc
dkl :dNk i`FA dNk i`FA
milawne ('ekxa'a gzet ofgd ,mei cera ziaxr zenicwnd zelidwa) 'melya ièa' :xnfl mikiynn ldwde ofgd
.ziaxr xnb cr ,mlerd jxck zilha shern x`ype ,eipt lrn zilhd z` xiqn la`d fè ,zayd z` mdilr
9. n"ctt bdpn, until the last generation, was to turn for melya ièa a) to the west anti-clockwise
(by first turning north), b) for the first dlk ièa to bow to the south, c) for the second dlk ièa
to bow to the east. (zldw ixac pg. 61).
10. In fpky` zelidw, melya ièa is always sung first by the congregation/choir and then by the ofg.
The Composer Japhet wrote it down in this manner in his notes on icec dkl.
_______________________________________________
105
11
'zayd meil xiy xenfn' zxinà mb ayil ebdp
:zA X d mFil xiW xFnfn av
:oFilr L nW l xOflE iil zF dl aFh
:zFliNA L z pEnè L Cqg xA A ciBd l
:xFPk A oFiBd ilr lapilre xFUri lr
:oPx` Li ci iUr nA Llrt A ii ipY g O U iM
:Li aWg n Ew nr c` n ii LiUrn ElcBdn
:z`fz` oia i`l liq E r ci `l xr AWi`
:cri
cr m cnX d l oe` il Rl M EvivIe aUr FnM | mir W x xtA
:ii mlrl mFx n dY` e
:oe` il R lM Ec xR z i Ecaì Lia i` dPd iM i i Lia i` dPd iM
:oprx onWA i NA ipx w mi` x M mxY e
:ipf` dprnW Y mir x n ilr minT A i xEW A ipir hAY e
:dBU i oFpa NA f` M g xti xn Y
M wiC v12
:Egix ti Epi l ` zFxvg A ii zia A milEzW
:Eidi miPprxe mipW C daiUA oEaEp i cFr
:FA dzler dzlr`le ixE v ii xW iiM ciBd l
:hFO Yl
A la Y oFMYs
` xG` z d fr ii Wa l Wal zE` B K ln ii 13 bv
:dY ` mlFrn f`n L `q M oFk
p
:mik C zFx dp EÙi mlFw zFx dp E` Up i i | zFx dp E` Up
:ii mFx OA xiC
` miix AW n mixi C ` miA x min | zFlTn
:min i K `
l i i W Td
e`p L zi
a l c` n Epn `p | Li cr
zay ly oi` mè ,zay ly 'hiivxdì' exne` .ofgd cenr cvl mezi yicw mixne` 'jln 'd' seqa
.mè a` el oi`y in exne` la` oi` mè ,la` exne` 'hiivxdì' oi` mè ,zay axr ly 'hiivxdì' exne`
DzErx k `x aC `nlr
A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WCwz
ie lCBz
i rxek (ohw) mezi
:aix
w onfa E `lbr
A l`xUiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
.'oeiv il`' oebipa 'zayd meil xiy xenfn' z` mixy oefg zaya 11.
,fx` xn
`p dO l xn Y xn `p m` ?':dBU i oFpa NA f` M g xti xn Y M wiCv' :aiz k C i`n ,ipiil El xA ìIg ia x WxC 12.
wiC v s` ,silg n Frf B oi` ,xn Y dn ,xnF` izi id fx` xn `p `le xn Y xn `p ENi` ?xn Y xn `p dO l fx` xn
`p m` e
dUFr
oi` fx` dn ,xnF` izi id ,xn Y xn `p `le ,fx` xn `p ENi` .fx` xn `p Kk l ,silg n Frf B oi` mFlW e qg
(:t `xza àa ,.dk ziprz 'nb) .fx` xn `pe xn Y xn `p Kk l ,zFxiR dUFr oi` mFlW e qg wiC v s` ,zFxiR
.zay oebipl mixfeg 'jizcr' weqtae ,'oeiv il`' oebipa 'jln 'c' z` mixy oefg zaya 13.
_______________________________________________
106
ie gAY W
ie KxAz
i rxek (ohw) mezi
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi
We `z k x
AlMn `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek (ohw) mezi :`nlr A oxi
n` C
on Àx `nlW `di
UilMlre xneè eiptl dgeye
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
zaya zeidl lgy ipy aeh meia `l la` ,mixnfn ipy aeh meia
14
:(oey`x aeh meia mixnfn ,(dpyd y`x ly ipy aeh mein ueg) ,ipy aeh mei mdl oi`y l`xyi uxà)
:l` x
Ui Li pMW n a ri Lil ` EaHd n 15 d:ck xacna
:Lz ` x
iA L
W w lkid l` deg Y W
` Lzia `Fa ` LC q ax A ip` e g:d mildz
:LcFa
M oMW n mFw E LziA oFr n iY ad i i g:ek
:i r iiipt l dkx a` drxk` e deg Y W ` ip` e
:Lr
Wi znÀ ipp r L
Cqg ax A mi l` oFv x zr ii | L
liz Nt z ip` e ci:hq
,[i"`] mY n EglW C mEXn ?[zeielb ly ipy aeh mei] inFi ixY opic a r `n
rh i`n ,`g xiC `ria w A opir c iC `Y W d e 14.
(:c dvia 'nb) .ilEwlT `
l iz ` e dx
fB zEklO d ixf
bC oipn f ,mkici
A mkizFa
` bd pn A ExdGd
yxid l`tx oeyny axd states the following: Only the crassly ignorant and limited mind will
find cause for rejoicing in the fact that we need no longer entertain doubts concerning the
correct date for the beginning of each month. For this our present certainty is a consequence
of the deplorable fact that, exiled from our land and dispersed throughout the world, we no
longer have that duly-constituted body of representatives who would have the authority to
proclaim as holy for all of us the beginnings of each month on the basis of their own
observation of each yceg y`x. Thus our miycg iy`x and micren would have lost their
fundamental character of appointed seasons by virtue of which alone they can be truly
consecrated as our own miycg iy`x and our own appointed seasons for communion with
God, were it not for the provident action taken by ohwd lld. This great sage ordained the
permanent fixing of the beginnings of our months in advance for all the days of our dispersion
until that time when we shall be reunited once again upon our own soil. But the very fact that
the beginnings of our months and therefore our micren have been fixed in advance on the basis
of an unchanging calendar cycle represents a real danger. For in this manner our months and
micren would lose their basic character of freely appointed season between God and His
people, were it not for the second days appended to each aeh mei. . . It is therefore entirely true
that, for Israel in exile, only the observance of a second day will ensure the hallowed, truly
Jewish character of the original first day. (a:ai zeny) [The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 135]
15. eaeh dn is comprised of miweqt which were not originally meant for choral singing (unlike lcbi
and mler oec` which are miheit). The singing of eaeh dn on ipy aeh mei was established as late as
the nineteenth century. One is not allowed to prepare from one day of aeh mei to next,
and therefore the bdpn became to postpone ziaxr aeh mei in order to delay ones arrival and
aeh mei preparations at home. To utilize the extra time in synagogue efficiently, the choir sings
eaeh dn. The same reason applies to first day aeh mei when it occurs on zay i`ven. However, on
zaya zeidl lgy ipy aeh mei, eaeh dn is omitted, since one is permitted to prepare from
aeh mei to zay. (On dpyd y`x, eaeh dn is sung only on ipy aeh mei even in l`xyi ux`.)
The concept of ipy aeh mei does not exist in l`xyi ux` and therefore the question was asked
should one the choir sing eaeh dn? One is actually supposed to recite eaeh dn every time
one enters the synagogue. The decision was made to sing eaeh dn even on first day aeh mei,
so as not to lose the bdpn altogether. and by doing so, eaeh dn is sung at least six times a year.
_______________________________________________
107
rny zìxw zekxa aeh meile zayl ziaxr
aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw

.zeaxrn mixne` oi` crend leg zezay ilila
1
mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie
Kx
Az
i : ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` ofgd cera jix`n ofg
oFW`x ÈdW :Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln lW FnW `Vpz ie :'ekxa' zxinà
Fn
W DiA zFaxr a xl ENq d:gq mildz :mi l` oi` eicr
lA n E oFxg` Ède Ek xA 2
:dNd zE
dkx
AlMlr mnFxn FnWE :eipt l Eflr e
:cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA : ldwd xnì myd ofgd obpnyk iiz `
:mlFrcr
e dY n Kan ii mW
id i a:biw : ldwd xnì 'jxand' ofgd obpnyk :K a n d
:c r
e ml Frl K a n d ii KEx A : eicgi ofgde ldw
` KExA
dlil ìan E mFi xiar nE :xFìpR n KWg e KWgi pR n xF` llFB
Epilr KFlni cinY mIw e ig l` :FnW zFàv ii dlil oiaE mFi oiA liC an E
43
:miaxr aixr
Od ii dY
` KExA :cr e mlFrl
ix A gnU pe
ac
5
ii dY
:l`x
Ui FOr ,adF`
.ofg ly dad` zkxa lr 'on`' miper
ekxa mipbpn (,[yceg ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy] zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg zay ,yceg y`x) dxez ixtq ipy oiìveny zaya 1.
.mi`xep minil cgein oebipe aeh meil cgein oebip yi oke .cgein oebipa
2. fpky` bdpn is to lengthen the recital of ekxa. It is also practised among some micxtq (xèank
aeh my xzk xtqa). Though many dkld ixtq, speak of being 'ekxaa jix`n', especially at certain
times (i.e. zay i`ven), nevertheless it seems to have all but disappeared, except for the special
elongated ekxa chanted on mi`xep mini ilil. See the a:bvx daeyz ixry which mentions the great
dlebq to be jix`n when saying 'cre mlerl jxand 'c jexa' on zay i`ven. (zelecb zekld mya, ikxa
sqei, l`hie miig iax, and oe`b i`d ax)
.zeaxrn o`k mitiqen (zaya lgyk mb) milbx yly ilila 3.
4. The aixrn service for both days of dpyd y`x differs from the corresponding prayers for
the festivals by the fact that there are no zeaxrn, or special miheit. The reason for the omission
is... that many worshippers have fasted on the Eve of the festival. (The World of Prayer
Volume II pg. 175)
_______________________________________________
108
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,ofg ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx
p n l `
o n ` Kl
c:e mixac
` ii l`x
:cr
mA Y x
Ac
e Lip a l mY PPW
d Eid e
L
aW
A
mkv x `xh n iY z pe :mk W t plka E mka a llkA Fc ar
lE mk idl ` iiz` da d ` l
LYnda l LcU A aUr iY z pe :Lx dv ie L W
xiz
e Lp bc Y t q ` e WFw ln E d xFi FYrA
mix g` mi l ` mY c are mY x qe mka a l dY ti oR mk l Ex nW d :Yr a U e Y lk ` e
dn c `d e xh n did i`le min X d z` xvr e mk A i is` dx ge :mdl mzi eg Y W
d e
mY nU e :mkl o p ii xW` d Hd ux` d lr n dx dn mYc a` e DlEaiz` oY z `l
Eid e mk c ilr zF`l m ` mY x Ww E mkW t plr e mka a llr dN` ix aCz
`
Lz iaA L Y aW A mA xA c l mkipA z` m ` mYc Ole :mk ipir oiA zthFh l
:Lixr Wa E Lzi A zFfEfnlr mYa z k E :Ln EwaE LAk W a E KxC a L Y kla E
:ux` d lr min X d iniM mdl zz l mki a `l ii rA W p xW ` dn c `d lr
md l` Y
x
n` e l`x
Ex
xg` ExEz z`le
.ofgd oke oexg`d weqtd axd mr ldwd exne`
mix
vn ux` n mk z ` iz`
vFd xW ` mk idl
` ii ip`
:mk idl
` ii ip` mi l
`l mkl zFid l
_______________________________________________
109
'zn`' dlina elew mixn ofg .s"l`d rleai `ly hrn geix ozi ok` ,'zn`'l 'mkidl`' sxvl yi
,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr ziviv zyxt xne` ofg jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè
FzlEf oiè Epi l ` ii Èd iM Epilr mIw e z`flM dpEn
sMn Epl` FBd EpM ln mikln cIn EpcFR d :FOr l`x
è
Ui Epgp` e
zn `

:EpW
t p iaiF`lkl lEnB mNW n d e EpixSn Epl rx tPd l`d :mivixr dlM
EpW
t p mV d h:eq mildz :xR q n oi`cr zF` lt pe xwg oi` cr zFlcb d rd i:h aei`
lM lr Eppx w mxIe Epia iF` zFnAlr Epk ixc Od :Eplbx hFO l ozp`le miIg A
:mgipA znc À miz tFnE zzF` drx tA dnwpE miQp EpNdUr d :Epi` pU
:mlFr zExgl mkFYn l`x Ui FOrz
` `vFIe mix vn ixFk
AlM Fzx ara dMO d
:rAh zFnFdz A mdi`pFUzè mditcFxz ` sEqmi ixfB oiA eipA xiar Od 6
:mdilr ElAw oFvx A FzEkln E :FnWl EcFde EgAW FzxEa B eipa E`x e
dxi W Epr Ll l`x Ui ipa E d n
(zaya lgyk mb) milbx yly ilila - mNk Exn` e dAx dgn U A
miniiqne zeaxrn o`k mitiqen
(- mNk Exn` e dAx dgn U A dPx
A dlibA )
ì:eh zeny ldwe ofg
:`lt dUr zNdz `
xFp WcT
A xC
kin
d n ipt l mi r
wFA ln 7 ofg
Lipa E`x LzEk
(zaya lgyk mb) milbx ylya - Exn` e Epr il` df a:eh
miniiqne zeaxrn o`k mitiqen
(- Exn` e dR EvR Epr
Wi xEv df)
:cre mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh ldwe ofg
:EPO n wfg cIn Fl ctiM i:`l dinxi :xn`pe 8 ofg
`bE aw riz` ii d
9
.miniiqne zeaxrn o`k mitiqen (zaya lgyk mb) milbx yly ilila
:l`x
Ui l`B ii dY
` KExA
.cgein oebipa 'eipa xiarnd' mipbpny zelidw yi gqt ly ipinye iriaya 6.
.cgein oebipa mipbpn (,[yceg ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy] zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg zay ,yceg y`x) z"q ipy oiìveny zaya 7.
.cgein oebipa mipbpn (,[yceg ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy] zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg zay ,yceg y`x) z"q ipy oiìveny zaya 8.
9. oilet bdpn is to conclude with 'el`be l`xyi xev jln', while according to fpky` bdpn one recites
'l`xyi l`b' as usual. This is one instance where oilet bdpn still practices the ancient ux` bdpn
l`xyi and fpky` bdpn does not.
_______________________________________________
110
.('epcra obde'n miligzn yie) ,epaikyd ofgd obpn mi`xep miniae lel` zezaya oke ,z"q 'a oiìveny zezaya
Epilr qFxtE miIg l EpM ln Epci nrde mFlWl Epi l ` ii Epa iMW d
Epcr
WFde Lipt Nn daFh dvr A EppT z e Ln FlW zMq
Epx g` n E Epipt ln ohU xqd e oFbie arx e axge xaC aiF` Epilr n xqd e
dY ` mEgx e oEPg Kln l` iM dY ` EpliSn E Epx
nFW l` iM Epxi qY LitpM lva E
Y
zMq Epilr qFxtE :mlFrcr e dY r
n mFlWlE miIg11 l Ep` FaE Epz10`v xFnWE
l`x Ui FOrl M lr e Epilr mFlW zMq qxFR ii dY
` KExA :Ln FlW
:mlW
Exilr
e
12
.dnirpae mx lewa eilr xfeg ofgde ,'exnye' xne` ldwd
:mlFr zix
A c l zAX d z`13 ` x
d z` zFU rl zAX Uiipa Ex nW e fi-fh :`l zeny
ii dUr min i zW14W
iM mlrl èd zF` l` x Ui ipA oiaE ipiA
:Wt PIe zaW ir iaX d mFIaE ux` d zè min X
d z`
xetk mei lila dpyd y`x ilila milbx yly ilila
l:fh `xwie c:`t mildz cn:bk `xwie
xd h l mkilr xRk i dGd mFIa iM dqM A xtFW W g a Er wY c nz
` d n xA c ie
ii ipt l mk iz`H g lMn mkz` l` x
Uil wg iM :EpBg mFil :l` x
Ui ipA l` ii
:Exd h Y : w ri i l`l hR W
n Èd
DzErx k `x aC `nlr A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WCwz
ie lC i 15 rxek ofg
Bz
:aix w onfa E `lbr A l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
(on` ldw) :on` rxek ofg Exn` e
lE mlr l Kxan16Àx DinW `di
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek ofg `Wc wC DinW lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi We `z k xAlMn (`NrlE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`x ilila) `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek ofg :`nlr A oxi
n` C
: 'àie dlri' mifixkn yceg y`xc '` lila
'ycg y`x' mifixkn ,yceg y`x ly cg` mei wx yi m` oke ,yceg y`xc 'a lila
,dxyr dpeny o`k mixne` mi`xep miniae milbx ylya
.(318 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(302 'nr) dpyd y`x ly ,(266 'nr) milbx yly ly
11. 'qxFR
d' is cxtq gqep, 'qxFR
' is fpky` gqep.
12.The bdpn is to stand for exnye, is very old and may have originated dlaw it lr.
dìa z"x .èd zF` l` xUi ipA :(:hn zay) cren ld`n zay zk`ln opitlic ld` z"x .zFU rl zAX d z` 13.
Y r cie my lr jld` z"x .iM mlrl èd zF` :(:aq zeaezk) zay axrl zay axrn mkg cinlz ly ezìay
(mixehd lra) :zay lila zexp zwlcd (.cl zay) dipin opiyxcc ,(ck:d aei`) Lld` mFlW iM
':Wt PIe zaW
' :xn
`PW ,EPO n DzF`
oilhFp zAW i`
vFnA ,zAW axr A mc` A FA dpYi
p dxi z
i dn W
p ,Wiw l Wix xn ` 14.
(:fk ziprz 'nb) .Wt p dca ` ie za X W oeiM
zaya lgyke) .leg oebipa aeh mei lila yicwd z` obpl mibdep yi .cgein oebip yi dxez ixtq ipy zaya 15.
yicwd seq lel` inia .('jxazi'a zay oebipl mixaer zaya lgyke) aeh mei oebipa ecbpl mibdep yie (zay oebipa
.'jxazi'n zay oebipl mixaer zaya lgy dpyd y`x lila .zeriwzd ienc lqleqnd oebipa xn`p
.xetk mei cr engp zayn mi`xep mini ly oebipa yicwd seq obpn ofgd 16.
_______________________________________________
111
zayl dcinr ziaxr ziaxr
zayl ziaxr ly dcinr

mdx a` i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
oFilr l` `xFP de xFABd lFcBd l`d awri i lè wgv i i l `
mdipa ipa l l`Fb ìan E zFa` icqg xkFfe lMd dpwe miaFh mic
qg lnFB
:dad ` A FnW orn l
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
kf : daey zaya
:mdx
W FnE xfFr Kln
:ri
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn

LFn
:drEW
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in : daey zaya
ii dY` KExA :dlQ LElld i mFilkA miWFcwE WFcw LnW e WFcw dY`
:WFcTd (KlO d : daey zaya) l`d
ux` e min W
dUr
n zilk Y Ln W
l iriaX d mFiz` Y W Cw dY`
:Lz xFz
A aEzM oke miPn Gd lMn FYWC
we minId lMn FYkx
aE
_______________________________________________
112
mFIA mi l ` lkie3 :m` a v lke u` d e minX d ENk ie2 1 b-`:a ziy`xa

:dU r xW` FYk`ln lMn ir iaX d mFIA zAWIe dUr xW ` FYk`ln ir iaX d
FY
k`ln lMn za W Fa iM F ` WC wie ir iaX d mFiz` mi l ` Kxaie
:zFU rl | mi l ` ` xAxW`
Epw
lg oze LizFvn A EpW Cw :Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
:znÀ LC ar
l EpA l xdh e Lz rEWi
A Epg O U e La EHn Epr AU
Lz xFz A
43
:Ln W
iad ` l`x
Ui La EgnU ie LW c
w zAW oFvx aE dad ` A Epi l` ii Epligpd e
:zAX d WC wn ii dY` KExA
Lz iA xiacl dcFa
r d aWd e mzNt z aE l`x Ui LOr A Epi l ` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad ` A dx dn mzNt zE l`x Ui iX` e
:LO r l`x Ui zcFa r
ie dvxie d`x
ie ri
mFiA mFlWl E
drEW
kf
:oFIvl FzpikW
,`pEpn d ax xn ` C ,'ENkie' xnFl
Kix v zAW axr A lNR z O d cig i Elit ` ,iel oA r WFd
i ia x `ni zi
` e àx xn ` 1.
,ziW` xa dU rn A Èd KExA WFcT l sYEW
dU rp ENi` M aEzMd eilr dlrn ,'ENk ie' xnF`
e zAW axr A lNR z O d lM
ik`
l n ipW ,'ENk
ie' xnF`
e zAW axr A lNR z O d lM ,àwEr xn xn ` . . . .ENki e `N` EN ki e ixw Y l` 'ENk
ie' :xn
`PW
(:hiw zay 'nb) .(f:e diryi) ':xR k Y Lz `Hg e Lp er xq e' ,Fl mixnF`
e FW`x lr odi ci oigi
Pn mc` l Fl oiEln d zxX d
minX ie' :xn
d ENk `PW ,E`xa
p mpFia v A ,E`xa
p oY r cA ,E`xa
p oz nFw
A ,ziW`
xA dU rn lM ,iel oA r WFd i ia x xn ` 2.
(.q oileg 'nb) .mpFia v `N` 'm` a v ' ixw Y l` ':m` a v lke u` d e
elkie zyxta :(zay zlitz) 'z `x ng' exn`y edfe .''d cnge' inlyexi mebxz .mi l
w FzF` mini zC ` lkie 3.
axr idie iriayd meia aizk `le .(d:ai x"a) mie uxè miny ,mdn zayy zek`ln 'b cbpk ezk`ln minrt 'b
(mixehd lra) :(ci:h x"a oiir) ycewd lr legn oitiqeny itl ,xwa idie
(oe`b dicrq ax ,oe`b mxnr ax ,dfipbd i"zk oiir) laa ipe`b icia lawn mbe wizrd l`xyi ux` gqep 3.
Kq z e EpPxi mlFrl Ka iqFgl nU ie' l`xyi zexinf mirp ixacn exwira gewl ,'jny iade` l`xyi egnyie' èd
k Eg
.dtexi` zevx` lka miiw did exne`l bdpnd oencwd gqep èd ,(ai:d mildza) ':Ln W iad` L
a Evlr ie Fnilr
:mdixeciqn gqepd hnypy cr ,'egnyie' xnel ebdp ,cxtq caln ,zevx`d lk ipa
(`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) ".mixeciq aexa oke ,'eke 'jny (z`) iade` l`xyi ja egnyie' miiql oilibxe"
'jny iade` l`xyi egnyie' is the gqep which appears in all fpky` ixeciq until approximately 1650.
Most current mixeciq have adopted the micxtqd gqep of 'Ln W iWC Ui (ma/Fa/Da) EgEpie'.
wn l`x
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui Da EgEpie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 4.
_______________________________________________
113
:cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
EpiIg lr Lz ld Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv
Od
`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa
e axr zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
:Kl EpiEw mlFrn Lic qg EOz `l iM mgxnd e Lin g x Elk
: 'miqpd lr' o`k mixne` dkepga
e zFxEaBd lr e owxR d lr
e miQPd lr
W
LOrl
r dr Wx d oei zEkln dc nr WM eipa E ipFnWg lFcB o M opg FioA Ediz Yn iniA
mdl Y cn r miAx d Lin g x
A dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ar
dlE Lz xFY
mgiMW d l l`xUi
ciA mixFA
B Y xq n :mzn w pz` Y n w p mpiCz
` Y pC maixz ` Y a x mzx v zrA
ciA micfe miwiC v ciA mirW xE mixFd h ciA mi`n h E miHr n ciA miAx e miWNg
dlFcb drEW Y z iU r l`x Ui LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :LzxFz iwq Fr
LW C
wn z` Exdh e Llk idz` EPtE Lz iA xiac l Lipa EÀ KM xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE

:lFcBd LnW l lNd l E zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini zpFnW Eraw e LW c
w zFxvg A zFxp Ewilc de
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
:Lz ix
a ipA miaFh miIg l aFzkE : daey zaya
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
i l`d znÀ LnW
miIg d lke
oFc` Kln Èd dY` iM mlFrl miUY LOr l`xUilr ax mFlW
dr
Wlka E zrl
kA l`xUi LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A aFhe :mFlXd lkl
:LnFlWA
:[ofgd iptl '...xtqa' zxin` micwn ldwd u"yd zxfga] : daey zaya Kx
an d ii dY` KExA
Lipt l azM pe xkGp daFh dqpx
tE mFlWe dkx
A miIg xtq A
ii dY` KExA :mFlWl E miIg l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
ke Ep`
l`xUi FOrz
`
:mFlXd dUFr :mFlXA
_______________________________________________
114
zayl ziaxr ziaxr

n xAC
n izt U E rxn ipFWl xvp i l `
:iWt p sCx Y Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz
A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr M iWt pe
orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dxdn drx ilr miaW Fgdlke
| oFv xl Eidi eh:hi :ippre eppre L
pin i dri
WFd Li
cic
i oEv
lg i or
nl f:q mildz
mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b

e ixEv
n`
:on` Exn` e :l`x
UilMlr e Epilr mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA
: xneè h`l swef
:Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze Epin ia dx dn A WC wO d ziA dpA iW
mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc w mipW k E mlFr iniM d`x
iA Lc ar p mWe
:zFIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM
.(f ,gqx r"ey) xeaiva cgia exne`l aehe ,cnern mx lewa 'elkie' mixne`
.enr miper ldwde mx lewa 'elkie' dlgz xneè ,ray oirn dkxa xne` la` dltzd xifgn ofgd oi`
mi l
` lkie :m` a v lke u` d e minX ie 5 b-`:a ziy`xa dnirpa cgi ldwde ofg
d ENk
Yk`ln lMn ir iaX d mFIA zAWIe dUr xW ` FYk`ln ir iaX d mFIA
za W
Fa iM F ` WC wie ir iaX
d mFiz` mi l ` Kxaie :dU r xW`
:zFU rl | mi l` `xAxW` FY k`ln lMn
.dxyr dpeny zligza enk rxek ofgd .ray oirn zkxa ofgd jxan ,dltzd zxfg mewna
,gqt ly oey`x lila s` ,zaya lgy aeh meia oke aeh mei xg`y zaya mb z`f lk mixne`)
(.i`xwà milltzny mewn lka `le dze` mixne` oi` milaè mipzg ziaa) .aeh mei ly da oixikfn oiè
` eny jexae èd jexa mixne` ii swef ofg dY` degzyn ofg KExA rxek ofg
Epi l
lFcBd l`d wr i i lè wgv i i l ` mdx a` i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè
.o`k on` mixne` oi` :ux dpw oFilr l` 6 hi:ci `xFP
` e minW de xFABd
5. An individual may always recite elkie, whether orening alone or joining the xeaiv too late
to hear it. The yi` oefg writes one who missed reciting elkie with the xeaiv, should recite it on
his own and not with someone else.
':oFilr l-` l ok Ède' :xn
`PW .mW n dPEdM ìvFd l Èd KExA WFcT d WTi A ,l`rn W i ia x mEWn dixk f ia x xn ` 6.
oFilr l-` l mx
a` KExA xnÌe Edkxa ie' :xn
`PW .md xa ` n dì
vFd
,mFwO d zMxal md xa ` zMxA miC w dW oeiM
(:al mixcp 'nb) .od M Frxf oi` e ,od M Èd ':oFilr l-` l ok Ède' :aiz k C Epiid e . . .':ux` e minW
dpw
_______________________________________________
115
ray oirn ziaxr
(KlO d :k"ei cr d"xn) l`d Fxn` n A miz n dIg n Fxac A zFa` obn 7 ofg 'xgè ldw
:mdl g ipd l dvx ma iM FWcw zAW mFiA FOr l g ipO d EdFn M oi`W WFcTd
:zFkx Ad oir n cinY mFilkA FnWl dcFp e cgt e d`x iA car p eipt l
dXcwA g ipn E iriaW Kxan E zAX d WC wn mFlXd oFc` zF`cFd d l`
:ziW`x a dUr nl xkf bpr ipX
c
n mrl
Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze LizF vn A EpW
C
w :Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l` ofg
Epi l
` ii Epligpd e :znÀ LCar
A Epg O U e La EHn Epr
AU
ii dY
` KExA :Ln W Ui La EgnU ie8 LW
iad ` l`x c
w zAW oFvx aE dad ` A
:zAX d WC
wn
:xn`
e fi:ci xacna
f e:dk mildz
DzErx k `x aC `nlr A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz ie lC i 9 rxek ofg
Bz
:aixw onfa E `lbr A l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
`Vpz ie mnFxz
ie x`R z ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek ofg `Wc wC DinW lNd z ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi
We `z k xAlMn (`NrlE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`x ilila) `Nr l
n` C
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet ofg
Epilr mFlW dUr
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
.avr oebipa obpl mibdep yi oefg zaya 7.
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui Da EgEpie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 8.
.dpyd icren oebipa lawzz yicw mipbpn dxez zgnya 9.
_______________________________________________
116
oiwilcn dna ziaxr
1
oiwilcn dna
2
(zeipynd mixne`y oebipa) 'oiwilcn dna' mixne` crend leg zaye ,zaya ligzny aeh meiae ,zay lil lka
3
.xwir lk xetk mei lila mixne` oiè ,iyy meia lg (ipy e` oey`x) aeh mei m` mixne` oi` la`
'a wxt zay dpyn
?oiwilc
n oi` dOa E oiwilc
n dOA [`]
,oci
`d zliz t A `le ,KNk a `le ,oqg
a `le ,Wkla `l oiwilc
n oi`
,der
Wa `le ,ztfa `l .miO d ipR lr
W dwFxiA `le ,xAc
Od zliz t A `le
.alg a `le ,dil` a `le ,dtx
U onW
A `le ,wiw onW
A `le
lXa
n cg` :mix
nF` mink g e ,lXa
n alg A oiwilc
n :xnF` ic
Od mEgp
.FA oiwilc
n oi` lXa
n Fpi`W
cg` e
,ox
hr A oiwilc
n oi` :xnF` l`r
nW i iax .aFh mFiA dtx
U onW
A oiwilc
n oi` [a]
,oinW
n W onW
A :mipn X
d lkA oixi Y
n mink g e .zAX
d cFaM ipR n
.ht pa E ,ox
hr A ,zFrETR onW
A ,mibC onW
A ,zFpFpv onW
A ,mifFb
` onW
A
.calA zif onW
A `N` oiwilc
n oi` :xnF` oFtx
h iax
1. oiwilcn dna - originated from the time of the mipe`b, [originally recited after the dcinr]
in order that people not follow the interpretation of the mi`xw to not allow any fire
(i.e. lit candle(s)) in ones house on zay. The mdxa` obn defends our bdpn, to recite oiwilcn dna
only after the end of ziaxr, pointing out that the kinds of wicks and oils enumerated in dna
oiwilcn are no longer used in our part of the world. oiwilcn dna was added to afford late
comers every possible opportunity to finish their prayers before the rest of the congregation
would disperse, so that they would not have to walk home alone from the synagogue in
the dark (w"xdn ibdpn). If one is able to recite oiwilcn dna on zaya lgy aeh mei, then one should
do so, even in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue.
(The mc` iig, advocated moving oiwilcn dna to before ekxa, the logic being that then one could
still fix the problems addressed in the zeipyn, if zay had not begun. In `hil, based on this,
oiwilcn dna was shifted to before ekxa. In Western Europe, however, the old bdpn of saying it
after dxyr dpeny did not change.)
('a sirq x"r oniq g"e`) .`"nxd zrck jiixhye` bdpnk `le ,df xaca xagnd zrck qepix bdpn 2.
(my dxexa dpyn) .aeh meia oixyrn oi`y mzxyr xnel leki oi`y itl 3.
_______________________________________________
117
oiwilcn dna ziaxr
ur
d on `vFIdlke .oYW t `N` ,FA oiwilc n oi` ur d on `vFIdlM [b]
- Dad a d `le DlR T W
cbA d zliz R .oYWt `N` ,mil ` z`n h ÒH n Fpi`
:xnF` àiwr iax .DA oiwilc n oiè ,ìd d`n h :xnF` xfri l` iax
.DA oiwilcnE ,ìd dxFd
h
xPd iR lr dPpY
ie onW
dP` Nn ie dviA lW zxtFtW mc ` aTi `l [c]
DxAg m` la` .xiY
n dcEd
i iaxE .qxg lW ìd Elt` e ,ztHpn `dY
W liaW
A
onW
dxr
w mc ` `Nn i `l .cg` ilM ÈdW ipR n ,xY n - dNg Y n xvFId
.za` FW `dY
W liaW A DkFzA dliz Rd W`x oYie ,xPd cvA dPpY ie
.xiY
n dcEd i iaxE
,drx g Ex ipR n ,mihq l ipR n ,miFb ipR n `x

iz
n ÈdW ipR n xPd z` dAk n d [d]
,onX
d lr qgM ,xPd lr qgM .xEhR ,oWiIW dlFgd liaW A F`
,dliz
Rd on uEg ,oNk A xhFR iqFi iax .aIg ,dliz Rd lr qgM
.mgR DUFr ÈdW ipR n
zFxidf opi`W
lr :ozc
l zr WA zFzn miWp zFxar WlW lr [e]
.xPd zwlc
da E ,dNg A ,dC
pA
:dkW
g mr zAW axr FziA KFzA xnFl mc ` Kix v mix ac d lW 4 [f]
- dkW g Dpi` wtq dkW g wtq .xPd z` Ewilc d ?mY a xr ?mY x
Ur
.zFxPd z` oiwilc n oiè ,milM d z` oiliAh n oiè ,i`CEd z` oix
Vr
n oi`
.oiOg d z` oipn Fhe ,oiaxr
nE ,i`nCdz` oix Vrn la`
,ldwd mr ygla 'oingd' cr ofgd xn`y xgè
(zldw ixac) :oiid lr my ycwne gztl xzei aexwd enewnl jlede zilhd xiqn
:dkW
g mr zAW axr FziA KFzA xnFl mc ` Kix ac d lW' ,opA x ixn ` C `d ,dpg xA xA dAx xn ` 4.
v mix
(:e oihib 'nb) .DiPin ElA Ti
lC iki
d iM ,`zEgi
pA Edpixni
n
l Kix v '.xPd z` Ewilc
d ?mY a xr ?mY x
Ur
_______________________________________________
118
zqpkd ziaa yeciw ziaxr
6 5
crend leg zaye zay lil yeciw
mizey zeevnl eribd `ly miphwe ,oiid lr ycwn ofgd ,'xfril` iax xn`' zxin` mcew 'oiwilcn dna' zxin` xg`
zay ilil lka zqpkd ziaa oiycwn .'lawzz' yicw xg` skiz ofgd ycwn ,'oiwilcn dna' mixne` oi`yk .oiid z`
: yeciwd gqep dfe .xetk mei lile gqt ly zepey`xd zeliln ueg ,(120 'nr) dpyd y`xe aeh mei ilile
:'mipdk' mixikfn `l 'axd epixen dxen' yi m`
:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n [mipM e` ax
d EpixFn
dxFn
zEWx
A] ix
aq
:otBd ix
R `xFA
` KExA
Epa dvx e ei evn A EpW
C
w xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA
dNg Y mFi Èd iM :ziW`x a dUrnl oFxMf Epligpd oFvx aE dad ` A FWcw zAW
e
Y W C
w Epz Fè Y xg a Epa iM :mix vn zìvil xkf Wcw i`x wn l
:zAX d WCwn ii dY ` KExA :EpY lg pd oFvx
aE dad ` A LWcw zAW e :miOr
dlMn
-------------------
milbx yely lil yeciw

:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n [mipM e` ax
d EpixFn
dxFn
zEWx
A] ix
aq
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
oFWllMn Epn n Fxe mrl Mn EpA xgA xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
dgn U l micrFn
[E dgEpnl zFzAW zaya] dad` A Epi l ` ii EploYY e :ei evn A EpW
C
we
[mFiz è dGd zAX
d zaya] mFiz` :oFUUl miPn fE miBg
dxez zgnye zxvr ipiny ilil zekq ilil zereay ilil gqt ly g-f ilil
dGd zxvr d bg ipinW dGd zFM Qd bg dGd zFrEaWd bg dGd zFSOd bg
Epz g n U onf Epz g n U onf Epz xFY
oYn onf Epz Exg onf
miOr dlMn Y W C
w Epz Fè Y xg a Epa iM :mix vn zìvil xkf W w `x
wn [dad` A zaya]
:EpY lg pd oFUUa E dgn U A [oFvx aE dad` A zaya] LWc w icrFnE
[z AW e zaya]
:miPn Gd e l`xUi [e zAX d zaya] WC wn ii dY` KExA
.:w sc migqt 'nb oiir 5.
6. yeciw recited by the ofg in the synagogue, has its origin in the period when strangers were
given their zay meal in a room adjoining the synagogue. The mdxcea`, writing in Spain early
in the fourteenth century says; As our predecessors have set up the rule, though for a reason
which no longer exists, the rule remains unshaken.
mipey`xd epizeax zrck ycwl ebdp oilete fpky` zelidwa .'zqpkd ziaa yeciwd oic' ,h"qx 'iq g"e` r"eyeh 'ir
.l"vf y"i` oefgd oxn z`xed it lr ,fpky` i`vei ly zqpk izaa l`xyi uxà mibdep oke .fpkyày
_______________________________________________
119
zqpkd ziaa yeciw ziaxr
dpyd y`x lil yeciw

:izFAxe opA x
e opx
n [mipM e` ax d EpixFn
dxFn zEWx A] ix aq
:otBd ix
R `xFA mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
oFWllMn Epn n Fxe mrl Mn EpA xgA xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
dGd oFxMfd [mFizè dGd zAX d zaya] mFiz` dad` A Epi l ` ii EploYY e :ei evn A EpW
C
we
Y xg a Epa iM :mix
vn zìvil xkf Wcw` x wn [dad` A drEx
Y oFxkf zaya] drEx Y mFi
7
ii dY` KExA :cr l mIw e zn` EpM ln Lx acE miOr dlMn Y W Cw Epz Fè
:oFxMGd mFie l`x
Ui [e zAX
d zaya] WC wn ux` d lMlr Kln
:dlcade xp mitiqen zay i`vena
:W`d ixF ` n `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
K g
l xF` oiA lgl Ucwoi A liC aO d mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA (:ek oileg 'nb)
aFh mFi zXcwl zAW zXc w oiA :dUr Od ini zWW l iriaX d mFi oiA miOr l l`xUi oiA
l`x
Ui LOrz
` Y W C
we Y lC
ad Y W
C
w dUr Od ini zWX n iriaX d mFizè Y lC
ad
:W w
l Ucwoi
A liC aO d ii dY` KExA :Lz X
c
wA
gqt ly oexgè iriay ililn ueg ,'epiigdy' mikxan aeh mei ilil lka
.'epigdy' milindn lgd meid oebipd z` obpl mibdep
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA (.cp zekxa 'nb)
When no minor is present to drink the yeciw wine, the person making yeciw drinks qek aex,
(and recites a dpexg` dkxa if there is more than a ziriax).
(Ideally, an adult should consume zepefn or bread after reciting this yeciw.)
.'ax mely'n lgd miweqtd z` xeaiva mixnfne 'xfrl` iax xn`' mixne` jk xg` .oiid on zezyl zewepizl mipzep
mlFrA mFlW miAx n mink g ici nlY :`pipg iax xn` xfr l` iax xn` 9 8
`xwY l` :gk zezixk :cq zekxa 'nb :KipA mFlW ax e ii icEO
l KipA lke bi:cp diryi :xn`PW
:lFW kn Fnloi` e LzxF z ia d ` l ax mFlW dqw:hiw mildz g"ew :KipFA `N` KipA
:KA mFlW `Pdx Ac
` irx e ig ` orn l :Kiz Fpnx À delW
KligA mFlW id i h-f:akw
:mFl a FO rz
l fr i i ì:hk :Kl aFh dWw a ` Epil ` iiziA ornl
,mikgnd xtq ,i"yx xeciq ,ixhie xefgn) miwized fpky` ipa .mipletde micxtqd gqep ìd 'EpM ln ' zhnyd 7.
fnx jkl oiè ,diwqete oilet gqep irtyen md mixge`nd mixeciqd .'EpM ln ' exn` (gwexd xtq ,miciqg xtq
(xbxeand axd epixen) .fpky` ilecba
lr jln' dnizg oirn èd epkln `ld 'we .zn` jxac :m` ik ,'zn` epkln jxace' xn`l t"ta 'ibdep oi`
èd ok ik ,aSp L xa C 'c :owezi] avp 'c jxac 'py" a"twz yeal 'ky mrhde ?epxn`p `l recne ;'ux`d lk
dehinyd `le dfd `xwna zxcrp zn` zln mb ik ,izrcl zn` eppi` ;"epkln aizk `le [ht:h"iw 'ildza
zafek dpen`k oaeie ,crl miwe zn epkln :e"g rnyie zn` ly '` rleaz ot db`cn edeyry l"pe ?df xeara
zlnl `le] epkln zlnl zn` zln jynz ,'`d rleaz `l m` sè .crl miwe ig k"g` didie zn l` yiy
.epkln zln ehinyd okl ,epilr zltzay 'epkln zn`' enk oaeie [jxace
dltzd xcqn èdy 'iwilcn dna ik mrhd l"p ?yicwe `"x` xn`nl oiwilcn dna oia yeciw mixne`y dn 8.
ot yicwd xg` yeciw xcqln erpn j` . . .dltzd xcqn eppi`y yeciw mcew eilry yicwd mr exn`l ie`x
jl ozie mixne`y dlcada eyr oke .yeciw `la elkìe yeciwd ernyi `le 'icwd xg` migxe`d mdl ekli
(65 sc zldw ixac) .dfd mrhd on ,dlcad xg` cr yicwd mr zelrnd xiy mixg`n la` ,dlcad iptl
9. Four zezkqn in ilaa cenlz conclude with xfrl` iax xn`: zezixk ,zenai ,xifp ,zekxa, acronym KipA .
_______________________________________________
120
dltzd meiq ziaxr
10
.opaxc yicw `le mezi yicw mixne` 'xfrl` iax xn`' xg`
DzErx k `x aC `nlr A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz ie lC Bz i rxek (ohw) mezi
:aix w onfa E `lbr
i rxek (ohw) mezi
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr miIg e Ìn W on Àx `nlW `di
Epilr mFlW dUr
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
.epilr mcew (94 'nr) xnerd z` o`k mixteq zxvrl gqt ly ipy mei oiay zezaya
:ri
W Fi `l l`l` mil lR z n E k:dn diryi wix e ladl mieg Y W n mdW :mpFndlkM
rxek Epgp` e
ida bA FGr zpikW E lrO n min X A Fxwi aWFnE u x ` c ie m in W
dhFp bi:`p ÈdW
:FzxFz A aEzMM FzlEf qt` EpM ln zn` :cFr oi` Epi l ` Èd :minFxn
lrO n min X
A mi l`d Èd ii iM L aa ll` aW d e mFId Y r cie hl:c mixac
milENB xiar dl LGr zx` t z A dx dn zF`x l Epi l ` ii LN dEw p oMlr
xUa ipA lke :iC W zEkln A mlFr oTz l oEzx Mi zFxM milil`d e ux` d on
laz iaW FilM Erc ie ExiM i :ux` ir Wxl M Lil` zFptd l Ln W a E`x wi
ElR ie Erx
ki Epi l
` ii Lipt l :oFW llM raX Y KxA lM rx kY bk:dn diryi Ll iM
:cFakA Klnz e cr inlFr lE ìd LNW zEklO d iM :cr e mlFrl dx dn
A aEzMM )
(:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
,miig xewna xiì zegd azk oke ,'l`xyi zcear' xcqa qtcpy itke ,zewize fpky` zelidw bdpnk 10.
bdpnd oke [mezi] yicwd meyn ,yeciwd xg` ,`pipg iaxc `ziixad xnì" :'` w"q h"qx 'iq zekld xeviw
.cere ,zldw ixaca mb àed df xaqd ,"zelidw aexa
_______________________________________________
121
dltzd meiq ziaxr
daiyiae mirp lewa zay lila zeax zelidwa xn`p 'lcbi' xnf
(.mi`xep mini ipebipa 'mler oec`'e 'lcbi' mixy xetk mei lila) .dpya y`xle aeh meil ecgiizpy mipebip yi
The additional hyphens and lines are from the 'dpyd lkn xefgn' 1722 (n"ctt) jexa x"a lìgi
11
:FzEìvn l` zr oiè `vn p
| gAY W ie ig midl` lC
bi
:FzECg` l sFq oi` mbe mNr p FcEgiM cigi oiè - cg`
:FzXcw eil` | KFxr p `l sEb Fpiè sEBd zEnC Fl oi`
:FziW`xl ziW`x oiè oFW`x `xap xW` xaCl kl oFnc w
:FzEkln E FzNcb dxFi xvFplkl mlFr | oFc` FPd
:FYx
`t z e FzNbq iWp` l` Fpzp FzÈap rtW
:FzpEnYz
` | hiAnE ìap cFr dWnM l`x UiA mw `l
:FziA on`p Fìap cilr l` FOr l ozp zn` zxFY
:FzlEfl minlFrl FzC xini `le l`d silgi `l
:FzncwA xaC sFql hiAn Epix zq rcFi
e dtFv
:Fzr
Wx M rx rWxl oz Fp Flr
tn M cqg Wi`l lnFB
:FzrEW
i uw iMgn zFCtl Epg iWn oini uwl glW i
:FzNdY mW cri cr | KExA FCqg axA l` dIgi mizn
12
:edrxl yi` mixne` dpyd y`x ly oey`x lila
dy`l yi`l
:iaz M Y daFh dpW
l :azM Y daFh dpW
l
miyp miyp`
:dpa z M Y daFh dpW
l :Eaz M Y daFh dpW
l
:dY` mB :jxaznd dpere
.'aFh mFi hEb' :zkxaa edrx z` yi` jxan dltzd xg` dpyd y`x ly ipy lila
------------------
.'ceakd xiy'e 'cegid xiy' ly ztzeyn dxin`l zqpkd ziaa mix`yp miax xetk mei lila
------------------
(zldw ixac) .dxez ixtq mr dxez zgny lila oitiwn oi`
------------------
.(337 'nr) zqpkd ziaa 'xev fern' o`k mixy dkepg (ze)zaya
------------------
- ycwnd zia oipaa ,'ahid dpa') 'heb if oriea' e` 'heb ìea' : edrxl yi` ld`n dltzd xg` gqt ly oey`x lila
.('aexwa ezia dpai èd xic`' - 'dxiy ltnrh oiic ìea oep h`b xbihkrnl`' aiagd dcbdd heit oeylk
11. lcbi was composed according to the Arabic meter, (the technique is that the words are
sung together according to different rules (czi czi etc.), and not according to their meaning).
Although we apply Western melodies to it, we may not change the heit. The logic behind
this is, that the ohiit relies on the singers intelligence, to understand the meaning, although
the phrases are not sung as simply as they could be.
fpky` bdpn approximately four hundred years ago, was to recite lcbi at the end of zixgy and
ziaxr daily (l`xyi zcear pg. 154). Eventually the bdpn disappeared, since the lcbi was not
sung or said aloud. In some zelidw, lcbi was still said on ziaxr aeh mei (n"ctt bdpn), and in
some zelidw it was also sung on ziaxr zay.
.jepigd xtqe ,c"a`x ,o"anx ,zetqez zehiye 'i`ctqexk iax xn`' :fh dpyd y`x 'nb oiir 12.
oiey f"der iigc d"xa dnizgd xikfdl oiè az M Y daFh dpW
l exagl xne` cg` lky d"xc '` lila mibdep
zlrezd edfe daehl k"deia mzgpe azkpe x"fbd rxwp z"iyra xfeg m` azkpy t"r`c `l` mc` lka
(edil` xef` xeciq) (c"k w"q a"twz `"xbda) ."azkz" `l` "mzgze" xnel oi` okle ,k"dei cr mzgp epi`c
_______________________________________________
122
mkilr melye mipad zkxa zay lil xcq
1
:èd zay lila wiecnd xcqd
.ìvend ,yeciw ,mici zlihp ,lig zy` ,eik`ln ik ,mkilr mely ,mipad zkxa
2
xweaa zay ,zay lila ,dltzd xg` mi`xep miniae miaeh miniae zezaya miclid z` jxal mibdep
.mdizea`n dkxa milawn milecbd mipad mbe ,zial dqipka e` zqpkd zian dìvi mxh ,zay i`venae
:jxaznd lr mdici 'a migipn mikxande
:d`le lgx dwa x dx
UM mi l
` KnU i zepal | dXpn k e mx
t` M mi l
` L
nU i k:gn ziy`xa mipal
:JPgie Lil` eipR | ii x` i :Lx
nW
ie ii L k xa i ek-ck:e xacna
.epeyl zegv itk elyn dkxa siqedl leki cg` lke
,zeevnl oiicr eribd `ly mixrpd lk z` zqpkd ziaa jxan axdy ebdp zay lilae
.`l eze ,'dypnke mixt`k micl` jniyi' :gqepa clid y`x lr eici izy zpizpa
mkilr mely
Today the common bdpn is to sing each stanza three times. This heit is about four hundred and
fifty years old, and originally it was written to be sung once, (and not on zay but rather in the
zexawd zia)! The first mention of mkilr mely to mik`ln, (but much shorter than the way it is done
today), is by wcv ilbrn xefgn, printed in dpiheiaq in the year 5317, as the end of a dpigz said in a
cemetery. That later was made into the longer mkilr mely we recite today and to the minlerd lk oeax
some recite today, since zay is mentioned. The xteq mzg did not recite mkilr mely since he
considered it hubris to assume that one is accompanied home by angels, just as the jexr ogly
rules we no longer recite 'EcA k z d' before entering a bathroom.
mikEx aE ,Liz eixA lM mr e in r ,zeUrl ciz r dY ` xW

è zi
U r xW ` lM lr ,melW d oec` dY ` KExA
ipM fY ,melW lE mia eh miIg l ipcw t z e ipk x
aY ,melW d oec` ,mlW aalA Lpevx miU erW Lik` ln
ir W R iper xia rz e ,i` ex lM ipiraE LipirA ,aeh lkU e cq g
e og `vn l ,ir xf rxf z` e ir xf z` e
xia rz e .zeper hErn KeYnE ,ceake xW r KeYnE ,dg n U ax KeYn ,zezAW lAw l ipk fY .iz`
hg e
.zEipre zFlc ipin lMe ,dec n ipin lMe ,mir x mi` lg ipin lM ,l` xU i Ln r lMnE
,izi
a ipA lMnE ,ipn n
Kln d dY ` KExA .dad ` AE d` xiA eca rl ,ceake xW r axe ,Àd mlerd iig e ,aeh xvi Eplig pY e
,melW d ik` ln ,melW l mk eA ,min gx ik` ln mkl melW ,melW d ik` ln mkl melW .ceaMd
.melW l mk eA KExA ,zxW d ik` ln ,min gx d ik` ln
1. fpky` bdpn considers the wearing of a hat special synagogue attire, therefore upon returning
from synagogue, one leaves ones hat on and does not to remove it for yeciw, however,
one is not required to put it on again for oefnd zkxa.
2. mipad zkxa according to the mipey`xd bdpn, was done after zay lil ziaxr, sqen zay, and
zay i`ven. It is an extension of the dkxa ('zay heb' or 'jèe heb') with which we greet others.
For our children we add, dypnke mixt`k miwl` jniyi, or jxnyie 'c jkxai. One does not do so
after dgpn zay, when people typically remain in synagogue. The (aà dryz 'ld) dxexa dpyn,
mentions that mipad zkxa is only omitted zay i`vena lgy aà dryz.
_______________________________________________
123
mkilr melye mipad zkxa zay lil xcq
:mixetk mei axrl l"gnx zlitz jezn

Epidl
` ii Èd dY ` W ,EpM l n Epia ` ,l` xU
i idl
` midl
` ii Lipt l Epg
p` micFn
min
lFrd lM oFAx
zkll eikxc A Epg
pnE
FnW zWEc
w A EpW c w n d ,l` xU
i xEv Kln
l` d .cre mlFrl EpizFa
` idl`
e
.dpW e dpW lkA EpizFn
W ` xia
rnE
Epir W R ark dgFn
d .Epx
dh n Fzx
dh aE
,eizF
v n lkA
,Èd min
gx `ln Kln iM .l` xU
i ziA Fnr zFpFr ixi M f n lM zFiR mzFq
e Eppih q n lkA xrFBd
.mig
vp gv
pl E xFce xFcl Epri
WFnE
Epl`
Fb
4 3
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln oFilr ik` ln zx
Xd ik` ln mkilr mFlW
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln oFilr ik` ln mFlXd ik` ln mFlWl mk` FA
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln oFilr ik` ln mFlXd ik` ln mFlWl ipEk x
A
A
A
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln oFilr ik` ln mFlXd ik` ln mFlWl mkz`
v
v
v
5
:Lik xCl
kA L x
nW l KNdEv i eik` ln iM ì:`v mildz
:mlFrcr
e dY rn L`FaE L z`
v xnW
i i i g:`kw
3. According to l"fix`d bdpn, which became accepted among some fpky` ipa, all males assembled
join hands and dance around the table seven times while singing mkilr mely.
4. The reading Kln , instead of Kln n , is preferred by oicnr awri 'x and others.
':Lik xCl
kA L x
nW l KNdEv i eik` ln iM ' :xn
`PW ,FA oici r n od ,FzF` oiEln d zxX d ik`
l n ipW ,xn ` `wi
xf ia x 5.
(.fh dbibg 'nb)
_______________________________________________
124
lig zy` ziaxr
(`l-i:`l ilyn) lig zy`

:Dx kn mipipR n wgx e `vn i in lig zW`
:xqg i `l ll W e Dlr A al DA ghA
:diIg in i lM x`le aFh Edz ln B
r
:diRM utg A UrY e miY W t E xnv dWxC
:Dn g l ìa Y wg x On xgFq zFIp`M dz id
:di xrpl wg e Dzial sxh oY Y
e dlil cFr A mwYe
:mxM r hp d iR k ix Rn EdgT Y e dc U dn nf
:di rFxf uO ` Y e d ipz
n fFr a dx bg
:Dxp liNa dAk i`l D
xgq aFhi M dnrh
:Klt EknY d iR k e xFWi Ma dg NW d ici
:oFia`l dgNW d ic ie iprl dU xR DRM
:mipW W al Dzi Alk iM blXn Dz ial `xi l
z`
:DW Eal on Bx è WW DNdz Ur mi a xn
:ux` ipw fmr FY aW A Dlr A mixr XA rcF p
:iprpM l dpz p xFb ge xM nY e dz U r oicq
:oFx g` mFil wg U Y e DWEal x cdefr
:DpFWllr cqgz xF z e dnk g a dg z R d iR6
:lk `z `l zEl vr mgle DziA zFki ld dIt Fv
:Dlld ie DNrA d ExX` ie d ipa Enw
:dpNMl r zilr Y ` e lig EUr zFpA zFA x
:lNd z
z ìd i iz`x i dX` i Id lade ogd 7 xwW
:diU rn mixr Xa d Elld ie d ici ix Rn DlEpY
dxFY
Wie cq g lW dxFY Wi ik e ':DpFWllr cqgz e dnk g a dg z R d iR' ?aiz k C i`n"
xF z xfr l ` ia x xn ` 6.
.cq g lW Dpi` W dxFY
ìd Ff Dn W l `NW ,cq g lW dxFY ìd Ff Dn W l dxFY `N` ?cq g lW Dpi` W
(:hn dkeq 'nb) .cq g lW Dpi` W dxFY
ìd Ff DcO ll `NW ,cq g lW dxFY ìd Ff DcO ll dxFY
,ixn ` C `Mi`
.(dgtynd zxdh) dcp ,dlg zyxtd ,zexp zwlcd ogd zeaiz iy`x 7.
_______________________________________________
125
aeh meie zay lil yeciw ziaxr
1
crend leg zaye zay lil yeciw
3 2
u` d e minX d ENk
ie b-`:a :iX X d mFi (xaidie axri
die `l:` ziy`xa ygla)
ir iaX
d mFIA zAWIe dUr xW` FYk`ln ir iaX d mFIA mi l ` lkie :m` a v lke
za W Fa iM F ` WCwie ir iaX
d mFiz` mi l
` Kxaie :dU r xW` FYk`ln lMn
:zFU rl | mi l ` `
xAxW` FY k`ln lMn
:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n ix
aq
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
Epa dvxe ei evn A EpW
C
w xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA
dNg Y mFi Èd iM :ziW`x a dUr nl oFxMf Epligpd oFvx
aE dad ` A FWc
w zAW e
lMn Y W C
w Epz Fè Y xg a Epa iM :mix
vn zìvil xkf Wcw i`x wn l
:zAX
d WCwn ii dY
` KExA :EpY lg pd oFvxaE dad ` A LWcw zAW e :miOr
d
milbx yelyl yeciw
:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n ix
aq
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
Epn n Fxe mrl
Mn EpA xgA xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY ` KExA
dgEpnl zFzAW zaya] dad ` A Epi l
` ii EploYY
e :ei evn A EpW
C
we oFWllMn
[mFizè dGd zAX
d zaya] mFiz` :oFUUl miPn fE miBg dgn U l micrFn [E
1. The reason we wash before yeciw is in order for yeciw to be said as close as possible to the dcerq.
The Talmud (`p zekxa 'nb) mentions that according to lld zia one should first drink the wine,
and only afterward wash ones hands. Those who follow this bdpn maintain that it is not as
important to wash immediately before eating. (In addition, since our hands may not be clean,
it is better to wash them, even before drinking the wine). One should pour the wine before
washing ones hands. (fpky` bgpn iyxy)
yeciwd mcew eici lehil yi dlgzklc `"ie dbd .i"hpr jxane eici lhep ,qek lr yciwy xg` (ai 'iq `rx 'q g"e`)
.i"hp iptl qekd `lni n"ne] bdpnd oke (xehde h"kt n"dbde (`"ayxe) t"r wxt ikcxne ,y"`xd) ,oiid lr ycwle
.zepyl oiè el` zepicna heyt [(miig xewn) .g"a ,wqtd ied `l r"kl caricae ,eqek cg` lkly fpky` ipal y"ke
2. The bdpn is to recite elkie (miweqt) while standing and eizevna epycw xy` (zekxa) while sitting.
[On aeh mei, since no miweqt are recited, one sits for the entire yeciw.]
3. Originally the bdpn was to begin yeciw with 'iyyd mei' (because the first letters of
minyd elkie :iyyd mei spell out the Divine Name). However, for many generations, the bdpn has
been to begin with xwa idie axr idie (since we don't want to begin a weqt in the middle, and idie
axr is at an `Yg
pz `),
but to recite it in an undertone.
_______________________________________________
126
4
dxez zgnye zxvr ipiny ilil zekq ilil zereay ilil gqt ly g-f ilil
dGd zxvr d bg ipinW
dGd zFM Qd bg dGd zFrEaWd bg dGd zFSOd bg
Epz g n U onf Epz g n U onf Epz xFY
oYn onf Epz Exg onf
Y W
C
w Epz Fè Y xg a Epa iM :mix vn zìvil xkf W w `x wn [dad ` A zaya]
oFUUa E dgn U A [oFvx aE dad ` A zaya] LWc w icrFnE
[zAW e zaya] miOr dlMn
miPn Gd e l`x
Ui [e zAX
d zaya] WC wn ii dY
` KExA :EpY lg pd
dpyd y`xl yeciw
:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n ix
aq
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
oFWllMn Epn n Fxe mrl
Mn EpA xgA xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY ` KExA
[mFiz è dGd zAX d zaya] mFiz` dad ` A Epi l` ii EploYY e :ei evn A EpW C
we
5
zìvil xkf Wcw` x wn [dad ` A drEx
Y oFxkf zaya] drEx Y mFi dGd oFxMfd
:cr
l mIw e zn` EpM ln Lx
acE miOr dlMn Y
WCw Epz Fè Y xg a Epa iM :mix
vn
:oFxMGd mFie l`x
Ui [e zAX d zaya] WC
wn ux` d lMlr Kln ii dY ` KExA
:dlcade xp mitiqen zay i`vena
:W`d ixF `
n `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
K g
l xF` oiA lgl Ucwoi
A liC aO d mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA (:ek oileg 'nb)
aFh mFi zXcwl zAW
zXc w oiA :dUr Od ini zWW l iriaX
d mFi oiA miOr l l`xUi oiA
l`x
Ui LOrz
` Y W C
we Y lC
ad Y W
C
w dUr Od ini zWX n iriaX d mFizè Y lC
ad
:W w
l Ucwoi
A liC aO d ii dY` KExA :Lz X
c
wA
--------------------------
.zekq ly ipye oey`x ilila epiigdyl dkeqa ayil micwdl ,(`"qxz 'iq `"nxde r"eyd zrck `lc) fpkyà bdpnd
t"r` cnern dkeqa ayil zkxa jxal oekp (.epiigdy jk xgè dkeq ayil 'a lila mbc edl `xiaq mipexg` daxde)
y"n zlef l"p mb ,i"zd k"ke àq [`pepnd ax] yxtnd axd dyr jkye ,xdefa xèank èd `xdeiy l"ixdn azky
(miig xewn) .`"bnae 'g q"x g"ae i"nx ,i"a 'ir ,cnern zeidl mie`x zeevnd zkxa lkc meyn ied eziiyrl xaer meyn
:dMQA aWil EpEv e ei evn A EpW
C
` ii dY` KExA :zekql
--------------------------
.gqt ly oexgè 'f ililn ueg ,'epiigdy' mikxan aeh mei ilil lka
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
.dkxa ly qekn oiaeqnd lkl mb ozie ,einbel èlnk ayein dzyie
.(xcqd lila mb yeciw miyer ziaa) gqt ly ipye oey`x lil mb 4.
gqep i"qa mb oke `zil mibdpna la` ,zaya d"x lgyk oilet gqep i"qa d"k .ycw `x wn [dad ` A zaya] 5.
evx `l jkl oic lr dxen drexz oeylc (a"twz 'iq) yeala xiaqde (`zi` milbx 'bay t"r`) iaxrnd fpky`
(edil` xef` xeciq) .oyid gqepk eqxb eixg`y oilet ixeciq aex la` ,dadà dlin dixg` jenql
_______________________________________________
127
What today is commonly known as dlg, was called Barches or Berches in most of Germany
and Hungary, and Tascher in certain areas of Southern Germany. This was because of
the weqt in (ak:i ilyn) 'xiyrz ìd 'd zkxa', which the inlyexi cenlz states refers to zay,
and since there were many zekxa said in public including the dkxa for dlg zyxtd. As une` sqei 'x
writes when he was young, the only ingredients were flour and water. Eventually spices
were added, which he rules is good to do zay ceakl. Some would smear oney on them,
or they were baked together with meat. In order that they would not later be eaten with milk
during the week, they bore a special design. At the time of the une` sqei 'x they made a few cuts
in it with a knife, in order that they look different. In regarding their shape, some German Jews
formed them to look like the letter e, whereas Polish Jews braided them.
.dpyn mgl lr jxai k"gè
:ux` d on mgl ci:cw mildz ìvFO
d mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
gipdl aehe .oeilrd lr oirvea aeh meia lilae zay meia la` oezgzd mgl lr oirvea zay lila ztd rvaie
,cgè cg` lkl dqext oiaeqnl mb ozie .zevnd lr xiarn epi`y `vnp oeilrdn xzei eil` aexw oezgzd
epgley lr dxez ixac cnly xgè dcerqd xgè .dcerqd lkl el witqzy dlecb dqext reval devne
,(cren e` mei eze`l jiiyd oebipa eze` xiyl mibdepe) 'ebe oeiv zaiy z` 'c aeya zelrnd xiy xenfn xnì
.htynk yly oirn dkxa eixgè otbd ixt `xea oiid lr jxane
---------------
dpyd y`x ilila
:df z` df mikxan oiaeqnd 'ìvend' ixg` ,dpyd y`x ly '` lila
(dpa z M Y / iaz M Y / azM Y ) :Eaz M Y daFh dpW
l
The first source for bread with honey seems to be the oycd znexz (jiixhye` bdpn), who mentions
it as a dpyd y`x bdpn. This is discussed as well by the mdxa` obn. The xeh, the l"ixdn and
the `fiinxiee ibdpn cite the bdpn to dip an apple into honey. (The awri zeay explains,
so there should be no doubt whether to make the dkxa on the apple or the honey).
In earlier generations there was a bdpn to dip the head of the lamb in honey.
After yeciw and ìvend have been said in the home,
it is customary to take an apple dipped in honey and to recite:
:ur
d ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
After partaking of the apple and honey, recite:
:dwEznE daFh dpW
Epilr WC
gY
W Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
---------------
zexinf
.ald zgny z` mixxerne
6
,xcde ceaka llk jxca mipiit`zn fpky` ipa ly zexinfd ipebip
.zaya xeq`d setizl e` cewixl miìan mpi`y micaekne mipicr miavwna miiepae ,milin zexfg hrnk mda oi`
Regarding the singing of zexinf, it seems most places had the bdpn of singing them only
between ziy`xa zay and lecbd zay. This is mentioned as well by une` sqei axd.
ek 'q sqei o`vk bdep
aYl
`" aizk aeià .dkxal zay iab jetda xnel yi dllwa aei` xn`y dn lk l"f f"nyzz oniq miciqg xtqa
.dcerq lka zaya zexinf xnel eknq dfn xytè .zegayze zexiya zaya opxl mc`l el yiy o`kn .":Fa dppx
'exp ing e"n ipec` izi`x znàe .ziy`xa zay cr lecbd zayn mze` oixnfn oi`y bdpnd hytzp okidn izrci `le
dcerqa mb zexinf xnfl bdep 'exp n"` ipecè .minybd zenia od dngd zenia od dpyd zezay lka oze` xnfny bdep
,"l`xyi xney oyii `le mepi `l dpd" ,"oyii `le èd xega mepi `le èd xic`" ,"dpen`de zxc`d" epiid ziyily
.l`xyi xney oyii `le mepi `l dpd miiqne oyii `le 'ipya .mepi `le xne` dpey`x `wqta k"`d lk oke
.a"aez milyexil dilic `yicw `xag mr rqpy l"f l"bq ciqg `cei x"xedn bdp oke
In fact, we have many more mipebip which have been passed down, for the zay lil zexinf
then we do for zay mei. There were those who would sing zexinf for the dipy dcerq and for
ziyily dcerq as well.
"!aFh mFiA oic T xn `le oig R h n `le oiw R q n `l" ,(:el dvia 'nb dpyn) opY ,iA ` l opg ax xA àx Dil xn ` 6.
!oici
fn Edi l` e oibbFW
EdIW ahEn ,l` xU il gPd `N` . . . ?ici n `le Edl opixn ` `le ,oic a rC opifg `w e
zt qFY
`d C !`zii xF` c A `pW `le opA xc A `pW `l ,ìd `le ,`l `zii xF`
c A la` ,opA xc A ,ilin ipd Dpin xEaq
(:dnw zay 'nb) !ici n `le Edl opixn ` `le ,KW g Y W cr EzW e ilk ` w C Edl opifg `w e ,ìd `zii xF` C mixER M d mFiC
_______________________________________________
128
dxnfc iweqt aeh meile zayl zixgy
1
: (zay ly dxnfc iweqt mixne` oi` àx `pryeda) .mixne` aeh meiae zaya
l xFnfn g S pn l 3 2 hi
:cec
:ri
w xd ciBn eic i dUrn E l`cFa M mix d 4
Rq n min X
:zrCd
Eg i dlil N dlile xn` ri A i mFil mFi
:mlFw rnW p il A mix aC oi` e x òi`
:mdA ld`m U WnX l mdiNn la dv w a E mEw `vi | ux` d lkA
:gx` uEx l xFA bM UiU i Fz Rgn ` i ozg M Ède
:Fz
Og n xY
qp oiè mzFvwlr Fz tEw zE F` vFn | min X d dvw n
:iz R zniM g n dpn `p ii zEc r Wtp zaiW n dninY ii z xFY
:mipir z xi`n dx A ii zev n aligO U n mix cETR 5
Wi ii i
:eC
gi Ew cv zn` iiih R W n crl zcnFr d xFd h | ii z`xi
:mit Ev zp e Wa Cn miwEz nE a x fR n E adGn mic ngPd
:ax awr mx nW A mdA xdfp LC arm B
:ipTp zFxY qPn oia iin zFì bW
:ax rW Rn izi T pe mzi` f` ia ElWn il` LC ar KU g | micGn mB
:il` b
e ixEv
i i Lipt l iA l oFibde it ixn` | oFv xl Eidi
.zay oebipa dxnfc iweqt mixy xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 1.
,zaya el` mixenfn oitiqeny mrhde ,'eke reay ini x`y lr mixenfn a"i oitiqen jk xgè' mdxcea` azk 2.
miaeh minia mbe ,'mlerl ìd ze` l`xyi ipa oiae ipa' xne`y weqtd miiwzie ,legl zay oia xikdl ick
mlek mixne` oi`' .'zaya enk qekd lr mze` miycwn .ycew i`xwne oezay e`xwp md mby ,mxne`l ebdp
,'eke ,'mixtqn minyn' enicwde ,cgi dxez oznce cgi ziy`xa dyrnc eknq wx mildza miaezk mdy xcqa
[yeal] 'ziy`xa dyrnn xtqnd oey`xd ède
.g n U e FzF` oig vFP
W in
l ExO
f ?"cec
l xFnfn g Spn l" :aiz k C i`n ,iqFi
ia xA l`rn W
i ia x mEXn `pd M ax xn ` 3.
(.hiw migqt 'nb)
dc is`' :aiz M ux`
qi ic e min W dU rn A ENi` C ,ux`
e min W dU rO n xzFi miwi C v dU rn milFcB ,`xR w xA WxC 4.
WcTn 'c Y lrR L Y a W n' :aiz M miwi
l oFk C v lW mdi ci dU rn A ENi` e (bi:gn diryi) 'minW dg R h ipinie ux`
,xn ` w ik d ':ri
w xd ciBn eic
i dUrn E l-`cFa M mix d ' ,iaizi
Rq n min X n . . . (fi:eh zeny) ':Lic i EppFM i-pc`
(.d zeaezk 'nb) .xh n ?Edip i`nE ,ri w xd ?ciBn in miwi C v dU rn
"dtExv 'c zx
n` " aiz kE "aligO U n mix cETR " aiz M ,in x oz
Wi 'c i pFi ia x ,ipn g
p xA lÈn
W ia x xn ` 5.
dxFY cnFN d df ,`pipg ia x xn ` "crl zc r d xFd i" . . . .FYt xFv
h | 'c z` x ,dkf `l ,FYg O U n dkf .(bl:gi mildz)
,À` xA ìIg ia x xn ` "dpn `p 'c zEcr" .dxFY cnFl KM xg ` e dX ` ÙFp ?ìd i`n .dx dh A
(:ar `nei 'nb) .dicnFl A cir d
l dpn
`p
_______________________________________________
129
:KlIe EdW
xbie Klnia` ipt l Fnrh z` FzFP WA cec l 6 cl
:it A Fz Nd Y cin Y zrl kA iiz` dk xa `
:Egn U ie miepr ErnW i iW
t p lNd z Y iiA
:eCgi Fn W dnn FxpE iY ` iil ElCB
:ipliSd iz FxEbn lMn E ippr e iiz` iY WxC
:ExR g il` md ip E Exdpe eil` EhiA d
:Fri
WFd eizFx vl Mn E r nW iie `x w ipr df
l aia q i iK`ln dpg
:mv Ng ie ei` xi
:FAd
qgi xaB d i M E` E En rh
xW` ii aFhi
:ei` xi
l xFq gn oiìM ei cw iiz` E`xi
:aFhl
k Exqg i`l i i iWxc e Earx e EW x mixi tM
:mk c Ol` i i z`xi ilErnW mipa Ekl
:aFh zF` x l min i a ` miIg ut g d Wi`d in 7
:dn xn xAC n Liz t E r xn L pFW l xv p
:Edt cxe mFlW WT A8 aFhd Ure rx n xEq
:mz r eW l` eipf` e miwi vl` ii ipir
C
:mx kf ux` n zix kd l r x i r A ii ipR
:mliSd mzF xvlMn E r nW iie Ewrv
:ri
W Fi g Exi `M Cz è alix AW pl ii aFxw
:ii EPliSi mN M
E wiC v zFr x zFAx
:dxA W p `l dPd n zg` ei nvrl M xnW
:EnW ` i wiC v i`pU e drx rW x zz FnY
:FA mi gdlM En ` i `le ei car Wtp ii dR
,lvip zayd zekfe ,zaya did dyrn eze`y iptn 'ebe ,'ezepya cecl' ['mixtqn minyd' xg`] eixg` eknqe' 6.
[yeal] .''minyd' xg` ,zay oirn xacnd mildza oey`x ède
,Edl xn ` !iIg ol ad Dil ixn ` ,DiAbl `n lr ilEM Ez` e sEpk ?iIg irA o`n ?iIg irA o`n ,ixC pq M l` ia x fixk n 7.
.''eb aFhd
Ure rx n xEq' ''eb r xn L
pFW p' ''eb miIg ut gd Wi`d in '
l xv
n xEq' ,xnFl
rx cEnlY .dpiW A dx Bz ` e [Kl`] ,dn xn xA Cn iz tUE rxn ipFWl iY xv p ,mc` xn` i Ò W
(:hi dxf dcear 'nb) (a:c ilyn) ':EafrY l` iz xF Y mkl iYz p aFh gwl iM ' :xn
`PW ,dxFY
`N` aFh oi` 'aFhd Ure
dwc v s x' mz d aiz kE
v miIg `vn i cqge dwc 'Edt cx
e mFlW A' `kd aiz M ,dtic x dtic x ìz ` EdA` ia x xn ` 8.
WT
(:hw zenai 'nb) (`k:`k ilyn) ':cFa ke
_______________________________________________
130
:xc
e xc
A EpN z iid dY n10 ipc` mid l
` oFr `d Wi` d nl dNt Y 9 v
:l` dY` ml Frcr mlFrn E laz

e ux` llFgY
e EcN i mix
d | mxhA
:mc
ìpa EaEW xn`Y
e `MCc
r WFp
` aW
Y
:dliNa d
xEnW` e xa ri iM lFnz
` mFiM Lipir
A mipW
sl` iM
:slgi xiv g M xA
A Eid i dpW
mY
nxf
:Wa ie llFni axr
l slge uiv i xAA
:Epld a p L z
n g a E LRà Epilk iM
:LipR xF`
nl Epn lr L
Cbpl Epi per Y
W

:dbdFnk EpipW
EpiNM Lzx
ar
a EpR Epinilk iM
dpW
mipFn
W | zxEa
bA m` e dpW
mir
aW
mda | EpizFp
W in i
:dtr
Pe Wig fbiM oeè ln r mAd xe
:Lz x
ar L z
` x
i E LR` fr rcF
iin
:dn k g aa l à pe rcFd oM Epini zFpn l
:Lic
arl
r mg Pd e izn cr ii da EW
:Epin ilkA dg n U pe dppxpE L
Cqg xA
a Epr
AU

:drx Epi` x zFpW
EpziPr zFni
M EpgO U

:mdipA lr L xc
de Llrt Lic
arl
` d` xi
:EdppFM Epic
i dUrn E Epilr dppFM Epici dU rn E Epilr Epi l
` ipc` mr
p | id ie
:[yeal] .'ecli mixd mxha' ziy`xa dyrnn k"b xacne ,'eke 'dynl dltz' eknq ['ezepya cecl' xg`] eixgè' 9.
(.hk dlibn 'nb) .zFWxc n iY
aE zFIq
pk iY
A EN` 'EpN zi n 'c ' :aiz k C i`n ,àx WxC 10.
id dY` oFr
_______________________________________________
131
:opFlz W lvA oFilr xzq A a i 12

i iC 11
`v
:FAg
ha ` i l
` iz cE
v
nE iq g n iil x `
:zFEd xaC
n WE i gRn LliSi Èd iM
:FY
n` dx
gq
e dPv dqg Y eit pM zgz e Kl Kqi | Fz x
a` A
:mn Fi sEr
i ug n dlil cgR n `xi z `l
:mix
dv cEWi ahT n Kldi l`
A xaC
n
:WBi `l Lil ` Lpinin daa xE sl` | LC
Sn lR
i
:d` xY mir
Wx znNW
e hiA z Lipir
A wx
:LpFrn Y
nU
oFilr iq g n ii dY ` iM
:Lld` A axwi`l rbp e drx Lil` dP`z`
l
:Lik xCl
kA L x
nW l KNdEv i eik` ln iM
:Llbx oa` A sBYo
R LpE`
Vi miRM lr
:oiPz e xit M qnxY KxcY ozte lgW
lr
:in W
rciiM Eda BU
` EdhNt ` e wWg ia iM
:Edc
Ak ` e Edv Ng ` d
xva i p`FO
r Edpr
è | ip` x
wi
:iz rE
Wi
A Ed` x
è Edri
AU mini K `
13
(:iz rE
Wi
A Ed` x
è Edri
AU mini K `)

,mirbt ly xiy ède ,'eke mildza cin ['dynl dltz' xg`] eixg` el jenq èdy 'oeilr xzqa ayei' xenfne' 11.
:[yeal] .'migqt iaxra `zi`ck ,zay lila oiievnd oiwifnd on lvpdl ,zaya eze` mixneè ,eixg` eraw
,':Lld` A axwi`l rbp e' :aiz k C ,mir
bp C xn ` C o`n .mir
bp lW xiW oixnF`
Wie ,mir bR lW xiW (oixne` yi) 12.
aizkc okynd znwda dyn exn`y itle oeilr xzqa ayei .mirbt ly xiye] .'sl` | LC Sn lR i' ,mir
bR xn ` C o`nE

`zi` ikde epilr epicl` 'c mrep idie mkici dyrna dpiky dxyzy oevx idi okxa dne dyn mze` jxaie (hl zeny)
mirbt :dcezl xenfn seq cr dynl dltzn mildz xtqa dyn xn`y mixenfn xyr cg`n èd mipdk zxeza
(:eh zereay 'nb) (my i"yx) [:wifdl mc` ipaa oirbety oiwifn
13. Later generations established the bdpn of repeating the last weqt during zixgy.
,d"vx 'iq xeha y"nke) zay i`vena wx `l` ,`xnfc iweqta weqtd zlitk driten `l mipyi mixecqa
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(f"vz 'iq dyn dhnae h"kw 'iq hwld ilaya mb 'ire
_______________________________________________
132
:ii i
car El z` Elld | Di Elld 14
ld ii mW dlw
:Epi l
` ziA zFx
vg A ii zia A mic
r
W
:mir
p iM Fn
Wl Ex
Of ii aFhi
M DElld
:Fz
Nbq l l` x
Ui Di Fl xg A aw riiM
:mi l
`lMn Epipcè ii lFc
biM iY
rci ip` iM
:zF dYl
ke miO IA uxà E minX
A dUr i i utg xW` lM
:eiz FxvF`
n g Ex`
vFn dUr xh O l miwx
A ux`d dvw n m iÙ p dlrn
:dn d A cr mc
`n mix
vn ixFk
A dMd
:eic
arl
ka E dr x
tA mix
vn ikk FzA miz t E zzF`
| glW

:min Evr mik ln bx
de miA x miFB dMd
:orpM zFkln n lk
lE oWA d Kln bFrlE i n
`d Kln | oFgi
ql
:FO r l`x
Uil dl gp dlgp mv x
` oz pe
:xc
excl L x
kf i i mlFrl L
nW
ii
:mgpz
i eic
ar lr
e FO r ii oic
iiM
:mc
` ic
i dU rn adfe sqM miFBd iA v r
:E` x
i `le md l mipir ExAc
i `le mdldR
:mditA g ExW
ioi` s` Epifì `le mdl mipf`
:mdA g AxW` lM mdiUr Eid i mdFnM
:iiz` EkxA ox
d` ziA iiz` Ek xA l`x
Ui ziA
:iiz` EkxA i i i`x
i iiz` Ek xA ieNd ziA
:DiElld mlW
Exi o W oFIS n | ii KExA
'di el xga awri ik' ea aizkc ,dxez ozna xacn ède ,'eke .''c my z` elld di elld' ,['xzqa ayei' xg`] eixgè' 14.
.'ziy`xa dyrnn èdy ,'ebe 'uxàe minya dyr i"i dyr utg xy` lk' ea aizk mbe ,dxez ozn i"r èdy ,'ebe
:[yeal]
_______________________________________________
133
16 15
lecbd lld zxinà mb ayil ebdp
:FC qg mlFrl iM aFhi M iil EcFd17 elw
:FC qg mlFrl iM mi l `d i l`l EcFd
:FC qg mlFrl iM mipc`d ipc`l EcFd
:FC qg mlFrl iM FCal zF cB zF` lt p d r l
:FC qg mlFrl iM dpEaz A min X d d rl
:FC qg mlFrl iM miOd lr ux `d r xl
:FC qg mlFrl iM milcB mixF` d rl
:FC qg mlFrl iM mFIA zlWn nl WnX d z`
:FC qg mlFrl iM dliNA zFlW n nl miak Fk e g x
Id z`
:FC qg mlFrl iM mdixF k aA mix vn dM n l
:FC qg mlFrl iM mkFYn l` x Ui `v FIe
:FC qg mlFrl iM diEhp rF xfa E dwfg ciA
:FC qg mlFrl iM mix fbl sEqmi xfbl
:FC qg mlFrl iM FkFz
A l` x Ui xia rde
:FC qg mlFrl iM sEqm
ia Flige dr x R xr pe
:FC qg mlFrl iM xAc OA FOr KilFnl
:FC qg mlFrl iM milcB mik ln dM n l
:FC qg mlFrl iM mixi C ` mik ln bxdIe
:FC qg mlFrl iM i n `d Kln oFgiql
:FC qg mlFrl iM oWA d Kln bFrlE
:FC qg mlFrl iM dlgpl mv x ` oz pe
:FC qg mlFrl iM FC ar l` x Uil dlg p
:FC qg mlFrl iM Eplxkf Eplt W A W
:FC qg mlFrl iM Epi
xSn Epwx tIe
:FC qg mlFrl iM xUA lkl mgl o p
:FC qg mlFrl iM minX d l` l EcFd
15. What is lecbd lld? opgei iax explains that because the xenfn develops from one great idea
to another and as it reaches its peak it praises God Who provides bread for all flesh.
We praise God for His unlimited strength, for his role in history, for His great miracles,
and for His awesomeness, and yet we consider His attention to each individual as the quality
most deserving of praise. iel oa ryedi iax explains the title lecbd lld as based on its twenty six
verses, which correspond to the twenty six generations of humanity before God gave the
Torah when we were granted the ability to earn existence when the world existed entirely
on Gods abundant mercy. The l"xdn explains that it is not coincidental that the numerical
value of Gods Ineffable Name which represents His Unlimited Mercy is twenty six.
.g"iw migqte e"pe 'c sc zekxa 'nb .ixvnd lld èd aeh meie yceg y`x ly llde ,lecbd lld èd df ,eced 16.
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .'èd xic`' oebipa - lecbd lld xn`p gqta 17.
_______________________________________________
134
:dNd z de`p mix Wil iiA miwiC v Eppx 19 18 bl

:FlExOf xFU r lapA xFPk A iil EcFd
:drEx z A oBp Eaih id W cg xiW FlExiW
:dpEn À EdU rnl
ke iixaC xWiiM
:ux` d d`ln i i cqg hRW n E dwc v a `
:m` a v lM eiR g Ex aE EU rp min W ii xa cA
:zFnFd Y zFx vF` A o p mId in cPM qpM
:la z iaW il
M ExEb i EPOn ux`d lM iin E` xi i
:cn rIe dEv Èd idIe xn ` Èd iM
:miO r zFa Wg n ìpd miFBzvr xit i i
:xc
e xc l F l zFa Wg n cn rY mlFrl ii zv r
:Fl dlgpl xgA | mr d ei l ` iixW` iFBd ix W`
:mc`d ipA lMz` d` x ii hiA d min X n
:ux` d ia W il
M l` g iBW d FY aW oFk On
:mdiUrn lMl` oia O d mAl cgi x Id
: Ma
x A lvPi`l xFA B ligax A rW Fp KlO d oi`
:hNn i `l Fli g ax aE drEW z l qEqd xwW
:FC qg l milgin l ei`x il` ii oir dPd
:arxA mzFI glE mWt p zeO n liS d l
:Èd EpPbn E Epxfr iil dz M g EpW t p
:Epgh a FW c w mWa iM EpAl gn U i FaiM
:Kl Eplgi xW ` M Epilr ii L C
qg id i
ixg` ltep èdy iptn ,b"l 'iqa èdy i"tr` ,'ebe 'i"ia miwicv eppx' xenfn [e"lw xenfn xg`] eixg` mixneè' 18.
eixg` xikfde ,epnr dyry micqgd lk lr 'ebe xepka i"il ecede ,eicqg aex lr ,i"ia miwicvd eppxiy 'lecbd lld'
[yeal] .'ziy`xa dyrn oirn èdy ,'ebe 'eyrp miny 'c xaca'
,dld z dep `N` 'dNd z de`p' ixw Y l` ?':dNd z de`p mix v Eppx' ,aiz k C i`n ,`R R xA `ppig ax WxC 19.
Wil 'cA miwiC
,xn xn ` C dW n .(h:a dki`) 'd ix r W ux` a Er ah ' aiz k C ceC .mdi U
rn A mdi `
pFU EhlW `lW ,cece dW n df
.lkid lW zFNig n zg Y ,ini a
` xn ` `cq g ax xn ` ?`kid .eipc è ,eicEO
r e eigi xaE
,eiq xw eiW xw ,crFn ld ` fpb p
(.h dheq 'nb)
_______________________________________________
135
:zA X d mFil xiW xFnfn 20 av
:oFilr L nW l xOflE iil zF dl aFh

:zFliNA L z pEnè L Cqg xA A ciBd l
:xFPk A oFiBd ilr lapilre xFUri lr
:oPx` Li ci iUr nA Llrt A ii ipY
g O U iM
:Li aWg n Ew nr c` n ii LiUrn ElcBdn
:z`fz` oia i`l liq E r ci `l xr AWi`
:cri
cr m cnX d l oe` il Rl M EvivIe aUr FnM | mir W x xtA
:ii mlrl mFx n dY` e
:oe` il R lM Ec xR z i Ecaì Lia i` dPd iM i i Lia i` dPd iM
:oprx onWA i NA ipx w mi` x M mxY e
:ipf` dprnW Y mir x n ilr min T A i xEW A ipir hAY e
:dBU i oFpa NA f` M g xti xn Y
M wiC v
:Egix ti Epi l ` zFxvg A ii zia A milEzW
:Eidi miPprxe mipW C daiUA oEaEp i cFr
:FA dzler dzlr`le ixE v ii xW iiM ciBd l
:hFO Yl
A la Y oFMYs ` xG` z d fr ii Wa l Wal zE` B K ln ii 21 bv
:dY ` mlFrn f`n L `q M oFk

p
:mik C zFx dp EÙi mlFw zFx dp E` Up i i | zFx dp E` Up
:ii mFx OA xiC
` miix AW n mixi C
` miA x min | zFlTn
:min i K `
l i i W Td
e`p L zi
a l c` n Epn `p | Li cr
cibdl' aizkc ,micqgd lr z"iyl d`ced k"b èdy ,'ebe 'i"il zecedl aeh ,zayd meil xiy xenfn' eixg` oikneq' 20.
:[yeal] .'df lk lr ,'zi el ze`cedd xwir èdy ,'lecbd lld' xenfnl mikiiy mlek ixde ,'ebe 'jcqg xweaa
,zayd zqipk lr yxcp ède ,'ebe 'zayd meil xiy xenfn'l jenq èdy ,'ebe 'yal ze`b jln i"i' xenfn eixgè' 21.
.'ek 'zay xy` l`l' cqiizp df lr xy` ,'ebe eycw `qk lr ayie ,eyeal zx`tza shrzpe ,ezk`ln d"awd miiq
:[yeal]
_______________________________________________
136
:eiU rn A ii gnU i mlFrl ii cFa

k id i * `l:cw
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
id i ca:biw
:ii mW
lN dn F`Fa
ncr WnWgxfO n
:FcFa
M min X
d lr ii | miFBlMlr mx
:xc
exc l L x
kf i i mlFrl L
nW
ii bi:dlw
:dlW
n lMA FzEk
l E F`
qM oik d min X
A i i hi:bw
:Kln ii miFBa Ex
nìe ux` d lbz
e min X
d Eg
nU i * `l:fh '` d"c
:cr
e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny K ln ii `:bv Kl ii fh:i
:Fv x
`n miFb Ec
a` cr
e mlFr Kln ii fh:i mildz
:miO r zFa
Wg n ìpd miFBzvr xit d i i i:bl
:mEw z ìd i i zvre Wi` alA zFa

Wg n zFA x `k:hi ilyn
:xc
e xc l F l zFa
Wg n cn rY mlFrl ii zv r ì:bl mildz
:cn r
Ie dEv Èd idIe xn ` Èd iM h:bl
:Fl aWFnl DE` oFIv A ii xg a iM bi:alw
:Fz
Nbq l l` x
Ui Di Fl xg A aw riiM c:dlw
:afri `l Fz
lgpe FO r ii WH
i`l | iM ci:cv
:Fz
ng lM xir `le FR
` aiW
d l dA x
de zig W
e gl:gr
:Ep` x
W Fd ii * i:k
_______________________________________________
137

Fi ix
W` d:ct
:ei l
` iiW
mr
d i
xW` FN dkM W
mr
d ix
W` eh:cnw
cec
l dN d Y dnw
:cr
e mlFrl L
nW
dkxa ` e KlOd id Fl
` Lnn Fx `
:cr
e mlFrl L
nW
dlld ` e kxa ` mFilk A
:xwg oi` Fz
Nc
ble c`
n lNdn E ii lFc B
:EciBi Li xEabE LiUrn gA W
i xFcl xF C
:dgiU ` Li `lt p ix
ac
e L
cFd cFa
M xc d
:dPx
Rq ` L z Nc
p fEfr e
:EpPx
i L z
wc
ve EriA i L
aEha
x xk f
:cqg lc
e oEP g
:eiU rn lMlr ein g x
e lM
l iiaF h
:dkEk xa i Lici
qge LiUrn lM ii LEcF i
:ExA c
i L z xEa
bE Exnì L zE
k
ln cFa M
:FzEk
ln xc
d cFa
E ei xEa
B mc
`d ipa l | ri
cFd
l
:xc
e xFCl
kA L Y
lW
n E min lrl
M zEkln L zEk
l n
:mit EtMd lkl sw Ffe milt P
dlkl ii Kn F q
:FY
i Lil` lkipi r
_______________________________________________
138
22
:oFv x ig lkl ri
AU n E L
ciz` g zF R
kA ii wiC v
:zn à Ed`x
wi xW` lk
l ei`xwl
kl ii aFx w
:mri
WFie rn W
i mzr
eW
zè dUri ei`x
ioFv x
:cin W
i mir
Wxd lM zè eiad `l
Mz` ii xn F W
:cr
e mlFrl FW c
w mW xUA lM Kx
aie iR xA ci i i zNd Y
:Di Elld ml Frcr
e dYrn Di K
xa p | Epgp` e gi:ehw
:iiz` iW
p illd DiElld enw
:icFr
A i l`l dx
Of` iIg A ii dlld `
:drEW
z Fl oi`W | mc
òaA mia ic
pa Egh a Yl
`
:ei pY
Wr Ec
a` Èd
d mFIA Fz
nc
`l aW
i FgEx `v Y
:ei l
` iilr Fx
U Fxfr
A aw ri l`W ix
W` *
:mlFrl zn` x Xd mAxW` lMzè mId z` ux` e minW
| d r
:mixEq
` xiY n i i mia rxl mgl o p miw EWrl | hR W
n d r
:miw iC
v a ` i i mit EtM s f ii mix
er g R | ii
:zEr
i mir
Wx K c
e c
cFri dpn l` e mFz
i mix
Bz` x W | ii
:DiElld xc
e xc l oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni
.[f ,`p r"ey] xefgl jixv oeeik `l mè ,'L

ciz` g zFR' weqta oeekl jixv 22.
.dpeekd z` xxern lewd ik 'L
ciz` g zFR' weqta dnirpa elew mixn dltz lra 'ixy`' zxin` lka
_______________________________________________
139
:dNd z de`p mir piM Epi l

` dx
Of aFhiM | Di Elld fnw
:qPk i l` x
Ui igc
p ii mlW
Exi dpFA
:mz FaSr
l WA g E al ixE a
Wl ` xd
:`x
wi zFnW
mN k
l mia k FM
l xRq n dpFn
:xR q n oi` Fz
pEa z
l g Ma
xe EpipFc` lFc
B
:ux` icr mir
Wx liRW
n ii miepr ccFr
n
:xFPk a Epi l`l ExOf d
cFzA iil Epr
:xiv g mix
d g inv O d xhn ux` l oik O d mia r
A | min W
dQ k n d
:E`x
wi xW` a r ipa l Dng l dn d a l oz Fp
:dvx
i Wi` d iwFW
a`l uRg i qEQd zxEa
ba `l
:FC qg l milgin d z` ei`x
iz` ii dvFx
:oFIv Ki l
` illd iiz` | m lW
Exi ig A W
*
:KA x
wA KipA Kx
A Kixr
W ig ix
A wGg iM
:Kri
AU i miH g alg mFlW
KlEaBmVd
:Fx
aC uEx
i dx
dn cr ux` Fz x
n` glXd
:xGt i xt`M xF M xnSM blW o Pd
:cn ri in Fz xw ipt l miY t k Fgxw KilW
n
:min ElGi FgE
x aXi mqn ie Fx
aCg
lW
i
:l` x
Uil eih R W
E eiT
g aw ril eix
aC exac ciBn
:DiElld mEr c
ilA mih R W
n E iFBl
kl | ok dUr `l
_______________________________________________
140
:min FxOA EdEl ld minX d on iiz` Elld | Di Elld gnw
:e` a v lM EdEl ld eik` ln lk EdElld

:xF` iak FMlM EdEl ld g x
ie WnW EdEll
:min X
d lr n | xW` miO d e minX d in W EdEll
:E`x ape dEv Èd iM ii mW z` Elldi
:xFa ri `le oz pwg mlFrl cr l mci nrIe
:zF dYl ke mipiPY ux`d on iiz` Elld
:Fx ac d r dxr q g Ex xFhi we blW cx E W`
:mifx `lke ix R ur zFr aBlke mix dd
:spM xFRv e Unx dnd A lke dIg d
:ux` ih W lke mix U miO `llke ux ìkln
:mix rpmr mipwf zFlEzAmbe mixEg A
:min W
e ux`lr FcF d FC al Fn W aBU piM i i mW z` | Elld i
:DiElld F xw mr l`x Ui ipa l eici qg lkl dNd Y FO r l | oxw mxIe
:mici
qg ldw A Fz Nd Y W cg xiW iil ExiW | Di Elld hnw
:mM ln a Elibi oFIv ipA ei rA l` x Uign U i

:FlExOfi xFPk e sz A lFgna Fn W Elld i
:drEWi
A miepr x`t i FO r A ii dvFxiM
:mz FaMW n lr Eppx i cFa kA mici qg Eflr i
:mc iA zFIt iR age mpFxbA l` zFn nFx * 23
:miO lA zFg kFY miFBA dnwp zFU rl
:lfx
a ila k A md ic Ak pe miT
fA mdikln xq`l
:DiElld eici
qg lkl Èd xc d aEz M hR W n | md A zFU rl
23. On the occasion of a dlin zixa the dltz lra raises his voice when singing mpexba l` zennex
until onè on` to a special oebip.
_______________________________________________
141
.mx lewa mlek miweqtd z` dltz lrad xne` 'ciec jxaie' cr o`kn
.zayl cgein oebipa el` miweqt dltz lrad xne` zaya
:FGr ri
wx
A EdEl
ld FW c
wA lÈlld | Di Elld pw
:Flc
B ax
M EdEl
ld ei xEa
bA EdElld
:xFPk e lapA EdEl

ld xtFW rwz
A EdEll
:abr
e miPn A EdEl
ld lFg
nE sz
A EdEll
:drEx
z ilv lv A EdEl
ld rnWilv lv a EdElld
Pd lM 24

Pd lM
:on ` e | on` ml Frl ii KExA bp:ht
:DiElld m l W
Exi o W oFIS n | i i KExA `k:dlw
:FC
al zF`
lt p d r l`x
Ui i l
` mi l
` ii | KEx
A higi:ar
:on ` e | on` ux` d lMz` FcFak `lO ie mlFr

l FcFa
M mW | KEx
aE
.'onè on`' cr 'dnypd lk' lewa dltz lrad xne` ,'onè on`' cr ldwd exn`y xgè
Pd lM ' :xn
dnW `PW ,zFIzF` iY W A WO Y W
IW mlFrl FiC WCw O d ziA axg W mFin ,xfr l ` oA din xi ia x xn ` 24.
(:gi oiaexir 'nb) ':D-iElld D-i lNd Y
_______________________________________________
142
.(f 'iq `"p r"y mdxa` obn) 'gazyi'l aeye 'miegzyn jl minyd àve' cre o`kn cenrl yi
bii:h"k '` d"c
cieC xnÌe ldT d lM ipir l i iz` ci eC Kxaie 25 ldw
:mlFrcr e mlFrn Epia ` l` x Ui i l ` ii dY` KEx A
uxà E min X
de dxEaBd e dN c Bd ii L
l
:W`xl | lkl `Vpz Od e dk ln O d i i L
l
dxEabE M Lcia E lM A lW Fn dY ` e Lip t Nn cFaMd e x r de
:lM l wGg lE l Cbl L c ia E
:LY x
`t Y mWl milld n E Kl Ep p` micFn Epi l ` dY re
ìe:h dingp
m` a v lke min X
d in W
min X
d z` z iU r Y ` L Cal ii ÈddY `
mNMz
` dIg n dY è md A xW` lke miOId d il r xW` lke ux` d
:mieg Y W
n L l min X d àv E 26
miC
UM xE` n Fz`vFd e mx
a` A Yxg A xW` mi l `d ii ÈddY `
27
:md x
a` FnX Y nUe
Li
pt l on `p Faalz` z` v n E
,'zixad enr zexke' zxin`l 'jiptl on`p' zxin` oia miwiqtn oi`
.wcpqde ldend ly zcgein oibexiq zxinà dl` miweqt mipbpny dlin zixa ly zixgya `l`
iprpM d ux
`z` zz l zix Ad FO r zFx ke lden
Fr xfl zz l iWBx Bd e iq Eaid e iGx
Rd e i n
`d iY g d wcpq
:dY` wiC v iM Lix aCz
` mwY e lden
:sEqm
ilr Y n W mzw rfzè mix vn A Epi a` iprz ` `xYe wcpq
Fv x
` mrl
ka E eic arl
ka E dr x tA miz nE z ` oYY e lden
:dGd mFId M mW L lUrY e mdilr Ecifd iM Y r c i iM wcpq
dWAIA mId KFz a Ex arIe md ipt l Y r w
A mId e lden
:miGr minA o ` FnM zlFvna Y k lW d md it xz
è wcpq
is an ancient custom to stand for 'ciec jxaie', until 'jzx`tz myl'. The l"ixdn would rise a little
25. It
while reciting L C
al 'c ÈddY` .
':mieg Y W d àv E' :aiz k C ,dNt Y mFwn EricFd
n L l min X W EpizFa
`l daFh wifg pe E`FA ,iel oA r WFd
i ia x xn ` 26.
(.dk `xza àa 'nb)
27. The zldw ixac cites the bdpn to stand until 'mdxa` eny'.
_______________________________________________
143
`xwnd inrh oebipa dxn`l ebdp mid zxiy
`ll:ci zeny
mix
vn cIn l`x
Uiz` Èd
d mFIA i i rWFIe lden
:mId ztU lr zn mix
vn z` l`x
Ui `xIe wcpq
iiz` mr
d E` xi
Ie mix
vn A ii dUr xW
` dl cBd cId z` l` x
Ui `xIe lden
:FC
ar d naE i iA Epin Ìe wcpq
(dcedi gk) .z"qa dzìxwa mbe ,dxnfc iweqta 'dxiy'd oipbpn (gqt ly 'f meiae) dxiy zaya
28
ExnÌe i il z`Gd d
xiXd z` l` x
Ui ipa E d nxiWi f` lden gi`:eh
qEq d` B d` W ` 29
biM iiN dxi wcpq xn`
l
ilidie Di zx
nfe iGr lden :mIa dnx Fa xe
il
` Edep` e il` df30 wcpq drEWi
l
ii dng ln Wi` ii lden :Edpn x
è ia`
xga n E mIa dx
i Flige dr x
R za
Mx
n wcpq :Fn
W
FnM zlFvna Ec xi Eniq k i z dY lden :sEqm
ia Er
Ah eiWlW

L pin i M
A ixC
`p i i L
pin i wcpq :oa`
qx
dY LpF`
B ax
aE lden :aiF` urxY ii
g ExaE wcpq :WT
M Fnlk ì Lpx
g gNW
Y Linw
cpFnk Ea
Sp min Enxrp LiR `
xn` lden :mialA z dz E`
tw milfp
.lewa xne`y ,'ebe xari cr ,'ebe dknk in ,'ebe jpini ,'ebe dngln yi` 'c miweqtn ueg ygla mixne` 28.
?dxi W Exn ` cvi ke ,dxi W xnFl mdi pir Epz p ,mId on l` xU i ElrW drW A ,àiw r ia x WxC mFiA FA ,opA x EPY 29.
''c N dxiW ` ' mixnF`
od e ''c N dxi W ` ' xn ` dW n ,miw xR iW` x eix g` oipFr od e ,lNd z` `xw O d lFcbM
z` `xw O d oh w M ,xnF` ililB d iqFi ia x lW FpA xfr il` ia x .''c N dxi
W ` ' mixnF` od e 'd` B d` biM ' xn ` dW
n
biM ' xn ` dW
` n ''c N dxi
W ` ' mixnF` od e ''c N dxiW ` ' xn ` dW n ,xnF`
ÈdW dn lM eix g` oipFr od e ,lNd
dNig Y g zFR ÈdW ,zq pM d ziaA rn W lr qxFR d xtFq M xnF` din g p ia x .'d` B d` biM ' mixnF` od e 'd` B
ililB d iqFi
ia x lW FpA xfr il` ia xE ,`zi iO w `z NiO ` ' n` l' xa q daiw r ia x ?ibl ti
n w i`n A .eix g` oipFr od e
.`Wi xA dW n gz tC ' n` l' ,icc d icdA EdlEM xEn`C ' xnÌe' xa q din g p ia xE ,`z NinE `z NiO lM` ' n` l xa q
(:l dheq 'nb)
d` p zivi v ,d` p xtFW
e d` p alEle ,d` p dkEq eipt l dU r ,zFv n A eipt l d` pz d ,'Edep` e il-` df' ìp Y 30.
,xnF` lE`W À` .oi` p oi` xi W A FkxFk e ,onE`
xla lA d` p qFnlEwA ,d` p Fic A FnW l FA aFzkE ,d` p dxFY xt q
(:blw zay 'nb) .mEgxe oEpg did dY ` s` mEgxe oEpg Èd dn ,Fl dnFC ied 'Edep` e'
_______________________________________________
144
Fn` ln Y wcpq llW

wNg ` biV` sC x
` aiF`
Y t Wp lden :ic
i FnWixF Y iA x
g wix
` iW
t p
min A zxt FrM Ellv mi FnQ M LgExa
in i i ml` A d n
kin wcpq :mixi C
`
d r zNdz `
xFp W T
A xC
`p d nM
z ig p wcpq :ux` Fnrla Y L
pin i zih p lden :`lt
depl` LGr
a Y ldp lden Y l`B Efmr LC
qg a
lig oEfBx
i miOr Er
nW
wcpq :LW
c
w
it EN` Elda p f` lden :zWlR ia i fg `
Ebn
p cr
x Fnfg ì a` Fn ili` mFc
`
dz n i` mdilr lR
Y wcpq :orpk ia i lM
cr lden oa`M En C
i LrF
xf lc bA cgt e
Efmr xaricr i i LO r xa ri
oFk
n L z lgp xd A Fnr
Hz e Fn` a Y wcpq :zipw
EppFM ipc` Wc
Tn lden ii Y lr
R L Y
aW
l
| ii lden e mlrl Klni | ii wcpq
:cr :Lic
i
'cre mlerl jelni 'c' weqtd z` miltek mid zxiy seqa :cr
e mlrl Klni
.'dkelnd 'cl ik' mikiynne (xnebe 'qeq à ik' ,xnebe 'dizekln 'c' mixne` oi`)
:miFBA l E dkElOd iil iM hk:ak mildz

:dk ElOd iil dzid e eUr xd z` hRWl oFIv xd A mirW e31 `k:` dicaer
Fn Elr
:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
d mFIA ux`d lMlr Klnl ii did e h:ci dixkf
:miniiqn
:cg ` | ii Epil
` ii l`x
Ui rnW
c:e mixac xn`l aEzM Lz xFz
aE
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .'mizif ipy' dxe`nd oebip- 'oFIv xd A mirW e' mixne` dkepg zaya 31.
Fn Elr
_______________________________________________
145
: dnirpae lewa lkd ofgd xne` 'dz` `l`' cr 'znyp'n
1
mnFxzE
x`t Y xUA lM g Exe Epi l
` ii LnW
z` Kx p
aY iglM znW
l`FB Kln Epl oi` Licr lA n E l` dY` mlFrdcr e mlFrdon cinY EpM ln Lx kf
- dY ` `N` Kln Epl oi` dwEve dx v zrl
kA mgx nE qpx tn E livn E dcFR ri W FnE
zFclFYlM oFc` zFIx AlM D Fl` mipFxg` d e mipFW`x d il `
mEpi`l iie :ming x A eizFix aE cqgA FnlFr bdpn d zFgAW Y
d axA lNdn d
mixEq ` | xiYO d e minN` g iU O d e minEcx uiwO d e mipW i xxFr
nd :oWii`le
:micFn
Epgp` LC al Ll mitEtM swFGde milt Fp KnFQde
ri w x iag x
nM Epiz FztU e eiNB oFndM EppFWlE mIM dxi W `ln Epit EN`
miwiRq n Ep` oi` zFlI` M Epilbx e min W
ix WpM Epic ie g xIk e WnX
M Epipir
e
sl` n zg` lr Ln W z` Kx alE Epiz Fa` ilè Epil ` ii j l zFcFdl
:EpO r e Epiz Fa`mr z iU r W zFaFHd minr R zFaax iAx e mitl` itl` sl`
EpY lM lM raU a E EpY pf arx
A :Epz ic
R mic ar | ziAn E Epi l ` ii EpY l` B mix
vO n
:Epz iNC mipn `pe mirx milgn E EpY h Nn xaCnE EpY lS d axgn
:gvpl Epi l
` ii EpWH Y l` :Lic
qg EpEa e Lin g x EpExfr dPd cr
fr`l
Epit A Y n U
xW` oFWle EpiR ` A Y g t PW
dnW pE g Exe EpA Y bNR W
mix a` oMlr
:EpM ln LnW z` Ekiln ie EWiC
wie Evix r
ie EnnFxie Ex`t ie EgAW ie Ekx aie EcFi md od
Lipt l dnFwlke rx kY Ll KxA lke raX z Ll oFWllke dcFi Ll dRlk iM
:aEzMW xaC M Ln W
l ExOfi zFilk E axwl ke LE` xi i zFaallke deg Y W z
:FlfB
n oFia ` e ipr n`Y | i nvr lM 2 i:dl mildz
e EPOn wfg n ipr liS n LFnk in i i dpx
`xFP
de xFABd lFcBd l`d :KNKxr
i inE KNdeW i in
i inE KNdnc
LW
c
w mWz` Kx apE Lx pE LlNd p :ux` e minW
`t pE LgA W pw oFilr l` hi:ci ziy`xa
:FW c
w mWz` ia xwlke iiz` iWt p ik xA | cec
l `:bw mildz :xEn`M
awri xa dcedi 'xn izrny" l"fe y"eixh bdpnk ède f"qw zpyn i"ik xecql aiaq oyi yexita iz`vne 1.
oa oerny `"ie dtk oa oerny l"dfa iz`vn xg` yexitae .l"kr "jl dnci in cr znyp cqi `tik oa oerny 'xy
"znyp 'p epit eliè 'e epexfr dpd cr 'r dnci in 'n cr okey 'y epiidc rxtnl ea eny fnxe znyp z` cqi ghy
[cxtq ixeciq zeawra 'eliè' qxb xteq izay 'x xeciq] (l`xyi zcear xeciq) .l"kr
(y"`x) .ohw unwa `le unwa lM dlind 'izFnvr lM' 2.
_______________________________________________
146
(cr okeya ligzn n"deg zaya) 'lecbd' ligzn zxvr ipinye zekqa 'l`d' ligzn zereaya
cFakA lFcBd
:Ln W zA l
:LGr zFnvr `d
'jlnd' ligzn xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 'xeabd' ligzn crend leg zaya mbe gqta
3
:`Vpe mx `QM lr (aWFi k"eie d"x ) aWFId KlO
d :Liz F`xFp de gvpl xFABd
A `xFP
.'cr okey' ligzn zekq crend legae zaya
:FnW WFcwe mFxn cr okFW 4
:dNd z de`p mix
Wil iiA miwiC
v Eppx `:bl :aEzke
xetk meile dpyd y`xl dpyd lkl
:mnF x z
Y W i
mix itA :lNd z
Y mix W i itA 5
:Kx A z
Y miwiC v
ixacaE Y miwiC v
:KxA z ixacaE
:WC w z
Y q g oFWla E
mici :mnFxz q g oFWla E
Y mici
:lN d z
Y miWFc w axwaE Y miWFc w axw
:WCw z aE
LnW
x`R z i dPx A l`x Ui ziA LOr zFaax (zFldw n a E `"p) zFldw n a E 6
` ii Lipt l mixEv
id lM zaFg oMW :xFce xFClkA EpM ln
zFxiW ix aCl
M lr qNw lE dNr l Kx al xC
dl mnFxl x`t l g A W
l lNd lE zFcFdl
:LgiWn LC
ar iWioA ceCzFg
AW z
e
ux` a E min W
A WFcTd e lFcBd KlO d l`d EpM ln cr l LnW gAY W i
dx nfe lNd dga W E xiW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii d`p Ll iM
zEkln E dXc w zx` t z e dNd Y dxEa bE dNcB gvp dlW n n E fr
zFgAW Y
A lFcB Kln l` ii dY 7
` KExA :mlFrcr e dY r
n zF`cFd e ekx A
:minlFrd ig l` Kln dx nf ixi
WA xgFAd zF`lt Pd oFc` zF`cFd d l`8
zelrnd xiy was initially only inserted here during daeyz ini zxyr by cxtq gqep in Europe.
miwnrnn
It is a l"fix` bdpn, which was not accepted by mifpky` across Europe,
although many Eastern European mifpky` eventually adopted its recital.
3. (sqei o`vk bdep) .eiykr ayei eyexit ayei la` .ayil libxd rnyn ayeid ik .'ayeid' `le 'ayei jlnd' oiligzn
4. In fpky` zelidw worshippers were expected to oren silently. When a pious eastern European
came and raised his voice in prayer, it was not uncommon for elderly members to turn around
and recite, Wir haben schon einen Chasen [We already have a Cantor].
.cgeind oebipa 'mixyi ita' mixne` dxez ixtq ipya oda mi`xewy zezaya 5.
6. Most ancient manuscripts were written without vowels (cewip). The common pronunciation
is 'zFldw n a E'.
,gqt ly oexgè ,zxvr ipiny ,zekq oebipa zxn`p yicw mr 'gazyi' zkxa seq cr 'jln l-` i"à'n zekqa 7.
'zencw`' zligz oebipa zeraya ,dxez zgny zetwd oebipa xn`p dxez zgnya .'ci zpzn' oebipa- zeray 'ae
.yicw ivgd seq cr da jiynne
.yicw ivgd seq cr da jiynne 'èd xic`' oebipa ofgd xne` 'ze`cedd l-`'n gqta 8.
_______________________________________________
147
rny zìxw zekxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
Dz Erx k `xaC `nlr A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz ie lC

Bz
i rxek ofg
l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A Dz Ekln Kiln ie
(on` ldw) :on` rxek ofg Exn` e - aix w onfa E `lbrA
dltza micner m` mb mitiqen zxg` dniypae Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr l Kx an Àx DinW `di
Kx
Az
i ea wiqtdl mi`yx oi`y mewna
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i rxek ofg
ie xC
dz
ie
9
`zn gpe `z
gA W Y `z xi
We `z kxAlMn (`NrlE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`xa ) `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek ofg - `nlr A oxi n` C
aeh meile zayl dizekxae rny zìxw
,xeaivd mr cgi 'cre mlerl jxeand ii jexa' :xne` ofgd 'ekxa' zxinà
.dxezl milerd ly 'ekxa'a bdpnd oke .ea `veike dyecw ziipra enk ,eixg` `le
: ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` ofgd cera 1
: 'ekxa' zxinà jix`n ofg
ikln Kln lW FnW `Vpz ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i
oFxg` Ède oFW`x ÈdW :Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d Ek xA
Eflr e Fn
W DiA zFaxr a xl ENq d:gq mildz mi l ` oi` eicrlA n E
:dNd zE
dkxAlMlr mnFxn FnWE :eipt l
: ldwd xnì myd ofgd obpnyk
:cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA iiz `
: ldwd xnì 'jxand' ofgd obpnyk
:mlFrcr
e dY n Kan ii mW
id i a:biw : K a n d
: eicgi ofge ldw
:cr
e mlFrl K and ii KExA
: 'lkd z`' cr xvei zkxa y`x z` mx lewa xne` ofg
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
:lMdz` `xF aE
mFlW d r KWg `xFaE xF` xvFi f:dn diryi
epwzpy micgein miyicwa wx '`lirle `lirl' miltek xetk meie (dpyd y`x dgpnn ueg) dpyd y`x zeltza 9.
.llk '`lirl' miltek oi` ,xetk mei caln ,daeyzd ini x`ya .miltek oi` mezi yicw lka j` ,ofgd zxin`l
`zil mipyi mixecqa la` ,`"hnae `"na àede a"twz 'iq yeala exewn letkl meid laewnd bdpnd
.df bdpn àed `l - yeald cinlz - q"yx xeciqa elitè .(k"y zpyn uxid 'x xeciql yexita wx edep`vne)
(edil` xef` xeciq)
,'eke 'gazyie jxazi' mixne` ldwde 'ekxa'a jix`n u"ydy ebdp" :xehd ixac ìad '` sirq f"p 'iq g"e` `"nxa 1.
dpynd zvrk ,ef dxin` dlha ,'ekxa' oebipa u"yd jix`n oi` mda zenewna ."'ekxa'a jix`n èdy cera
jix`n ofgd fpky` zlidw ly dpibpd zxeqna mpn` .wezyl ahen jix`n ofgd oi` m`y ,'d w"q my dxexa
.micrena ode zaya od lega od 'ekxa' zxin` lk oebipa
_______________________________________________
148
3 2
:xvei zkxa zligzl jynda mx lewa exne` ofge ,df fexga migzet xvei mixne` mibgae zezaya
:idie xn` lt`

n zFxF` miIg xvFÀ mlFr xF`
.(151 'nr) 'ux`l xi`nd' mixne` lega lgy aeh meia
4
,oibexiql 'jecei lkd' mixne` zegilqd ini cr lecbd zayn
.dlilg xfege ,elew z` ldwd rinyn eixg`y weqtae mx lewa xne` ofg cg` weqt
:iiM WFcw oi` Exnì lMde LEg

AW
i lMde LEcFi
lMd :ofg
gxfn ixr
W zFzlC mFilkA g z FRd l`d :lMd xvFi dlQ LEn
nFxi lMd :ldw
DY a W
oFkOn dpa lE DnFwOn dOg ìvFn ri
w x ipFNg r
wFaE
:ofg
:ming x zC
nA `x
AW eiaW
FilE FNM mlFrl xi`n E :ldw
ming x
A d ilr mixC
le ux` l xiÒ d :ofg
:ziW`x
a dUr
n cinY mFilkA WC
gn FaEhaE
:mlFr zFnin `Vpz
Od e x tOd e gAW
nd f`n FCal mnFxOd KlO d :ldw
EpGr oFc` Epilr mgx miAx
d Lin g x
A mlFr i l
` :ofg
:Epcr
A aBU n Epr
Wi obn EpA BU n xEv
:KNdnFC inE LY
lA qt` Lz lEf oiè LMxr
M oi` :ldw
:Àd mlFrd iIg l EpM ln Lz
lEf oiè dGd mlFrA Epi l
` ii LMxr
M oi` :ofg
:miz O d zIg z
l Epri
WFn LNdnFC oiè g iW
O d zFnil Epl` FB LY
lA qt` :ldw
2. It is common on special occasions, that only a xvei and a zlef are recited. For example, on the
zeiyxt rax` zezay (zlef ,xvei). On dkepg zay however, (zlef ,dxe`n ,xvei) are recited, the dxe`n
being said instead of an ote`.
,ziy`xa zay ,zxvr ipiny ,crend leg zaye ,zekq ,xetk mei ,dpyd y`x ,yceg y`x zay ,dlin zixa zay 3.
,crend leg zaye ,gqt ,lecbd zay ,dipyde dpey`xd zewqtde zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg ly dipyde dpey`xd zay
.daeyz zay ,engp zay ,zereay
4. In the winter jecei lkd and oec` l-` are recited silently, while in the summer jecei lkd is recited
responsively ldw and ofg and oec` l-` is sung responsively in the same manner.
_______________________________________________
149
mibdep yie ,ldwe ofg oia oibexiql 'oec` l-`' heitd z` mb xnele jiyndl ebdp zegilqd ini cr lecbd zayn
mceakl ofgd obpn zqpkd zial zclei dàyk oke ozg yiyk .dpyd zezay lka dnirpa 'oec` l-`' obpl
oièyipd ixg`y zayae oiqexi`d ixg`y zayay ozg .cgein oebipa heitd seq cr 'mz`va migny'
.(oièyipd iptly zaya `le)
plM itA K anE KExA
:dnW Od lM lr oFc` l`
miUr 5 :ofg
:FzF` miaa Fq dpEazE zrC mlFr `ln FaEhe FlcB :ldw
:daM x
Od lr cFakA xC dpe W T
d zFIglr d`Bz Od :ofg
e cqg
:FcFak ipt l ming x F`qk ipt l xFWinE zEkf :ldw
:lMU d a E dpiaA zrc vi

A mx Epi l
` `x
AW zFxF`n miaFh :ofg
:laY axw A milW Fn zFidl bE g M

mdA ozp dxEa :ldw
\\ :mlFrdlkA meif d`p Dbp miwitn E eif mi`ln :ofg
:mdpFw oFvx dniÀ miUFr vA mign U

m`FaA miUU e mz` :ldw
e dldv
:FzEkln xkfl dPx cFake x`R
FnWl mipzFp :ofg
:lewa 'ynyl `xw'n ligzn ofgd sxega
:dpa Nd zxEv de d`x
oiwz l `xw
xF`gxfIe WnX :ldw
mFxn àv lM FlmipzFp gaW :ofg

- WcT U dNcbE zx` t Y
d zFIge miPt Fè mitx
FcFak `QM lr aWie dNrz p iriaX
d mFIA miUr Od lMn zaW xW` l`l :ofg
iriaX
d mFi lW gaW df :zAX d mFil `x w bpr dgEpOd mFil dhr zx` t Y
:FYk`ln lMn l` zaW FAW
iil zF dl aFh :zA X d mFil xiW xFnfn a`:av mildz :xnFè g A W n iriaX d mFie :ldw
lM xvFi Kln l`l EpY i dNc bE xwi gaW :eixEv ilM l`l Ekx aie Ex`t i Kkitl
:Wcw zAW mFiA FzXc wA l`x Ui FOr l dgEpn ligpO d
:zgY n ux` d lre lrO n min X
A x`R z
i EpM ln Lx
kfe WC
wz
i Epi l
` ii LnW :ofg
:dlQ LEx `t i zi
U r
W xF` ixF ` nlr e Lic i dUrn gaW lr Epri
WFn Kx Az
Y
,zelfn a"i cbp zeaz a"i dpexgàe ,zexacd zxyr cbp zeaz xyr dpey`xae ,`zia `tlà cgein ,ea lkd azk 5.
oa my cbp zeize` a"k md cgie ,yxetnd my cbp a"r ollka ody zeaz 'g cg` lkay miirvn` dryz ex`ya
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) .`"zia `"tl` xcqn zeà ligzn wlg lke miwlg 'al wlgzn fexg lk ik rce . . . .l"kr a"k
_______________________________________________
150
.'ux`l xi`nd' mixne` lega lgy aeh meia
EA xd
n ck:cw :ziW`x a dUr
n cinY mFilkA WC gn FaEhaE ming xA d ilr mixC le ux` l xiÒ d
x tOd e gAW nd f`n FCal mnFxnd KlO d :Lpipw ux d d`ln z iU r dn k g A mN i i | LiU rn
EprWi obn EpABU n xEv EpGr oFc` Epilr mgx miAx
d Ling x
A mlFr i l ` :mlFr zFnin `Vpz Od e
FnWl cFaM xvi aFh dOg ix df lr tE oikd drC lFcB KExA l` :Epcr A aBU n
:FzXc Rq n cinY
wE l`cFaM mix iCW inn Fx miWFcw eià v zFPR FGr zFaiaq ozp zFxF`n
:dlQ LEx
`t i z iU r
W xF` ixF `
nlr
e Lic
i iUr
n gaW
lr Epi l
` ii Kx
Az
Y
.zepiw oebipa zvw obpn oefg zaya .meid oebipa d`xia seq cr epixev jxazzn mipbpn aeh meia
EpM ln cr
lLnW gAY W
i :miWFcw `xFA Epl` Fbe EpM ln EpxEv
Kx Az
Y :ofg
d`x
iA mirinW n E mlFr mExA mic nFr mNM eiz x Wn xW` e miz x Wn xvFi
mixEx A mNM miaEd` mNM :mlFr Kln E miIg mi l ` ix aC lFwA cgi
mNk e :mdpFw oFvx d`x ia E dniÀ mi r mNk e mixFA B mNM
migA W
n E mikx
an E dx nfa E dxi
WA dx dh a E dXc
wA mdiRz` migzFR
- mikiln n E miWiC
wn E mivixr
nE mix`t n E
:Èd WFcw `xFP de xFABd lFcBd KlO d l`d mWz` ldw
dfl df zEWx mipzFp e dGn df min W zEkln lr mdilr milA w n mNk e :ofg
mipFr cg` M mNM dXcw dnirpa E dxEx
a dtU A g Ex zgpA mxvFil WiCwd l
- d`xiA mix
nFè
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFcw | WFc w 6 b:e diryi ldw
7
'mipte`de' mewna 'zeigde' mixne` ote` mixne`yk mibgae zezaya WcT d zFIge miPt F`de ofg
8
:mixetikd meie dpyd y`xa caln . . . mi`V pz
n lFcB Wrx
A
EPxi mitx
UE Ex` t i miax
kE ExxFW
i zFIgd e ofg
. . . aExkE otFè dIg lM ipR Ekx ai miN` x
è
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ai:b l`wfgi ldw :mix
nFè migA W
n mz
Or
l mitx
U zOr
l
dyecwa oke ayein xveie jexae yecw mixne`yk oteba drepz oiyery dfn hytzpc d`xp) - dlbcn cigidy `"ie 6.
f"acx z"ey mikqd oke ,(xdefd mya dt i"ad y"nke dbda a"lw 'qa y"nk xveiay dyecw enk dpicy `xcqc
mixteq zkqnn e"itq oiire .d"qwz 'iq y"nre ,cg` laewnl melga eaiyd minyd on jky azke 'i 'iq
oteb midiabnc miyer dtiy l"pe .xecid dl oiyery [f"acx z"eya] e"k 'iqae .dxne` cigidy `"ik 'il rnync
('b ,h"p oniq miig xewn) .a"w r"nx z"eyre ,dxinà zvw
,ziy`xa zay ,dxez zgny ,zekq ,xetk mei ,dpyd y`x ,yceg y`x zay 7.
.dlin zixa zay ,daeyz zay ,engp zay ,zereay ,crend leg zaye ,gqt ly mipey`xd minid
.dlgz exn` l`xyiy cr dxiy `"`y iptn mrhd bidpnd l"pe .'exxeyi zeigde' `"`y n"ctt w"w bdpn 8.
'lecb yrxa' aizk mipte` iab la` .lld `"` df mrhny oicd mei èdy iptn dxiy `"` dpyd y`xae
(sqei o`vk bdep) .oicd zni` iptn 'lecb yrxa' xnel jixv `wec dpyd y`xae (l`wfgic weqtd oeyl èdy)
_______________________________________________
151
:Erin W i zFgAW z
e Exn ì zFxinf mIw e ig l` Klnl :EpY i zFnirp KExA l`l
zFwc v rxFf
zFngln lrA zFWc g d r zFxEaB lrFR FCal Èd iM
FaEhA WC gn d :zF`lt Pd oFc` zFNdz `xFp zFÈtx `xFA zFrEWi g in v n
mlFrl iM milcB mixF`
d rl f:elw mildz :xEn`M :ziW`x a dUr n cinY mFilkA
dMfpe xi`Y oFIvlr Wc g xF`10 'dxe`n' heitd o`k mixne` dkepgc '` zaya9 :FC qg
:zFxFÒd xvFi ii dY ` KExA :FxF`l dx dn EpNk
:Epilr Y
ln g dxzi
e dlFcB dln g Epi l ` ii EpY a d ` dAx dad ` ldw [lèny i"r]
EpPg Y oM miIg iTg mc OlY
e La EghA W Epiz Fa` xEar A EpM ln Epia `
liMU d lE oiad l EpA lA oze Epilr mgx mgxnd ong x d a` Epia ` :(EpcOlzE)
Lz xFY
cEnlz ix aCl
Mz` mIw lE zFUr le xnWl cOllE cnll rn Wl
dad ` l Epa a l cgie Lz xFz
A EpA l wAc e Liz Fvn A Epipir x`d e :dad ` A
Epgh A `xFP de lFcBd LWc w mWa iM :cr e mlFrl WFap`le Ln W z` d`x ilE
Epk ilFze ux` d zFtpM rAx `n mFlWl Ep` iad e 11 :Lz rEWi
A dgn U pe dlibp
:oFWle mrl Mn Y xg a Epa E dY ` zFrEWilrFR l` iM :Epv x `l zEInn Fw
'dad`' heitd o`k mixne` aà 'h iptle zereay iptl zaya z nÀ dlq lFcBd LnW l EpY a x
we
:dad ` A l`x Ui FOrA xgFAd ii dY ` KExA :dad ` A Lc gilE Ll zFcFdl
.ofg ly dad` zkxa lr 'on`' miper
z` minilyn yie .xeaiva ode cigia od 'on`p jln l`' zxin` dl minicwn y"wa zeaiz g"nx znlydl
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,ofg ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx oeayg
it lr dìxwd xwir èdy oey`xd weqtd llek `xwnd inrha dlek y"w z` èxwl jixv dligzkl
,hxta fpky` ipa ly dnecwd `xwnd inrh zpibpae ,mda lbxen m` ,`xwnd inrh zpibpa rny zìxw .miweqtd
.mei lka miinrt rny zìxw ly `ziixe`c devnd z` miiwl zxgaend jxcd ìd
milind iiehia lr - `ziixe`c y"wa xzeiae - dltzd lka citwdl jixv miwcwcnde miweqtd it lr
oia mb fpky` ipa elicad epiptly zexecae ,fpky` ipa ly ef ìd dpekpd mlegd ziibd .zwcwecn ycewd oeyla
.(cpled ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"l`l o"ir oiae (dixbped ipa ziibda xzep jkl cixy) s"kl z"ig
'cg`' ly z"ilca jix`dl `xnbd oic lr citwdl jixv fpky` iwqet itl .zipeyl ìd dpekpd zifpky`d y"ixd
,zehiyd lr itl y"w onfa miwcwcnd md miax .(zeincwd zepeilrd miipiyd ixeg`n dyelw oeyld zcrxda)
.l"fg zxeqn itl dyrizy y"w mvra mb xcdl mivn`zny dl` md ixyè
.dkepg zay ly 'Epx

nFW l-` iM' oebipa zxn`p 'Wc
g xF`'n dkxad znizg ,'mizif ipy' oebipa 'dxe`n' dkepg zaya 9.
,mi`xep mini oebipa ofgd xne` 'dadà jcgile' cr 'epìade' oke 'exe`l' cr 'ycg xe`' mixne` dax `pryeda 10.
.leg oebipa- dkxad meiq
11. The bdpn is to hold the two front zeiviv in the left hand, as mentioned by the following miwqet;
`pxih wifii` epiaxl mibdpnd xtq, dnly ly mi, mdxa` obn, axd jexr ogly, jexr ogly xeviw and
oglyd jexr. This was echoed by fpky` iwqet (`yiinxee ibdpn, [hxetwpxt ibdpn] clet oxd` 'x,
xiì zeg, and une` sqei xtq (although he held all four zeiviv, l"fix`d bdpnk)).
_______________________________________________
152
p n l `
o n ` Kl
c:e mixac
` ii l`x 12
13
:cr
:L `nlka E LWt plka E L a a llkA Lil ` ii z` Y ad ` e14 h-d:e mixac

mA Y x
Ac e15 :La a llr mFId L
e Lip a l mY PPW ev n i p` xW ` dN` d mix aC
d Eid e
L
cilr zF`l mYx Ww E :Ln EwaE LAk W a E KxC a L Y kla E Lzi aA L Y aW
A
:Lixr Wa E LziA zFffn lr mYa z k E :Lipir oiA zt h l Eid e
iY z pe :mk W t plka E mka a llkA Fc ar
lE mk idl ` iiz` da d ` l
xiz e Lp bc Y
mY c are mY x qe mka a l dY ti oR mk l Ex nW d :Yr a U e Y
lk ` e LYnda l LcU A
` mY nU e :mkl o p
ilr
lr mk ipa in ie mk ini EA x i orn l 'zn`' cr 'eaxi ornl'n elew mixn minrha rny `xewd axd16
:ux` d lr min X d iniM mdl zz l mki a `l ii rA W p xW ` dn c`d
.xi` n ia x ixa C ,oiwi
q t n Eid `le ,cg ` 'c Epi l
` 'c l`x mixnF`
Ui rnW ?rn W z` oik xFM Eid cvi M ,opA x EpY 12.
.cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA mixnF` Eid `NW `N` ,Eid oiwi
q t n ,xnF`
dcEd i ia x
wri `xwIe ,Wiw
l oA oFrn W ia x xn ` C ,Wiw l oA oFrn W ia x Wixcc M ?(...mW KExA) Dil opixn ` `n r h i`n op` e13.
Ò W xn ` ,dpik W EpO n dw NY q
pe ,oin Id uw eipa l zFNbl awri Wwi A mk l dci
B` e Etq` d xnÌe eipA l`
,eipA Fl Exn ` ,eU r EpO n `vIW wg v i ia ` e ,l`rn W
i EpO n `vIW md xa ` M ,lEqR iz H n A Wi mFlW e qg
drW DzF` A ,cg ` `N` EpA lA oi` KM ,cg ` `N` LA lA oi` W mW M Exn ` ,cg ` 'c Epi l ` 'c l`x Ui rnW
.cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA ,xn ` e Epia ` awri gz R
FzF` mixnF` EdIW Epiw z d ,awri Fxn ` ?EdExn` p `l ,EpiAx dW n Fxn ` `l ?EdExn` p cia rp iki d opA x ixn `
oipin `MilC `rC xd paE
,oipiO d znFr
xY ipR n ,mx lFwA FzF` mixnF` EdIW Epiw z d ,EdA` ia x xn ` . . . .i` W gA
(.ep migqt 'nb) .i` W gA Dl ixn ` `Y W d cr
LWt plka .'[Li v n E' (g:h dingp) ea xn`py mdxa`k L a a llkA .zea`d zeize` .Y a d ` e14.
pt l on `p] Faalz` z`
':Kl EP
xVr
` V r il oYY xW` lke' (ak:gk ziy`xa) dia aizkc awrik L `nlka E .d"awdl eytp xqny wgvik
(mixehd lra) :(al ixtq)
xFn` `N` ,Fl xn` ze mBn bY l` ,xaC mc` Ll l` W i m` W ,Lit A mic CEg
n dxFz
ixa C EdiW ,'mY PPW
e' ,opA x EpY 15.
(b:my) ':LAl g Ellr ma z M Li rAv ` lr m
xWw ' :xnF`
e (c:f ilyn) 'Y ` i g ` dnk g l xn
`' :xn `PW ,cIn Fl
(:l oiyecw 'nb)
.df z` xiaqny 'b wlg fpky` bdpn iyxya oiir 16.
_______________________________________________
153
md l` Y x
n` e l`xUi ipA l` xA C :xn` N d nl` ii xnÌe `nfl:eh xacna
pe m c l mdic ba itpM lr zv iv mdl EU re17
m ` mz iUre i i zev n lMz` mY x kfE F ` mzi`xE 18 z vivl m kl did e
Ex
xg` ExEz z`le
.ofgd oke oexg`d weqtd axd mr ldwd exne`
mix
vn ux` n mk z ` iz`
vFd xW ` mk idl
` ii ip`
:mk idl
` ii ip` mi l
`l mkl zFid l
ziviv zyxt xne` ofg jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè 'zn`' dlina elew mixn ofg
.elld milnd oia wiqtdle eilr oizndl jxhvi `le ,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr
aEdè on`pe xWie mIw e oFkpe aiSie zn `
20 19
ueg zlef mixne`y zezaya mixne`
zereay iptly zay cr xii` yceg y`xn xiC è `xFp e mirpe cng pe aiag e
:aà dryzl fenz f"i oiay zezayae
xWie mIw e oFkpe aiSie zn ` mlFrl Epilr dGd xaCd dtie aFhe lAwn E oTz nE
xaC d dtie aFhe on`pe obn awr i xEv EpM ln mlFr i l ` zn` :cr e
EpipA lr Epilr e Epiz Fa` lr dGd mIw FnWE mIw Èd xFce xFcl Epr Wi
rxf | zFxFClM lr e Epiz FxFClre z nIw cr
l FzpEn è FzEkln E oFkp F`qk e
:Lic
ar l`x
Ui cr l mic ngpe mipn `p minIw e miig eix
acE
mipFxg` d lr e mipFW`x dlr EpipA lr Epilr e Epiz Fa`lr :minlFr inlFrlE
:xFar i `le wg cr e mlFrl :Lic ar l`xUi rxfzFxFClM lr e Epiz FxFClr e
Epi l ` ii Èd dY` W zn` aFh xaC mipFxg` d lr e mipFW`x dlr
dY` :cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè
dY` Epiz Fa` Kln EpM ln Èd :xFar i `le wg dpEn è zn` cr e mlFrl mIw e
Y l` bM Epl`bl xdn LnW orn l Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Èd dY ` W zn`
j n W mlFrn zn` :Epiz Fa`z` Epiz Fa` l`FB Epl` FB Epiz Fa` Kln EpM ln
dad` A `x wp Epilr | lFcBd EpliSn E EpcFR Epz rEW
i xEv Epx vFi
:Lz lEf cFr mi l ` oi` :Lz lEf cFr mi l ` oi` Ln W mlFrn
(fh:v mildz yxcn d`x) micad yeal mik`lnk mithern eidzy dvex ip` d"awd xn` .zv iv mdl EU r
e17.
ceaka `qkle riwxl dnecy zlkza dev okl .(e"ht izax `zwiqt d`x) shern ize` mzi`x xy`ke
(mixehd lra) .(:bn zegpn d`x)
18. The bdpn of holding the zeiviv originated from the time of the cenlz and therefore
is considered a `xnbc dpic. The zeiviv are kissed only while reciting the words 'eze` mzi`xe'.
19. When a zlef is recited on certain zezay and miaeh mini a shorter form of aivie zn`
and mipey`xdlr, which was the ancient l`xyi ux` text is likewise said. According to the l"ixdn
('b zereayl gqt oiay minid ipic) the bdpn is to recite the longer version of aivie zn` when reciting
the zezlef between a) xii` yceg y`x and zereay and b) between fenza xyr dray and aà dryz.
20. [A] zlef should not be added to the passage aivie zn` on dpyd y`x ... because the entire portion
as such describes the reign of God as King of the Universe. Moreover, it is pointed out that
the fifteen expressions of homage in this paragraph should recall the fifteen instances in which
the word xtke, implying forgiveness and pardon, occurs in the portion of the dxez dealing with
xetk mei (fh wxt `xwie), and that the six repetitions of the word zn` there are an allusion to the
Creation of the world which was completed on dpyd y`x ... This portion of the service should
remain unaltered on the mi`xep mini. [The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 185]
_______________________________________________
154
21
.zlef mixne` milbx ylyae zezaya
xFClkA mdix g` mdipa l ri
W FnE obn mlFrn Èd dY` Epiz Fa` zxfr
Wi` ix W` :ux` iqt ` cr Lz wc
ve Lih R W n E La W Fn mlFr mExA :xFce
LO r
l oFc` Èd dY` zn` :FAllr miUi Lx acE Lz xFz e Liz Fvn l rnW IW

oi` Licr lA n E oFxg` Èd dY` e oFW`x Èd dY` zn` :maix aix l xFAB Kln E
22
:Epz ic
R mic ar ziAn E Epi l ` ii EpY l` B mix
vO n :ri W FnE l`FB Kln Epl
mici ci
e Y rA h micfe Y
rw
A sEqmie Y l` B LxFk aE Y bx d mdixFk
AlM
EgAW z`flr :xz Fp `l m n cg` mdixv minEQkie ì:ew mildz Y xa r d
zF`cFd e zFkx A zFgAW z
e zFxiW zFxinf mici c i Epz pe l` EnnFxe miaEd`
milt W D iA bn E mi`B liRW n `xFp e lFcB `Vpemx mIw eig l` Klnl
:eil` mr EW zrA FOr l dpFre miNC xfFre miepr dcFtE mixi q` ìvFn
:K anE Èd KExA oFilr l`l zFNdY
:mNk Exn` e dAx dgn U A dxi
W Epr Ll l`x
Ui ipa E d n
:`lt dUr zNdz `
xFp WcT
A xC
kin ì:eh zeny ldw
mId ztU lr LnW l milE`b EgAW dWc g dxi

W ofg
:Exn` e Ekiln d e EcFd mNM cgi
:cr
e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh ldw
.'l`xyi xev'a 'dle`b' mixne` crend leg zaye gqt ly mipey`xd minia
l`xUi xEv ofg

l`xUi zxfr
A dnEw
:l`xUie dcEd
i Ln` pk dc
tE
:l`x
Ui l`B ii dY
` KExA
.dpexg`d ze` cr mx lewa df z` mb mixne`
,dxyr dpeny o`k mixne` mi`xep miniae milbx ylya
.(318 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(302 'nr) dpyd y`x ly ,(266 'nr) milbx yly ly
,ziy`xa zay ,zxvr ipiny ,crend leg zay ,zekq ,yceg y`x zay ,dlin zixa zay 21.
,crend leg zay ,gqt ,lecbd zay ,[yceg ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy] zeiyxt rax` ,dkepg ly dpey`x zay
.daeyz zay ,engp zay ,mixvnd oiay zezay ,zereay ,zereayl xii` yceg y`x oiay zezay
22. On dxez zgny ,gqt ly iriay ,glya 'q (dxiy zay), the ofg sings the section beginning
with epzl`b mixvnn with a special oebip.
_______________________________________________
155
zayl dcinr zixgy zixgy
zayl zixgy ly dcinr
.dgpna `le zixgya `l ,'ekxa' `le gztd yicw z` `l mixne` oi` zezaya

i l
` mdx
a` i l
` ii swef dY
` degzyn KExA rxek
miaFh mic
qg lnFB oFilr l` `xFP
de xFABd lFcBd l`d awri i lè wgv i
:dad ` A FnW orn l mdipa ipa l l`Fb ìan E zFa` ic
qg xkFfe lMd dpwe
:['miigl epxkf' xne` ldwd oi` u"yd zxfga la`] daey zaya
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
kf
:mdx
a` obn ii swef dY
` degzyn KExA rxek :obn E ri
W FnE xfFr Kln
:ri
W Fdl ax dY ` miz
n dIg n ipc` mlFrl xFAB dY `
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
milFg `tFxe milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x

A miz n dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n
zFxEaB lrA LFn
k in :xtr ipW
il FzpEn
` mIw n E mixEq
` xiY
nE
:drEW
i g in v n E dIg n E zinn Kln KNdnFC inE
:['jenk in' xne` ldwd oi` u"yd zxfga la`] daey zaya
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in
:miz O d dIg n ii dY
` KExA :mizn zFigd l dY
` on`pe
_______________________________________________
156
21
: dltzd zxfga u"yl dyecw WFcw LnW e WFcw dY `
mWM mlFrA LnW z` WC wp cala ofg :dlQ LElld i mFilkA miWFcwE
aEzMM mFxn inW A FzF` miWiC wn W
: daey zaya) l`d ii dY ` KExA
xn ` e dfl` df `x we b:e diryi Lìap cilr :WFcTd (KlO d
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFc w | WFc w eicgi ofge ldw
mitx U zOr l mi`V pz
n lFw mirinW n wfg e xiC ` lFcB Wrx lFwA f` ofg
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx A ai:b l`wfgi eicgi ofge ldw :Exn ì KExA mz Or
l
lnY izn :Kl Epgp` miMg n iM Epilr Klnz e ri t Fz EpM ln LnFwOn ofg
Lxi r mlW Exi KFzA WC wz
ze lC Bz Y :oMWY cr e mlrl Epin iA aFxwA oFIvA
LGr ixi WA xEn`d xaC M LzEk ln dpi` xz Epipir e :migv p gvplE xFce xFcl
:Lwc v g iW
n ceC ic
ilr
:DiElld xc e xc l oFIv Ki l ` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz eicgi ofge ldw
EpiR n Epi l ` Lga W e WiC wp Lz Xc w migv p gvplE Llc B ciBp xFce xFcl ofg
ii dY ` KExA :dY ` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl WEni `l
Y z p FW`xA zx `t Y lilM :FN z` x w on`p car iM Fwlg zpY nA d n gnU i 4 3
zAW zxi nW mdA aEzke FciA cixFd mipa ` gl ipW E ipiq xdlr Lipt l Fcnr
A
zAX d z` zFU rl zAX d z` l`x Uiipa Ex nW e fh:`l zeny :Lz xFz A aEzM oke
5
ii dUr min i zWW iM mlrl èd zF` l` x Ui ipA oiaE ipiA :mlFr zix A m c l
:Wt PIe zaW ir iaX d mFIaE ux` d zè min X d z`
1. The xagn (`:dkw miig gxe`) states that congregants should not recite ycwp [jyicwp] together
with the ofg; rather they should remain silent and concentrate on the ofgs recitation until
he finishes that portion, at which point they should recite, '....yecw ,yecw' The dxexa dpyn
explains, that congregants should remain quiet because the ofg is their messenger, and if they
recite ycwp along with him, he no longer appears as their messenger.
2. The paragraphs recited on zay (for example: 'ek ,`ln eceak ,lewa f`) may be said by ldw as well.
During the time of the mipey`x however, they too were said only by the ofg. fpky` iwqet did
not stop the xeaiv from saying them, but they did not insist on them doing so either. As is
shown in the miidlcex ixeciq, they are marked as sections exclusively recited by the ofg.
zg` dlitza oilltzn ep` oiè ,dgpne sqene xveie dlila zaya epzlitz oipyn ep` dn iptn xn`z mè 3.
zezay 'b cbpky cg` ipeaxpn izrnye .dlitze dlitz lka epzxga dz` oilltzn ep`y aeh meia enk
.ziy`xa ini zyyd àe ycewne eycw d"awdy ,ziy`xa zay cbpk zycw dz` ,zelitzd eli` minkg epwiz
dxez xn oiae xn oia ickn àiwr 'x 't opixn`ck ,dnkyda zaya dpzip dxezdy ,ipiq zay cbpk ,dyn gnyi
.dgpne zixgy ziaxr zlitzn oipyn ep` oitqend zlitz lky ,denzl oi` zay zpkzae .dpzip zaya
l`xyi mbe .cg` enye cg` i"i didi èdd meia (h:ci dixkf) '`py ,àl cizrly zay cbpk cg` dz` zlitzae
(ixhie xefgn) .ux` eyxi mlerl miwicv mlek jnre (`k:q diryi) '`py ,cg` ieb
(dcedi gk) .cgein oebipa 'dyn gnyi' u"yd zxfga ofgd xne` exzi 'it zaya 4.
zAX n uEg ,ìq d xt A md l oz
p ,l` xU
il Èd KExA WFcT d md l oz PW zFv n lM ,igFi oA oFrn W ia x xn ` 5.
dxi z
i dn W p ,Wiw l oA oFrn W xn ` . . .'mlrl èd zF` l` x
Ui ipA oiaE ipiA' :xn`
PW ,`rp v A md l oz PW
za X W oeiM .':Wt PIe zaW
' :xn`
PW ,Epni
d DzF`
oilhFp
zAW i` vFnlE ,zAW axr mc` A Èd KexA WFcT d ozFp
(.fh dvia 'nb) .Wt p dca ` iee
_______________________________________________
157
miliqt ic
aFrl EpM ln FYlg pd `le zFvx `d iiFbl Epi l` ii FYzp `le
wr
i rx fl dad ` A FYzp LOr l`x i `l 6 FzgEpnA mbe
Uil iM :milxr EpMW
LaEHn EbPrz ie ErAU i mNM iriaW iWC wn mr :Yx gA mA xW`
:ziW`x a dUr nl xkf z `x
w Fz` mini zC ng FYWC we FA z iv x iriaX
a E
Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze LizF
vn A EpW
C
w Epz g Epna dvx EpizFa` i lè Epi l
`
Epligpd e :znÀ LC ar

:Ln W
iad ` l`x Ui La EgnU ie7 LW c
w zAW oFvx aE dad ` A Epi l
` ii
:zAX d WC wn ii dY
` KExA
iX` e 8 :Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
r
d aWd e mz Nt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr
A Epi l` ii dvx
zcFa
r cinY oFvxl idzE oFvxA lAw z dad ` A dxdn mz Nt zE
l`x Ui
:LO r l`x
Ui
9
.'àie dlri' mixne` crend legae yceg y`xa
EppFCwt E EppFxkf xkGie cwR ie rnX
ie dvx
ie d`xie ri
Bie `Faie dlr
`
LOrl
M oFxkfe LW cw xir mlW Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo A g iWn oFxkfe Epiz Fa` oFxkfe
mFiA mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA
kf
i xac aE (on` ldw)
:oFIvl FzpikW
xifg O d ii dY
` KExA :ming x
6. In the uncensored ci azk of the gwex, the gqep is 'milxr EpMW
i `l'. Due to the influence of the
censors, the text was changed in some mixeciq to 'mirW
x'.
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui Fa EgEpie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 7.
8. One could read the phrase either oevxa lawz dadà . dxdn mzltze l`xyi iyè or mzltze l`xyi iyè
oevxa lawz dadà dxdn ., therefore according to n"ctt bdpn, one pauses both before and after
the word 'dx
dn '.
liaya `l` à epi`y itl àie dlria zay ly xikfn oi` zaya lgy yceg y`x ,ixhie xefgna dziè 9.
ebdpe mya i"ad zrc mle` .bdpnd okye mipexg` daxd mya eh w"q dxexa dpynd t"ke (l"ixdn) .yceg y`x
.àie `lria zay oixikfny b 'rq `"nxde mlerd
_______________________________________________
158
.ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv ofgd
opaxc micen Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek :cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` ilè Epil ` ii swef
il` Epiz Fa` ilè Epil ` ii swef xFcl Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv
zFkx A :ziW`x A xvFi EpxvFi xUA lk EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce
lr WFcTd e lFcBd LnW l zF`cFd e zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e Lc iA mixEq
Od
EpnIw zE
EpIg Y oM EpY n Iw e Epz iigdW EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr e Kl
nWl LW c
w zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq `z e zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
aalA LC arlE LpFvx zFUr le LiT g Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa e axr
hrn mirxek :Kl micFn Ep` W lr mlW Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
:zF`cFd d l` swef KExA dlind mixne`yk :Kl Epiew mlFrn
zFnglO d lr e zFrEWY d lre zFxEaBd lr e owxR d lr
e miQPd lr
W
LOrl r dr Wx d oei zEkln dc nrWM eipa E ipFnWg lFcB o M opg Fi oA Ediz Yn iniA
Y cn r miAx d Lin g x
A dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ardlE Lz xFY mgiMW d l l`xUi
Y xq n :mzn w p z` Y n wp mpiC z` Y pC maix z` Y a x mzx v zr A mdl
ciA mirW xE mixFd h ciA mi`n h E miHr n ciA miAx e miWNg ciA mixFA B
LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :LzxFz iwq Fr ciA mic fe miwiC v
Lz iA xiac l Lipa EÀ KM xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE dlFcb drEW Y z iU r l`x Ui
zpFnW Eraw e LW cw zFxvg A zFxp Ewilc de LW C
wn z` Exdh e Llk id z` EPtE
:lFcBd LnW l lNd lE zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
(on` ldw) :Lz ix
a ipA miaFh miIg l aFzkE :daey zaya
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
i l`d znÀ LnW z` Elld ie dlQ LEcFi
miIg d lke
:zFcFdl d`p LlE LnW aFHd ii swef dY
` degzyn KExA rxek
_______________________________________________
159
:ofgd xne` u"yd zxfga
.(277 'nr) ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà
LC
ar d n icilr daEzMd dxFY A zWNW nd dkx AA Epk x A Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
:xEn`M LW Fcw mr mip M eipa E oxd` iRn dxEn `d
10
eipR | ii x` i oevx idi ok :Lx
nW ie ii L k xa i ek-ck:e xacna
:LO r l`x
UilMlr e Epilr ming x e cqge og dkx
aE daFh mFlW miU
Epi l` ii Epl Y z p LipR xFà iM Lipt xFÀ cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A
Lipir
Ln FlWA drWlka E zrl kA l`xUi LOrz
` Kx al
:[ofgd iptl '...xtqa' zxin` micwn ldwd u"yd zxfga] : daey zaya ii dY
` KExA
azM pe xkGp daFh dqpx tE mFlWe dkxA miIg xtq A "
l`x
Ui FOrz
` Kxan d
Ui ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlXA
iWt pe mCz iWt p illw n le dnxn xAC n izt U E rx n ipFWl xvp i l `

miaW Fgdlke :iWt p sCxY Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr M
orn l dUr Ln W orn l dUr :mzFa
Wg n lwlw e mz vr xtd dx dn drx ilr
Li cic
i oEv lg i or
orn l dUr Lz X c w orn l dUr Lpini
n` | oFv xl Eidi eh:hi :ippre eppre L pin i dri WFd
mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b e ixEv

:on` Exn` e l`x UilMlr e Epilr
: xneè h`l swef
Epin ia dxdn A WC
:zFIpnc w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc
ar
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln
.dyecwl ofgd ribiy cr xeavae ,zen` 'c jeld ick cr eizeriqt elky mewna cnere
.ygla 'gztz izty ipc`' dlgzn xneè lewa lltzne xfeg ofgd
.(254 'nr) .yicw mcew dltzd xnb xg` lld cin mixne` crend lege dkepge yceg y`xa
zekxa 'b cbpk weqta zeaiz dylye , M a` z` KxA 'd e (`:ck ziy`xa) dia aizkc mdxa` zekfa .Lk xa i10.
A mdx
wgvi cbpk .x` i :('b weqt my) Lik xa n dk xa ` e (my) dk x
A did e (a:ai ziy`xa) L
kxa ` e ,ea exn`py
xfril` iax iwxta `zi`ck ,ediigde eipir z` d"awd xi`de (a"lt `"xc iwxt d`x) zne dciwra d`xy
:'mFlWa ' iY a W
e (`k:gk my) dia aizke (`:hk ziy`xa) eilbx awri '`VIe' dia aizkc awri cbpk .`V i :(`"lt)
(mixehd lra)
_______________________________________________
160
lawzz yicw aeh meil zayl zixgy
:xn`
e fi:ci xacna
f e:dk mildz
DzErx k `x aC `nlr A :(on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz
ie lC
Bz
i rxek ofg
`Vpz ie mnFxz ie x`R z ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd KixA rxek ofg `Wc wC DinW lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi
We `z k x AlMn (`NrlE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`xa) `Nr l
n` C
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e xneè eiptl dgeye
In some congregations, zayd meil xiy xenfn is recited after the dcinr zixgy. However, according to
the zldw ixac (n"ctt ibdpn Year 1818, pg. 76) it is said after sqen (after cegid xiy and ceakd xiy).
: lkidd on dxez xtq z`ved iptl mixne` w"w zvw aeh meiae zaya
21
:LiU r
nM oi` e ipc` | mi l à LFnMoi` g:et mildz
:xc
e xFCl
kA L Y lW
n E min lrl
M zEkln L zEk ln bi:dnw
:cre mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny Kln ii `:bv Kl ii fh:i
:mFl a FO rz
l fr i i ì:hk mildz
:mlW
Exi zFnFg dpa Y oFIv z` LpFv x a daih id k:`p ming x d a`
:minlFr oFc` `Vpe mx l` Kln Epgh A cal La iM
1. The ancient bdpn was, for the to ax speak before dxezd zìxw twice a year on lecbd zay and
daey zay. In the modern era, mipax began speaking every mikxan zay and devn xa zay,
and then this was done prior to sqen.
daey zay zyxc (xeaivd ceak iptn lecb zilha shrzn) yxec axd ,dxez xtq z`ved iptl ,'lawzz' yicw xg`
: milna miiqn èd ,dcbà milyne dklda jiynn ,dcbà gzet ezyxc z` .gqt ipiiprn lecbd zay zyxc e`
.opaxc yicw mixne` dyxcd xg` .'on` epinia dxdna lèb oeivl àe'
2. jenk oi` and mingxd a`, l`xyi rny and epicl` cg` etc. were not recited in fpky` bdpn
(with the exception of the `cxeit w"w (Frth)). The recital of these miweqt originated
in ztxv gqep (France), and became part of jiixhye` gqep (Austria) as did other French mibdpn,
which became the basis of oilet bdpn (Poland). These miweqt are chanted in Golders Green
Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in Golders Green, London. (fpky` bdpn iyxy)
_______________________________________________
161
dizekxae dzìxw dxezd xtq z`ved aeh meile zayl zixgy

,dxezl lecb ceak miwleg aeh meiae zaya dxez xtq z`veda
.zxceqn dxiya miwqetd lk z` mixneè ,d`vedd oteà miwcwcn
:LipR n Li`pU ie i i | dn Ew d n xnÌe ox`d q pA id ie3 dl:i xacna
n Eqpie Lia ` Evt
:mlW Exi
n iixacE dxFz
`v Y oFISn iM b:a diryi
:FzXc wA l`x Ui FOr l dxFY
ozPW KExA
4
.dxez xtq z`ved zrya xn`l oeiv ixryn dlitz
:zn è cqgax e miR ` Kx` oEPg e mEgx l` i i | ii f-e:cl zeny
t"b dT pe d`H g e r te oer ` p mit l`l cqg xvp
xetk meiae dpyd y`xa :mixne` lega elgy aeh mei inia zeldw zvwa
5
daFhl Epiz Fl`W n `Nn mlFrd oFAx daFhl iAl zFl`W n `Nn mlFrd oFAx
lr lgn E Epz l` W Eploze EppFvx wtd e oa 't LC ar il iz l` W
oze ipFvx wtd e
EpiY a iWp` zFpFrlMlr e Epiz FpFrl
M (izepae ipae izy` zè) ipM fe Lz n ` zipelt
Epx
dh e ming x A dlign cqga dlign xvIn iph Nn E :mlW aalA LpFvx zFUr l
oFxMfA Epx kfe :Epir WR n E Epiz FpFr
nE Ep` h g n dx WY W EpMfe :Lz xFz A Epw lg oze rx d
ming x e drEW i zC wt A Epcwt E Lipt l aFh dnk g g Ex Epilr rtFde Epilr Lz pikW
mFlWl E miaFhe mikEx` miIg l Epx kfe :aEzMW `x wn EpA mIw z ie dpiaE
lk `l mgl Eploze dlM lk e dqpx tE dpiaE dn k g g Ex ii g Ex eilr dgpe a:ì diryi
mini Kx` e cFake xWr e WAll cba E idi oke :ii z`x
ie z C g Ex dxEa bE dv r g Ex
dpiaE lkU e d i evn mIw lE Lz xFz
A zFbdl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx
dÈtx glW E :diz FcFq iwn r liMU d lE oiadl Lipir A miaFh miUr n zFUr l dMf` W
dUr nlMz` Kx azE
Epia F`kn lkl EpW C
we Lipt l mix Wi ikxc A zklle
zFrEWi zFaFh zFxfB Epilr xfbz e :Epic i mikx è miaFh miIg l dMfPW icM Li evn A
zFWw zFxfBlM Epilr n lHa zE :zFngpe mirx miUr On Epx nW z e :Àd mlFrd iIg l
Epilr d i y e d ivrFi
e zEklO d al dHz e :mlFrl àl zFWBxz Od zFrx zFrXn E
:oFvx idi oke on` :daFhl :on` :EPa a Fq
i cqg iiA ghFAde i:al mildz
:il` b
e ixEv
n` | oFv xl Eidi eh:hi mildz
t"b :Lr
Wi znÀ ipp r L
Cqg ax A mi l ` oFv x zr ii | L
lizNt z ip` e ci:hq
.mi`xep mini oebipa dxez xtq z`ved - dax `pryeda 3.
4. The recitation of the zecn b"i on milbx yly is a late milaewnd bdpn. In n"ctt they were said
exclusively on mi`xep mini (zldw ixac pg. 163 and pg. 178, and Japhet's Sheet Music, pg. 107).
(zldw ixac page 322 "dxez xtq z`ved zra milbxa 'ebe izltz ipè r"yax zecn b"i xikfdln md".
Additionally, in Japhet's book, pages 85-86 there is no mention of the zecn b"i on aeh mei).
.zaya lgy s` eze` mixne` xetk meia la` ,zaya lgy dpyd y`x ly oey`x meia mixne` oi` 5.
.'lkd lr' mixne` oi` la` ,'izltz ipè' ,mi`xep mini ly 'oeax'e zecn b"i mixne` dax `pryeda
_______________________________________________
162
6
:lega `le zaya `l ,dxez xtq z`ved zra "diny jixa" dltzd z` xeaiva xnel ebdp `l ,fpky` zelidw aexa
.ldwd lr eiptyk cnere oinil exifgne eici 'aa elawn ofge oini cia elhep dxez xtq ìvend
: ldwd eixgè 'l`xyi rny' ofgd xne` fpky` zelidw zvwna

mx lewa xne` ofgd
:cg ` | ii Epi l
` ii l`x
Ui rnW
c:e mixac
7
:FnW (`xFp
e :àx `pryeda mixne` yie xetk meie dpyd y`xa) WFcw EppFc` lFcB Epi l
` cg`
:'elcb' dnirpae mx lewa xne` ofgd
:eC
gi | Fn B 8 c:cl mildz
dxez xtqy in lke .my oixewy lcbnl enr dlere epini jxc dpete jlede dlrnl ecia xtqd ofgd diabne
ezeell jixv dxez xtqa rbetd lke .ewyple el xyt` m` eici izya ewagle eiptn cenrl aiig eiptl xaer
xrnrnl`l dxez xtqd mr dlere epini jxc dpete ofgd jlede :mixne` ezkild jxcae ,xrnrnl`d cr
: dnirpa ldwd xne` ezkild jxcae ,my oixewy
uxà E min X
de dxEaBd e dN cBd ii L
l ì:hk '` d"c
:W`xl | lkl `Vpz Od e 9 dk ln O d i i L
l
:Èd WFc w eil bx mc
dl EegY W de Epi l
` ii En
nFx d:hv mildz
:Epi l
` ii WF w iM FW c
w xd l EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx h:hv
6. fpky` ipax, were fundamentally opposed to institutionalizing the recitation of diny jixa.
They attempted to conceal the xdef and dlaw ixac from the masses. The fact that it has become
widespread among most Jewish communities lends no proof to its propriety. (`"cig)
The precise text is itself subject to controversy. The following is a list of arguments raised
against reciting it: 1) diny jixa was not recited by our ancestors or by the mipey`x, as it was not
included in the l"fg zxeqn or the mipe`b. Neither the jexr ogly nor the `"nx makes any mention
of this dlitz. 2) Some object to the expression '`pkinq oidl` xa lr `le' which on its face, may
sound as lending credence to Christianity or Sabbateanism. (,d"ly xeviw ,xiì zeg ,dcedia rcep
aeh my xzk) 3) One must ensure not to misinterpret the phrase 'diziixe` xwic dinwne dinw `pcibqc'
to mean that we bow before something other than èd jexa yecwd. (,oegvpd xtq f"ìx ,mipe`b
dlecbd zqpk) 4) Not everyone is worthy of honestly stating, 'èd jixa `ycewc `car `p`'.
To use that description about ourselves as this (myd car) is the phrase that the dxez ascribes
to epiax dyn. (miig utg) 5) Reciting this on zay maybe forbidden, since on that day dkld
forbids praying for ones personal needs, (zay zxez ,xe` ixe`n) and according to dlaw ixac,
it is inappropriate to recite it on weekdays, and possibly even on yceg y`x and aeh mei.
(ig yi` oa ,oilxw ,`"cig ,àx 'il` ,i"x`d iazk) (Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz p. 90)
7. Most likely `xepe was added on mi`xep mini because they are 'mi`xep' mini.
'`xepe' dlind dpiiev mixge`n mixeciqae .(cere b"rxq mixteq 'qn znizqke) h"eie zay lka i"q lka d"k
(edil` xef` xeciq) .'c w"q c"lw 'iq x"à f"r xird xake ,cala mi`xep minil
8. The ofg faces the congregation while reciting 'iz` 'cl elcb' (which makes much more sense
considering the first word of the weqt).
(:`v `xza àa 'nb) .Dil in wFn
Ìn X n ,`zEB
xB Wix ENit ` ,ax xn ` àx xa opg ax xn ` ':W`xl | lkl `Vpz O d e' 9.
_______________________________________________
163
10
exxeyl ebdpy zelidw yi .da zekix`d z` xyt`n onfd mda mireaw minia dbdped 'lkd lr' zxiy
,(n"ctt bdpn) 'ci zpzn' ea oixewy aeh mei lka mb exxeyl ebdpy yi ,dxez zgnya wx
.ezaya zay icin s` exxeyl ebdpy yie ,llkd on `vei `la miaehd minid lka exxeyl ebdpy yi
.ldwd zg` dwiqte ofgd obpn zg` dwqit ,oibexiql ìd meid cr zlaewnd dxiyd
:`Vpz
ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie WC
wz
ie lC
Bz
i lMdlr :ofg
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln lW FnW :ldw
:Àd mlFrde dGd mlFrd `x
AW zFnlFrA :ofg
:l`x
Ui ziAlM oFvx
ke ei`x
i oFvx
ke FpFvx
M :ldw
:zFWtPd lM D Fl` zFIx
Ad lM oFc` minlFrd xEv :ofg
:mcw inW
inW
A okFXd mFxn iag x
nA aWFId :ldw
:cFaMd `QM lr FzXc
wE zFIgd lr FzXc
w :ofg
:iglM ipir
l Epil
` ii EpA LnW
WC
wz
i oka E :ldw
:aEzMM Wc
g xiW eipt l xn`pe :ofg
:eipt l Eflr e Fn
W DiA zFaxrA a xl ENq FnW
ExOf m i l`l | ExiW
:ldw d:gq
:aEzMM Edepl` FaEWA oir

A oir Ed` x
pe :ofg
:oFIv ii aEWA E` x
i oir
A oir iM :ldw g:ap diryi
:xA C ii iR iM eC
gi xU A lk E` x
e ii cFa
M dlbpe :xn`pe :ofg d:n

` zix
A xMfie miqEnr mr mgx
i Èd ming x
d a`
d xviA xr
bie zFrx
d zFrXd on
:ming x
e drEW
i daFh dC
nA Epiz Fl`W
n `Nn ie
yeal (a 'iq c"lw oniq) writes, that lkd lr is not recited on weekdays, since people have to
10. The
go to work, therefore dlitz should not be lengthened unnecessarily. For the same reason,
dxnfc iweqt is shorter on weekdays then on zay. Because of `xeaivc `gxih, lkd lr is sung
only on aeh mei when ci zpzn is recited. In some places, the bdpn is to sing it every zay.
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .'lkd lr' mixne` oi` dax `pryeda
_______________________________________________
164
(daizd on wgxd zqpkd zia jezay) [(dnia) xrnrnl`d] lcbnd lr ofgd ribda
(.iel mewna dlery odk e` ,obqe iàb ,`xew] .dniad lr `vnp xaky inl t"at cenri mixne` oi`)
(.cgein oebipa eze` mixne` dxez zgnyae devn xaa) zixgy aeh meiae zaya
:(on` ldw) on` xn`pe FA miqFgdlkl ri
W ie 11
Fie obie xfr
ax
w o M :dxFY
l cFak EpzE
Epi l`l lcb Ead lMd
o Md ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr
i
,l`xyil ezeaiyga dey ield xy`k ,odk mewna iel dler dligzkl zqpkd ziaa odk oi` xy`k
:'axw odk' xg` mixne` 'obie xefrie' e` 'd`xze dlbze' zxinàe
:"o M mFwnA ieNd ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr w o M mFwnA iel o M o`M oi` m`"
i ax
:mixne` odkd zgz l`xyi dlere ,llk iel oi`y e` ,ield on blten l`xyi my yi mè
:"o M mFwnA ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x nr
i ax Ui o M o`M oi` m`"
w o M mFwnA l`x
(.'cenri' llk mi`xew oi` obqde iàbde dìxw lrad)
dninY ii z
xFY h-g:hi mildz :FzXc wA l`x Ui FOr l dxFY
ozPW KExA
aligO U n mixWi ii i
cETR :iz R zniM g n dpn `p ii zEc r Wtp zaiW n
:mFl a FO rz
` Kx ai | i i oYi FO rl fr i i ì:hk :mipir z
xi`n dx A ii zev n
:FAmi
gd | lk l Èd obn dtExv iizx n` FMxC min Y l
`d `l:gi
:mFId mkNMmi
Ig mkidl ` iiA miw a Cd mY è c:c mixac :eicgi ofge ldw
.xiht n cnr
i :mifixkn f`y ,xetk meia caln ,mx lewa mi`xew oi` xihtnl
The original bdpn was for three people to stand next to the xrnrnl`, around the xtq,
the obq lra ([oey`x] iàb), dìxw lra and dler, to mirror xege ,oxd` ,dyn. It is common nowadays,
for there to be five people. In more "Yekkish" synagogues when one has just received an dilr,
typically one stands to the left of the dìxw lra.
The xeav need not have their heads covered with a zilh during dxezd zìxw,
and may only have their zetik on, while some will replace their hats.
dlere mcewn shern did `l m` zilha shrzn èxwd ,zilha shrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk
.dlilbe ddabde dqpkde d`vedk zevn x`y oky lke ,dìxwd zra iyily e` ipy dxez xtq `yepd s` ,lcbnl
.iel mFwnA :ofgd fixkn odkd ixg` iel oi` m` .dilrd xtqn `la (ield) ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x cenri
.('eke iriax ,iyily) dilrd xtqn z` dlerd myl oitiqen oi` ,dxezl zelrl mi`xewyk
.my `la ,"iriay cenri" : mi`xew oexg`d z`
.dilra micaekn md ik ,ok iptl miricen xihtne iriayl .llk mi`xew oi` xihtn
(169 'nra zetqed d`xe) .cgein oebipa ' nr i' mi`xew 'devn xa xrple ozgl .'dvxIW i' :zellwd zyxtl
in cnr
mrh 'k `le ."dlbz xne` ofge mrc dk`ln leha meyn h"ie zaya wx lkd lr `"è" c"lw 'iq g"` yeal 'k 11.
?'xeza 'i`xewy 'ini x`yae dgpna mixne`y 'eke 'dlbze' zgz 'eke 'xefrie' h"ie zixgy zaya mixne` dnl
'xhtdd xg` dnvrl dkxa depwzy itl dìxwd iptl giyn zìa zywa h"ie zixgy zaya ehinydy l"pe
zeeydl `ly èd ?z`fd 'xhtdd zkxa 'ixne`y s` ziprz zgpna 'eke 'dlbze' 'ixne`y dne .'eke 'epgny'
'`d oednzd cer dnzz l` dzre .dle`bd lr zeywae zeltz ziprza zeaxdl mdl gep mbe .h"ie zayl ziprz
(72 sc zldw ixac) .dncwda
_______________________________________________
165
dxezd xtq z` gzti .oinia dlri ,zeey mikxcd izy mè .dxvw jxca enewnn dlri dxezl zelrl `xwpd
.eici izya dxezd xtq z` fgìe eciay ziviv ici lr ewypie dìxwd z` ea ligzdl jixvy weqtd z` ze`xl
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) : lewa jxaie cvl eipt jetdi .'da miwifgnl ìd miig ur' : ygla dligz mixne` yi
:K and iiz` Ekx
A xne` jxand
:cr
: jiynn jxand
miOr
` ii dY ` KExA
:dxFY
d ozFp ii dY ` KExA :FzxFYz
` Eplozpe
dxez xtqa zfge` dcal epini ci x`yze dxez xtqdn zil`nyd eci xiqi dxeza zexwl `xewd ligznyke
dxezd xtq l` eidi mrd lk ipf` mbe .dlna dln `xewd mr ygla `xwi èd mbe ,dìxwd onf lk
lewd z` mixdl mibdep minieqn mirhwa) .d`xiae dnià mzlki lka da oiekle `xewd itn dìxwd renyl
(.cgein oebipa mi`xwpy mirhw yie elitydl e`
.wqtd meyn wzey dlerde ,oey`x weqt ixg` oey`x weqt ixg` zencw`d z` mi`xew zereay ly oey`x meia
:jxane dxezd xtq z` llebe miiqy weqta ziviva wypi dìxwd xg`le
zn` zxFY
` ii dY
` KExA
:dxFY
d ozFp ii dY
zqpkd zia jezl lk`n ixac miqipkn oi` sè ,dxezl mzelra devn xa xrp lr e` ozg lr miwznn mikilyn oi`
.dlin zixa zekxale zay lila ofgd yeciwl oii caln ,miphwl ode milecbl od
epxnì `l iriay dler la` ,"!wGg

z
pe wfg " : milind izy z` mi`xew ,dxez iyneg dyngn cg` lk meiqa
.('oexg` e`' mb exikfi mixikfn mè ,zxzein 'iriay' dlind)
.("wfgzpe wfg wfg" : milin yely `le) ai:i a lènya ewecwce `xwnd oeylk
:lnebd zkxa
,`vie mixeq`d ziaa yeag didy ine ,`txzpe dleg didy in ,dxyr ipta cqg lnebd z` zecedl mikixv drax`
dxezl eze` oi`xewe ; aeyiil ribiyk xacna jldy ine ,epnn dlre mia cxei didy ine
: ef dkxa jxane siqen dxeza dzìxw lr dpexg` dkxa jxae `xwy xg`le
mlFrd Kln Epi l` ii dY` KExA [ax i"r]

zFaFh miaIg l lnFBd
:aFhlM ipln BW
:dlq aFhlM Lln bi Èd aFhlM Lln BW

in :ldw
_______________________________________________
166
:dxezl dlerl jxiay in

ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z
` Kx
ai Èd wr
ie wgv i mdx a` Epiz Fa` Kx AW in : ekxan ofgde
dxFY
d cFakle mFwOd cFakl dlr W xEar A Fl xW` lMzè FzF` 12
Èd KExA WFcTd df xkU A ( lbx d cFakle 'ci zpzn ly jxay in' mixne`y minia)
eici dUr nlkA dglv d e dkx
A glW ie dwEve dx vlMn EdliSie EdxnW i
EdaY kie xetk meia daeyz ini zxyra e dpyd y`x a mixne`y minia ,zayae ,lega
' ci zpzn ly jxay in'
dgilq E dlign xtq A miig d xtq A EdaY kie miaeh mei x`yae
lbx l zFlrl EdMfie Edk x
aie
:on` xn`pe :eig` l`x UilM mr
.da dlry efn zxg` jxca cxi 'jxiay in'a ofgd ekxiay xgè
.'jxiay in'a ekxai dipyd eziilr xgè ,dpey`xd eziilr ixg` ,'jxiay in' zxin`n ofgd rpni zqpkd ziaa iel oi` m`
,oyid bdpnd lr xenyl mikiynn ,zewdaend fpky` zelidw ipa
.mila` `le dìxwd xg` yicwd xnì dxeza `xewd e` ofgy micitwne
.yicwd zxin` iptl ea e`xwy xtqd l`nyl eze` migpn xihtnl sqep xtq yiyk
(yicwd zxin`l dnial oey`xd z` mixifgn oi` mixtq dyly yiyk)
.cgein oebipa yicwd z` mipbpn yneg meiqae ,'jxazi'n cgein oebip mipbpn 'oikxan zay'a
.mi`xep mini oebip - àx `pryede ,xetk mei ,dpyd y`x :mipiievn minia yicwa micgein mipebip mipbpn ok enk
,yceg y`x zayl oebip yi k"enk .cren eze`l cgeind oebip- zeiyxt raxè mixete dkepg crend lege aeh meia
.cere ,engp zay ,oefg zay ,daey zaye lel` yceg y`x zay ,oqip yceg zezay
DzEkln Kiln ie DzErx
k `x
aC `nlrA (on` ldw) Àx DinW
swef WC wz
ie lC
Bz
i rxek ofgd
:on` rxek ofdd Exn` e - aix w onfa E `lbr
A l`xUiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A
Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr
l Kx an Àx DinW `di (on` ldw)
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC dz
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek ofgd
(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek ofgd `Wc wC DinW
`zn gpe `zg A W
Y `zxi We `zk x
AlMn [`Nr lE dax `pryede xetk mei dpyd y`xa] `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek ofgd - `nlr
A oxi
n` C
dgkezd zyxtl dlerl jxiay in
dlr W xEar A ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z` Kx ai Èd awr ie wgv i mdx
a` Epiz Fa` Kx AW
in
:FY gk Fz A uw Ylè q`n Y l` ipA ii xq En ì:b ilyn Fnvr A mIw e dgk FYd zìx wl
WFcwd FA mIw i df xkW A :xq En zFgk FY miIg Kx ce xF` dxF z e dev n xp iM bk:e :xnFè
EkRd z i zFllT d lke :oilY min k g a w A miIg zgk FY zr W of` `l:eh wEqRd Èd KExA
ii Lad ` iM dkx
al dllT d z` L N Lil` ii KtdIe e:bk mixac :aizk c M dkx ale daFhl eilr
dglv d e dkx A glW ie dlg n E rbp lMnE dwEve dx vlMn EdliSie Edx nW ie :Lil`
:on` xn`pe :eig` l`x UilM mr Edk x aie eic i dUr nlkA
eipa ezy` xikfdl ila 'el xy` lk zè eze`' wx ofgle axl jxay in zkxaa hxetwpxta mixne`y mrhd 12.
xne` okl . . . ecnrn itl cg` lka oeyld dpeyiy itl ?'mdizepae mdipae mdiype' ldw lya xne` xy`k ,eizepae
miyp mlerl mdly ,ldwd lk lya la` .md miax m` s` mikxean x`yl mb ok xne` zeeydle .llk jxc wx
zldw ixac - .hxta mxikfn ,zepae mipae
_______________________________________________
167
While the mc` iig, oglyd jexr, dxexa dpyn, axd jexr ogly, amongst others, rule that jxay in
should be restricted to a okeqn dleg on zay, inexplicably much of Eastern European Jewry
seem to be lenient regarding this practice. Traditionally, no jxay in was recited for the sick on
zay, since zay is ' rfNn ìd', and we do not want to cause undue sadness, unless there is serious
danger that the sick person might pass away without any proper jxay in having been recited for
him. The jxay in for the sick is recited in a special gqep after ones dilr whether on a weekday or
on a zay if the above conditions have been met. If a sick person needs a jxay in and none of the
miler has made one for him, his jxay in is recited after the end of the last dilr (xihtn). A jxay in
is always accompanied by a donation (even if only a nominal) not just 'dxeara/exeara milltzny';
this de facto also limits the mass recitation of names and sometimes the same name many times
per year. fpky` bdpn is not in favor of numerous jxay in's for the sick, just as one does not recite
additional miyicw or zekxa. A jxay in maybe said more than once in two instances: a) if the
patient took a noticeable turn for the worse e"g, or b) a medical procedure is being performed
between now and the next dxezd zìxw, and the procedure entails some risk or the possibly of
improvement. A general milegl jxay in for all the sick at once is quite uncommon.
meia ea zenl okeqn dlegl xg` gqep ìxa ly jxay in
wx zaya dxin`l jxay in)
`Rx W inE awr ie wgv i mdx a` Epi ea` Kx AW
in (meia ea zenl okeqn dlegl
DYr x Sn dìaPd mix nE eilg n dcEd i Kln EdIw fg wgv i mdx a` Epi ea` Kx AW in
egx i in `Rx e EpA x d n ic ilr dxn in wiYn d e Kln EdIw fg `Rx W inE awr ie
'x oa ipelt 'x z ` `Rxi e Kx ai Èd rWil` ic ilr dìaPd mix nE eilg n dcEd i
dGd WecTd ldT d lM [xcp ilA ] EpY IW
xEar ipelt ic
ilr dx n in wiYn d e DYr x Sn
`Rx n Ed` t x
ie Edk x ai mewOd df xkU A dwc vl ic
ilr egx i inE EpA x d n
Wtpl dln ge dpipge cqg axA dlrzE dMEx` 'x z ` `Rxi e Kxai Èd rWil`
cxY `le dlln ` d eWtpe egExl ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x 'x xc PW
xEar ipelt 'x oa ipelt
ez`tx l enilg d l eilr ming x `lO z e dle` W eWtp exEar A dwc v ipelt 'x oa ipelt
E`x ie eiaeè ei exwlM oevx M ezeigd l E etilg d l E ewOd df xkU A [xcp ilA ]
mi zelv nA KilW z e ei ewc ve ei eIk f eipt l Edxfri
e Edlivie Edx nW i
glW Y eilr
n Lqr M z` Lin g x EWAk ie eiz `HglM ieC Uxr lr Edcr qie Edn ilg ie
sEBd zÈtxE WtPd zÈtx dnlW dÈtx el lM lr dnlW dÈtx el glW ie
l`x Ui ileg lklE el glW z e eixEr
p xWpM WC gYE lM x`W KezA eix aiè etEB
dlrzE dtExz `Rx n dkx A `Rx n dMEx` `Rx n :on` l`x Ui ileg
:on` dln ge dpipg `Rx n
dà xy`k za zcleil jxiay in dà xy`k oa zcleil jxiay in
dzcil xg` zqpkd zial
(dzcil xg` ycegk) (dzcil xg` ycegk) dzcil xg` zqpkd zial
wrie wgv i mdx a` Epi ea` Kx AW in wrie wgv i mdxa` Epi ea` Kx AW in
za zipelt z cleId dX` d z` Kx ai Èd za zipelt z cleId dX` d z` Kx ai Èd
aeh lGn A zclePd DYA mr zipelt xEar A aeh lGn A clePd DpA mr zipelt
Dlr
AW xEar A (...l`x UiA DnW `x Tie) df xkU A ...mcr A [xcp ilA ] oYi Dlr
AW
ecTd df xkU A ...mcr A [xcp ilA ] oYi
dMfie ox nW ie oxfr
A idi Èd KExA mxnW ie mxfr
A idi Èd KExA WecTd
minirPa E eHA DYA z` lC bl m`d z` eHA DpA z` lC bl m`d z` dMfie
zevn l xeWin g ` A Dkixc dl E eWin g ` A ekixc dl E minirPa E
:on` xn`pe mi eh miUr nlE dRgl :on` xn`pe mi eh miUr nl E dRgl d eYl
_______________________________________________
168
13
'ltniee' ìand clil jxiay in
ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x clId z` Kx
ai Èd awr
ie wgv i mdx
a` Epiz Fa` Kx
AW in
EdIg ie Edx
nW
i Èd KExA WFcTd df xkU A dxFY xtq l dRn ac PW
xEar A
eikxc A zklle FzxFz A zFbdl ii mr mlW zFidl FAl z` opFkie
cqge og `vn ie eikxC lkA g ilv ie minId lM eihR W
n E ei w g eizFvn xnWle
:on` xn`pe miaFh miUr nlE dREgl dxFz l lc l eizFa` EMfie mc
B FzF`x è mi l
` ipir
A
devn xal
,(dnia) xrnrnl`d l` eia` à ,'jxiay in'd iptl ,dxezl eziilra dpexg` dkxa devn xa xrp jxiay xg`
: ezkxa lr 'on`' mipere ,lewa jxane ey`x lr eici gipn
:df lW FWpr
n ipx
hR xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
: gqepa zeklne my `la ygla dkxad z` xnel ebdpy yi mipexg`d zexeca
:dfNW
FWpr
n ipx
hR W
KExA
devn xal jxiay in

dev n xA eidl eini EriBd W
t"at xEgAd z` Kxai Èd wr ie wgv i mdx
a` Epi ea` Kx AW in
el dUr xW` d eHdlM lr WFcTd e lFcBd FnWl d` ede gaW oYl d eYl meId dlr e
ii mr mlW zeidl eAlz` opekie EdIg ie Edx nW i Èd KExA WecTd df xkU A
minId lM eihR W
n E ei T g ei evn xnWle eikxc A zklle FzxFz A zFbdl
dxFY
A lc B FzF`x l eizFa` EMfie mc è mi l
` ipir
A cqge og `vn ie eikxC lkA g ilv ie
:on` xn`pe miaFh miUr na E
ozgl jxiay in
ezlM zè t"at ozg d z` Kx ai Èd awr ie wgv i mdx a` Epi ea` Kx AW in
mdl oYie m e` Kx ai Èd KExA WecTd df xkU A ...mAl zac p [xcp ilA ] EpY
IW
xEar A
:on` xn`pe dld z le mWl l`xUiA ziA zepal EMfie mdic i dUr nlkA dglv d e dkx
A
13. A ltniee (from the German, cloth, derived from Old German, bewimfen, meaning to cover
up or conceal) is a long, linen sash used as a binding for the dxez xtq by German Jews.
It is made from the cloth used to swaddle a baby boy as his dlin zixa, uniting the communal
world of the synagogue with the individuals own life cycle. At a babys zixa, the lden places
a long swatch of white cloth - the ltniee - under the pillow. Afterward, the ltniee is beautifully
decorated - it can be either painted or embroidered - with the childs name, date of birth,
and the Hebrew phrase which states ':miaeh miyrnle dtgle dxezl qpki ok zixal qpkpy myk'.
There are many variations as to what takes place at the ltniee ceremony. One common
approach is to bring it to synagogue when the boy turns three and is toilet-trained. He and
his father get the dilr of dlilb, and together they wrap the ltniee around the dxez.
(Variations include the childs age, the type of dilr, and the extent of the childs participation
in the actual ceremony.) (fpky` bdpn iyxy)
.axdn dkxa lawne miigd ivr z` wifgn jk xgè ,hiyen ède ltniee ìan clid
_______________________________________________
169
.ozgd l` xnf
,'oiqexi`'d xg`y zaya ,epiid ,(xihtn `le [iyily] daeyg dilr lawn) ezgny zezaya dxezl dlery ozg
eceakl mixnfn ,'jxay in' zxin` mcew dxeza èxwl eniiqa ,dixg`ly zayae ezpezg iptly zaya oke
.elek z` xnfl ie`x j` ,oey`xd fexgd z` wx mixnfnd yi .b`xtn `xw xecbia` iax exaigy 'cigi cg`' xnf
.el mixnfn oi` ipy beeifa ozg .oey`xd fexgd z` wx mixnfn ziy`xa ozgle dxez ozgl
:DiElld l`xUil mi l ` aFh j` l`FW [xW` ] aal xal Wxc p l` cgin E cigi cg`
:DiElld Edfiè df Èd in EdU r nM lrFRW
i m` EdY n WnnlM `xF A
:DiElld dpEn ` l` hRW n eikxC dpEnYl M l`l z`x p `l dpiA iaxr ix vFp icEd
i
:DiElld xUr mipW miha W zpnè xqn p `l mc ` ici aE xUa E mC mB Fl oi` sEB
:DiElld Epgp` `le EpU r Èd Epxi Yk d zFvn b"ix zA Epn iMg d FzxFY
zC
:DiElld dNd z
le zx` t z lE mWl dlbp Epilr zFzFÀ dlin zix aE zAW mFiaE
:DiElld miIr l dpiid Y zFnAd miIx ar A wx z`vn p `l miI` d lkA dpEn `d fx
:DiElld d IWFY zc A Eqpk p dIa ` FOd zExe dnr p agx dic r mB onr p ipiw
:DiElld `p dri W Fd ii `P` dpM q A mix
qn p md dpEk A xWi itcF x
:DiElld mlFrcr e dYr
n mNM LOr Kx A mlW En zEnlW lkA oFc`
:zqpkd zial xac lkl e` dxez xtq yicwnl jxiay in
ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x aNd aic p z` Kx ai Èd wr ie wgv i mdx
a` Epiz Fa` Kx AW in
FgEx dacpe FAl FÙPW xEar A FYgR W n lke eizFpA eipA FYW` zè
cFakle dxFY
d cFakl mFwOd cFakl xEAv ikx vl zqpM d zial dpY n oYl
dwEve dxvlMn EdliSie Edx
nW
i Èd KExA WFcTd df xkU A WFcTd ldT d
:on` xn`pe :eig` l`x
UilM mr Edk xaie eic
i dUrnlkA dglv d e dkxA glW ie
fpky` bdpn is to bow when one faces the xtq. Bowing towards the dxez during ddabd
is an explicit `ztqez (ci:ci mixteq) open the dxez xtq to reveal three columns, lift it up
and show the text to the congregation standing to the right, the left, in front and behind.
Since it is a mitzvah for all men and women to see the text, to bow (rexkl) and to recite
"...ytp zaiyn dninz 'c zxez ,l`xyi ipa iptl dyn my xy` dxezd z`fe". The bdpn to bow, connotes
bowing the head and the top half of the body ('a sirq c"lw g"e` jexr ogly).
The bdpn to point towards the xtq with ones pinky finger is of Turkish and Moroccan origin
(micxtqd bdpn), and is discussed by the frel mrn and by iblt miig ax. It seems that the bdpn was
brought to l`xyi ux` by the micxtq, (The micxtq living in mlyexi by and large followed Turkish
mibdpn, since l`xyi ux` was ruled by the Turks for four hundred years), and from there it spread
amongst some mifpky` as well.
.eze` millebe midiabn dxez xtqa dìxwd enilydy xg`
dxez xtq ly azkd cbp mihiane dxezd xtq l` hrn mirxek dxez xtqd midiabnyk
.'xicìe' cr 'dxezd z`fe'n miweqtd z` dnirpa mixnfn yi dxezd zdabda
:dìxwd mcew dxez xtqd midiabn eid mipy`xd inia
ii iR lr bk:h xacna :l` xUi ipA ipt l d n mU xW` d xFYd z`fe cn:c mixac
d ikxC fi :xX
`
n d ik ze DA miwi fg O l ìd miIg ur gi:b ilyn :d nciA
:cFa ke xWr Dl e`nUA DpiniA mini K ` fh :mFlW d izFaiz plke m p ikxc
:xiC
ìe dxFY liC
bi Fw c
_______________________________________________
170
dxhtdd zekxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
After the lleb has rolled the xtq closed, while the ltniee is wrapped around the xtq,
someone holds the miig ivr so that the xtq is held steady. This bdpn is still kept in Holland, and in
newly established Yekkish zelidw. Five people are required; 1) to roll up the ltniee after it has
been removed from the Torah and then hand it to the lleb, 2) ddabd, 3) dlilb, 4) one to hold the
dxez as the ltniee is being wrapped around 5) handing the lirn, ci and silver adornments (which
according to the dxexa dpyn is a different ceaik). (Rolling the ltniee after it has been removed
from the xtq is done before ddabd [this may be done by women as well - the ltniee would be
passed over to the miyp zxfr, rolled and given back]).
:'dxeabde dlcbd 'c jl' mixne` yi dxez xtqa dtnd z` jxek èdy cera
Ideally, one should chant a dxhtd out of a `zxht` xtq (a single scroll containing all the zeiyxt
miìapd that pertain to the zezay of the year). If one is unavailable, the most important thing is to
find a dxhtd xtq where the letters are actually typeset onto the pages and not merely copied. If
one has a choice of two books in typeset print, a j"pz or a yneg, one may follow the dxneg of the
mdxa` obn and use a j"pz (and not to rely on 'cl zeyrl zr). This however, is not fpky` bdpn.
According to fpky` bdpn, one chants the dxhtd out of a `zxht` xtq, even if there is a full ìap
available. The xteq mzg rules, that carica, one may chant a dxhtd by heart oicd xwirn.
dxezl dlerd `xew dxhtdd z` .`xciqd oiprn miìapa oixihtn dxez xtq zlilb z` exnby xg` zaya
.slw iab lr eica aezk ,dpyd zezayl zekiiyd miìap zeiyxt ly sqe` epiid ,`zxht` xtq jezn envra
.dxez xtqk llbpe eicv ipya micenr ipy el mireaw .minrhe cewip ea yie dyecw myl eazkp eay zexkf`d
oex` `le devn iyinyzl cgein oexà xtqd z` migipn .dxez xtqk ('ltniee') dtna jexke lirna sehr èd
xne` epi` ldwd .`zxht` xtq ly 'dqpkde d`ved'a dxyr mizye dxyr zg` ipak mixrp micakn .ycewd
,ycewd oex` l` eiptyk dfkxna `l` xrnrnl`d cva cner xihtnd oi` .xihtnd mr mx lewa dxhtdd z`
.ea e`xwy dxezd xtq eixeg`ny s`
.miynegn mtcendn zenewn dnka dpey zexhtdd xcqa fpky` bdpn
: ef dkxa xihtnd jxai dxhtdd zìxw mcew
dix
aca dvx e mia Fh mi` iapA xg A xW` ml Frd Kln Epid l
` ii dY` KExA
FO r l` x
Uia E FC
ar d naE dxFY A x gFAd i i dY
` KEx A znÀ mix n`Pd
:wcvd e 14 zn`d iìapa E
is the gqep in mixteq zkqn, oe`b mxnr ax, mdxcea`, m"anx, gwex and ixhie xefgn.
14. wcv d e
This is n"ctt gqep and oilxa as well, (and micxtqd gqep).
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(gwexde ,b"rx ,ixhie xefgn b"ke) .'wcvd e' cxtq xeciqe l"yxdn xeciq zqxib sicrd q"yx
_______________________________________________
171
dxhtdd zekxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
: el` zekxa xihtnd xne` dxhtdd zìxw ixg`

zFxFCdlkA wiC
v minlFrdlM xEv mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
15
.eixg` on` dpri `l :wcvezn` eix
aCl
MW mIw n E xAc
nd dUFre xnF`d on`Pd l`d
aEWi`l xFg` Lix

aC
n cg` xac e Lix
aC mipn `pe Epi l` ii Èd dY` on`p
:eix
aCl
kA on`Pd l`d ii dY
` KExA :dY
` ong x e on`p Kln l` iM mwix
mwp mFwpY (ri

W FY) Wtp zaElr l 16 EpiIg ziA ìd iM oFIvlr mgx
:dipa A oFIv g O U
n ii dY
` KExA :Epin ia dx
dn A
LgiWn ceC ziA zEkln a E LC ar ìaPd EdIl` A Epi l ` ii Epg O U

FcFaMz` mixg` cFr Elgpi`le xf aWi`l F`qM lr EpA l lbie ài dx
dn A
:ceC obn ii dY
` KExA :cr W 17 Fl Y
e mlFrl Fxp dAk Y`N rA W
p LWc
w mWa iM
:df mixne` ,gqt crend leg zaya mb ,dpyd zezay lka
Epl Y
z PW
dGd zAX e 18 miìaPd lr
d mFilr e dcFa
r dlre dxFY
dlr
Epi l ` ii lMdlr :zx` t z
lE cFakl dgEpnle dXcwl Epi l` ii
:cr e mlFrl cinY iglk itA LnW Kx
Az
i KzF`
mikx an E Kl micFn Ep`
:zAX
d WCwn ii dY
` KExA
.eiptl cnerd devn xad xrpl o`k yxec axd devn xa zaya
my lblbi `l xihtnd okle .xeha èd ok ,dkxad meiq my oi`y ':wcve zn` eix
aC' xg` on` dpri `l 15.
(hkxz oniq dxhtd ipic une` sqei) .miaxd z` liykdl `ly meiq èd el`k ezenirpa oebipd z`
16. The gqep was changed to riyez ytp zaelrle, due to censorship. n"ctt bdpn is to recite mwp mewpz
(even though it was not printed in the xeciq), but the word riyez which was printed in the xeciq
came into the gqep as well, therefore the gqep became 'epinia dxdna mwp mewpze riyez ytp zaelrle'.
.m"anxd zqxibk 'Epin ia dx l' `qxibd (f"py `w`xw) mzvwna i"q aexa d"k .ri
dn A mwp mFwpY Wtp zaElr W
FY
(edil` xef` xeciq) .dxefpvd iptn ok ìd epzqxiby d`xpe
17. 'dAk i' is oilet gqep, 'dAk Y ' is fpky` gqep.
18. The bdpn is to recite 'dGd zAX d mFi'. The l"ixdn cites the bdpn of calling zay, g FpOd mFi which is
jiixhye` bdpn (Austria), and says that although there is a proof that i"yx approved of this bdpn, he
does not understand why they did not retain the weqtd oeyl, 'zAX d mFi'. Historically, i"yx practiced
ztxv bdpn (France). jiixhye` bdpn is partially based on ztxv bdpn which was influenced by bdpn
micxtqd. g FpOd mFi is ancient laa bdpn (Babylonia) and cxtq bdpn (Spain).
_______________________________________________
172
ldwl dkxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
:df mixne` ,zekq crend leg zaya mb ,milbx ylya

[mFilr
e dGd zAX
d zaya] mFilr
e miìaPd lr
e dcFa
rdlr
e dxFY
dlr
dxez zgnye zxvr ipinya zekqa zereaya gqta
dGd zxvr
d bg ipinW
dGd zFM
Qd bg dGd zFrEaWd bg dGd zFSOd bg
dgn U l E oFUUl [dgEpnle dXcwl zaya] Epi l ` ii Epl Y z PW

KzF` mikx an E Kl micFn Ep` Epi l
` ii lMdlr :zx` t z lE cFakl
WCwn ii dY ` KExA :cr e mlFrl cinY iglM itA LnW Kx Azi
:miPn Gd e l`x
Ui [e zAX d zaya]
.(270 'nr) 'ci zpzn' o`k mixne` ,lega elgyk ,zxvr ipiny ,zereay ly ipy mei ,gqt ly oexgà
.(175 'nr) ldwl jxay in ixg` eze` mixne` zaya elgyke
:df mixne` dpyd y`xa

[mFilr e dGd zAX d zaya] mFilre miìaPd lr
e dcFa
r dlr e dxFY dlr
:zx` t z l E cFakl [dgEpnle dXcwl zaya] Epi l` ii Epl Y z PW
dGd oFxMfd
iglM itA LnW Kx Az
i KzF`
mikx an E Kl micFn
Ep` Epi l ` ii lMdlr
ii dY ` KExA :cr l mIw e zn` EpM ln Lx acE cr e mlFrl cinY
:oFxMfd mFie l`x
Ui [e zAX d zaya] WCwn ux` d lMlr Kln
.yeciwl zrk dwqtd mikxer oi` okle milegl `l` zeriwz iptl lek`l xzed `l
(.zrk miln dpyd y`xa dlin yiyk)
:df mixne` zixgya xetk meia

[mFilr e dGd zAX d zaya] mFilr e miìaPd lre dcFa r
dlr e dxFY dlr
dlign l [dgEpnle dXc wl zaya] Epi l ` ii Epl Y z PW
dGd mixER Md
Kl micFn Ep` Epi l ` ii lMdlr :zx` t z lE cFakl dx Rk lE dgilq le
zn` EpM ln Lx acE cr
e mlFrl cinY iglM itA LnW Kx Az
i KzF` mikx an E
l`x Ui ziA FOr zFpFr le Epiz FpFr
l glFqe lgFn Kln ii dY
` KExA :cr l mIw e
l`xUi [e zAX d zaya] WCwn ux` d lMlr Kln dpW
e dpW
lkA Epz FnW` xiarnE
:mixER
Md mFie
(324 'nr) zenyp zxkfdl ce`n xvw onf micgin dxhtdd xg` xetk meia
.zenyp zxkfd zxin` zrya zqpkd zian mi`vei oi`
[.(175 'nr) ldwl jxay in ixg` eze` mixne` zaya lgyke]
_______________________________________________
173
.eze` mixne` oi` lega lgyk mi`xep miniae aeh meiae ,'owxt mewi' mixne` exihtdy xg`l zaya
.ea e`xwy dxezd xtq eixeg`ny s` ,ycewd oex` l` eiptyk dfkxna `l` (dnia) xrnrnl`d cva cner ofgd oi`
igiex ipFfnE ikix ` iIg e ing x
e `C qg e `Pg Ìn W on owxR mEwi
`nIw e Ìg `rxf ìlr n `xFd
pE `tEB zEix aE Ìn X c `YrIq e
opA x
e opx nl :`zixF` inBz Rn lEhai`l ic e wEqti`l iC `rxf
iNk iWixl laa A ic e l`x Uic `rx à iC `zW iC
w `zxEa g
oFdici nlY lkl :àa C ipIc lE `za izn iWixlE `zelb iWixlE
`nlrc `Mln :`zixF` A oiwq rCo`
n lkl E oFdici nlz ici
nlY lkl E
oFdipW l `Mx` oYie oFdinFi `Bq ie oFdiIg WiRi oFdz i Kx
ai
Ìn W a iC ox n oiWiA oirx nlMn E `wrl Mn oEafY W ie oEwx
Rz
ie
:on` xn`pe :oC re onflM oFdC rq A `di
(zldw ixac) .lewa elk ipyd owxt mewi xnìy ie`x xzei
(.eixg`y 'jxay in'd z` `le df 'owxt mewi' xne` oi` zecigia lltznd)
igiex ipFfnE ikix` iIg e ing xe `Cqg e `Pg Ìn W
on owxR mEwi
`nIw e Ìg `rxf ìlr n `xFd pE `tEB zEix aE Ìn W c `YrIq e
`ld w lkl :`zixF` inbz Rn lEhai`l ic e wEqti`l iC `rxf
Kxai `nlrc `Mln :ÌW pE `lt h Ìxr f mr Ìa x ax oicd `WiC w
oEwxRz ze oFkipW l `Mx` oYie oFkinFi `Bq ie oFkiIg WiRi oFkz i
Ìn W
a iC ox n oiWiA oirx nlMn E `wrl Mn oEafY W z e
:on` xn`pe :oC re onflM oFkC rq A `di
oixikfn oi` ok` ,mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely z` ea mi`xewe zaya miznd zenyp xikfdl mibdep zelidw daxda
(zereay iptly zaya oeiq ycegd oikxann ueg) ycegd oikxany zaya `le dlin e` dpezg yiyk
oixikfn oi` oteè xvei mixne`y zay lka èd llke ,mixet oyeya `le dkepga `le ycg y`xa `le
.(oixikfn oi` n"ctt w"wa) oixikfny daey zayn ueg
,oebi xxerl `ly ick ,ygla `xew ofgd oefg zaye zereay iptly zaya owxt mewi xg`
.(299 'nr) mingxd a` (292 'nr) 'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenypd zxkfd xtq jezn
_______________________________________________
174
(:ycegd oikxany zaya jxiay in mixne` oi`) :dnirpae mx lewa cala ofgd xne` ldw ly 'jxiay in'
ldT d lMz` Kx ai Èd awr ie wgv i mdx
mdipa E mdiWpE md WcT d zFNidw lM mr dGd WFcTd
dNt z l zFIqpk iYA mic giO W inE :mdlxW` lke mdizFpaE
xFÒl xp mipzFP W inE lNR z dl mkFzA miÀ W inE
miIpr l dwc vE migxF` l ztE dlC ad lE WECwl oiie
miwq FrW inlke [ ipW e iWing e ipW dPrz inlke : siqen a"da ziprz iptly zaya]
IW
mdn xiqie mx kU mlW i Èd KExA WFcTd dpEn À mxEA v ikx vA
dglv d e dkx
A glW ie mpFrl
kl glq ie mtEBlkl `Rx ie dlg n lM
mdic i dUrnlkA
mitiqen zaya lgy xetk meia zaya lgy dpyd y`x 'à mixne`y minia zeidl lgy zaya
xtq A maY kie mitiqen daey zayae mitiqen 'ci zpzn ly jxay in'
dgilq E dlign miIg d xtq A maY

kie lbx
l zFlr
l mMfie
:on` xn`pe :mdig` l`x
UilM mr
.zeklnd melyl dlitz
The l`xyi zcear xeciq (pg. 231) contains miklnl dreyz ozepd. A footnote cites both the ea lk
and mdxcea` as sources for this bdpn. The older miidlcex ixefgn do not contain a prayer either
for the country or for the head of state.
zEkln bi:dnw FzEkln mikiqPl dlW n n E mik l O l drEW

Y ozFPd i:cnw mildz
Kx
C mIA ozFPd eh:bn diryi :drx axgn FC ar ceCz ` dvFRd i:cnw min lrl M
dlr n l Ùpie lCbie mnFxie xfr ie xFvpie xFnWie Kx ai Èd :da iz p miGr mina E
dx vlMn E Edx nW
ie EdIg i eing x
A miklO d ikln Kln :FcFd mExi (ipelt) EppFc` z`
dpt ixW` kaE eipt l ei`pFW liRie eilbx zgY miOr xAc ie EdliSi wfpe oFbie
zEpng x eix Ue eivrFil
M ala E FAlA oYi eing x A miklO d ikln Kln g ilv i
dcEd
i rW EY e:bk dinxi Epin ia E einiA l`x UilM mre EpO r daFh zFUr l
:on` xn`pe :oFvx idi oke l` FB oFIvl àE `k-k:hp diryi ghal oM Wi l`xUie
In n"ctt, dreyz ozepd was not recited (zldw ixac pg. 74), as long as they were not forced to recite it.
0
[.mkeza xy xar `le ux`d dpzp mcal mdl xy` ini lk mlern hxetwpxta exn` `l 'eke "dreyz ozepd" la`]
_______________________________________________
175
ycegd zkxa aeh meile zayl zixgy
ycegd zkxa
.zenyp mixikfn oi` fè ,'ixy`' mixne`y mcew àd ycegd z` mifixkne mikxan yceg y`x iptly zaya
19
'epilr ycgzy 'eke oevx idi' dpigzd z` mixne` oiè clend z` mifixkn oi` ycgd zkxaa
: 'dyry in' xneè gzet ofgd .zaya mikxv zywa xeqi` meyn ,(:fh zekxa 'nb) (ax zltz)
Epz F` l`bi Èd zExgl zEcar

n mzF` l`be Epiz Fa`l miQp dUrW in gew
:on` xn`pe :l`xUilM mix
ag ux` d zFtpM rAx
`n Epig C
p uAw ie (aFxwA )
:fixkne erexfa dxez xtqd z` lhep ofgd
(...d mFIaE fixkn yceg y`x ini ipyl) ...d mFiA did i ... Wcg W`x ofg
:(oFW`x
d mFia Fzx
gn l E fixkn '` meiae) daFhl Epilr Àd W w zAW mFiA did i ... Wcg W`x ofg
(fixkn zayae zay axra yceg y`x lg)
:daFhl Epilr Àd W w zAW mFiaE iXX d mFiA did i ... Wcg W`x ofg
:(ipW
d mFIaE : fixkn ipy meiae) oFW`x
d mFiA xgn l did i ... Wcg W`x ofg (: fixkn oey`x meia yceg y`x lg)
.'d"awd edycgi' zxinà cin ligzn `l` ,'didi ipelt yceg y`x' zfxkd lr xfeg epi` ldwd
.'ixy`' zligz z` mb obpl mikiynn df oebipa .ycg ezeà lgy oievnd mei e` aeh mei ly oebipa eilr xfeg ofgd
.dcbdd jezay èd xic` ly oebipa oqip yceg y`x
20
.zetqeze dkld oebipa oeygxn yceg y`x
(zetqeze dkld oebipa yie) .xnerd zxitq ly icec dkl oebipa xii` yceg y`x
.xev fern ly oebipa elqk yceg y`x
.zencw` ly oebipa oeiq yceg y`x
.mizif ipy ly oebipa zah yceg y`x
.zti ly mixvnd oia ly icec dkl ly oebipa fenz yceg y`x
(.xgap oebipa zxaern dpya hay ycega) .ycgd e` milwy ly oebipa (milwy zyxt) xc` e` hay yceg y`x
.oefg zay ly icec dkl ly oebipa a` mgpn yceg y`x
.mixet oebipa xcè xc` yceg y`x
.cede xc` ly oebipa lel` yceg y`x
l`x Ui ziA FOrl

M lre Epilr Èd KExA WFcTd EdW C
gi g"ew
:on` xn`pe :(on` ldw) dngplE drEWi
l (on` ldw) dgn U lE oFUUl (on` ldw) mFlWlE miIg l
'ixy`' ly mipexg` mipye mipey`x miweqt ipy mipbpn
19. Originallyfpky` bdpn did not include the 'oevx idi' (zldw ixac pg. 89). According to the yi` oefg
one should always recite the short edycgi and not recite the oevx idi, even in a synagogue which
says the longer edycgi and/or the oevx idi, due to the issue of zaya mikxv zywa.
20.The correct name for this fall month is the one word oeygxn (eh w"q ekw 'q d"` oglyd jexr).
Older sources attest to this as well (as opposed to just oeyg). When the eighth month is
mentioned in the dpyn and cenlz, it is referred to as oeygxn. A few examples include: b :` ziprz
:`"i ,:f dpyd y`x ,:cv migqt ,c. Throughout all of i"yxs Biblical and Talmudic commentary, he
also refers to the month as oeygxn. Surprisingly, there are even customs that developed around
the error. The assumption is that it is called oeyg xn (the bitter oeyg) either due to its lack of
holidays or because it is when epin` dxy died.
_______________________________________________
176
dxezd xtq zqpkd aeh meile zayl zixgy
:dlQ LElld i cFr Lzia ia W W` 21 d:ct

Fi ix
:ei l
` iiW
EriA i L aEha
ein g x
wc
ve
l :ExA c i L z xEa
bE
eiad `l
mixne` oi`y minian ueg ,lkidl xtqd mixifgny mcew 'mingxd a`' zay lka mixne` oilet zeldw aexa
.a` ycg oikxanyke ,dxitqd inian ueg ycgd mikxanyk `le ,dline dpezg yiyk `le wcv jzwcv
zFNidw mix Wid e mininY
de mici
qg d ming x A wti Èd minEvr d eing x
A minFxn okFW ming x d a`
mix WPn Ec xtp `l z FnaE md iIg A mn irPd e mia d `Pd bk:` 'a lèny mXd zXc w lr mWt p ExqO W WcT d
wpie mlFr iwiC v x`W mr daFhl Epi l ` mx Mfi :mxEv utg e mpFw oFvx zFUr l Exa B zFix
`n E ENw
iM FO r miFb Epipx
d bn:al mixac :mi l`d Wi` d n zxFz A aEzMM KEtXd eic ar mC znw p Epipir
l Epin iA
iziTpe `k:c lèi :xn`l aEzM miìaPd Lic
ar ic
i lr
e :FO r Fznc
` xRk e eix
vl aiW
i mwpe mFT
i eic
arm
c
rc
Ei mdid l
` dI` m iFBd Ex
nì | dOl i:hr mildz :xn`p WcT
d iaz
ka E :oFIv A o W iie iziT
p`l mn C
zwrv gk W`
l xkf mz F` minC WciM bi:h :xnFè :KEt Xd Li
carm
C zn w p Epipirl miFBA miiba
:W`x mix
i oMl
r dYW
i Kx
CA lgPn :dA x ux`lr W`x ugn zFIeb `ln miFBA oic
i f-e:iw :xnFè :mie pr miipr
.(lhiw) 'qpbx`q' yael epi` ofgd .dpal zkext oilez 'gqt ly '` meia lh zlitze zxvr ipinya myb zlitz' iptl 21.
.mi`xep mini ipebipa ,dxez xtq zqpkd xcqe 'elldi' ,eteqe 'ixy`' zligz
_______________________________________________
177
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

22
: dnirpa xneè ,lkida eripvdle (dnia) xrnrnl`d on ekiledl dxezd xtq z` gwel ofgd
:min W
e ux`lr FcF d 23 :ldw FC
:DiElld F xw mr l`x
Ui ipa l eici
qg lkl dNd Y FO r
l | oxw mxIe
: zaya
:fr e cFa M i il Ea
d mil` ipA iil Ea d cec l xFn fn hk
:W wz xc dA i il Eeg Y W d Fn W cFa M iil Ead
:miA x minlr i i mirx d cFa Md l` miOd lr i i lFw
:xc dA i i lFw M A iilFw
:oFpa Nd ifx`z` i i xAW ie mifx ` x W ii lFw
:min ` xo
a Fn M oixUe oFpa l lbrFn M m ciwxIe
:W` zFa dl a g iilFw
:Wcw xAc n i i lig i xAc n lig i ii lFw
:cFa
M x ` FN M Flk id a E zFxr i sU gIe zFl
I` llFgi | ii lFw
:mlFrl Kln i i aWIe aWi lEA Ol ii
:mFl a FO rz ` Kx ai | i i oYi FO r l fr i i
: lega lgy aeh meia
ie la Y D`FlnE ux` d iil 24 xFnfn cec
:Da iaW l ck
:dppFk
i zFx dplr e D cqi miO ilr ÈdiM 25
:FW c
w mFw nA mEw iin E iixda dl ri in
:dn x
nl rA W
p `le iWt p eytp èX l Ù p`l | xW` aal xaE miR k iw
p
22. First the ofg receives the xtq with both hands from the iàb (other times from the diabn).
When there is only one xtq he receives it comes from his left, two mixtq from his right, and
three mixtq from directly behind him. The ofg turns to the South fairly quickly and usually
before he finishes 'ecal'. Other times (except maybe dgpn xetk mei) he turns around towards
West and receives the xtq directly from the diabn and turns to South as soon as he has a firm
grip. Therefore he might begin 'elldi' facing West Southwest or South.
oeyl k"` eyexit 'idie m"et`ln eplv` `xwpy w"xeya 'cd mixewy minye ux` lr eced zaiza mireh mlerd 23.
oeyln rnyn ok m"lega 'cd zexwl jixv jkitl ely ced 'ite .xcde ced oeyl èd `l` ok epiè .d`ced
(sqei o`vk bdep) .`xwn ilra lv` heyt ède d"vwze h"nx oniq `"i 'qa l"f d"ixdn f"n``
. . .lr n ,dkxa `lA dGd mlFrd on dpd Pd lke dkxa `lA dGd mlFrd on dpd IW mc`
l xEq` ,opA x EpY 24.
,(fh:diw mildz) ':mc d ' aiz kE
ìpa l ozp ux` d e 'cl min min X 'D`FlnE ux` d 'cl' aiz M ,in x iel ia x
(:dl zekxa 'nb) .dkxA xg ` l o`M ,dkxA mcFw
o`M ,ìW w `l
,zFxd p drA x` e miO i dra W EN` ':dppFk
i zFx dplr
e D cqi miO ilr ÈdiM' ?aiz k C i`n ,opgFi ia x xn ` 25.
,zlig lW lW DO ie (b ,mFcq lW DO ie (a ,ìxa h lW DO i (` :miO i dra W od EN` e ,l` xU
i ux` z` oiti
w O W
,KEnxie (a ,oCxi (` ,zFxd p drA x` od EN` e .lFcBd mie (f ,ìn R q ` mie (e ,ik ai
q lW DO ie (d ,`z
lig lW DO ie (c
(:cr `xza àa 'nb) .dbitE (c oFinFxi
w e (b
_______________________________________________
178
:Fr Wi i l `n dw c E ii z` n dkx a `V i
:dlq aw ri Lipt i w a n eiWxC eyxc xFC df
:cFa
Md Kln `Fa ie mlFr ig z R EÙPde mk iW`x | mixr W E` U
:dn g ln xFA B i i xFA
be fEGr ii | cFa M d Kln df in
:cFa Md Kln à ie mlFr ig z R E` E mk iW`x | mixr W E` U
:dlq cFa Md Kln Èd zF` av ii | cFa M d Kln df Èd in
.ycewd oex`d z` gzet f` wxe xtqd z` el xqen ofgdy xxazn ,zaya dqpkdd iabl zldw ixacd ly eixacn
Ui itl` zFaax i i da EW xnì dgpa E 26
:l` x el:i xacna
:LGr oFx
è dY ` LzgEpn l ii dn Ew i-g:alw mildz
:EpPx
i Li ciqge wcvEWAl i Lipd M
:LgiWn ipR aW Y l` L Car ceC xEar
:EafrY l` iz xF Y mkl iY z p aFh gwl iM a:c ilyn
:xX `n d ik ze DA miwi fg O l ìd miIg ur gi:b
:mFlW d izFaiz plke m p ikxc d ikxC fi:b
:mcw
M Epini W Cg daEW pe aeype Lil ` | ii Epa iWd `k:d dki`
DzErx k `x aC `nlr
A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz ie lC i 27 rxek ofg
Bz
:aixw onfa E `lbr
`Vpz
ie mnFxz
ie x`R z ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek ofg
ie xC
dz ie
`z xi
We `z k x
AlMn (`NrlE mitiqen lhe myb zelitz iptle xetk meie dpyd y`xa) `Nr l
n` C `z n gpe `z g A W
Y
.(260 'nr) yceg y`x zay ly sqen o`k mixne` yceg y`x zaya
.(271 'nr) milbx yly ly sqen o`k mixne` crend leg zayae milbx ylya
.(325 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(308 'nr) dpyd y`x ly sqen o`k mixne` mi`xep minia
mit l` ipX n zFgR lr ,dxFW

dpik X d oi` W ,cO
ln ':l` x
Ui itl` zFaax 'c da EW xnì dgpa E' ,opA x EpY 26.
,dIa xE dIxt A wq
r `l dfe ,cg ` xq g zFaax ipWE
mit l`
ipW l` xU i Eid W ixd ,l` xU
In zFaax ipWE

(:bq zenai 'nb) ?l` xU In wlY q Y W dpik X
l mxFb
df `vn
p `l
.cgein oebipa '`lrl' ea miltek ,mi`xep mini oebipa - 'lhe myb zelitz' sqen iptl yicwd obpn ofgd 27.
_______________________________________________
179
zayl dcinr sqen sqen
zayl sqen zltz

lltzd m` caricae ,zery 'f seqn xzei oi` sqen zltz onf .`l oia xira xeav yi oia sqen zltza aiig cigi lk
dxeq` dcerq la` mcew zvw merhl xzen .oinelyz dl oi` sqen lltzd `le meid lk xar .`vi ,meid lk dze`
.dial ylgc o`nl `l` dviakn xzei (sqen iptl)

mdx
a` i l
` ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
oFilr l` `xFP
de xFABd lFcBd l`d awri i lè wgv i i l
`
l`Fb ìan E zFa` ic
qg xkFfe lMd dpwe miaFh mic
qg lnFB
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
kf
:mdx
W FnE xfFr Kln
:ri
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x

A mizn dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n
LFn
k in :xtr ipW
il FzpEn
` mIw n E mixEq
:drEW
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in

_______________________________________________
180
2 1
dltzd zxfga u"yl dyecw
W T
A LnW
miWiC
wO d Wcw itx U g iU cFqM LWiC wpe Lvixr
p cala ofg
we b:e diryi Lìap3 cilr aEzMM
xn ` e dfl` df `x
eicgi ofge ldw
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF`
av ii WFcw WFc
w | WFc
w
Wn mlFr `ln FcFaM ofg
dfl df mil` FW eiz x
:Exn ì KExA mz Or
l FcFaM mFwn dI`
eicgi ofge ldw
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ai:b l`wfgi
FnW mic A oti Èd FnFwOn
gin d mr ogie ming x ofg
:mix
nF` rnW
dad ` A min r
R cinY mFilkA xwa e axr
eicgi ofge ldw
:cg ` | ii Epi l
` ii l`x 3 c:e mixac
Ui rnW
Epri
WFn Èd EpM ln Èd Epia ` Èd Epi l` Èd cg` 4 ofg
mi l
`l mkl zFid l `n:eh xacna iglM ipir
l zipW
eing x
A Epri
nW i Ède
eicgi ofge ldw
:mk idl
` ii ip`
zxX d ik` l nE
,drW lka dxi W mixnF` l` xU IW ,zxX d ik`
l O n xzFi Èd KExA WFcT d ipt l l` xU i oiai
a
g 1.
xg ` mW d z` oixi M f n l` xU
ie . . . zAW A zg ` mr R ,Dl ixn ` e ,mFIA zg ` mr R `N` dxi W mixnF` oi`
:aiz k c M ,zFaiY WlW xg ` l `N` mW d z` oixi M f n oi` zxX d ik` l nE
''c l`x Ui rnW ' :xn `PW ,zFaiz iY W
:xn
`PW ,dH n l l` xU
i Exn`
IW cr ,dlr n l dxi W mixnF` zxX d ik` l n oi` e ,'zF`
av 'c WFcw WFc w | WFc w'
(.av oileg 'nb) .(f:gl aei`) ':mi l ` ipA lM ErixIe xa iak FM cgioxA'
.oefg zayn dlicadl ick df lr mitiwn zereay iptly zaya hxtae ,dyecwd z` obpl mibdep yi 2.
dze` mipbpn ycegde milwy zezaye .mybe lh zlitz oebipa dze` mipbpn mybe lh zlitz ly minia
.milwy sqen ly ,'jipt xe`' heitd oebipa
(edil` xef` xeciq) .d"fx iiepiyn èd lebqde i"q lka d"k - gzt shga 3.
3. l`xyi rny and mkicl` 'c ip` were inserted here in the fifth century, when special government
officials were posted in the synagogues to prevent the xeaivs proclamation of Gods Oneness.
Toward the end of orenen, when the spies had left, the rny was recited in an abridged form.
dyecwd gqep lr .minkg ederahy oinei wizr rahn èd 'epcil` èd cg` ,cg` 'c' sqen zyecw gqep 4.
zexeca hyt `"xbde l"fix`d zrtyda .ceqd zxez it lr edewnip mde ,fpky` iciqg epbd 'cg` cg`'
fpky` ipa ixeciqa miiwe xixy oiicr x`yp meid .dipyd 'cg`' dlind z` hinydl bdpnd mipexg`d
.wdaend fpky` bdpn illtzn axwae
_______________________________________________
181
:sqen zyecwa 'mkicl`' heit mitiqen ote` da mixne`y zaya
6 5
.ziy`xa zayl .wfg lèny ea mezg .daey zayl
.wfg dcedi ea mezg eze` mixne` oi` zewizeed zelidwa
(cere `fiinxee ,`vpbn ,n"ctt)
F`qM oFMi FCar liMU i mk idl ` miO` l xFWin hRWi wcv htFW mk idl `
dpa i DNY lr xird ziW`x nM zFpFcf xRk ie ming xl oiC zC n Ktdi eizFCn
KEQp mFwnE `Rx i FgAfn E ziWi oFnx ` xdv d mi`h g oFc` minW ` e oFr
e zFbbW E
DzFid `x wi dIx ar l xFxC ziXd minie zFlil mibiVn dx Rk l minz M oAld e
gwl cilrM ugn i DA caFrd ziWt g zixA mdl xkf minv e miPrz n dx vA LOr dfg
ziWix g uiti einw einrFf
w fg ziWM mdipa ipa l mIw mininYE mix Wi mipFW`x
:ziW`x A zAW xnFW mr lr Klni :minlFr inlFrl mMln Ekiln ie minEcw zrEa
W
7
.engp zayl .dkepg (ly dpey`x) zayl
.wfg lèny xa dcedi ea mezg .wfg dcedi ea mezg
zrd mkiz FvEtp uAw l Fci siqFi mk idl ` hRW n E wcv xFf` FgiWn ìai mk idl `
Fzix A K`ln E mkixi
q` l E`v xn`l Wigi aiF` eiR haW A zini dr Wxd ciax
xFWinl aFwr jxC mka a l aiWd l glW i xirv xFnbl lNd miQPd lre cia` i
ipiA zixA zAW mixnFXd mkv A w i oFIvl of` zFHd WC gi dWc g zC ciar dn
mkl inC EpY Y l` Fn W EkxA mkipiaE Wcw lEaf milil` sFlg ciAk d n
:mk i l
` xnì iO r Engp `:n diryi FWcw xkf ig xFn fn `:l mildz xiWpe ciAfi mnFwi
:mkilr Kln` e mkM ln Èd ip` iM :cec
l ziA d zMpg xiW
The miheit for dlin zixa zay are only said when the zixa is performed on zay itself. The heit
'mkicl`' for oièyip zay is said only when the wedding is performed on Friday, and the oièyip zcerq
is on zay. This is quite uncommon today, therefore this heit has not been said for many years.
.wfg lèny ea mezg .oièyp zayl .dlin zixa zayl

fx zFgEx eik` ln Fnlir qM mU FpkW mk idl
` i p` dPd zix Ad xkFf ip` mk idl `
:mixnF` FnlFd FcFaM mFwn dI` e FOl l zixM lgpA xYq pz` zix`W l glFW
lni zrl :FnFw
On iicFaM KEx A ai:b l`wfgi aFh xVa n zix ki miFB eipt l dpt E
Erc i df FnFwnA oFpB oFIv dfg FnEw mFil
ie E`x izxFMl
M z`f Erc i zix g` A mFlWe
:FnFwn `QM mlW
Exil `Fxw FnEwilM :zixFd
f Ki l
` Kln oFIvl xnF` zix a
:xn`l aEzM LWc w ix acaE ofg
:DiElld xc
e xc l oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz eicgi ofge ldw
Epi l` Lga W e WiC wp Lz Xcw migv p gvpl E Llc B ciBp xFce xFcl ofg
ii dY` KExA :dY` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl WEni `l EpiR n
'c jelniy mzlitz z` jk jezne ,d"awl mzkxae mik`lnd yeciw z` mixikfn ep` da dyecwd meiqa 5.
milltznd epldwa opeaziy zekfa ,epl xtkl eingx z` ywal o`k mb mitiqen ep` ,xece xecl oeiv lr mlerl
,epl`bie ezreay z` mdl miiwi miwicvd epizea` zekfae ,mixetkd meia miprzne minie zelil eil`
.minlerl ezekln z` epilr lawpy ick
z` dpaie ,dligza jlny enk lkd lr 'c jelniy dcizrd dle`bl epzeewz z` ricedl mitiqen ep` o`k 6.
epici lr z`hazn ezkelnyk ,ielba epilr 'c zkelnl dkfp jka xy`k ;epiaie`n eplivie ,ycwnd ziae milyexi
.dzkldk ziy`xa zay zxinya
.ìapd edil` i"r dnly daeyza aeyp xy`k didiy zeielbd ueaiw lr ywal mitiqen ep` dyecwa 7.
.oeiv 'c aeya aey ze`xl dngpl dkfp ,'c mr zixa ze`l epl ìdy ,eply zayd zxiny zekfae
_______________________________________________
182
d ik q p ixEC
q mr d iW ExR zi
Ev d iz FpAxw zi v x zAW Y pM Y
8
(iad F`d 10 `"p) miad F`d 9 mbe Ekf miIg d in rF h Elg pi cFaM mlFrl d ibPrn
DA aix wd l Epi l e d ilr EEhv p ipiQn f`
` ii EpEv Y Exg A dNcB d ix aC
:iE`xM zAW sqEn oAx w
Epv x`l dgn U a Eplr YW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
mxcqM mici nY Epiz FaFg zFpAx wz` Lipt l dUr p mWe EplEabA Epr Hze
dad ` A Lipt l aix wpe dUr p dGd zAX d mFi sqEnzè :mz kld M mitq EnE
LcFa
k iRn LC ar d n ic ilr Lz xFz
A Epilr Y a z M W FnM LpFvx zev n M
:xEn`M
dgpn zlq mipxUr ipW E mn inY dpW ipA miU a k ipW zA X d mFiaE i-h :gk xacna
:DM q pe cinY
d zlrlr FY AW A zAW zlr :FM qpe o X a dlElA
iriaW iWC wn mr bpr i`xF w e zAW ix W Lz Ekln A EgnU i
mini zC ng FYWC we FA z iv x iriaX a E La EHn EbPrz ie ErAU i mNM
:ziW`x a dUr nl xkf z `x w FzF`
Epw
lg oze Liz Fvn A EpX C
w Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
:znÀ LC ar l EpA l xdh e Lz rEWi A Epg O U e La EHn Epr AU :Lz xFz A
11
:Ln W iad ` l`x Ui La EgnU ie LW cw zAW oFvx aE dad ` A Epi l ` ii Epligpd e
:zAX d WC wn ii dY ` KExA
8. zay zpkz, the first twenty-two words of which run in a reversed zia sl` acrostic, is found
in the ixhie xefgn and was known to oe`b mxnr ax.
.(iztxv gqep) '` i"zke ,(icxtq gqep) 'n i"zk `,hcinycleb 'cdn ,oe`b mxnr ax xcq (1 :miade`d 9.
,b zefepb ,o"a`xl qgeind xeciq (3 .(ixwird ci azk) ` i"zk ,aiw 'nr ,`"yz milyexi ,oe`b dicrq ax xeciq (2
.drw 'nr ,a"lyz milyexi ,`fiinxbn dnly epiax xeciq (4 .(l"end ztqed ile`) yxb mr iade`d - .`w 'nr
.hqw 'nr ,`"g ,l`tx 'cdn ,bidpnd xtq (5
azk ,dreci dpi` e`ven ux` ,i"p mipaxl n"dia) 'f i"zk ,hcinycleb 'cdn ,oe`b mxnr ax xcq (1 :iade`d10.
dlitz ibdpne dlitz ,xyiilt `xfr (3 `nc` i"zk ,aiw 'nr ,`"yz milyexi ,oe`b dicrq ax xcq (2 .(iwlhi`
dn`zdae ,dnecwd dqxibd jky xeaq - .89 'rd ,53-52 'nr ,g"yz milyexi ,dfipbd ztewza miil`xyi-ux`
`yiinxee xefgn (5 .iwgvi ciec axd ici lr wcapy cid azk ,gwexl dlitzd xeciq iyexit (4 .hqwhd dpainl
.uxcpeln ofg i"xl miig ur (7 .(htx 'nr ,`"g ,hcinycleb 'cdn deyd) `"vw oniq ,ixhie xefgn (6 .a"l zpyn
zixw ,qpez w"w ly dkld ibdpn sqe` :qcd ilr ,oeahq cec axd azk micxtqd lv` mb dfa dkeand lr
,xzei zi`xp miade`d `qxibd ziwecwc dpigany i`cea miade`d/iade`d ze`qxibd oipra" :367 'nr ,r"yz xtq
mipe`bd aex ze`qxiba ep`vn oky cer dne .`qxib inwe`l qxhpewa fef`n xi`n iax oe`bd azky enke
,bidpnd xtq ,iq`nl'bq ozp x"a dnly iax xeciq ,oe`b dicrq ax xeciq ,oe`b mxnr ax xeciq :mipey`xde
:iz`vn dcedi x"a ozp epaxl (23 'nr) mikgnd xtqae .xwi x"a dcedi iaxl zeltzd yexit ,gwexd xeciq
ur xtqae ixhie xefgna iade`d zqxib ogky` jci`n .xeviw myl seqa yxb mr 'iade`d ,"dixac 'iade`d"
e`viy eppnf ipaxn yie ,(yxbd wgnpe 'iade`d aezk did my mby xxazi k"``) yixcpeln ofg awri iaxl miig
(xbxeand .y axd) ".(f"tx divipie ,daev mx` xefgn zqxib oke) cxtq ixeciqa c`n dhytzdy ef `qxib ayiil
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
_______________________________________________
183
Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
r
d aWd e mz Nt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr A Epi l ` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE
oFvxA lAw z dad ` A dx dn mz Nt zE
l`x Ui iX` e
ii dY
` KExA :ming x
A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir dpifgz e :LO r l`x Ui zcFa
r
:oFIvl FzpikW xifg O d
.ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv ofgd
opaxc micen Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
Èd Kl Epgp` micFn
dY` W rxek mlFrl Epiz Fa` ilè Epil ` ii swef
il ` Epiz Fa` ilè Epil
` ii swef Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cr e
zFkx A :ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi xUA lk Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl
lr WFcTd e lFcBd LnW l zF`cFd e Epiz FnWplre Lc iA mixEq
Od EpiIg lr
EpnIw zE
EpIg Y oM :EpY n Iw e Epz iigdW EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr
e Kl zFcEwRd
nWl LW c
w zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq `z e zr lkA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
mlW aalA LCar
lE LpFvx zFUr le LiT
g Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa e axr
hrn mirxek :Kl micFn Ep` W
lr Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
:zF`cFd
d l` swef KExA dlind mixne`yk :Kl Epiew mlFrn
zFrEWY d lr
W zFnglO d lre
LOrl r dr Wx d oei zEkln dc nr
WM eipa E ipnWg lFcB o M opg Fi oA Ediz Yn iniA
Y c
nr miAx d Lin g x
A dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ar dlE Lz xFY mgiMW d l l`xUi
Y xq n :mzn w p z` Y n w p mpiC z` Y pC maix z` Y a x mzx v zr A mdl
ciA mirW xE mixFd h ciA mi`n H E miHr n ciA miAx e miWNg ciA mixFA B
LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz iwq Fr ciA mic fe miwiC v
Lz iA xiac l Lipa EÀ KM xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE dlFcb drEW Y z iU r l`x Ui
zpFnW Eraw e LW c
:lFcBd LnW l lNd lE zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
(on` ldw) :Lz
ix
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
i l`d znÀ LnW
miIg d lke
.(277 'nr) ldwd z` o`k mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà
LC
ar d n ic ilr daEzMd dxFY A zWNW nd dkxAA Epk x A Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
eipR | ii x` i oevx idi ok :Lx
_______________________________________________
184
:LO r l`x UilMlr e Epilr ming x

e cqge og dkx
aE daFh mFlW miU
Epi l ` ii Epl Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg`M EpNM Epia ` Epk x A
Lipir
:Ln FlWA dr Wlka E zrl kA l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al
:[ofgd iptl '...xtqa' zxin` micwn ldwd u"yd zxfga] : daey zaya
azM pe xkGp daFh dqpx tE mFlWe dkx A miIg xtq A "
ii dY` KExA
":mFlWl E miIg l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l FOrz
` Kx an d
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlXA l`x Ui
iWt pe mCz iWt p illw n le dnx n xAC n izt U E rx n ipFWl xvp i l `
ilr miaW Fgdlke iWt p sCxY Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr M
Lpini orn l dUr Ln W orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dx dn drx
dri WFd Li cic i oEv
lg i or
nl f:q mildz :Lz xFY orn l dUr Lz X cw orn l dUr
:il` b
e ixEv
n` | oFv xl Eidi eh:hi :ippre eppre L
pin i
mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet
:on` Exn` e :l`x
UilMlr e Epilr
: xneè h`l swef
:Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze Epin ia dx
dn A WC wO d ziA dpA iW
ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc ar
p mWe
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E
DzErx k `x aC `nlr
A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC wz
ie lC i 13 12 rxek ofg
Bz
:aixw onfa E `lbr
`Vpz
ie mnFxz ie x`R z ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek ofg
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek ofg `Wc wC DinW lNd z ie dNrz ie xC
dz ie
`z xi
We `z k x
AlMn (`NrlE mitiqen lhe myb zelitz ixgè xetk meie dpyd y`xa) `Nr l
n` C `z n gpe `z g A W
Y
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e xneè eiptl dgeye
.xetk mei cr engp zayn mi`xep mini ly oebipa sqen zltz xg` yicwd obpn ofgd12.
,yceg y`x oebk zecgein zezay daxd cera oke ,zqpkd zial dàd zclei ceakl sqen ixg` yicwa mipbpn 13.
.leg did m` oepgz oi`y mini x`yae ,zereay iptl ,mixet ,dkepg ,oqip ,zeiyxt 'c
_______________________________________________
185
dltzd meiq aeh meile zayl sqen
dlitzd meiq
1
According to fpky` bdpn, boys under devn xa do not lead any dlitz.
3 2
.dnirpa mixne` 'epicl` oi`' gay
WFnM oi`
:Epri EpM ln M oi` EppFc`M oi` Epil`M oi` 4
:Epri WFnk in EpM ln k in
EppFc`k in Epil`k in
:Epri
WFnl dcF p EpM ln l dcF p EppFc`l dcF p Epi l`l dcF
p
WFn KEx
:Epri A EpM ln KExA EppFc` KExA Epil` KExA
EppFc` Èd d Y` Epil` Èd dY`
WFn Èd d
:Epri Y` EpM ln Èd dY`
:miOQ d zxh w z` Lipt l Epiz Fa` Exih w d W
Èd dY `
zeipynd mixne`y oebipa zxhwd meht xnì
.e zezixk zkqn cenlz
:z h wd mEHR 5
.dpn mira W mira W lwW n ,dpFaNd e [c] ,dpA lgd e [b] ,o R Sd e [a] ,ixSd [`]
.dpn xUr dXW xUr dXW lwW n ,mMx ke [g] ,CxpzlA W [f] ,dri
vw E [e] ,xFn [d]
,oiAw dr WY dpiWxM zi A .dr WY oFnPw e [ì] ,d lW dtENwe [i] ,xUr mipW h Td [h]
,wiY r oix
Eg xng ìan ,oiqix
tw oii Fl oi` mè ,`z lY oiAw e `z
lY oi`q oiqixtw oii
oCxId zRM s` :xnF` ozp iax .ÈdW lM oWr dlr n ,(aTd ) r x ,zinFcq gln
.dzi
n aIg ,dipO q lMn zg` xQg mè .Dlq R ,WaC DA ozp mè ,ÈdW lM
.shT d ivr n shFPd sx U `N` Fpi` ix Sd :xnF` lìln B oA oFrnW oAx
FA oixFX W ,oiqix tw oii .d`p `dY W ic M ,oxR Sd z` DA oitX W ,dpiWx M zi A
oiqipk n oi`W `N` ,Dl oiti milbx in `lde .dGr `dY W ic M ,oxR Sd z`
.cFaMd ipR n dxfr
A milbx in
ìvFn
Fpi` ,xaCA aiIEgn Fpi` W lM ,llM d df .oz
aFg ici miA xd z` oiì
vFn
oi` oh w[
e dhFW
Wxg] . . . 1.
(hk sc dpyd y`x 'g dpyn) .oz aFg ici miA xd z`
2. Preceding epicl`k oi` with the three miweqt, cel` in ik ,'ck yecw oi` ,'c l` dew, is a l"fix` bdpn
not fpky` bdpn.
g"i ly 'f wx `"` h"eiae zezayae .mei lka xnel miaiigc zekxa d`n meyn epicl`k oi` ly `nrh xwir 3.
xn` eli`k iede dz` jexa k"gè ,minrt rax` cg` lk dcep in oi` .on` a"i epicl`k oià ecqiizpe dltzc
(l"ixdn) .ixhie xefgna èd oke ,h"i oipind zkxa mr zekxa g"i ixd 'f jpiè minrt a"i on`p jln l` dz` jexa
.micgein mipebipa 'epicl`k oi`' mixnfn miaeh miniae mi`xepd minia 4.
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'epicl`k oi`' mixne` 'lhe myb zelitz' xg`
5. zxehwd meht was never said on weekdays in fpky`, because it would not be recited properly.
_______________________________________________
186
.g"i wxt mixteqe ,cinz zkqn seq dpyn

:WC
wO d ziaA mix
nF` Eid mIeld W
xiXd
:Da iaW ie la Y D`FlnE ux` d iil `:ck mixnF` Eid oFW`x d mFIA
:FW cwxd Epi l ` xir A c` n lNdn E ii lF B a:gn mixnF` Eid ipX
A
:hR Wi mi l ` a w A l`zcrA aSp mi l ` a:at mix
nF` Eid iWilX A
:ri
t Fd zFn wp l` ii zFnwpl` `:cv mix
nF` Eid iriax
A
:aw ri il`l Erix d EpGEr mi l`l Epipx d a:`t mix
nF` Eid iWing A
xG` z
d fr ii Wa l Wal zE` B Kln ii `:bv mixnF` Eid iXX A
:hFO YlA la Y oFMY s`
:zA X d mFil xiW xFnfn `:av mixnF` Eid zAX A
:minlFrd iIg l dgEpnE zAW FNMW mFil àl cizr l xiW xFnfn
mlFrA mFlW miAx n mink g ici
nlY :`pipg iax xn` xfr l` iax xn` cq zekxa 'nb
KipFA `N` KipA `x wY l` :KipA mFlW ax e ii icEO
l KipA lke bi:cp diryi :xn`PW
KligA mFlW id i h-f:akw :lFW
kn Fnloi` e LzxFz ia d ` l ax mFlW dqw:hiw mildz g"ew
Epil ` iiziA or nl :KA mFlW `Pdx Ac` irx e ig ` orn l :Kiz Fpnx
À delW

:mFl a FO rz
l fr i i ì:hk :Kl aFh dWw a `
.cg` la`n xzei yi m` mezi yicw xn`p
i rxek (ohw) mezi
:aix w onfa E `lbr
i rxek (ohw) mezi
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
on Àx `nlW `di
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
_______________________________________________
187
.'epilr' mixne` jk xgè (349 'nr) dltzd seqa milne 'epilr' z` oiblcn zqpkd ziaa dlin yiyk
epilr is only recited just before leaving the synagogue.
Therefore, it is postponed in case of dlin zixa.
iiFbM EpU r `NW ziW`x

A xvFil dNc
B zzl lMd oFc`l g A W
l Epilr
Epl be mdM Epw
lg mU `NW :dnc
`d zFgRW
n M Epn U `le zFvx
`d
:ri
n E k:dn diryi wix
e ladl mieg Y W
n mdW
:mpFndlkM
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln ipt l swef micFnE
mieg Y W
n E mirxFM
rxek Epgp` e
ida bA FGr zpikW
E lrO n min X
A Fxwi aWFnE u x
` c ie m in W
dhFp bi:`p ÈdW
:FzxFz
A aEzMM FzlEf qt` EpM ln zn` cFr oi` Epi l
` Èd :minFxn
lrO n min X
A mi l
`d Èd ii iM L
aa ll` aW
d e mFId Y
r cie hl:c mixac
:cFr oi` zgYn u` d lr

e
milENB xiar
dl LGr zx` t z A dx
dn zF`x
l Epi l
` ii LN dEw p oMlr
xUa ipA lke :iC
W zEkln A mlFr oTz l oEzx
Mi zFxM milil`d e ux` d on
laz iaW
FilM Erc
ie ExiM i :ux` ir
Wxl
M Lil` zFptd l Ln W
a E`x
wi
ElR
ie Erx
ki Epi l
` ii Lipt l :oFW
llM raX
Y KxA lM rx
kY bk:dn diryi Ll iM
mdilr Klnz
e Lz Ekln lrz` mNk ElAw ie :EpY i xwi LnW
cFakle
:cFakA Klnz
e cr inlFr
lE ìd LNW
zEklO d iM :cr
e mlFrl dx
dn
5
:cr
e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny :Lz xFz
A aEzMM )
6
(:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
xg` llk yicw `"` (a 'irq ,dp 'iq 'miig xewn' xtqa xiì zegd ,cky q"eq gwexd xtq ,hv 'iq ixhie xefgna oiir) 5.
s` xn`pe jzxeza aezkk xn`y) yicw xnel oi` - (n"ca y"ire b"lw oniq) xehe gwex ,ixhie xefgna d"ke 'epilr'
.(f 'iq ,g"e` ,c"g milrt ax z"ey ig yi` oad azk jk) 'epilr' xg` l"fix`d zrcl mb(y xn` èd ,ok it lr
yeal y"nk mrhd l"pe .epilr xg` yicw 'ixne` oi`y hxeawpxe w"w dt epbdpn h"p oniq une` sqei 'k 6.
'iwxtl `l` mei lka exn`l l"d `l lecb gayl eze` 'iayegy oeiky 'eke zexinf mirp` oipra b"lw g"`
eigaya xtql e"a jlna 'it` xqend jxc df oi` ik scbne sxgn f"d mei lka lld xne`d lk l"fx`y c"re
(156 sc zldw ixac) .uvelzne xnfnk mdita f` didie zeixad ita k"k mlibcdl `ly ick mei lka 'ilecbd
_______________________________________________
188
zayd meil cegid xiy
7
zayd meil cegid xiy
,lega cegid xiy xnel mibdep oi`y ozeà elitè zeldwd aexa
.zexinf mirp` eixg` mipbpne zayl cegid xiy mixne` zaya mewn lkn
.ldwd iweqt z` mb xnel ofgle ,ofgd iweqt z` mb ygla xnel ldwl ie`xe
:Yk x
A oMlr zAX
d mFi Y g p iriaX
d mFIA f` ofg
:dkEk x
ai zrl
kA Lici
qg dkExr dNd Y l Rl
Mlr
e ldw
:mlFr Kln E miIg mi l
` mNM xvFi ii KExA ofg
:Lic
qg e Lin g x ax Lic
arl
r mlFrn iM ldw
z ilr
p c`n iM ri
cFd
l z FNgd mix
vn a E ofg
:mdi làE milFcB miht W
mdA zFUr
A mi l
`lM lr ldw
:E`xi
Ie dlFcBd cId E`x LOr sEqmi Lr
wa A ofg
:Klc
B zF`x
dl zx` t Y e mW Kl zFUr
l LOr Y
bd p ldw
:min Ethp miar
d mbe min X
d on mOr Y xA c
e ofg
:xar `l Wi` dIv ux
À xAc
OA mY
kl Y
rc
i ldw
:min xEvnE x`W
xtr
ke min W
obC LOr
l dYY ofg
:miO`
l lnr
e mvx
` EWxi
i miOr miAx miFB WxbY ldw
:zFxFdh zFxn` ii zFxn` zFxFze miTg ExnW
i xEar
A ofg
:onW
iblR xEv Winlg n E onW
drx
nA EpCrz
Ieldw
:LW
C
wn ziA Ex`t ie LW
c
w xir EpA mgEpA ofg
:Kx
a` Kx
A Dci
v mini - Kx`
l aW` dR xn`Y
e ldw
:wcvEWAl i LipM s` wcviga f EgAfi mW iM ofg
:ExiW
i s` ErrFx
z i Ll ExOfi zFnirp ieNd ziaE ldw
7. In those zelidw where cegid xiy is said daily they should continue saying it. Those zelidw
which do not, do not have to begin saying it. cegid xiy was said on zay by most zelidw, since
a) one has more time, and b) it is short. According to some miwqet, it is not recommended to
recite either cegid xiy or ceakd xiy without a oipn.
_______________________________________________
189
zayd meil cegid xiy
:ii LnW
EcFie EcAk i ii i`x
ie l`x
Ui ziA ofg
:mipFxg` l mB aihiY oM mipFW`x
l `n zFai
hd ldw
:Epiz Fa`lr Y U U
xW` M Epilr `p UiUY ii ofg
:aihiz iM mlFrl LldcFp
e aihidlE zFAx
dl Epz F` ldw
:`x
wp LnW
d ilr iM dx
dn Lxi
r dpa Y ii ofg
:DAx
wA ii mlFrl oMWz
e DA g inv Y ceC oxw
e ldw
:dgpn axr
Y mcw inik e dgA fp dOW
wc
v iga f ofg
:LpFvx zFUr
l mivt g iM LipR xFÀ LOr Kx
aE ldw
:EplM LOr `phAd Epv t g dUr
Y LpFvx
aE ofg
:dlQ Lz k x
a LOrl
r dNbq mr
l Ll zFid EpY x
gA ldw
:LY x
`t Y mWl lNd pE LzNd Y xRq p cinz e ofg
:K an Kx
aYx
W` lMz` iM K ai LOr Lz
kx
An E ldw
:ià v inilM Edk x
a` e i`xFA
dlld ` icFr
A ip` eofg
:mlFrdcr
e mlFrdon mlFrl K an ii mW idi ldw
ExnÌe mlrd cr
e mlFrd on l` x
Ui i l
` ii KEx
A el:fh '` d"c :aEzMM g"ew
Kx
an `dlìC DnW
èdl xn ` e lÌpc dpr k:a lìpc :iil lNd e on ` mr
dlk
:ìd Dl iC `z xE a
bE `zn k g iC `nlrc
r
e `nlro
n
dIcF
d dia x
W dipa W
g ipA lìnc
we rE
W
i mIeld Ex
nÌe d:h dingp :xn`pe
L aM mW
Ekxa ie mlFrd cr mlFrd on mk idl
` iiz` EkxA EnEw dig z t dipa W

:dNd zE
dkx
AlMlr mnFxnE
n ` e ml Frd cr
e | ml Frdon l` x
Ui i l
` iiKEx
A gn:ew mildz :xn`pe
ldT d lM ipir
l i iz` ci
eC Kxaie bii:hk '` d"c :xn`pe :DiElld on ` mr
dlM
:mlFrcr
e mlFrn Epia ` l` x
Ui i l
` ii dY` KEx
A cieC xnÌe
_______________________________________________
190
zayd meil ceakd ixiy
8
ceakd xiy
.da sehr epi` m` ,zilha shrzn ceakd xiy ceakl ycewd oex` z` xbeqe gzetd
:miàd (i-f:ck mildz) miweqtd z` ygla mixne` yi ycewd oex` zgizta
:cFa
Md Kln `Fa
ie mlFr ig z
R EÙPd e mk iW`x | mixr
W E`
U
:dn g ln xFA
B i i xFA
be fEGr ii | cFa M d Kln df in
:cFa
Md Kln à
ie mlFr ig z
R E` E mk iW`x | mixr
W E`
U
:dlq cFa
Md Kln Èd zF`
av ii | cFa
Md Kln df Èd in
.ldwd iweqt z` mb xnel ofgle ,ofgd iweqt z` mb ygla xnel ldwl ie`xe
9
:bFxr
z iWt p Lil` iM bFx`` mixi
We zFxinf mirp` ofg
:LcFq
fxl
M zrc
l Lc
i lvA dc
ng iWt p ldw
:LicFCl
` iAl dnFd LcFa
kA ix
Ac iC
n ofg
:zFcic
i ixi
WA cAk ` LnW
e zFcAk p LA xAc
` oMlr ldw
:LiY r c
i `le LPk ` LOc
` Liz i`x `le LcFa Rq `
M dx ofg
:LcFd
cFaM xc
d zi
O C ar cFqA Li` iap ciA ldw
Lic
:Lz Nr
R sz
l EPM Lz xEa NcB ofg
bE Lz
:LiU r
n itl LEeWIe EOCldw
LWiitk `le LzF`
:zFpFinCl
kA cg` LPd zFpFifg axA LEliWn d ofg
:zExgW
e daiUA LW`x xr
UE zExga E dpw f La EfgIeldw
:ax Fl eic
i zFngln Wi`M w mFiA zExga E oiC mFiA dpw f ofg
ax
:FWc
w rF
xfE Fpini FN dri
W Fd i raFM Wag ldw
FW`xA drEW
8. Recently discovered manuscripts of ceakd xiy reveal that what was originally thought to be a
ciqgd dcedi 'x composition, was composed by an earlier ohiit. mibdpn vary regarding where
it is sung, a) before zixgy aeh meie zay, b) after sqen aeh meie zay, c) daily, d) after zixgy zay
before dxezd zìxw. It is included in all miidprciid ee"x ixefgn for miaeh mini, and the mixeciq,
l`xyi zcear (Baer) and the zn` zty after sqen zay (zldw ixac pg. 76 [g"rwz zpy])
.mi`xep mini oebipa 'ceakd xiy' mixne` 'lhe myb zelitz' xgè xetk meiae dpyd y`xa 9.
_______________________________________________
191
zayd meil ceakd ixiy
:dlil iqiq x eizFSew E `ln p FW`x zFxF` illh

ofg
:iav zxh r
l iNdid i Ède iAutg iM iAx`R z ildw
:FWc
w mW cFaM gvn lr wge FW`x zEnC fR xFdh mzM
ofg
:dx
hr dx
Hr Fl FzO` `t z iav cFaklE ogl ldw
dx
:zFxgW miNY lY eizFS
ew ga iniaM FW`x zFtlg n
zFx ofg
:Fzgn U W`xlr `P dlr
i `t z iav wcSd dep ldw
FYx
:zx` t z iav dkEln sipv E zxh r Fcia idY FzNbq ofg
:mc
AM eipir
A Exwi xW` n Pr zxh r mÙ p miqEnrldw
mc
:eil` i`x
wA il` aFxwe `t E ilr Fx`R
eilr ix ofg
:mFc
`n F`FaA Fkxc
a dxER
mc` FWEall mFcè gv
ldw
:eipir cbpl ii zpEnY epr d oilitY xWwofg
l d`x
:x`R z
dl mA zFNdY aWFi A dvFx ldw
x`t i miepr FOr
:WFxC LWxFC
mr xFce xFC W`xn `xFw aC W`x ofg
zn` Lx
:Lil` ax
wY iz
Px
e W oFnd ziW
Lilr `p ixi ldw
:z h
w oFMY izNt zE
zxh r LW`xl idY izNd Y
ofg
:LipA x
wlr xWEi xiWM Lipir
A Wxz W xwiY
xi ldw
:xiAM wiC
v cilFnE llFgn xiAW
n W`xl dlr
z izk x
A ofg
:W`x minU a M Ll gw DzF`
e W`x il rpr
pz iz
kx
aa E ldw
:Lil` bxr
z iWt p iM Lilr igiU `p axr
i ofg
.mxne`l ebdp `le ,ce`n zxge`n ztqez md ,ceakd xiy xg` minieqn mixeciqa eqtcpy miweqtd
.mei ly xiy zxinà mikiynne mezi yicw mixne` oi`

_______________________________________________
192
dltzd meiq zayl sqen
mei ly xiy
FAW W w zAX
mFi mFId
:WC
wO A mix
xA A ciBd l :oFilr L nW l xOflE iil zF dl aFh :zA X d mFil xiW xFnfn av
ii ipY g O U iM :xFPk A oFiBd ilr lapilre xFUri lr :zFliNA L z pEn è L
Cqg
:Li aWg n Ew nr c` n ii LiUrn ElcBdn :oPx ` Li ci iUr nA Llrt A
EvivIe aUr FnM | mir W x xtA :z`fz` oia i`l liq E r ci `l xr AWi`
dPd iM i i Lia i` dPd iM :ii mlrl mFx n dY` e :cri cr m cnX d l oe` il Rl
M
:oprx onW A i NA ipx w mi` x M mxY e :oe` il R lM Ec xR z i Ecaì Lia i`
f` M g xti xn Y M wiC v :ipf` dprnW Y mir xn ilr minT A i xEW A ipir hAY e
daiUA oEaEp i cFr :Egix ti Epi l
` zFxvg A ii zia A milEzW :dBU i oFpa NA
:FA dzler dzlr`le ixE v ii xW iiM ciBd l :Eidi miPprxe mipW C
(.mila` ipyn xzei yi m` mezi yicw xn`p)
,bt xenfn mei ly xiy xg` mei lka xnel ,n"ctt w"wa mb ,zelidw daxda mibdep
.oepgz mixne` oi`y minia exn`l oi`y zelidw daxd bdpne
:l` hw WYl
è Wx gYl
` KlinCl ` mi l ` :sq ` l xFn fn xiW bt
Ev riz
ie cFq Enixri LOrl r :W`x EÙp Li` pU E oEindi LiaiF` dPd iM
al Ev rF p iM :cFr l` x UimW xkGi`le iFBn mci gk pe Ekl Ex n` :LipEtvlr
wln re oFOre la B :mix bd e a`Fn mil`r nW ie mFc` ild` :Ezxki zix A Lil r eCgi
mdldU r :dlq hFlipa l rF xf Eid mOr del p xEX`mB :xFv iaW imr zWl R
Fnz iW :dn c `l o C Eid x`Coi r a Ec nW p :oFWi w lgpA oia ik ` xqiqM oic
nM
z EpN dWxi p Exn xW` :Fnk iqplM rPn lv E gafk E a`fk e arM Fnaic p
da dl E xrixr aY W`M :gExi pt l Ww M lBlBk FnziW i l ` :mi l ` zF` p
w a ie oFlw mdipt `Nn :mld a z L z t EqaE L xrq A mt CxY oM :mix d hdlY
LCal ii L nW dY ìM Er c ie :Eca ìe Ex Rg ie cri cr Eld A ie EWai :ii L nW
:ux` d lMlr oFilr
.la` my oi` m` elit` xn`p mezi yicw
_______________________________________________
193
dltzd meiq zayl sqen

i rxek (ohw) mezi
:aix w onfa E `lbr
i rxek (ohw) mezi
ie xC
dz
ie
`z n gpe `z g A W
on Àx `nlW `di
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
German zelidw which follow oilet bdpn, chant (3 'nr) mler oec`, at the end of sqen zltz on zay.
No additional mixenfn (i.e. yceg y`x - iytp

ikxa or dkepg - kpgxiy xenfn)

are to be included within xeaiva dlitz.
.dixg` dkxa oi`y iptn ,dltzd xg` `xza 'ekxa' mixne` oi` mlerl
.dxdei iede miciqg bdpn èd ik ,zeltzd ixg` 'iryie ixe`

'c | cecl' xenfn xnel oi`
xge`n bdpn .a .ze`zaya ceygd mini zngn wtwetn exewn .` mixg` minrh yi)
.oey`xd mrhd llba ezxin`n mirpnp miciqgd zecrn miax .c zereawd zelitzd lr mixenfn siqedl oi` .b
(.dltzd ixg` dpyd lk exn`l creiny `"i .d .mipniz y"ke lawzd `l llk micxtqd lvè
dyxc e` xeriy lk xg` .dkld e` dpyn micnel ea ,zqpkd ziaa xvw xeriy miiwzn dltzd xg` cin
.'eke 'dvx xn` ìywr oa ìppg iax' xnel oinicwnd yi `zzrnye dklda xeriy xg` .opaxc yicw mixne`
.ef dxin` ekixvd `l `zcbà dyxc xg`
,zay i`venae xweaa zay ,zay lila ,dltzd xg` miaeh miniae zezaya miclid z` jxal mibdep
.mdizea`n dkxa milawn milecbd mipad mbe ,zial dqipka e` zqpkd zian dìvi mxh
:d`le lgx dwa x dxUM mi l ` KnU i zepal | dXpn k e mx t` M mi l ` L nU i k:gn ziy`xa mipal
nW
_______________________________________________
194
dax yeciw xcq miaeh miniae zay
dax yeciw xcq

1
reci bdpn dzid `le dilhi` ipa zvwne `vpiaext ipa bdpn èti` dzid ìdd zra 'exnye' zxin`
.xweaa dpey`x ycwne zay lila yciw `ly in iabl wx 'exnye' zxin` xikfd l"ixdnd .cxtqe fpky` ipa axwa
:mlFr zixA m c l zAX
d z` zFU rl zAX
d z` l`x
Uiipa Ex
nW
e fi-fh::`l zeny :zaya
mFIaE ux` d zè min X
d z` ii dUr min i zWW iM mlrl èd zF` l` x
Ui ipA oiaE ipiA
:Wt PIe zaW
ir iaX
d
a rY min i zWW :FW C wl zA X d mFiz` xFk f ì-g:k zeny :zaya
dk `ln lk dU rz `l Li l
` iil | A W ir iaX d mFie :L Y k `ln lM z U r e
minizWW iM :Lix r
WA x W` L xbe LY
nda E L z n ` e L C
ar LY aE
Lpa E | dY `
iri
aX d mFIA gpIe mA xW` lMzè mId z` ux` d zè min X d z` i i dU r
:EdW
C
wie zAX d mFiz` ii Kx A oM lr
2
:l` x
Ui ipA l` ii ic nz
` d n xA c
ie cn:bk `xwie :milbx ylya
3
:EpBg mFil dqM A xtFW W g a Er wY c:`t mildz :dpyd y`xa
:aw ri i l`l hR W
n Èd l` x
Uil wg iM
:xetk meia milke`d milege micli
:Exd h Y ii ipt l mk iz`H
g lMn mkz
` xd h l mkilr xRk i dGd mFIa iM l:fh `xwie
:'mipdk' mixikfn `l 'axd epixen dxen' yi m`
:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n [mipM e` ax d EpixFn
dxFn zEWx
A] ix
aq
4
:otbd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
.dpyn mgl lr jxan jk xgè dkxa ly qekn zezyl oiaeqnl mb ozepe ayein dzeye

d mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
.cgè cg` lkl dqext oiaeqnl ozie lkìe oeilrd mgl lr rveae
:mixne` la`d lv` :(dl) el mixne` dlegd oixwanyk
mgpNn ìd zAW
wFrfNn ìd zAW

:mFlXA EzaW e àl daFxw dngpe :mFlXA EzaW
e àl daFxw dÈtxE
1. The miweqt of exnye and zayd mei z` xekf are said while standing, however the dkxa of ixt `xea
otbd is recited seated. One can hold the yeciw cup either in ones palm (dlaw it lr) or not.
(`l sc dlibn dpyn) .FPn f A cg ` e cg ` lM ozF`
oixFw Eid IW oz
ev n 2.
. . . ?od O r zAW aiz k d e . . . od O r ziW`
xA zAW dxn `
p `le ,Exn `
p ic
rFn ,xnF` ililB d iqFi
ia x ,ìp Y
(.`kw `xza àa ,.gr mixcp 'nb) .oiC ziA WEciw dkixv oi` ziW` xA zAW ,oiC ziA WECiw oiki
xv 'c ic
rFn
. . . mixER
M d mFi cr e dpy d W`xn ,Fl miaEv w mc` lW eizFpFf n lM ,d` fFg i` pa xC DEg
` `t ilg Y ax ipY 3.
df xnF`
ied ,FA dQ Mz n Wcgd W bg Edfi` ':EpBg mFil dqM A W g a xtFW Er wY ' ?D` xw i`n ,EdA` ia x xn `
?Èd ipFfn C `pXi
l wg i`d C rn W n i`n ':aw ri i cl`
l hR W n Èd l` x Uil wg iM ' aiz kE .dpW d W`x
(.fr dvia 'nb) .(ak:fn ziy`xa) ' r x R mdl ozp xW ` mT gz` Elk ` e' :aiz k C
4. Until 300 years ago both otBd and otBd were used, in the past otBd was used more than otBd ,
however, the printers of more recent mixeciq stuck to otBd (since it is the end of the dkxa).
_______________________________________________
195
aeh meile zayl dgpn dgpn
. zayl dgpn zltz

1
(mcxhynà mibdep/ebdp jky zexnl) .(10 'nr) cinzd zyxta ligzn dltz lrad zelidw zvwna
2
.zay oebipa mixn`p 'oeivl àe' 'ixy`' milbx ylyae dlirp xetk meia dpyd y`xa
Fi ix
W` d:ct
:ei l
` iiW
EriA i L aEha
ein g x
wc
ve
l :ExA c i L z xEa
bE
eiad `l
.'oeivl àe' obpne dazd iptl xaere zqpkd zia zilha shrzn dltz lrad zaya
:ii m`
p w riA r t iaW lE l` FB oFIvl àE 3 `k-k:hp diryi [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
Lit A iY nU xW` ix acE Lil r xW` ig Ex i i xn ` mzF`
iz ix A z`f ip` e
:mlFrcr e dY rn i i xn ` Lrxf rxf iR n E L rxf iR n E LiRn EWEn i`l
xn ` e dfl` df `x
we b:e diryi :l` x
Ui zFNd Y aW
Fi WFc w dY` e c:ak mildz
1. This was the bdpn in oilxa which was instituted by Professor Abraham Berliner and this is still
the bdpn of Golders Green Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in Golders Green, London.
.zaya lgy s` k"ia 'ixne` oi` 'ebe 'izNt z ip` e' la` .dlirp iptl cr 'eke oeivl àe 'ebe ixy` mixne` oi` 2.
'ebe izltz ipè weqt 'ixneè" a"vx g"` yeal y"n micw` ?eze` 'ixne` zaya lgy h"iay s` ,enrh oiadle
r"yax d"ad iptl cec xn` 'ebe izltz ipè dixza aizke xky izey zepibpe xry iayei ia egiyi yxcnd t"r
n"n ,'ebe izltz ipè epizyy t"r` `l` ok `l epè 'ifgete 'ikled 'ixkzyne 'izeyyky d"` x`yk ef dne` oi`
dgpn onfa jk lk zexky giky oi` 'dl eivg h"ia opirac l"wc oeikc xnel il xyt` 'eke eze` 'ixne` oi` h"ia
(308 sc zldw ixac) ."zaya
3. Due to the multitude of zelitz either during zixgy aeh mei or zixgy zay (unlike yceg y`x),
oeivl àe is delayed until dgpn.
_______________________________________________
196
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF`
av ii WFcw WFc
w | WFc
w ldwe dltz lra
:oix
n` e oiCo
caFr `rx
`lr WiC
w DY pikW
ziA `nFxn inW
A WiC
w [ygla] ldwe dltz lra
:Dx
wi eif `rx
`lk ìln zFàv ii Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr
l WiC
w DY xEa
B
lFc
B Wr
x lFw ix
g` rn W
è g Ex ip` V Y
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ldwe dltz lra
ìBq ri
f lw ixz
A zirn W
E `gEx ipz lh pE [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
:DY
pikW
ziA xz` n iic `x
wi Kix
A :oix
n` e oigA W
n C
:cr
e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny ldwe dltz lra
md x
a` i l
` i i gi:hk '` d"c :Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr
l DzEk
ln ii ygla mixne` ldw
LOr aa l zFaWg n xvil ml Frl z`Gdx

nW Epi a` l`x
Uie wgv i
aiW
d l dA x
de zig W
i`le oFr xRk i | mEg x Èd
e gl:gr mildz :Lil` maa l okd e
:Li` xwl
kl cqga
xe gNq e aFh ipc` dY ` iM d:et :Fz
ng lM xir i `le FR
`
mdx
a` l cg aw ril zn ` oYY k:f dkin :zn ` L z xFz
e mlFrl wc
v Lz
wc
v anw:hiw
l`d Epl qnri mFi | mFi ipc` KEx
A k:gq mildz :mcw inin Epi a`l Y
rAW
pxW`
:dlq aw ri i l
av ii g:en :dlq Epz rE
W
i
:Ep` x
W Fd ii i:k :KA g A mc
i
xW` zF`
av ii bi:ct
zn` zxFY
Epl ozpe mirFYdon EpliC
ad e FcFakl Ep` x
AW Epi l
` Èd KExA
d`x
ilE Fzad ` l EpA l mUie FzxFz
A EpA l gYt i Èd Epk FzA rhp mlFr iIg e
:dld Al clp `le wix
l rbip `l orn l mlW
aala Fcar
lE FpFvx zFUr
l FzF`
_______________________________________________
197
dGd mlFrA LiT g xnWPW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:Àd mlFrd iIg lE g iW O d zFni ipW l dkx
aE daFh Wxi pe d`x pe dig pe dMfpe
xaB d KEx A f:fi dinxi :JcF` mlFrl i l ` ii mC i `le cFak L x Ofi or nl bi:l
i i DiA iM cri cr iia Egh A c:ek diryi :Fg ha n ii did e iiA gha i xW`
:ii LiW xc Y fr`
:xiC
ìe dxFY liCbi Fw c
.leg oebipa lega lgy milbx ylye dpyd y`xa yicw ivg
.zay oebipa zaya lgy milbx ylye dpyd y`xa yicw ivg
ie lCBz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i rxek dltz lra
`z n gpe `z g A W Y `z xi
We `z k x
AlMn (`NrlE mitiqen xetk meie dpyd y`xa) `Nr l
.(266 'nr) milbx ylyl dltza mikiynn lega lgy aeh meia
.eixg` dper ldwde 'izltz ipè' dltz lrad obpn ycewd oex` zgizt mcew zaya
:Lr
Wi znÀ ipp r L
Cqg ax ` oFv x zr i i | LlizNt z ip` e 5 4 ci:hq mildz
A mi l
4. Others feast, and take their feast as an occasion for lewd conversation and drunken
carousing like that at yexeyg`'s banquet. They give sway to their rude passions and rebel
against God. Of Israel, however, it is said, 'Y c tqi 'c iFBl Y t q i', You, Eternal, have
Ak p iFBl Y
caused this nation to increase, and have accordingly been honored. (Isaiah 26:15). When
Israel eats and drinks, they acknowledge that all good comes from His hand. Thus, at dgpn
on zay, having eaten and drunk our zay feast, we recite, L Cqg ax A mil ` oFv x zr 'c | LlizNt z ip` e
:Lr
Wi znÀ ipp r.
After eating is a time favorable for our prayer, just like before eating.
The gwex notes that the weqt immediately before this one says,':xk W
izFW zFpibpE xr
W iaW i'
i ia EgiU
Those who sit in the gates are talking about me; I have become the subject of drunken
melodies. (Psalm 69:13). Instead of relaxing after drinking into rxd oeyl and cruel jokes,
no matter how musical, we are moved to prayer by our bodily satisfaction.
What is the time of favor for our prayer? All twelve hours in the day, and all twelve
in the night, as the twelve words in the weqt (izltz ipè) signify. This fact is also known from
the weqt (f:c mixac), ':eil` Ep`x
wlkA Epi l
` iiM eil` mi xw mi l
` FlxW` lFc M' .
B iFbin i
(:g zekxa 'nb) .oilN R z n xEAv d W drW A ?'oFv x zr' iz ni
` ,'oFv x zr 'c | LlizNt z ip` e' ?aiz k C i`n 5.
_______________________________________________
198
dizekxae dzìxw dxezd xtq z`ved zayl dgpn
.mixihtn oiè ,dàd zayd ly `xciqd y`xa miyp` 'b ea mi`xewe dxez xtq miìven dgpn zaya
,dlilbe ddabd ,dqpkde d`ved ilra mde ,zilha mithrzn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn iyer lke dxezl milerd
.dlà `veike 'ceakd xiy'l ycewd oex` igzet mdenke ,iyily e` ipy dxez xtq i`yep ,obq lra
,dxezd zìxwa dgpna zqpkd ziaa devn el yiy in . . . elld zepicna" ,zexec ipn fpky` zevetza laewn bdpn
dpi` zilh ztihr df bdpn ly enrh oiadl lw (xiì zeg) ."u"yc dyecwd xg` cr dgpn zltzn shern x`yp
zevx`d aexa .zilh opirl dgpnl zixgy oia wlgl daiq oi` dltzd zeaiyg cvne ,`wec zixgy zlitz ipicn
,fpkyày epizeax ebidnd mipt lk lr .xeaivd lr gixhdl `ly ick dgpna lecb zilh ztihr epizeax ebidpd `l
.`wec dyecw xg` cr dze` heyti `l ,dgpn ly dxezd zìxw zngn zilha shrzd xaky in ik
dltzd xwiry epizeax exaqy oilitz oiprl dnec df ?dltzd seq cr zilhd zhiyta oipiznn md oi` dn iptn
xeaivd aex zay ly dgpnay oeik ,eppiprl mb jk .dfl xarn jynp epi` oilitze zilh zgpd aege dyecw cr èd
.dltzd xwirn xzei zilh sehira jiyndl dxezd ilerl ebidpd `l ,zilha shern epi`
:LipR n Li`pU
n Eqpie Lia ` Evt
ie i i | dn Ew d n xnÌe ox`d q pA id ie dl:i xacna
:mlW
Exi
n iixacE dxFz
`v Y oFISn iM b:a diryi
:FzXc
wA l`x
Ui FOr
l dxFY
ozPW
KExA
: dnirpa xne` dltz lrad
:eC
gi | Fn
B c:cl mildz
uxà E min X
A lkiM cFd
de gvPd e zx` t Y
de d
xEaBd e dN c
Bd ii L
l ì:hk '` d"c
:W`xl | lkl `Vpz
Od e dk ln O d ii L
l
:Èd WFc
w eil bx mc
dl EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx d:hv mildz
:Epi l
` ii WF w iM FW c
w xd l EegY W
de Epi l
` ii En
nFx h:hv

` zix
A xMfie miqEnr mr mgx
i Èd ming x
d a`
d xviA xr
bie zFrx
d zFrXd on
:ming x
e drEW
i daFh dC
nA Epiz Fl`W
n `Nn ie
_______________________________________________
199
(dazd on wgxd zqpkd zia jezay) lcbnd lr dltz lrad ribda

l`x
Ui ziA FOr zhilt E Epz h lR ogie aFxw onfA Epilr FzEkln d`xz
e dlBz
e
Epi l`l l b Ead lMd :(on` ldw) on` xn`pe :oFvxlE ming xlE cqglE ogl
dxFY
ozPW
KExA oMd ipelt 'xa ipelt 'x cnr
i ax
w o M :dxFY
l cFak EpzE

ii zEcr Wtp zaiW
n dninY ii z
xFY h-g:hi mildz :FzXc
wA l`x
Ui FOr
l
:mipir z
xi`n dx
A ii zev n aligO U
n mix
Wi ii i
cETR :iz R zniM g n dpn `p
ii zx
n` FMxC min Y l
`d `l:gi :mFl a FO rz
` Kx
ai | i i oYi FO r
l fr i i ì:hk
:FAmi
gd | lk
l Èd obn dtExv
:mFId mkNMmi
Ig mkidl
` iiA miw a C
d mY
è c:c mixac :eicgi dltz lrae ldw
.(371 'nr) zaya dgpnl zeiyxtd xcq d`x
:K and iiz` Ekx

A xne` jxand
:cr
: jiynn jxand
miOr
` ii dY
` KExA
:dxFY
d ozFp ii dY
` KExA :FzxFYz
` Eplozpe
zn` zxFY
` ii dY
` KExA
:dxFY
d ozFp ii dY
_______________________________________________
200
dxezl dlerl jxiay in

.dgpn ly dxezd zìxwa mb 'jxiay in'a dxezd iler lk z` mikxan
awrie wgv i mdx
a` Epiz Fa` Kx
AW in : ekxan `xewde
Fl xW` lMzè FzF` ipelt 'x oa ipelt 'x z` Kx ai Èd
dxFY d cFakle mFwOd cFakl dlr W xEar A
dwEve dx
vlMn EdliSie EdxnW i Èd KExA WFcTd df xkU A
eici dUrnlkA dglv d e dkx
A glW ie
(miig d xtq A EdaY
kie daeyz ini zxyra)/Edk x aie
.on` :xn`pe eig` l`x UilM mr
.da dlry efn zxg` jxca cxi 'jxay in'a `xewd ekxiay xgè
.a"vx g"` yeal azky mrhn dìxwd xg` yicw mixne` oi`
:mixneè hrn mirxeke dxez xtq ly azkd cbp oihian dxez xtqd oidiabnyk
:d nciA ii iR lr bk:h xacna :l` x
Ui ipA ipt l d n mU
xW` d
xFYd z`fe cn:c mixac
n d ik ze DA miwi fg O l ìd miIg ur gi:b ilyn
t g ii `k:an diryi :cFa ke xWr Dl e`nUA DpiniA mini K ` fh:b :mFlW d iz Faiz plke
:xiC ìe dxFY
liCbi Fw c
v orn l
:'dxeabde dlcbd 'c jl' mixne` yi dxez xtqa dtnd z` jxek èdy cera
6
.dpyid fpky` zxeqn `l ìd ik ,o`k 'zayd mei xiy xenfn' xnel ebdp `l dizepae n"ctta
L z pEnè L
Cqg xA A ciBd l :oFilr L nW l xOflE iil zF dl aFh :zA X d mFil xiW xFnfn av
ElcBdn :oPx ` Lic i iUrn A Llrt A ii ipY g O U iM :xFPk A oFiBd ilr lapilre xFUri lr :zFliNA
FnM | mir W x xtA :z`fz` oia i`l liq E r ci `l xr AWi` :Li aWg n Ew nr c`
n ii LiU rn
Lia i` dPd iM i i Lia i` dPd iM :ii mlrl mFx n dY` e :cri
cr m cnX
d l oe` il Rl
M EvivIe aUr
ilr minT A i xEW A ipir hAY e :oprx onW A i NA ipx w mi` xM mxY e :oe` il R lM Ec xR z i Ecaì
Epi l ` zFxvg A ii zia A milEzW :dBU i oFpa NA f` M g xti xn Y M wiC v :ipf` dprnW
Y mir x n
:FA dzler dzlr`le ixE v ii xW
iiM ciBd l :Eidi miPprx
e mipW C daiUA oEaEp i cFr :Egix ti
mingx `ln l-` was not said or accepted in fpky` because a) it is a relatively recent dlitz and in
general, the tendency was not to accept such zelitz in synagogue b) there seems to be
Kabbalistic/esoteric aspects to it, which fpky` ipax felt, should be reserved only for dbixcn ilra
and not for the general public. We do see that sometimes micigi did recite this dlitz in fpky` for
instance, during a ctqd, (usually by mipax from Poland where the bdpn was adopted).
6. The addition of zayd meil xiy xenfn on dgpn zay is a micxtqd bdpn advanced by the mdxcea`.
It was commonly recited in Hamburg because of the many Portuguese Jews there. It was
added by the Hamburg mifpky` only after oicnr awri 'x, the ax of Hamburg incorporated it
in his xeciq. This is likewise the bdpn of Golders Green Beth Hamedrash (Munks) in London.
_______________________________________________
201
dxezd xtq zqpkd zayl dgpn
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

: xneè ,ycewd oex`l exifgdle (dnia) xrnrnl`dn ekiledl dxezd xtq z` lhep dltz lrad
:min W
e ux`lr FcF d :ldw FC
:DiElld F xw mr l`x
Ui ipa l eici
qg lkl dNd Y FO r
l | oxw mxIe
D cqi miO ilr ÈdiM :Da ia ie la Y D`FlnE ux` d iil xFnfn cec l ck
miR k iw p :FW c w mFw nA mEw iin E iixda dl r i in :dppFk
i zFx dplr
e
nl rA W
p `le iWt p eytp èX l Ù p`l | xW` aal xaE
| mixr W E` U :dlq aw ri Lipt i w a n eiWxC eyxc xFC df :Fr Wi i l`n dw cE
fEGr ii | cFa M d Kln df in :cFa Md Kln `Fa ie mlFr ig z
R EÙPde mk iW`x
à ie mlFr ig z R E` E mk iW`x | mixr W E` U :dn g ln xFA B i i xFA be
:dlq cFa
Md Kln Èd zF` av ii | cFa M d Kln df Èd in :cFa Md Kln
dn Ew i-g:alw mildz :l` x Ui itl` zFaax i i da EW xnì dgpa E el:i xacna
L
Car ceC xEar :EpPx i Li ciqge wcvEWAl i Lipd M :LGr oFx è dY
` LzgEpn l ii
:EafrY l` iz xF Y mkl iY z p aFh gwl iM a:c ilyn :LgiWn ipR aW Y l`
n d ik ze DA miwi fg O l ìd miIg ur gi:b
:mcwM Epini WCg daEW pe aeype Lil ` | ii Epa iWd `k:d dki` :mFlW d izFaiz
plke
:leg oebipa dcinrd iptl yicw ivgd aeh meia e` zaya
ie lCBz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i rxek dltz lra
We `z k x
.(266 'nr) milbx ylyl dltza mikiynn zaya lgy aeh meia
.(318 'nr) xetk mei ly ,(302 'nr) dpyd y`x ly dxyr dpeny o`k mixne` mi`xep minia
_______________________________________________
202
crend leg zayle zayl dcinr dgpn dgpn
crend leg zayle zayl dgpn ly dcinr

:leg oebipa - u"yd zxfg ly zepey`xd zekxad
wgv i i l ` mdx
a` i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii swef dY
` degzyn KExA rxek
dpwe miaFh mic qg lnFB oFilr l` `xFP de xFABd lFcBd l`d awri i lè
:dad ` A FnW orn l mdipa ipa l l`Fb ìan E zFa` ic qg xkFfe lMd
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
kf
:mdx
a` obn ii swef dY
W FnE xfFr Kln
:ri
W
Fdl ax dY ` miz n dIg n ipc` mlFrl xFAB dY `
:mWBd cixFnE g Ex d aiXn
milFg `tFxe milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x A miz n dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n
zFxEaB lrA LFn k in :xtr ipW il FzpEn ` mIw n E mixEq ` xiY nE
:drEW
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in
` KExA :mizn zFigd l dY ` on`pe
,'exnì jexa mznrl' 'xnè' cr 'ycwp' milnd z` wx xne` ofgd
:el` milna wzey ldwde ,'xn`l aezk jycw ixacae'
WFcw LnW e WFcw dY`
mlFrA LnW z` WC wp cala dltz lra LElld i mFilkA miWFcwE
aEzMM mFxn inW A FzF` miWiC wO W
mWM l`d ii dY ` KExA :dlQ
xn ` e dfl` df `xwe b:e diryi Lìap cilr :WFcTd (KlO d : daey zaya)
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFc w | WFc w eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:Exn ì KExA mz Orl dltz lra
:FnFw
:xn`l aEzM LWc w ix
ac aE dltz lra
:DiElld xc e xc l oFIv Ki l` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz eicgi ofge ldw
.zay oebipa u"yd zxfga d`lde o`kn
Epi l
` Lga W
e WiC
wp Lz
Xc
w migv p gvplE Llc
B ciBp xFce xFcl dltz lra
ii dY
1
.u"yd zxfg zyecw ixg` zilhd xiqn dxeza dìxwd jxevl devn dyerd lk 1.
_______________________________________________
203
uxÀ cg` iFB l` x Ui L

Or
M in E `k:fi '` minid ixac cg` LnW e cg` dY `
2
lbi mdx a` Y z p LOrl dXcwE dgEpn drEW i zxh r e dNc B zx` t Y
dpEn è zn` zgEpn dac pE dad ` zgEpn Fa EgEpi eipa E awr i oPx i wgv i
Lipa ExiM i DA dvFx dY `W dnlW dgEpn gha e hwW d e delW e mFlW zgEpn
:Ln W z` EWiC wi mz g Epn lr
e mz g Epn ìd LY `n iM Erc ie
Epw
lg oze LizF vn A EpW C
w Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
:znÀ LC ar
A Epg O U e La EHn Epr AU Lz xFz A
3
:Ln W iad ` l`x
Ui La EgnU ie LW c
w zAW oFvxaE dad ` A Epi l ` ii Epligpd e
:zAX d WC wn ii dY ` KExA
Lz iA xiac l dcFa
r d aWd e mz lt z aE l`x Ui LOrA Epi l ` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad ` A dx dn mz lt zE
l`x Ui iW` e
:LO r l`xUi zcFa r
EppFxkf xkGie cwR ie rnX ie dvx
ie d`xie ri
Bie `Faie dlr i Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
oFxkfe LW c w xir mlW Exi oFxkfe LC
ar ceCo A g iWn oFxkfe Epiz Fa` oFxkfe EppFCwt E
mFiA mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA LOrl M
kf
i xacaE (on` ldw)
:oFIvl FzpikW
xifg O d ii dY
` KExA :ming x
.ernyi xeaivdy ick mx lewa 'micen' xnel jixv z"ad
opaxc micen Èd dY `W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
Èd dY` W
Kl Epgp` micFn rxek mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l` ii swef
i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii swef Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cr e
:ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi xUA lk Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl
WFcTd e lFcBd LnW l zF`cFd e zFkx A Lc
iA mixEq
Od EpiIg lr
EpIg Y oM EpY n Iw e Epz iigdW
lr Kl zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e
zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq `z e EpnIw zE EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr e
LpFvx zFUr le LiT
g xnWl LW c
w zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
micFn Ep` W
lr mlW aalA LC ar
lE Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa
e axr
KExA dlind mixne`yk hrn mirxek :Kl Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
:zF`cFd
d l` swef :Kl Epiew mlFrn
. . . cg` dzà zeaiz c"p dpn jenqa okle ,'dgepn mei' mipey`xd ixeciq x`yk qxb `le 'dyecwe dgepn' qxb epax 2.
(gwexl dlitzd xeciq lr l"vf xlyxd dyn iax oe`bd)
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui ma EgEpie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 3.
_______________________________________________
204
zFrEWY d lr
W zFnglO d lr e
drWx d oei zEkln dc nr
WM eipa E ipnWg lFcB oM opg FioA Ediz Yn iniA
miAx d Lin g x
A dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ar
dlE Lz xFY mgiMW d l l`x Ui LOrl r
Y xq n :mzn w pz` Y n wp mpiCz
` Y pC maixz ` Y a x mz x v zr A mdl Y cnr
miwiC v ciA mirW xE mixFd h ciA mi`n H E miHr n ciA miAx
e miWNg ciA mixFA B
z iU r l`xUi LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz iwq Fr ciA mic fe
Llk idz` EPtE Lz iA xiac l Lipa EÀ KM xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE dlFcb drEW Y
EN` dMpg ini zpFnW Eraw e LW c
wn z` Exdh e
:lFcBd LnW l lNd l E zFcFdl
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
(on` ldw) :Lz
ix
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
miIg d lke
` degzyn KExA rxek
:oilet gqep itl 4
:fpky` gqep itl
l`x
Uilr ax mFlW ming xe cqge og dkxaE daFh mFlW miU
dY` iM mlFrl miUY LOr EpNM Epia ` Epk x A :LO r l`x
UilMlr e Epilr
:mFlXd lkl oFc` Kln Èd ii Epl Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg` M
LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A aFhe dkx aE dwcvE cqg zad ` e miig zxFY
Epi l `
dr
Wlka E zrl
kA l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir A aFhe :mFlWe miIg e ming x
e
:LnFlWA :Ln FlWA drWlka E zrl
kA l`x Ui
:[ofgd iptl '...xtqa' zxin` micwn ldwd u"yd zxfga] : daey zaya ii dY
` KExA
azM pe xkGp daFh dqpx
tE mFlWe dkx
A miIg xtq A "
l`x
Ui FOrz
` Kx an d
":mFlWl E miIg l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlXA
4. fpky` bdpn requires that whenever there is dxezd zìxw, the dlitz concludes with mely miy
in order to recite the words 'miig zxez epicl` 'c epl zzp jipt xeà ik'.
,ax mely oiligzn ikd e`la la` 'ek epicl` xne`y onf lk oke mely miy zixgya xnel ebdpe" ,f"kw 'iq seq `"nxd l"f
"zay ly dgpna oixewy dxezd ìdy 'Epl Y z p LipR xFà' dia aizke lièd zay ly dgpna mely miy oiligzn yie
(edil` xef` xeciq) .l"kr
_______________________________________________
205
dltzd meiq zayl dgpn

:iWt p sCxY Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr M iWt pe
Ln W orn l dUr :mzFa Wg n lwlw e mz vr xtd dx dn drx ilr miaW Fgdlke
oEv lg i or
nl f:q mildz :Lz xFY orn l dUr Lz X c
w orn l dUr Lpini orn l dUr
pin i dri
WFd Li cici
Epilr mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b e ixEv

:on` Exn` e :l`x
UilMlr e
: xneè h`l swef
Epin ia dx
dn A WC
:zFIpnc w mipW k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc
ar
:zIpn c
w mipW k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln
,('dax medz' milnd iptn) daey zaya oke lega oepgz mixne` oi`y miniae ,'jzwcv' mixne` zaya
.la`d ziaa `le dzynd ini zraya ozg ziaa mixne` oi` s` ,'jzwcv' mixne` oi`
:zn ` L z xFz
e mlFrl wc
v L z v 1 anw:hiw
wc
:LFn
k in mi l
` zF cb z iU rx
W` mFxn cr mi l
` L z
wc
ve hi:`r
3
:ii ri
W FY dnd a E mc
` dltz lra dAx mFdY LihR W n l` ixx
dM | Lz v 2
wc f:el
,zay oebipa yicwd mipbpn zaya lgy milbx ylye dpyd y`x
.leg oebipa yicwd mipbpn lega lgy milbx ylye dpyd y`x
:xn`
e fi:ci xacna
f e:dk mildz
DzErxk `x aC `nlr
ie lCBz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
w onfa E `lbr
1. "By the time the dgpn zay is concluded, the day is on the decline, zay is drawing to a close
and thoughts of our life's task, of the striving and creating, the struggling and suffering of the
coming week gradually seep back into our consciousness. On those zezay that do not bear a
festive character in addition to the holiness of the ordinary zay, no attempt is made to repress
these workday thoughts. But these brief miweqt from the mildz offer us some truths which we
should take to heart and which should serve to give the proper direction to our thinking as we
approach the beginning of a new week." (yxid l`tx oeyny axd xeciq)
| Lz v' ,xn ` dAx .'dAx mFdY LihR W
wc n ' ipt l cFnrl lkEi in 'l-` ixx
dM | Lz v' `ln
wc l` ,dcEd i ax xn ` 2.
(:g oikxr 'nb) .'dAx mFdY LihR W n 'W ipR n 'l-` ixx
dM
mc` ipa EN` ,ax xn ` dcEd
i ax xn ` e ?':'c ri
W FY dnda E mc`' aiz M d e ,ìd `zEri xB ,'dn d A' :aiz k C `kid lM 3.
(:d oileg 'nb) .aiz M DicEg
l 'dn d A' `kd ' n da E mc`' aiz M mz d ?dn d a M on v r oini
U nE
,zr cA oiOEx
r od W
_______________________________________________
206
dltzd meiq zayl dgpn
lNd z
ie dNrz ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i rxek dltz lra
We `z k x
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
:mpFndlkM Epl be mdM Epw lg mU `NW :dnc `d zFgRW n M Epn U `le zFvx `d
Epgp` e :ri
W Fi `l l`l` mil lR z n E k:dn diryi wix e ladl mieg Y W n mdW
:Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln ipt l swef micFnE mieg Y W n E mirxFM rxek
FGr zpikW E lrO n min X
A Fxwi aWFnE u x ` c ie m in W dh Fp bi:`p ÈdW
FzlEf qt` EpM ln zn` cFr oi` Epil ` Èd :minFxn ida bA
mi l`d Èd ii iM L aa ll` aW d e mFId Y
r cie hl:c mixac :FzxFz A aEzMM
A
milENB xiardl LGr zx` t z A dx dn zF`x l Epil ` ii LN dEw p oMlr
E`xwi xUa ipA lke :iC
Ll iM laz iaW FilM Erc ie ExiM i :ux` irWxl
M Lil` zFptd l Ln W a
cFakle ElR ie Erx
ki Epi l
` ii Lipt l :oFW
llM raX Y KxA lM rxkY bk:dn diryi
:cre mlFrl dx dn mdilr Klnz e Lz Ekln lrz` mNk ElAw ie :EpY i xwi LnW
:cFakA Klnz e cr inlFr lE ìd LNW zEklO d iM
:cre mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny :Lz xFz
A aEzMM )
(:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
_______________________________________________
207
iytp ikxa zayl dgpn
iytp ikxa 1
.'mly yicw' xg` miàd mixenfnd z` zelidw daxda mixne` ,llka cr `le ,'lecbd zay' cre 'ziy`xa zay'n
dhFp dnlV
M xF`d r :YW
a l xc
de cFd c`
O Y lc.
B i l
` ii iiz` iW
t p ik xA cw
d r :gExi tpM lr KN d n d FaEk x mia rm Vd eizFIlr miO a d xwn d :dri x iM min W
mFdY :cr e mlFr hFO YlA d ipFknlr u` cqi :hl W` eiz x Wn zFgEx eik ` ln
Elri :oEft g i L nrx lFwo
n oEqEp i L z xrB on :min Ecn i mix dlr Fzi QM WEa NM
zFQk l oEa W ilA oE arilA Y n UlEa B :mdl Y cq i | df mFw nl` zFr wa Ec xi mix d
mi` x t ExAW i i
cU Fz ig lM EwWi :oEk Nd i mix d oiA milgPA mipir n gNW n d :ux` d
ix Rn eizFIlrn mix d dw Wn :lFwEp Y i mi`tr oiAn oFM Wi min X d sFr mdilr :m` n v
mgl ìvFdl m c`d z a rl aUr e dn dA l | xiv g g in v n :ux` d rAU Y LiU rn
ErAU i :cr qi WFpàal mgl e onXn mipR lid v d l WFpàal gO U i | oiie :ux` d on
mix d :Dz iA miW FxA dci qg EpPw i mix Rv mWxW` :rh p xW ` oFpa l ifx ` ii iv r
:F`Fa n rci WnW micrF n
l g xi dU r :miPt W l dqg n mir lq milr Il mi aBd
l` n WT alE sxHl mib` W mixi tM d :xriFzig lM Un xz FA dlil idie K gzWY
F z a r l e F l rt l mc ` `v i :oEv Axi m pFr nlè oEt q` i WnX d gxfY :mlk `
lFc
B mId | df :Lpipw ux` d d`ln z iU r dn k g A mNM i i | LiU rn EA xd n :axri cr
oz iel oEk Nd i zFIp` mW :zF cBmr zFPh w zFIg xRq n oi` e UnxmW mic i agxE
gYt Y oE wli mdl oY Y :FY rA mlk ` zzl oEx AU i Lil` mNM :FAw gU l Y x vidf
gNW Y :oEaEW i m xtrl
è oEr ebi mgEx sY oEld A i L ipR xiY q Y :aFh oEr AU i L ci
ux `l hiA O d :eiU rn A ii gnU i mlFrl ii cFa k id i :dn c` ipR WC g E oE` xA i LgEx
ig iU eilr axri :icFr A i l`l dx Of` iIg A iiN dxi W ` :EpW r
ie mix dA rBi crxY e
i iz` iWt p ik xA mpi` cFr | mir WxE ux` d on | mi` H g EOYi :iiA gnU ` i p`
:DiElld
oFWNn xwWztV n iWt p dliS d i i :ipprIe iz`x w iN dzx kw 2
SA iil` zFlrO d xiW
:min z x ilgB mr mipEpW xFA b iS g :dIn x oFWl Kl si IdnE Ll oYIdn :dIn x
:mFlW `pFU mr iW t p DNdpk W zAx :xc w ild` mr iYpk W
KWn iYxbiM iNdiF`
:dn g lO l dOd xAc ` ik e mFlWip`
1. The Sephardic custom of reciting iytp ikxa and the chapters of zelrnd xiy, was accepted in
many places in Europe although not in n"ctt.
2. The yeal (h"qxz oniq g"e`) explains that, many people begin on ziy`xa zay to recite
iytp ikxa, which sings of creation. The fifteen mixenfn which follow it, the levitical songs
for the procession up fifteen steps to the Temple courtyard, also allude to creation in that
King David of the yxcn sang them first in order to relegate the flood waters back to the
great deep under the earth.
_______________________________________________
208
iytp ikxa zayl dgpn
:ux` e min3 W d r ii mr n ixfr :ix fr à i oi` n mix ddl` ipir `V ` zFlrO l xiW `kw
LxnW ii :l` x Ui xn FW oWii `le mEpi`l dPd :Lx W mEpil` Llbx hFO l oY il`
n
Wi r xlMn L x nW i i i :dliNA g xie dM i`l WnXd mn Fi :Lpini cilr L Nv ii
:mlFrcr e dY rn L`FaE L z` v xnW i i i :LW t pz`
WA Epilbx Eid zFc r 4 :Klp ii ziA il mix
Kixr n` A iYg n U cec l zFl r Od xiW akw
5
zEc r Diiha W mih a W Elr mX W :eC gi DNdx AgW xir M diEpAd mlW Exi :mlW Exi
El` :ceC zia l zF` qM hRW n l zF` qk Ea Wi | dOW iM :ii mW l zF dl l`x Uil
irx
e ig ` or nl :Kiz Fpnx À delW KligA mFlW id i :Kia d ` Eil W i mlW Exi mFlW
:Kl aFh dWw a ` Epi l ` iiziA or nl :KA mFlW `Pdx Ac `
cil` mic ar ipir
k dPd :min X A ia W I
d ipirz
` izÙ p Lil` zFlrO d xiW bkw
EpPg ii EpPg :EpPgIW cr Epil ` iil` Epipir oM DYxa B c il` d g t W ipirM md ipFc`
:mipFi `bl mipei`bl fEA d miPp` X d brNd EpWt p DNdr aU z Ax :fEa EpraU axi M
mEwA Epl did W ii ilEl :l` x Ui `pxnì Epl did W ii ilEl cec l zFl r Od xiW ckw
xar dlg p EpEt hW miO d if` :EpA mR` zFxgA EpEr lA miIg if` :mc` Epilr
:mdiPW l sxh Eppz p `NW ii KEx A :mipFciGd miO d EpWt plr xa r if` :EpW t plr
ii mW A Epxfr :Ephln p Epgp` e xA W p gRd miW w Fi gRn d h ln p xFRv M EpW t p
:ux` e minW d r
aia q m ix d m l W
Exi :aW i mlFrl hFO i`l oFIv xdM iiA mig h FA d zFlrO d xiW dkw
orn l miwi CSd lxFB lr rWx d haW g Epi `l iM :mlFrcr e dY rn FO r l aia q iie Dl
miH O d e :mz FAlA mix Wile mia FHl ii daih id :mdic i dzl er A miw iC Sd EglW i`l
:l` x
Uilr mFl W oe`d ilrRz ` ii mk ilFi mz FNwlw r
EppFWlE EpiR wg U `lO i f` :min lg M Epiid oFIv za iWz` ii aEW A zFlrO d xiW ekw
:mig n U Epiid EpO r zF U rl ii liC bd :dN` mr zF U rl i i liC bd miFBa Ex nì f` dPx
| Kl i KFld :Exv wi dPx
A dr ncA mirxGd :abPA miwi t` M EpziaW epzeayz` ii da EW
:ei Ol` ` p dPx a à iÀ rxGd KWn ` p kaE
iim` FA eipFa Eln r èW zia dpa i`l | iim` dnl Wl zFl r Od xiW fkw
mgl ilk ` zaW ixg` n mEw in iM W n mk l èW :xn FW cw W | èW xirx nW i`l
xFA BciA miS g M :ohA d ix R xk U mipA ii zlgp dPd :`pW Fci ci l oYi oM mia v rd
xAc iiM EWa i`l mdn Fz RW ` z` `Nn xW` xaB d i xW` :mixEr Pd ipA oM
:xrX A mia iF`z
`
,mipt A n aWFi
Kln mc e xU A zCn ,mc e xU A zCn Èd KExA WFcT d zCn M `NW d` xE `FA ,`pipg ia x xn ` 3.
,uEgA n oxO W n Ède mipt A n oia WFi eic ar ,oM Fpi` Èd KExA WFcT d zCn ,uEgA n FzF` oixO W n mr e
(:bl zegpn 'nb) .':Lpini cilr L Nv 'c LxnW 'c ' :xn
`PW
KExA WFcT d Eli` e ,uEgA n FzF` mixO W n eic are ,mipt A n aWFi mc e xU
A Kln ,mlFr lW Fbd pn (xn ` qElw pE`)
(.ì dxf dcear 'nb) .':mlFrcr e dY rn L`FaE L z`
v xnW i 'c ' :xn
`PW ,uEgA n oxO W n Ède mipt A n eic ar ,Èd
?dn g
lO A Ecn r
IW Epilb xl mxB in ':mlW WA Epilbx Eid zFc r' ?aiz k C i`n ,iel oA r WFd
Exi Kixr i ia x xn ` 4.
(.i zekn 'nb) .dxFY A miw qFr Eid W ,m lWEx
i ix rW
(.d ziprz 'nb) .':eC gi DNdxAgW xir M diEpAd mlW Exi' :aiz k C oi` ?dlr n
l milWEx
i `Mi` inE 5.
_______________________________________________
209
iytp ikxa zayl dgpn
aFh e Lix W` lk`z iM LiRM ri bi :eik xc
A Kl dd ii `x ilM ix W` zFlrO d xiW gkw
okik dPd :Lpg lW
l aia q miz if ilz W M LipA Lzia izM x iA dIxR otbM | L Y
W` :Kl
mipa d` xE :LiIg in i lM mlW Exi aEh A d` E oFIS n i i L k xa i :ii `x
i xaB K a i
:l` x
Uilr mFl W Lipa l
i
xErPn ipExx v zAx :l` x Ui `pxnì ixErPn ipExx v zAx zFlrO d xiW hkw
zFa r uS w wiC v ii :mz iprn l mzeprnl Ekix `d miW xg EW xg iABlr :il Elki`l mB
Nn `NW :Wa i slW n c TW zFBB xiv g M Eidi :oFIv i`pU lM xFg ` EbQie EWai :mir Wx
:ii mW
A mk z
` EpkxA mkil` ii zM x A mixar d | Ex n` `le :xO r n Fpv g e xv Fw FRk
zFa X w Lipf dpiid Y ilFw a dr nW ipc` :ii Liz `x w miT nrO n 6 zFlr Od xiW lw
iziEw :`x EY orn l dgilQ d L O r iM :cn ri in ipc` DixnW Y zF erm ` :ipEpgY lFw l
l` x Ui lgi :xA l mix nW xA l mix nX n ipc`l iW t p :iY lg Fd Fx acle iW
t p dz Ew ii
:ei per lM n l`x Uiz` dC ti Ède :zEc t FO r dAx de cqgd iimriM iil`
zF cbA | iYk N d `le ipir Enx` le iAl Da b`l | ii cec l zFl r Od xiW `lw
lg i :iW t p ilr ln BM FO ` ilr ln bM iW t p iYn n Fce | iziEW `lm` :iPO n zF` lt pa E
:mlFrcr e dY rn iil` l`x Ui
:aw ri xia `l xc p iil rAW p xW ` :FzFP rl M z` cec l iixFkf zFlrO d xiW alw
:dn EpY iRr trl ipir l zpW oY ` m` :irEv i Uxrl r dl r`m ` iz iA l` A à`m`
d Ep`vn dzx t` a d Epr nW dPd :aw ri xia `l zFpM W n iil mFwn `v n ` cr
oFxè dY ` Lzg Epn l ii dn Ew :eilbx mc dl deg Y W
p eizFpMW n l d`Fa p :xriic UA
:LgiWn ipR aW Y l` L Car ceC xEa rA :EpPx i Li ciqge wcvEWAl i LipdM :LGr
| Lipa Ex nW im` :Kl`Qk l ziW ` L ph a ix Rn dPOn aEW i`l z n` cec l | iirA W p
DE` oFIv A ii xg a iM :Kl`Qk l Ea Wi cri cr mdipA mB m cOl ` Ff i cr e iz ix
A
d ipFia` K xa` Kx A Dci v :diz E` iM aW ` dR cri cr iz g Epn z`f :Fl aWFnl
xp iYk xr cec l oxw g in v ` mW :EpPx i oPx d ici
qge rWi WiA l` d ipd k e :mgl ri A U `
:Fxfp uiv i eil r
e z A WiA l` eiaiF` :ig iWn l
| aFH d onXM 7 :cgimB mig ` z W mir PdnE aFHdn dPd cec l zFl r
Od xiW
blw
i
xxdlr c IW oFn x glhM :eiz FCn iR lr c IW ox d` ow
f ow
Gd lr c i W`x dlr
:mlFrd cr miIg dkxAd z` ii dEv | mW iM oFIv
:zFliNA 8 i iziaA mic nr d ii ic
arl
M iiz` Ek xA | dPd zFlrO d xiW clw
i"w :ux` e minW
d r oFIS n ii L
kxa i :iiz` Ek x E W w mkc iE`
U
KEnp mFwn A `N` ,lNR z ie DFa
B mFwn A mc` cFnri l` ,awri oA xfr il` ia x mEWn `pipg ia xA iqFi ia x xn ` 6.
(:i zekxa 'nb) .':'c Liz `x w miTnrO n ' :xn
`PW ,lNRz
ie
. . . Fpw fA oxd `
l zFiElY Eid zFIlBxn iR h ipW oin M ''ebe ox d` ow Gd lr c i ['ebe] aFH
f ow d onXM ' opA x EpY 7.
oiicre dlir n FA oi` oxd ` ow f A W dg W O d on W s` ,dlir n FA oi` oFnxg lh dn ''oFn x glhM ' 'eb aFH d onXM '
mirPdnE aFHdn dPd ' ,Fl dxn ` e lFw zA dz v i ,iY
lr n ip`
la` ,lr n `l dW n `n W xn ` ,b`FC oxd ` did
(:d zezixk ,.ai zeixed 'nb) .Y lr n `l dY ` s` ,lr n `l dW n dn ':cgimB mig ` z W
miwEq
r Eli` M aEzMd odi lr dlrn ,dliNA dxFY A miw qFr d min kg ici n lY EN` ,opgFi
ia x xn ` ?'zFliNA ' i`n 8.
(.iw zegpn 'nb) dcFa rA
_______________________________________________
210
zea` iwxt dpyn
zea` iwxt 2 1
,zea` zkqna cg` wxt zay lka mixne` zxvrl gqt oiay zezay ly dgpna 'lawzz' yicw xg`
miwxt ipy zay lka mixne` ,fenza xyr drayl zereay oiay zezaya .dxez oznl dpkdk
,fenza xyr dray xgè dxezd cenila zewfgzdk (ipy wxtn 'ìppg iax'e oey`x wxtn 'l`xyi lk' wx mixne`)
.opaxc yicw `le mezi yicw mixne` zea` zxin` xg` .llk wxt mixne` oi` ,zegeld ea exazypy
oey`x wxt
:xn`PW
,Àd mlFrl wlg mdl Wi l`x UilM
:x` R z
dl ic
i dUrn ir
Hn erhn xvp ux` EWxi
i mlFrl miw iC
v mNM KO r
e (`k:q diryi)
,miìapl mipwfE ,mipwfl rWFdi
e ,rWFdi
l Dx qn E ,ipiQn dxFY lAw d n `
,oiC
A mipEzn Eed :mix ac dWlW Exn` md .dlFcBd zqpk iWp` l d Exqn miìapE
.dxFY
l biq EUr e ,dAxd mici nlY Ecin r
de
mix
ac dWlWlr :xnF` did Èd .dlFcBd zqpk ix
iX
n did wiC
Sd oFrnW
a
.mic
qg zElinBlr
e ,dcFa
r
dlre ,dxFY
dlr :cnFr mlFrd
mic
ar
M EidYl
` :xnF` did Èd .wiC Sd oFrnX n lAw FkFq Wi` qFpbihp` b
ax
dz` miWO W
n d mic
ar
M Eid `N` ,qx R lAw l zpn lr axdz` miWO W n d
.mkilr min W
`xFn
idie ,qx R lAw l zpn lr `NW
xfrFio
A iqFi .mdn ElAw mlW Exi Wi` opg FioA iqFie dcx
v Wi` xfrFio
A iqFi c
,mdilbx xtr
A wA` z
n dede ,mink gl cre ziA Lzi a idi ,xnF` dcx
v Wi`
.mdix
aCz
` `nS a dz FW dede
,Lzi
a ipA miIpr Eidie ,dgex
l g Ez
R Lzi
a idi :xnF` mlW
Exi Wi` opg FioA iqFi d
Exn` oMn .Fxag zW` A xng e lw ,Exn` FYW` A .dX` d mr dgiU dAx Ylè
,dxFz
ix aC
n lhFaE ,Fnvr l drx mxFB - dX` d mr dgiU dAx Od lM mink g
.mPdiB WxFi FtFqe
,ax Ll dUr :xnF` dig x
RoA rWFd
i .mdn ElAw ilA x
`d i`Ype dig x
RoA rWFd
ie
.zEkf skl mc
`d lMz` oc dede ,xag Ll dpw E
1. The bdpn to learn zea` iwxt after dgpn zay is an ancient one, and is discussed by oe`b mxnr ax
(1100 years ago), (a"vx oniq g"e` xeh). The bdpn is also discussed by zea` iwxt lr i"yx (the
beginning of 'e wxt).
2. When learning multiple miwxt at the same time, 'l`xyi lk' is said only once, before learning
and 'ìppg iax' once, after learning, one or multiple miwxt.
_______________________________________________
211
zea` iwxt dpyn
Wìz
Ylè ,rWx
l xAg z
Ylè ,rx okX
n wgx
d :xnF` ilA x
`d i`Yp f
.zEprxER
don
UrY l` :xnF` iÀh oA dcEd i .mdn ElAw ghW oA oFrnW e iÀh oA dcEd
ig
,mirW x
M Lipir
a Eidi ,Lipt l mic
nFr oiCd ilrA EidIW k E ,mipIC
d ikxFr
M Lnv r
.oiC
dz` mdilr ElAT W M ,mi`MfM Lipir
a Eidi ,Lipt Nn mix
ht PW
k E
,Lix
ac
A xidf dede ,micr
dz` xwgl dAx
n ded :xnF` ghW oA oFrnW h
.xTW
l Ecnl i mkFYn ÒW

,zEpAx
dz` `pU E ,dk`lO d z` ad` :xnF` dir n W
.mdn ElAw oFilh a ` e dir n W
i
.zEWx l rC ez
Ylè
mFwnl Elbz e zElB zaFg EaEg z ÒW ,mkix
ac
a ExdGd ,mink g :xnF` oFilh a ` ì
.lNg z
n min W
mW `vn pe ,EzEnie mkix
g` miÀ d mici
nlY d EYWie ,mirx
d min
mFlW adF` ,oxd` lW eici
nlY n ded :xnF` lNd .mdn ElAw iÒW e lNd ai
.dxFY
l oaxwn E zFIx
Ad z` adF` ,mFlW scFx
e
,aIg `lh w siNi `lcE ,sqi siqFn `lcE ,DnW
ca` `nW
cibp :xnF` did Èd bi
` cE 3
.slg `Bz A WOY W
,eWk r `l mè ?ip` dn ,inv r
l ip` W
k E ?il in ,il ip` oi` m` :xnF` did Èd ci
?iz n i`
lAw n dede ,dAx
d dUr
e hr
n xn
` ,raw Lz xFz
dUr :xnF` iÒW eh
.zFti mipR xaq A mc
`d lMz`
.zEcO` xVr
l dAx
Ylè ,wtQ d on wNY q d e ,ax Ll dUr :xnF` lìln B oAx fh
.dwiz X
n aFh sEBl iz `v n `le ,mink g d oiA iY
lc
B inilM :xnF` FpA oFrnW
fi
.`hg ìan mix aC dAx Od lke .dUr
Od `N` xTr Wxc
Od `le
zn`d lr - mIw mlFrd mix aC dWlWlr :xnF` lìln BoA oFrnW oAx gi
:mk ixrW
A EhtW
mFl
W hR W
n E zn ` (fh:g dixkf) :xn`PW
,mFlXd lr
e oiC
dlr
e
mdl dAx
d Kkitl ,l`x Ui z` zFMfl Èd KExA WFcTd dvx ,xnF` ìW w r oA ìppg iax
epilr ,mezi yicw :xiC ìe dxFY
liCbi Fw c
v orn l utg ii (`k:an diryi) :xn`PW ,zFvn E dxFY
(:gk dlibn 'nb) .dxFY
lW Dxz M ,zFkld dpFXW in A WO Y W O d df ,Wiw
l Wix ipY 3.
_______________________________________________
212
zea` iwxt dpyn
ipy wxt
:xn`PW
:x` R z
dl ic
i dUrn ir
i mlFrl miw iC
v mNM KO r
e (`k:q diryi)
d rl zx` t Y ìdW lM ?mc `d Fl xFaIW dx Wi KxC ìd Ffi` :xnF` iAx `
oYn rcFi dY ` oi`W
,dxEn
ga M dNw dev n A xidf dede .mc`d on Fl zx` t z
e
.Dc qt d cbpM dx
ar xkU E ,Dx
kU cbpM dev n cqt d aXg n dede .zFvn lW oxkU
- LOn dlr n Ndn rC ,dx ar ici
l à dY ` oiè ,mix aC dWlWA lMY q d
.miaY
kp xtQ A LiU r
nlke ,zrn FW of`
e ,d`Fx oir
,ux` KxC mr dxFY cEnlY dti :xnF` ìUPd dcEd i iaxl
W FpA lìln B oAx a
.oFr zxxFb e dlh A DtFq ,dk`ln DOr oi`W dxFYl
ke .oFr zgM W n mdipW
zri bIW

,mY rIq n mzFa
` zEkGW ,min W
mWl mdO r miwq Fr Eidi ,xEASd mr miwq Frdlke
.mz iUr EN`M dAxd xkU mkilr ip` dlr n ,mY è .cr
l zcn Fr mz w c
ve
miad F`M mi`x
p ,mnv r Kxv
l `N` mc`l Fl oiax
wn oi`W
,zEWx A oixi
df Eed b
.FwgC zr
WA mc`l Fl micnFr oiè ,mz
`pd zrWA
LpFvx lHA .FpFvx
M LpFvx dUr
IW icM ,LpFvx M FpFvx dUr :xnF` did Èd c
.LpFvx ipR n mix
g` oFvx lHa IW
ic
M ,FpFvx ipR n
oicYl
è ,LzFn
mFi cr Lnv r A on` Y lè ,xEASd on WxtYl ` :xnF` lNd d
, n
Wl xWt ` i`W xaC xn`Ylè ,FnFwnl ri BY W
cr Lx ag z`
.dpR z `l ÒW
,dpW ` dpR ` W
k l xn`Ylè .rn X
d l FtFQW
,cnl oWiA d `le ,ciqg ux
`d mr `le ,`hg `x i xFA oi` :xnF` did Èd e
lC
YW d miWp` oi`W
mFwna E ,miMg n dxFg
qa dAx
Od lM `le ,cOln oc
RT d `le
.Wi` zFidl
,KEtH` Y
th ` Cl
r :Dl xn` :miO d ipR lr dtS W
zg` zlB lB d`x Èd s` f
.oEtEhi Kit ih n sFqe
dAxn ,db` c dAx n ,miqk p dAxn ,dOx dAx n ,xUa dAx n :xnF` did Èd g
dAxn .lfb dAxn ,micar dAx n ,dOf dAx n zFgtW dAx n ,mitW k dAxn ,miWp
,dwc
v dAx n ,dpEaz dAx n ,dvr dAx
n ,dnk g dAxn ,daiWi dAx
n ,miIg dAx
n ,dxFz

.Àd mlFrd iIg Fl dpw ,dxFz
ix aC Fl dpw ,Fnvr
l dpw ,aFh mW dpw .mFlW dAx n
_______________________________________________
213
zea` iwxt dpyn
,dAx
d dxFY
Y cn l m` :xnF` did Èd .iÒX
n E lNd n lAw i`MfoA opg Fi oAx h
.Yxv Fp Kkl iM Lnv r
l daFh wfg Y l`
,qFpwxFdo
A xfri l` (iax) :od EN` e ,i`MfoA opg Fi oAxl Fl Eid mici nlz dXn g i
.Kxro
A xfr
l` [e] (iax) l`pz poA oFrnW
(iax) ,o Md iqFi (iax) ,ìppg oA rWFd
i (iax)
.dRh cA` n Fpi`W
cEq xFA qFpwxFdo A xfri l` (iax)
:mga W dpFn did Èd ì
oFrnW (iax) .ciqg o Md iqFi (iax) .FYc lFi ix W` ìppg oA rWFd
i (iax)
.xABz
Od oir n M Kxr oA xfr
l` (iax)
e .`hg `xi l`pz p oA
qFpwxFdo
A xfri l`[e] (iaxE)
,mipf`n skA l`x Ui ink g lM Eidi m` :xnF` did Èd ai
l`x Ui ink g lM Eidi m` :FnXn xnF` lE`W À` .mNM z` ri x
kn ,dIpW
skA
,dIpW
skA Kxro A xfr l` [e] ,mdO r s` qFpwxFdo
A xfri l`[e] (iaxE)
,mipf`n skA
.mNMz
` ri x
kn
:xnF` xfri
l` iax .mc
`d DA wAc IW
daFh KxC ìd Ffi` E`xE E`v :mdl xn` bi
.aFh okW :xnF` iqFi iax .aFh xag :xnF` rWFd i iax .daFh oir
:mdl xn` .aFh al :xnF` xfr l` iax .clFPdz` d`Fxd :xnF` oFrnW iax
.mkix
aC eix
aC llk A W
,mkix
aC
n Kxro
A xfrl` ix
aCz
` ip` d`Fx
xfri
l` iax .mc`d dPO n wgxz IW
drx Kxc ìd Ffi` E`xE E`v :mdl xn` ci
.rx okW :xnF` iqFi iax .rx xag :xnF` rWFd i iax .drx oir :xnF`
,mFwOd on dlM mc `d on dNd cg` .mNW n Fpiè dNd :xnF` oFrnW iax
:xnF` xfr l` iax :oz Fpe opFg wiCve mNW
i `le rWx dFl (`k:fl mildz) :xn`PW

llk A W
,mkix
aCn Kxro A xfr l` ix aCz
` ip` d`Fx :mdl xn` .rx al
.mkix
aC eix
aC
,KNW M Lilr aiag Lx ag cFak idi :xnF` xfri
l` iax .mixac dWlW Exn` md eh
mxE`
cbpM mOg z n dede ,Lz
zin ipt l cg` mFi aEWe ,qrkl g Fp idYl è
,lrEW
zkiWp mz k iWPW - deM z `NW mY lg bA xidf iede ,mink g lW
.W` ilgbM mdix
aCl
ke ,sxU zWigl mz W iglE ,ax
wr zviwr mz viwre
mc
`d z` miìvFn zFIx
Ad z`pU e ,rx
d xvie ,rx
d oir :xnF` rWFd
i iax fh
.mlFrdon
_______________________________________________
214
zea` iwxt dpyn
,dxFY
cnll Lnv r owz
de .KNW
M Lilr aiag Lx ag oFnn idi :xnF` iqFi iax fi
.min W
mWl Eidi LiU r
nlke .KldXxi Dpi`W

,lNR z n dY ` W k E .(dNt z
aE) rnW zìx wA xidf ded :xnF` oFrnW iax gi
(bi:a lèi) :x n`PW ,mFwOd ipt l mipEpgz e ming x `N` ,raw Lz Nt Y UrY l`
.Ln v r ipt A rWx idYl
è :drxd lr gpe cqg ax
e miR ` Kx` Èd mEgx
e oEPg iM
,qFxEwiR`l aiWY Xdn rc e ,dxFY cnll cEwW ded :xnF` xfr l` iax hi
.Lz Nr
R xkU LlmNW IW
LY
k`ln lrA Èd inE ,lnr dY
` in ipt l rc
e
,dAx
d xkV d e ,milv r milrFR
de ,dAx
n dk`lO d e ,xvw mFId :xnF` oFtxh iax k
.wgFC ziA d lra E
.dPO n lhA d l oixFgo
A dY ` `le ,xnbl dk`lO d Lilr `l :xnF` did Èd `k
,LY
k`ln lrA Èd on`pe .dAx d xkU Ll oipzFp
,dAx d dxFY
Y cn l m`
.`Fal cizr
l miwiC
vlW mxkU oYn W
rc
e .Lz Nr
R xkU Ll mNW
IW

mdl dAx
liCbi Fw c
iyily wxt
:xn`PW
:x` R z
dl ic
i dUrn ir
i mlFrl miw iC
v mNM KO r
e (`k:q diryi)
.dx
ar ici
l à dY ` oiè mix ac dWlWA lMY q d :xnF` l`l ld n oA ìa w r `
?z`
A oi` n .oFAWge oiC oYl ciz r dY
` in ipt le ,KlFd dY` o`lE ,zÀ oi` n rC
ciz r dY
` in ipt le .drlFze dOx ,xtr mFwnl ?KlFd dY` o`lE .dgExq dRH n
.Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln ipt l ?oFAWge oiC oYl
,D`xFn
`ln l` W
,zEkln lW DnFlWA lNR z
n ded :xnF` mip Md obq `pipg iax a
.FrlA miIg Edrxz
` Wi`
df ixd ,dxFz
ix aC mdipiA oiè miaW FIW mipW
:xnF` oFicxYo A `pipg iax b
miaW FIW mipW
la` :aW i `l miv l aWFnaE (`:` mildz) :xn`PW ,mivl aWFn
i`x
i ExAc
p f` (fh:b ik`ln) :xn`PW ,mdipia diExW dpikW ,dxFz ix aC mdipiA Wie
:Fn W ia g
lE i i i` x
il eipt l oFx
Mf xtq az MIe rn W
Ie ii aWw Ie Edrxl
` Wi` ii
Èd KExA WFcTd W ,dxFY A wqFre aWFIW cg` ENit` oiPn ,mipW `N` il oi`
:eilr lhp iM mC ie cc
A aWi (gk:b dki`) :xn`PW ?xkU Fl ra Fw
_______________________________________________
215
zea` iwxt dpyn
,dxFz
ix aC eilr Exn` `le cg` oglWl r Elk` W dWlW :xnF` oFrnW iax c
d v ìw E`ln zFp glWl
M i M (g:gk diryi) :xn`PW ,miz n iga Gn Elk` EN`M
EN`M ,dxFz ix aC eilr Exn` e cg` oglWl r Elk` W dWlW la` :mFw n ilA
:ii ipt l W
` og lX
d df il ` xA c
ie (ak:`n l`wfgi) :xn`PW
,mFwnlW FpglX n Elk`
FAl dPt n E ,ici
gi KxC
A KNd n d e ,dliNA xFrPd :xnF` i`pikg oA `pipg iax d
.FWtpA aIg z
n dG ix
d - dlH a l
EPO n mixi
ar
n ,dxFY
lr eilr lAw n d lM :xnF` dpT d oA ìpEgp iax e
zEkln lr eilr oipzFp
,dxFY
lr EPO n wxFR dlke .ux` KxC lre zEkln lr
.ux` KxC lre
,dxFY
A miwq Fre miaW FIW dx Ur :xnF` ìppg xtM Wi` `qFCoA `Y tlg iax f
Elit` oiPn E l`zcrA aSp mi l ` (`:at mildz) :xn`PW ,mdipia diExW dpikW
?d lW Elit` oiPn E D cqi ux` lr FzC b` e (e:h qenr) :xn`PW ?dXn g
(fh:b ik`ln) :x n`PW
?mipW Elit` oiPn E :hR Wi mi l` a wA (`:at mildz) :xn`PW
?cg` Elit` oiPn E rn W Ie ii aWw Ie Edrxl
` Wi` ii i`x i ExAcp f`
` 4 in W
:LiY k xa E Lil` `Fa z` xiM f` xW` mFwOd lkA (`k:k zeny) :xn`PW
Èd cec
A oke ,FNW KNW
e dY ` W
,FNXn FloY :xnF` `zFY x A Wi` xfr l` iax g
:Kl EPzp LcIn E lM
d L
On iM (ci:hk '` d"c) :xnF`
!df oli` d`Pdn :xnFè ,FzpW
O n wiqt n E ,dpFWe KxC
A KNd n d :xnF` awri iax h
.FWtpA aIg z
n EN`M aEzMd eilr dlr n - !df xip d`P dn
,FzpW O n cg` xaC g k FXdlM :xnF` xi`n iax mEXn i`Pi xA i`Yq Fc iax i
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216
zea` iwxt dpyn
Fznk g W
lke ,znIw z
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ng ilM mdl oYPW ,l`x Ui miaiag mkidl ` iil mY
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217
zea` iwxt dpyn
eitpr W oli`l ?dnFc Èd dnl ,eiUr On dAx n Fznk g W lM :xnF` did Èd ak
,eipR lr FYkt Fde FYx wFre dÀ g Ex de ,mihrEn eiWx We miAx n
xA cOA mixx
g okW e aFh `Fa iiM ` x
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218
zea` iwxt dpyn
.cOllE cnll FciA miwiRq n ,cOll zpn lr cnFNd :xnF` (FpA) l`rnW i iax e
.zFUrle (xnWl) cOllE cnll FciA miwiRq n ,zFUr
l zpn lr cnFNde
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d ikxFr
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dl dxhr d U r
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k e
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219
zea` iwxt dpyn
,Lix
g` `Faz ìdW
xn`Ylè ,dxFY
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è (d:b ilyn) .Lic
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ag W

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220
zea` iwxt dpyn
.oFAWgd itl lMdW ,rc e .FNW lMdW - cgW gTn `le ,mipt `FVn `le
Lgx
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221
zea` iwxt dpyn
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a` lW Fliè ,d nlW FzxEa wE ,miwiGO d s` mix nF` Wie
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in ipt l xAcn Fpi` mkg .mkg A dr aW
e ,mlb A mixac draW i
l`FW .aiWd l lda p Fpiè .Fxag ix aC KFzl qpk p Fpiè .(oipn a E) dnk g A
NWdnlr e .oFxg` oFxg` lr
e ,oFW`x oFW`xl r xnFè .dkld M aiWn E oipr M
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222
zea` iwxt dpyn
.Fcqt dA FxkU `vi ,cA` l xidn E n Wl xidn :mici nlz A zFCn rAx` eh
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Wl xidn .FxkU A Fcqt d `vi ,cA` l dWw e n Wl dWw
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n xkU ,KlFd Fpiè d r
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223
zea` iwxt dpyn
:xn`PW
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E min c iWp` zgW
x` a l | mcxF Y | mi l
` dY` e (ck:dp mildz)
:KA gha ` ip` e mdini
- ix `M xFAbe ,iaS M uxe ,xWPM lwe ,xnPM fr ded :xnF` `niYo A dcEd i bk
.ocr obl mipR WFaE ,mPdibl mipR fr :xnF` did Èd .min X A W
Lia ` oFvx zFUr l
,Epin ia dx
dn A WC
wO d ziA dpA iW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze
,zFvO l dx
Ur lWoA ,dpW O l xUro
A ,`x
wO l mipW
Wng oA :xnF` did Èd ck
, Ml miWlWoA ,sCx l mixUro
A ,dRgl dxUr dpnWoA ,cEnlY l dxUr Wng oA
,daiUl mira W oA ,dpw fl miXW oA ,dvr
l miXn g oA ,dpiAl mirA x
òA
.mlFrd on lha E xar
e zn EN`M d`n oA ,gEW l mirW
Yo
A ,dxEa bl mipFnWoA
,Da dla E aiqe ,`fgY DaE .Da `Nk C ,DAKtd e DAKtd :xnF` bA bAoA dk
:dPn id daFh dC
n Ll oi`W
,rE
fz `l DPn E
.`xb` `xr
v mt
l :xnF` `d `doA ek
mdl dAx
liCbi Fw c
iyy wxt
:xn`PW
:x` R z
dl ic
i dUrn ir
i mlFrl miw iC
v mNM KO r
e (`k:q diryi)
.mz pW
n a E mdA xgA W
KExA .dpW
O d oFWlA mink g EpW
,cFr `le .dAx d mix ac
l dkFf DnW l dxFY A wqFrdlM :xnF` xi`n iax `
,mFwOd z` adF` ,aEd` ,rx `x wp .Fl Èd i`c k FNM mlFrdlMW `N`
.d`xie depr FYWA ln E [.zFIx
Ad z` g O U
n ,mFwOd z` g O U
n ] ,zFIx
Ad z` adF`
ici
l FYax wn E ,`hg d on FYwg x
nE .on`pe ,xWi ,ciqg ,wiC v zFidl FYx Wk n E
dIW
Ez
e dvri
l (ci:g ilyn) :xn`PW ,dxEa bE dpiA ,dIW Eze dvr EPO n mipdpe .zEkf
_______________________________________________
224
zea` iwxt dpyn
.dxFz
ifx Fl miNbn E .oiC xETge ,dlW
n nE ,zEkln Fl zpzFp
e :dxEa
b il dpia ip`
,gEx Kx` e rE
pv dde ,KlFde xABz Od xdpk E ,wqFR Fpi`W oir n M dUr pe
:miUr
Od lM lr FYnn FxnE FYlCbn E ,FpFAlrl
r lgFnE
zfx
kn E ,axFg
xdn z`vFi lFwzA mFie mFilkA ,ieloA rWFd i iax xn` a
dxFY
A wqFr Fpi`W inlMW !dxFYl W DpFAlr n ,zFIx Al mdl iF` :zxn Fè
:mrh zxq e dt i dX` xifg s` A adf mfp (ak:ì my) :xn`PW ,sEfp `x wp
zExg Èd mi l ` aYk n aY kO d e dOd mi l` dUrn zg Nd e (fh:al zeny) :xnFè
wqFrW in `N` oixFgo A Ll oi`W ,zExg `N` zExg `x wY l` :zg Nd lr
,dNrz
n df ix d dxFY cEnlz A wqFrW inlke .dxFY cEnlz A
:zFn A lìlgPn E lìlgp dpY
On E (hi:`k xacna) :xn`PW
,cg` xEAc F` ,cg` wEqR F` ,zg` dkld F` ,cg` wxR Fxag n cnFNd b
,l`x
Ui Kln cec A Epiv n oMW .cFaM FA bdpl Kix v - zg` zF` Elit` F`
,FrC
in E ,FtEN` ,FAx F`x w ,calA mix ac ipW
`N` ltzi g` n cnl `NW
:x g e lw mix ac `lde :ir C in E it EN` iM xr
M WFp` dY ` e (ci:dp mildz) :xn`PW
FAx F`x w ,calA mix ac ipW `N` ltzi g` n cnl `NW ,l`x Ui Kln ceC dnE
xEAc F` ,cg` wEqR F` ,zg` dkld F` ,cg` wxR Fxag n cnFNd - FrC in E FtEN`
cFaM oiè !cFaM FA bdpl Kix SW dOk e dOM zg` lr ,zg` zF` Elit` F` ,cg`
:aFhEl
gpi min in E (i:gk my) Elgpi min k g cFaM (dl:b ilyn) :xn`PW ,dxFz `N`
z p aFh gwl iM (a:c my) :xn`PW dxFz `N` aFh oiè
,dY W
z dxEU
nA min E ,lk`Y glO A zR :dxFYl W DMxC ìd KM c
,oM dUr dY ` m` .lnr dY ` dxFY aE ,dig Y xrv iIg e ,oWiY ux` d lr
e
.Àd mlFrl - Kl aFhe ,dGd mlFrA - Lix
W` :Kl aFh e LixW` (a:gkw mildz)
dE` z
Ylè .dUr LcEO
Nn xzFi
.cFaM cngY lè ,Lnv r l dNcB WTa Yl
`d
Èd on`pe .mxz
Mn lFcB Lxz
ke ,mpg lX
n lFcB Lpg lX
W ,mikln lW mpg lW
l
.Lz Nr
R xkU Ll mNW
IW
,LY
k`ln lrA
_______________________________________________
225
zea` iwxt dpyn
,zFlr n mi lWA zipw p zEklO d W ,zEklO d onE dPdM d on xzFi dxFY dlFcB e
:od El` e ,mix ac dpFnWE mirA x À zipw p dxFY de ,rAx è mixUrA dPdM d e
,dniÀ ,aNd lEMUA aNd zpiaA ,miz t U zkixr A ,of` d zri
nW A ,cEnlz A
,mix ag wECwc A ,mink g WEOWA (,dx dh A ) ,dgn U A ,depr A ,d`x iA
,ux` KxC hErnA ,dxFg q hErnA ,dpW n A ,`xwn A ,aEXiA ,mici nlY d lERlt A
,aFhalA ,miR ` Kx` A ,wFgU hErnA ,dgiU hErnA ,dpW hErnA ,bEpr Y hErnA
biq dUFrde ,FwlgA g n V d e ,FnFwnz` xiMO d ,oixFQ Id zlA w A ,mink g zpEn À
,zFIx Ad z` adF` ,mFwOd z` adF` ,aEd` ,Fnvr l daFh wifg n Fpiè ,eix ac
l
,cFaMd on wgxz nE ,zFgkFYdz` adF` ,mix WiOd z` adF` ,zFwc Sd z` adF`
,zEkf skl Frix kn E ,Fxag mr ra ÙFp ,d`xFd A g n U Fpiè ,FcEnlz A FAl qibn `le
rn FW ,aiWn E ,l`FW ,FcEnlz A aXiz nE ,mFlXd lr Fcinr nE ,zn`d lr Fcinr nE
oEk n d e ,FAxz
` miMg O d ,zFUr l zpn lr cnFNde ,cOll zpn lr cnFNd ,siqFnE
,FxnF` mWA xaC xnF`dlM ,Yc nl `d .FxnF` mWA xaC xnF`de ,FzrEn Wz`
:ik Cx
n mWA KlOl xYq ` xn`Y e (ak:a xzq`) :xn`PW ,mlFrl dN` B ìan
,Àd mlFraE dGd mlFrA d i rl miIg zpz Fp ìdW ,dxFY dlFcB f
:xnFè :`R x n Fx UA lklE mdi` n l md miIg iM (ak:c ilyn) :xn`PW
miwi fg O l ìd miIg ur (gi:my) :xnFè :Liz Fnvr l iET
We LW l id Y zE`tx (g:b my)
:L xBx bl miw pre LW`xl md og ziel | iM (h:` my) :xnFè :xX `n d ik ze DA
iaiM (ì:h my) :xnFè :JpBn Y zx` t Y zh r ogziel LW`xl oY Y (h:c my) ,xnFè
Dl e`nUA DpiniA mini K ` (fh:b my) :xnFè :miIg zFpW L N Etiq Fie Lini EA x i
:Kl Etiq Fi mFl We miIg zFpW
E mini K ` iM (a:my) :xnFè :cFa ke xWr
,xWr de ,gM
de ,iFPd :xnF` i`gFioA oFrnW iax mEXn dcEd ioA oFrnW iax g
:xn`PW ,mlFrl d`pe miwiC Sl d`p - mipA d e ,daiVd e ,dpw Gd e ,dnk g d e ,cFaMd e
zx` t Y (hk:k my) :xnFè :`v O Y dw c v Kx
cA daiU zx` t Y zxhr (`l:fh my)
:xnFè m xWr min k g zxhr (ck:ci my) :xnFè :da iU mipwf xc de m M mixEg A
dxtg e (bk:ck diryi) :xnFè :mz Fa` mipA z` t z e mipa ipA mipwf zxhr (e:fi my)
:cFa M eipwf cbpe mlW
Exi
aE oFIv xdA zF`
av ii Kln iM dOg d dWFaE dp a Nd
,miwiC Sl mink g EpOW ,zFCn raW EN` :xnF` ìq pn oA oFrnW iax
.eipa a E iAxA EnIw z p mNM
_______________________________________________
226
zea` iwxt dpyn
.cg` mc ` iA rbt E ,KxC

A KNd n izi
id zg` mrR :`nq w oA iqFi iax xn` h
:Fl iYxn ` ?dY ` mFwn dfi`n ,iAx :il xn` .mFlW Fl iY xfgde ,mFlW ilozpe
EpO r xEcY W LpFvx ,iAx :il xn` .ip` mix tFqlWe mink g lW dlFcB xirn
?zFIlBx nE zFaFh mipa ` e adf ixpiC mitl` sl` Ll oY` ip` e ,Epn FwnA
,mlFrAW zFIlBxnE zFaFh mipa ` e adfe sqM lM il ozFp dY ` m` :Fl iY x n`
:l`x Ui Kln cec icilr miNd Y xtq A aEzM oke .dxFY mFwnA `N` xc ipi`
Fzxi hR zr WA W
`N` cFr `le :sqk e adf it l n LiR zxF Y ilaFh (ar:hiw mildz)
,zFIlBxnE zFaFh mipa ` `le adf `le sqk `l mc `l Fl miEln oi` mc `lW
5
K ` dg pY | Lk Nd z
dA (ak:e ilyn) :xn`PW ,calA miaFh miUr nE dxFY
`N`
.dGd mlFrA - K ` dgpY LkNd z dA :LgiUz ìd z Fvi wde Lilr xn
WY LAk W
:xnFè .Àd mlFrl - LgiUz ìd zF vi
wd e .xaTA - Lilr xnWY LAk W A
:zF`
av ii m`
p adGd ile sM d il (g:a ibg)
,cg` oipw - dxFY :od EN` e ,FnlFrA Èd KExA WFcTd (Fl) dpw mipipw dXn g i
,cg` oipw - l`x Ui ,cg` oipw - mdx a` ,cg` oipw - ux` e min W
FM xC ziW `x ippw i i (ak:g ilyn) :aiz kC ?oiPn dxFY .cg` oipw - WC wO d ziA
i` q M min X
d i i xn ` dM (`:eq diryi) :aiz kC ?oiPn ux` e min W :f` n eilr
tn m w
:xnFè :iz gEpn mFwn dfiè il EpaY xW` zia dfi` ilbx mc d u` d e
?oiPn mdx a` :Lpipw ux` d d`ln zi U r dn k g A mNM i i | LiU rn EA xd
n (ck:cw mildz)
:ux` e minW dpw oFilr l` l mx a` KEx A xnÌe Edkx aie (hi:ci ziy`xa) :aiz kC
:xnFè :zipw Efmr xaricr i i LO r xa ricr (fh:eh zeny) :aiz kC ?oiPn l`xUi
?oiPn WC wO d ziA :ma ivt glM ixi C
è dOd ux` A xW` miWFcwl (b:fh mildz)
:Lic i EppFM ipc` Wc Tn ii Y lr R L Y aW l oFk n (fi:eh zeny) :aiz k C
:Fpini dzpw dfxd FW c w lEa Bl` mìaie (cp:gr mildz) :xnFè
:xn`PW
,FcFakl `N` F`x
a `l FnlFrA Èd KExA WFcTd `x AX dn lM ì
:xnFè :eizi
Urs
` eiY xvi eiz `x
A icFa
kle in W
a `x wPd lM (f:bn diryi)
:cr e mlrl Klni | ii (gi:eh zeny)
mdl dAx
liCbi Fw c
,xpA dev O d z` aEzMd dlY ,(bk:e ilyn) 'xF` dxF z e dev n xp iM ' ,iqFi
xA mg pn ia x WxC Ff z` ,ìp Y 5.
dxFY d z` e .drW it l `N` dPibn Dpi` dev n s` ,drW it l `N` dPibn Dpi` xP dn ,Ll xnFl ,xFÀ dxFY d z` e
df 'Kz
` dg pY Lk
Nd z d A' ,''ebe K ` dg pY | Lk Nd z d A ' xnF`
e ,mlFrl dPibn dxFY s` ,mlFrl oibn xF` dn ,xFÀ
(.`k dheq 'nb) .àl ciz rl 'LgiUz ìd zF wde' ,dzi
vi n Ff 'Lilr xnWY LAk W A ' ,dGd mlFrd
_______________________________________________
227
zay i`venl ziaxr
Whether one should drink water during zeynyd oia is discussed amongst the miwqet. Some
explained this to be the case every zeynyd oia, but fpky` iwqet were concerned only in regard to
zeynyd oia on zay i`ven. This is based on dlaw concerning the drinking of water after the time
in which the zenyp are in limbo, before they must return to mpdib. When one of the zetqezd ilra
ate ziyily zcerq during zeynyd oia - mz epiax strongly opposed the practice. This caused ipa
fpky` not to eat ziyily zcerq at this time, whether accompanied with water or not. When the
xteq mzg settled in Hungary, he followed the local schedule, and ate ziyily zcerq after dgpn, but
he made sure not to have any water on the table. In this regard, wine and fruit juice are not
considered water.
,`xnba mb rnyny enke dgpn iptl lek`l mlern bdpnd did jk
.mz epiax eilr qrke dgpn ixg` lek`l bidpde bdpnd z` dpiy mleyn epiaxe
The xteq mzg was similarly opposed to the recital of '`zcerq epiwz`' because of the Kabbalistic
concepts mentioned, which should not be revealed publicly. Practically speaking, it is best if one
can omit it without causing a zwelgn.
1
zay i`venl zepibpa gvpnle jexa cecl
oi`y minia zelitzd lka xaer `l la` - zay i`vena xwira - cenrd iptl lltzn ,dltz lra èdy la` yi m`
,[ecbp gezn oicdy itl] daeyz ini zxyra) ziaxre dgpn zlitza elit` dltz lrad ynyn epi` mday ,mit` zlitp
(aà xyr dynga ,xnera b"la ,oqip yceg lk ,mixet inia ,haya xyr dynga ,dkepg inia ,yceg y`xa ,crend lega
meiae ,mitevx miphw miakek 'b e`xiy cr mipznne ,ycewd lr legn siqedl ick dltzd mixg`n zay i`vena
:(la` ziaa `"` la`) dl` mixenfn 'a xnfl mibdep megx ède miligzny mcewe .ealn wtqd `viy cr opernd
dl` mixenfn ipy ziaxr zlitzl mcew zilh ila enewna obpn dltz lrad zay i`vena
(.aeh mei i`ven èdy zay i`vena jexa cecl mixnfn oi` zaya lgy aeh mei) : reci oebipa mze` mixneè
:dn g lO l iz FrAv ` axwl ic i cO ln d ixEv | ii KExA | cec
l cnw
:iY g z iO r ccFx
d iz iq g FaE iPb il ih lt n E iA BU n iz cE
v
nE iCqg
:Eda X g Y e WFpòA EdrcY e mc `dn i i
:xa Fr lv M ein i dnC ladl mc `
:EpW rie mix dA rB c xz
e LinW hd i
:mO dzE
LiS g glW mvitzE wx A wFx A
1. On zay i`ven, jexa cecl not (zelrnd xiy) was recited by all zelidw, and is still said in old
zelidw (ifpky`) inlyexi, and in micxtqd zelidw. The dxexa dpyn quotes it as a aeh bdpn
(therefore Litvaks should recite it as well). Its recitation was stopped by miciqg. Since there
was never a yicw according to the ancient bdpn, it was not added later. (Only one or two
communities in Hungary said yicw after jexa cecl.)
_______________________________________________
228
zay i`venl ziaxr
:xk pipA cIn miA x miO n ipl iSde ipv R mFxO n Lic
i glW

:xwW
oin i mpinie èWxAC mdiR xW`
:KN dx
Of` xFU r lapA KN dxi
W ` Wc
g xiW
mi l
`
:drx axgn FC
ar ceCz
` dvFRd mik l O l drEW
Y ozFPd
:xkp ipA cIn ipl iSd e ipvR
:xwW
oin i mpinie èW
xAC mdi xW`
:lk id zipa Y zFa
Hgn zFIefk EpizFpA mdixE
r
pA milC
bn m irh pM | EpipA xW`
:Epiz FvEg
A zFa
Ax
n zFti
l` Eppe`v of l` oGn miwi
tn mi`ln Epiefn
:Epi ag x
A dg ev oiè z`vFi oi` e ux
Roi` milA qn Epit EN`
:ei l
` iiW
mr
d i
xW` FN dkM W
mr
d ix
W`
:xiW
xFnfn zpibpA gSpn l fq
:dlq EpY ` eipR xì Epkxa ie EpPg i mi l
`
:Lz rE
W
i miFBlkA LMxC ux` A zr
c
l
:mNM miO r LEcF
i mi l
` | miO r LEcFi
:dlq mgpY u` A | miO `
lE xWi
n miO r hR
Wzi
M miO `
l Eppxi
e Egn U i
:mNM miO r LEcF
i mi l
` | miO r LEcFi
:Epi l
` mi l
` Epk xa i DlEai dpz p ux
`
:ux` iqt ` lM FzF
` E` xi
ie mi l
` Epkxa i
_______________________________________________
229
rny zìxw zekxa legl ziaxr
.zay i`vene legl dizekxae rny zìxw 1

3 2
.cgeina jex` oebipa 'ekxa' xneè ,zcgein dnirpa jiynne 'megx ède' ligzn dltz lrad zay i`vena
FR
` aiW
d l dA x
de zig W e 4 xne` dltz lrad gl:gr
i`le oFr xRk i | mEgx Èd
:Ep` x
W Fd ii mdixg` z"ade oiper ldwd i:k :Fz ng lM xi i`le
x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az i : ygla ldwd xne` 'ekxa' xne` dltz lrad cera jix`n dltz lra
ÈdW :Èd KExA WFcTd miklO d ikln Kln lW FnW `Vpz ie mnFxz
ie :'ekxa' zxinà
zFaxr a xl ENq d:gq mildz :mi l ` oi` eicr
lA n E oFxg` Ède oFW`x Ek xA
:dNd zE
dkx
AlMlr mnFxn FnWE :eipt l Eflr e Fn
W DiA
:cr
e mlFrl FzEkln cFaM mW KExA : ldwd xnì myd dltz lra obpnyk iiz `
:mlFrcr
e dY n Kan ii mW
id i a:biw : ldwd xnì 'jxand' dltz lra obpnyk :K a n d
:c r
e ml Frl K a n d ii KEx A : eicgi dltz lrae ldw
` KExA
dlil ìan E mFi xiar nE :xFìpR n KWg e KWgi
pR n xF` llFB
Epilr KFlni cinY mIw e ig l` :FnW zFàv ii dlil oiaE mFi oiA liCan E
:miaxr aixr
Od ii dY
` KExA :cre mlFrl
ix A gnU pe
ac
ii dY
:l`x
Ui FOr ,adF`
1. According to fpky` bdpn, the recital of 'legl ycew oia licand (jexa)' without myd my is
insufficient to be able to perform dk`ln after miakekd z`v on zay i`ven. During the times
of the mipey`x, women would just recite the full dkxa, oia licand mlerd jln epicl` 'c dz` jexa'
'legl ycew. Nowadays, women oren the zay i`venl dcinr, remembering to include 'epzppeg dz`'.
Thereafter, dk`ln may be performed but one must make dlcad before eating.
.zeklne mya jxal oi`y jexr ogleyd zhiyl yygn dk`ln zeyery iptl dcinr zelltzn miyp
.'megx ède'a mikix`n gqt ly oexg` i`vena oke ,lel` ycega zay i`vena 2.
3. On a ycew zay i`ven which occurs before a day when zegilq are said, megx ède is sung
in the oebip of mi`xep mini.
4. The dltz lra ascends to the cenr for megx ède. megx ède is a way of saying that in the evening,
when there are no sin offerings, God provides atonement. (gwex)
_______________________________________________
230
.'on`p jln l`' oewixhep èd 'on`'y ,dltz lrad ly mler zad` zkxa lr 'on`' ziipra g"nx
p n l `
o n ` Kl
c:e mixac
` ii l`x
:cr
mA Y x
Ac
e Lip a l mY PPW
d Eid e
L
aW
A
iY z pe :mk W t plka E mka a llkA Fc arlE mk idl ` iiz` da d ` l
xiz e Lp bc Y
` mY nU e :mkl o p
ilr
5
:ux` d lr min X d iniM mdl zz l mki a `l ii rA W p xW ` dn c
`d lr
md l` Y
x
n` e l`x
Ex
xg` ExEz z`le
mix
vn ux` n mk z ` iz`
vFd xW ` mk idl
` ii ip`
:mk idl
` ii ip` mi l
`l mkl zFid l
dvEgA la` .aiz M 'dn c i orn l' xn ` e Dn Y ,laa A iaq `Mi` ,opgFi
`d lr mk ipa in ie mkini EA x ia xl Dil Exn ` 5.
,Dipa l iel oA r WFd
i ia x xn ` c M ,Edl ipd ` C Epiid xn ` ,`Y Wi pM iAl ikW g nE
in C w n Dil ixn ` C oeiM ?`l ux` l
(.g zekxa 'nb) .iIg EkxFz C iki d iM ,`Y Wi
pM iAl Eliir e EaiX g e Epn C w
_______________________________________________
231
'zn`' dlina elew mixn dltz lrad .s"l`d rleai `ly hrn geix ozi ok` ,'zn`'l 'mkidl`' sxvl yi
,'mkicl` 'c'l 'zn`' jenqiy ick axd mr ziviv zyxt xne` dltz lrad jkitl .'zn` mkicl` 'c' ltek epiè
Epgp` e FzlEf oiè Epi l` ii Èd iM Epilr mIw e z`flM dpEn è zn `

:mivixr dlM sMn Epl` FBd EpM ln mikln cIn EpcFR d :FOr l`x Ui
zFlcb d rd i:h aei` :EpW t p iaiF`lkl lEnB mNW n d e Epix
Sn Epl rx tPd l`d
hFO l ozp`le miIg A EpW
t p mV d h:eq mildz :xR q n oi`cr zF` lt pe xwg oi` cr
miQp EpNdUr d :Epi` pUlM lr Eppx w mxIe Epia iF` zFnAlr Epk ixc Od :Eplbx
ixFk
AlM Fzx ar
a dMO d :mgipA znc À miz tFnE zzF` drx tA dnw pE
Od :mlFr zExgl mkFYn l`x
ixfB oiA eipA xiar Ui FOrz
` `vFIe mix vn
EgAW FzxEa B eipa E`xe :rAh zFnFdz A mdi`pFUzè mditcFxz
` sEqmi
dxi W Epr Ll l`x Ui ipa E d n :mdilr ElAw oFvx A FzEkln E :FnWl EcFde
- mNk Exn` e dAx dgn U A
ldwe dltz lra
:`lt dUr zNdz `
xFp WcT
A xC
kin ì:eh zeny
- Exn` e Epr il` df a:eh d n ipt l mi r wFA
Lipa E`x LzEk
ln dltz lra
:cr e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh ldwe dltz lra
:EPO n wfg cIn Fl
`bE aw riz` ii d
ctiM i:`l dinxi :xn`pe dltz lra
:l`x
Ui l`B ii dY ` KExA
Epilr qFxtE miIg l EpM ln Epci nr

de mFlWl Epi l ` ii Epa iMW d
Epcr
WFde Lipt Nn daFh dvrA EppT z e Ln FlW zMq
Epx g` n E Epipt ln ohU xqd e oFbie arxe axge xaC aiF` Epilr n xqd e
dY
` mEgx
e oEPg Kln l` iM dY
` EpliSn E Epx
nFW l` iM Epxi qY LitpM lva E
Y
xnFW ii dY
` KExA :mlFrcr
e dY r
n mFlWl E miIg l Ep` FaE Epz `v xFnWE
:cr
l l`x Ui FOr
_______________________________________________
232
,l`xyi ux` ipal ode laa ipal od minkg ici lr dpwzp 'epipir e`xi' zkxa mr 'mlerl 'c jexa' iweqt zxin`
okle ,l`xyi ux`l elry dl` s` mifpky` lk lv` mxn`l did laewne ,`pc zncwn l`xyi ux` ixeciqa eàede
lr ,l`xyic `rx`c `xne n"ctt c"a` ,d"lyd jxry 'miny xry' xeciq llek miqtcpd mdixeciq lka z`vnp
xeìa el azk okle ,"onè on` mlerl 'c jexa xninl epiwz i`xza opax" ik epiiva) l`xyi uxà bdpy mibdpnd it
,'mlerl 'c jexa' mb mihinyn zay lil ziaxra 'exnye' mixne` mpi`y `"xbd icinlz .(xzqpe dlbp it lr
: `plieea iyi`d ebdpn it lr ,ux`l uega ode l`xyi uxà od
.xeaiva dlitz witqdl ick ef dkxa blcl xzen
6
mlW
Exi o W oFIS n | ii KExA `k:dlw :on ` e | on` ml Frl ii KExA bp:ht mildz
| KEx
aE :FC
al zF`
lt p d r l`x
Ui i l
` mi l
` ii | KEx
A higi:ar :DiElld
ii cFa
k id i `l:cw :on ` e | on` ux` d lMz` FcFak `lO ie mlFr
l FcFa
M mW
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
id i a:biw :eiU rn A ii gnU i mlFrl
zFUrl i i li` Fd i
M lFc
Bd Fn
W xEarA FO rz
` ii WH
i`l i
M ak:ai '` lèny
Ex
nÌe mdipR lr ElRIe mr
dlM `xIe hl:gi '` mikln :mr
l Fl mkz
`
ux`d lMlr Klnl ii did e h:ci dixkf :mi l
`d Èd ii mi l
`d Èd ii
Epilr ii L C
qg id i ak:bl mildz :cg ` FnWE cg` ii did i Èd
d mFIA
Epr
Wi i l
` Epri
WFd Ex
n` e dl:fh '` minid ixac :Kl Eplgi xW
` M
:Lz Nd z
A A Y W
d l LW
c
w mW
l zFcdl miFBdon EpliSd e EpvA w e
:Ln W
l Ec
Ak ie ipc` Lipt l Eeg Y W
ie E`Fa
i z iU r x
W` | miFBlM i-h:et mildz
L zi
rx
n o`v
e | LO r Epgp` e bi:hr :LC
al mi l
` dY
` zF`
lt p d re dY ` lFc
biM
:Lz Nd Y xR q p xc
e xFc l mlFr
l L
N d
cFp
6. fpky` bdpn is to sit for mlerl 'c jexa, so people don't think they are dxyr dpeny `vei.
_______________________________________________
233
Lc
ia iM :Epn EwA ii KExA :EpA k W
A ii KExA :dliNA ii KExA :mFIA ii KExA
:Wi` xUA lM g Ex
e iglM Wtp FciA xW` i:ai aei` :miz O d e miIg d zFWtp
min X
A W
Epi l
` :zn ` l` i i iz F` z ic
R ig Ex ciw
t` L ciA e:`l mildz
:cr
e mlFrl Epilr KlnE cinY LzEk
ln mIw e LnW
cgi
Kln oFIvl xn
À znÀ Lz rEWi
A EpW
t p lbz i
e EpA l gnU ie Epipir E`x
ìd LNW
zEklO d iM :cr
e mlrl lni | ii gi:eh zeny K ln ii `:bv Kl ii fh:i :Ki l
`
KlO d ii dY
` KExA :dY ` `N` Kln Epl oi` iM cFakA KlnY cr inlFr
lE
:eiUr
nlM lr
e cr
e mlFrl Epilr KFlni cinY FcFakA
DzErx
k `x
aC `nlr
swef WC
wz
ie lC
Bz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
w onfa E `lbr
A l`x

lE mlr
l Kx
an Àx DinW
`di
DinW
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek dltz lra

A rxek dltz lra `Wc
wC
`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi
We `z k x
AlMn `Nr
l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek dltz lra :`nlr

A oxi
n` C
_______________________________________________
234
zay i`venl dcinr ziaxr ziaxr
zay i`venl dcinr ziaxr

mdxa` i l
` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef dY ` degzyn KExA rxek
oFilr l` `xFP
:miIg mi l
` Lpr
kf daeyz ini zxyra
:mdx
a` obn ii swef dY
W FnE xfFr Kln
:ri
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
LFn
:drEW
:ming x
A miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn
k in daeyz ini zxyra
:dpiA WFp
`l cOln E zrC mc
`l opFg dY`
:aeh meie zay i`vena
LpFvx iTg mdA zFUr l Epc OlY
e Lz xFY
rC nl EpY ppFg dY` 1
miOr l l`x Ui oiA K g l xF` oiA lgl W w oiA Epi l aY e 2
` ii EpliC
miÀ d minId Epilr lgd EpM ln Epia ` :dUr
Od ini zWW l iriaX
d mFi oiA
:Lz ` x
iA miwA cnE oFrl
Mn miTpn E `hg lMn mikEUg mFlWl Epz `x wl
:zrC
d opFg ii dY` KExA :lMU d e drC dpiA LY
`n EpPg e
zaiz xg`l èdy dnizgl jenq `le 'dpia' zaizl jenq -dlcad- epzppeg dz` xnel epwiz l"bq i"xdn 1.
(l"ixdn) .dlcad xp oii minya zeaiz iy`x dpiac meyn mdixac eknqe ,'lkyd'
(edil` xef` xeciq) .(`"i:h"k mixac i"yx y"n oirke ,licadl epl zzp eyxite) i"q lka d"k 2.
_______________________________________________
235
daEWz a Epxi
fg d e Lz cFa
r l EpM ln Epa x
we Lz xFz
l Epia ` Epa iWd

EprW
t ald lr dkn iM EpM ln Epllgn Ep`h g ald lr dkn iM Epia ` Eplglq
:gFlq l dAx
Od ,oEPg ii dY` KExA :dY` glFqe lgFn iM
l`Fb iM Ln W orn l dx dn Epl` bE Epa ix daixe Epipr
a d`x
:l`x
: o`k xnì dlegd lr lltzdl dvexy in drW Epe Epri
WFd `tx
pe ii Ep` t x
dx
dn glW Y W
Epi l
` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idie
dnlW dÈtx dlr de dY` Epz Nd z iM
WtPd zÈtx min X d on dnlW dÈtx
dlFgl sEBd zÈtxE on`p `tFx Kln l` iM * Epiz FMnlkl
:l`xUi ilFg x`W KFzA (t"at),`tFx ii dY` KExA :dY` ong x
e
:l`x Ui FOr ilFg
daFhl Dz` Eaz ipinlMzè z`Gd dpX d z` Epi l` ii Epilr Kx A
La EHn Epr
AU
e dnc `d ipR lr dk A (l xhn E lh : sxega 3) oze
:mipX d Kx
an ii dY` KExA :zFaFHd mipX M Epz FpW Kx aE
cgi Epv A w e Epiz FIlB uAw l qp Ùe Epz Exgl lFcB xtFWA rwY
`n
oFbi EPO n xqd e dNg Y
aM Epiv rFi
:hRW O A EpwC
ve ming xaE cqgA LCal ii dY` Epilr KFlnE dgp` e
(.xefgl jixv oi`y miwqetd aex zrc ,exn` `l mè hRW
O d KlO d : dkxad miniiqn daeyz ini zxyra)
LOr iaiF`lke Eca ì rbx
M mipiOd lke dew z idYl
` mic OW nl
ri
pk z e xBn zE
xAW zE
xTrz dx dn oFcf zEkln E Ezx Mi dx dn
:mic f ri
pk n E miaiF` xaFW ii dY` KExA :Epin ia dx
dn A
zhilR lr
e l`x
Ui ziA LOr ipw flr e mici qg d lr
e miwiC
Sd lr
aFh xkU oze Epi l
e wcSd ix
Blr
e mdix tFq
_______________________________________________
236
Y xA C xW` M DkFzA oFMWz e aEWY ming x A Lxi r mlW

Exile
:mlW
Exi dpFA ii dY` KExA
Lz rEWi
A mExY Fpx
ar ceC gnvz`
:drEW
l iM
oFvxaE ming x A lAw e Epilr mgx e qEg Epi l ` ii EplFw rnW
mwix EpM ln Lipt Nn E dY` EpipEpgz e Epz Nt Y rn FW l` iM Epz Nt Yz
`
:dNt Y rn FW
Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
r
d aWd e mzNt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr
A Epi l` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE
oFvx
l`x Ui iX` e
:LO r l`xUi zcFa
r
ie dvxie d`x
ie ri
mFiA mFlWl E
drEW
kf
:oFIvl FzpikW
:cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv
Od
Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa
e axr zr lkA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
:Kl Epiew mlFrn Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
_______________________________________________
237
:'miqpd lr' o`k mixne` ,dlibnd zìxw mcew ziaxr zltza mixeta mb ,dkepg ini lk
zFnglO d lr
e zFrEWY d lr e zFxEaBd lr e owxR
d lre miQPd lr
W
oWEWA xYq ` e ikCx n iniA : mixeta eipa E ipnWg lFcB o M opg FioA Ediz Yn iniA : dkepga
ond mdilr cnr WM dxi Ad l`x Ui LOrl r dr Wxd oei zEkln dc nrWM
cin W d l bi:b xzq` WTA rWx d dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ar
dlE Lz xFY
mgiMW d l
micEd
Idl Mz` cA ` lE bx dl z` Y a x mzx v zr A mdl Y c
nr miAx d Lin g x
A
mFiA miWpe sh ow fcr e xr Pn Y xq n :mzn w pz` Y n w
p mpiCz
` Y pC maix
W g l xUr dWFlWA cg ` ciA mi`n h E miHr n ciA miAxe miWNg ciA mixFA B
llW E x c` W g Èd xUrmi pW iwq Fr ciA mic fe miwiC v ciA mirW xE mixFd h
miAx d Lin g x A dY` e :fFa l LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz
lw e Fzvr z` Y xt d xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE
Y lw dlFcb drEW
Y z iU r l`x Ui
lr eipA zè Fz` Elze FW`xA Eraw e LW cw zFxvg A zFxp Ewilc de LW C
wn z`
:urd :lFcBd LnW l lNd l E zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini zpFnW
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
:Lz ix
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
i l`d znÀ LnW
miIg d lke
oFc` Kln Èd dY` iM mlFrl miUY LOr l`x Uilr ax mFlW
dr
Wlka E zrl kA l`x Ui LOrz ` Kx al Lipir
A aFhe :mFlXd lkl
:LnFlWA
daFh dqpx
tE mFlWe dkx
A miIg xtq A : daeyz ini zxyra Kx
an d ii dY` KExA
l`xUi ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l azM pe xkGp :mFlXA l`x Ui FOrz
`
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlWl E miIg l
_______________________________________________
238

n xAC
n izt U E rx
n ipFWl xvp i l
`
:iWt p sCx
Y Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz
A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr
M iWt pe
orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dx
dn drx ilr miaW
Fgdlke
f:q mildz :Lz xFY
orn l dUr Lz X
c

it ix
pin i dri
WFd Li
cic
i oEv
lg i or
nl
einFxnA mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b
e ixEv
i i Lipt l iA l oFibde
:on` Exn` e :l`x
UilMlr
e Epilr mFlW dUr
i Èd
: xneè h`l swef
:Lz xFz
A Epw
lg oze Epin ia dx
dn A WC
wO d ziA dpA iW
mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc
w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x
iA Lc
ar
p mWe
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM
aeh mei lg m` ,(242 'nr) 'oedzelv lawzz' jiynne ,(241 'nr) 'yecw dz`' `le (240 'nr) 'mrp idie' mixne` oi`
,minyae xp `la qekd lr milican ,'lawzz' yicw o`k mixne` aeh mei i`vena .miàd legd zenin cgà
mixne` dxyr dpeny xg` mixeta .'epilr' (240 'nr) 'mrp idie' mb mitiqen zay i`vena .(246 'nr) 'epilr' mixneè
.'jl ozie'e 'mrp idie' mixne` oi` .'lawzz' ila mly yicw mixne` aà dryza .dlibnd z` mi`xewe 'lawzz' yicw
DzErx
k `x
aC `nlr
swef WC
wz
ie lC
Bz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
w onfa E `lbr
A l`x
lE mlr
l Kx
an Àx DinW
`di
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek dltz lra
A rxek dltz lra `Wc
wC DinW

`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi
We `z k x
AlMn `Nr
l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek dltz lra :`nlr
A oxi
n` C
_______________________________________________
239
dltzd meiq ziaxr
mrp idie
.dcinra mixne` yi 'mrp idie' oey`xd weqtd z`
:EdppFM Epic
i dUr
nE Epilr dppFM Epici dU rn E Epilr Epi l
` ipc` mr
p | id ie fi:v mildz
2 1
iz cE
v
nE iq g n iil x ` :opFlz
i iC
W lvA oFilr xzq A a i `v
Kl Kqi | Fz x
a` A :zFEd xaC
n WE i gRn LliSi Èd iM :FAg
ha ` i l
`
:mn Fi sEr
i ug n dlil cgR n `xi z `l :FY
n` dx
gq
e dPv dqg Y eit pM zgz e
Lil ` Lpinin daa xE sl` | LC
Sn lR
i :mix
dv cEWi ahT n Kldi l`
A xaC
n
Y n U
oFilr iq g n ii dY ` iM :d` xY mir
Wx znNW
e hiA z Lipir
A wx :WBi `l
L x
nW l KNdEv i eik` ln iM :Lld` A axwi`l rbp e drx Lil` dP`z`
l :LpFrn
nxY KxcY ozte lgW
lr :Llbx oa` A sBYo
R LpE`
Vi miRM lr :Lik xCl
kA
Edpr
è | ip` x
wi :in W
rciiM Eda BU
` EdhNt ` e wWg ia iM :oiPz e xit M
:iz rE
Wi
A Ed` x
è Edri
AU mini K ` :Edc
Ak ` e Edv Ng ` d
xva i p` FO
r
(:iz rE
Wi
A Ed` x
è Edri 3
AU mini K `)
1. The bdpn is not to recite oeilr xzqa ayi on a zay i`ven before aeh mei.
2. The gwex ('k oniq) says that all of zia sl` is found in this dlitz except for the "oif", to signify,
that it is not said on zay i`ven before seven occasions:
:crend leg zay and zxvr ipiny, zekq, xetk mei, dpyd y`x, zereay, gqt
3. The bdpn in the later generations is to repeat the last weqt on zezay i`ven. une` sqei (ep oniq)
cites the xeh and the Siddur R' Hertz Treivish as the source for the repetition on zezay i`ven.
In this way the Name of God is complete, and this guards against miwifn. The gwex
(h"twz cenr ,xeciqd lr gwexd yexit) writes, the reason for the repetition of the mini jx` as well
as reciting oeivl àe on zezay i`ven, is to lengthen zay, in order to delay the return of
the sinners of Israel to mpdib. The first time mini jx` should be said silently, the second time
it should be said out loud.
_______________________________________________
240
dltzd meiq ziaxr
.'epilr' ,'lawzz' ila y"w ,jenp lewa 'yecw dzè' mixneè micner zepiwde dki` zlibn zìxw xg` aà dryza
:l` x
Ui zFNd Y aW
Fi WFc w dY` e c:ak mildz [ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
xn ` e dfl` df `x we b:e diryi
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF`
av ii WFcw WFc
w | WFc
w ldwe dltz lra
:oix
n` e oiCo
`rx
`lr WiC w DY pikW ziA `nFxn inW A WiC w [ygla] ldwe dltz lra
`rx
`lk ìln zFàv ii Ìn lr inlr lE mlr l WiC w DY xEa B caFr
:Dx wi eif
lFc
B Wr
x lFw ix
g` rn W
è g Ex ip` V Y
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ldwe dltz lra
[ygla] ldwe [lewa] dltz lra
:oix
n` e oigA W
n C ìBq ri
f lw ixz
A zirn W
E `gEx ipz lh pE
:DY pikW
ziA xz` n iic `x
wi KixA
:cr e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny ldwe dltz lra
md x
a` i l ` i i gi:hk '` d"c :Ìn lr inlr lE mlr l DzEk
ln ii ygla mixne` ldw
LOr aa l zFaWg n xvil ml Frl z`Gdx nW Epi a` l`x Uie wgv i
aiW d l dA x
de zig W i`le oFr xRk i | mEg x Èd e gl:gr mildz :Lil` maa l okd e
:Li` xwl
kl cqga x e gNq e aFh ipc` dY ` iM d:et :Fz ng lM xir i `le FR
`
mdxa` l cg aw ril zn ` oYY k:f dkin :zn ` L z xFz e mlFrl wcv Lz wc
v anw:hiw
l`d Epl qnri mFi | mFi ipc` KEx A k:gq mildz :mcw inin Epi a`l Y rAW pxW`
:dlq aw ri i l ` Epl aBU n EpOr zF` av ii g:en :dlq Epz rE W
i
:Ep` x
wmFia Eppri Kl d dri W
Fd ii i:k :KA g A mc i xW` zF` av ii bi:ct
zn` zxFY Epl ozpe mirFYdon EpliC ad e FcFakl Ep` x
AW Epi l
` Èd KExA
d`x ilE Fzad ` l EpA l mUie FzxFz A EpA l gYt i Èd Epk FzA rhp mlFr iIg e
:dld Al clp `le wix l rbip `l orn l mlW aala Fcar lE FpFvx zFUr l FzF`
_______________________________________________
241
dltzd meiq ziaxr
dMfpe dGd mlFrA LiT g xnWPW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:Àd mlFrd iIg lE g iW O d zFni ipW l dkx aE daFh Wxi pe d`x pe dig pe
xaB d KEx A f:fi dinxi :JcF` mlFrl i l ` ii mC i `le cFak L x Ofi ornl 4 bi:l bi:l
i i DiA i M cri cr iia Egh A c:ek diryi :Fg ha n ii did e iiA gha i xW`
:ii LiW xc Y fr`
:xiC
ìe dxFY liCbi Fw c
:xn`
l Y A C xW` M ipc` M `plC
bi dY re fi:ci xacna
:dOd mlFrn iM Li
cqge ii Lin g xxk
f e:dk mildz
DzErxk `x aC `nlr
A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WCwz ie lCBz
i rxek dltz lra
:aix
w onfa E `lbr
A l`xUiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEkln Kiln ie
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie `Vpz
ie mnFxz ie x`R z
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek dltz lra
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd KixA rxek dltz lra `Wc wC DinW

`z n gpe `z g A W
Y `z xi
We `z k x
AlMn `Nr
l
n` C
:Epz Nt Y z` oFvx
aE ming x
A lAw :ldw
a iC oFdEa` mc
w l`x
UilkC oFdzEr
aE oFdzFl
v lAw z
Y
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
:ux` e minW
d r ii mr
n ixfr:ldw a:`kw
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
L x nl' :xn
Ofi or `PW ,mFIA dzFp
W le ,dliNA dNibO d z` zFxw
l mc` aiIg ,d` xi A `lEr xn ` FAlg ia x xn ` 4.
(.c dlibn 'nb) .':JcF`
mlFrl i l
` 'c mC i `le cFak
_______________________________________________
242
dltzd meiq ziaxr
.(94 'nr) 'jl ozie' iptl xnerd z` mixteq xnerd zxitq inia
.(336 'nr) 'jl ozie' iptl dkepgd zexp z` dltz lrad wilcn dkepg zay i`venae
jl ozie
(.oilet bdpnk miweqtd ztqez z` mixne` oi`)
dkxa iweqt
:Wxi z e obC axe ux`d iPn W n E min X d lHn mi l `d LloYi e 5 hk-gk:fk ziy`xa
Lixx` LO` ipA l Eeg Y W ie egzyie Lig ` l xiab ded miO ` l Ll eg Y W
i e miO r LEc ari
ldw l zi
id e LAx ie Lxtie L ` Kx ai iC W lè c-b:gk :KEx A Likxa n E xEx `
Lix bn ux` z` LY Wxl KY` L rxflE Ll md x a` zM x Az` LloYi e :miO r
k x
A J k xa ie iC
W zè J x fr ie Lia ` l` n dk:hn :md x a` l mi l ` ozpxW`
ExaB Lia ` zk x A :mgx e mc W zkx A zgY zv x mFdY zkx A lr n min W

:eig ` xifp cwc wlE sq Fi W`xl oiid Y mlFr zr aB ze` Y cr ixFd zk x Alr
L
xiz e L pb C Lz nc
ìx tE L ph a ix R Kx aE LAx de Lkxa E L ad ` e eh-bi:f mixac
:Kl zzl Li a`l rAW pxW` dn c `d lr Lp `v zxY Wr e Lit l` xbW Lx dv ie
7 6
LOn ii xiq d e :LY n da a E dx wre xwr L a did i`l miO rd lMn did Y KEx A
:Li`pUl
kA mpz pE KA mn iUi `l Y rc i xW` mir xd mix
vn iec nlke ilgl M
Y ` KExaE L aA dY ` KEx A e :dc VA dY ` KEx aE xir A dY
` KEx A 8 b:gk mixac
LYnda ixtE Lz
n c
` ix tE L ph a ix
R KEx A c :LY x `W
n E L`ph KEx A d :Lz `vA
glW n lkaE Lin q ` A dk x
Ad z` LY ` ii ev i 9 g :Lp`v zFxY Wre Litl` xbW
aFH d Fx
vF`z
` L l | ii gY t i 10 ai :Kl o p Lil ` iixW` ux` A L
kxa E L
ci
5. The recital of jl ozie is an ancient bdpn (xdef). Since zay causes happiness and a new week is
about to begin, we recite dkxa iweqt which are considered a good 'oniq' (similar to the 'mipniq'
on dpyd y`x lil). During zay the miryx leave mpdib and zay i`ven they return; therefore, we
add mrp idie and jl ozie in order to lengthen the dltz.
.mFwO d ipt l dxEw r Kz Nt Y `d Y `NW ' x wre' ,mici n lY d on 'xwr L a did i`l' ,iel oA r WFd
i ia x xn ` 6.
(:cn zexeka 'nb) .dn d a M Ln v r miU n dY ` W on f A ?iz ni `
drW z e oir W Y xn ` ,ca r i`n ca r ,ixa w iAl wilq axC ,Din r h l ax ,oir Ff ,ax xn ` 'ilgl M LOn 'c xiq de' 7.
(:fw `rivn àa 'nb) .ux` KxCA cg ` e ,drx oir A
:dcVA dY` KEx aE xir A dY` KEx A' ?i` xw ipd A ax xn ` i`n ,Edl xn ` ,axC dici n
lz
l À` ia x Edpig MW ` 8.
,zq pM d zial KEnq Lzi A `d IW 'xir A dY` KEx A' :ax xn ` ik d Dil Exn ` e ':Lz `vA dY` KEx aE LaA dY` KEx A
Lz ì A zr W A dCp wt q LY W ` `vn Y `NW 'LaA dY` KEx A' ,xir
l miaFx w Liq kp EdIW 'dc VA dY` KEx a'
(.fw my) .LzFn M Lirn i` v` v EdIW 'Lz `vA dY` KEx a' ,KxCd on
.'Lin q ` A dk x
Ad z` LY ` 'c ev i' :xn
`PW ,oir d on iEnQ d xaCA `N` ,diiEvn dkxA d oi` ,wg v i ax xn ` 9.
.'Lin q ` A dk x Ad z` LY ` 'c ev i' :xn `PW ,FA zh lFW oir d oi` W xaCa ,diEvn dkxA d oi` ,l`rn W i ia x iAc `pY
(.an my)
| 'c gY t i' :xn `PW ,aFh xvF`n oic xFi min W B d oi` ,WCw O d ziA axg W mFIn ,`Cq g ax xn ` `R R xA mxt x xn ` 10.
,aFh xvF` n oic xFi min W B ,mz n c ` lr oiiExW l` xU ie ,mFwn lW FpFvx oiUFr l` xU IW on f A .'aFH
d Fx vF`z
` L l
(:dk `xza àa 'nb) .aFh xvF` n oic xFi min W B oi` ,mz n c ` lr oiiExW l` xU i oi` W on f A
_______________________________________________
243
dltzd meiq ziaxr
miA x miFB zield e L ci dU rn lM z` Kx alE FY rA Lv x`xh n zzl min X

d z`
miA x miFB Y ha rd e KlxAC xW` M L kxA Li l
` iiiM e:eh :delz `l dY ` e
in l` x
Ui Lix W` hk:bl :ElW ni `l LaE miA x miFbA YlW n E ha rz `l dY è
Kl Lia ` EW gM ie Lze`B agxW` e Lxfr obn i iA rW Fp mr LFn k
:Kxcz FnizFnA lr dY è
meicte dreyi iweqt
:cr inlFrc r EnlM z` le EWa z `l min lFr zrEW Y i iA rW Fp l`x Ui fi:dn diryi
k O r dUrx W` mk idl ` ii mWz` mY lNd e rF
a
Ue lFk` mYlk ` e fk-ek:a lèi
k idl ` ii ip` e ip` l`x Ui axw a iM mY rci
e :mlFrl iOr EWa i`le ìlt d l
11
zgn U e dP xA oFIv EàE oEa W i i i iiEctE i:dl diryi :mlFrl iOr EWa i`le cFr oi` e
E`v z dg n U a iM ai:dp :dgp` e oFbi Eqpe EbiV i dg n U e oFU U mW`xlr mlFr
:sk E`gn i dc Vd ivrl ke dP x mk ipt l Eg vt i zFr
aBd e mixdd oEla EY mFlWa E
:drEWi
l ilidie i i Di zx nfe iGri
M cgt ` `le gha ` iz rE W
i l` dPd e-a:ai
Fn
Wa E` x w iil EcFd Èd d mFIA mY x n` e :drEW
id ipirO n oFU UA min mY a ` WE
dUr zE`b iM i i Ex Of :Fn W aBU p iM ExiM fd ei lilr miOra EricFd
:l` x Ui WFc w A x wA lFc biM oFIv zaWFi iPxe ild v :ux` d lkA z`f zr cEn zrcin
Fl EpiEw ii df Epri WFie Fl EpiEw df Epi l ` dPd Èd d mFIA xn ` e 12 h:dk
:Fz rE Wi
A dgn U pe dlibp
mely iweqt
:eiz `txE ii xn` aFx Tle wFg xl mFl W | mFl W 13 mizt U aip aep `xFA hi:fp
iW ioa L
Or e ciec L
l mi
WilX d miyelyd W`x iU n rz
` dW a l g Exe 14 hi:ai '` d"c
iW`x A mpY Ie cieC mlA w ie Lil ` Lxfr iM Lxfr l mFlWe L l mFl W | mFl W
:mFlW LlxW` lke mFl W L zi a E mFlW dY` e igl dM mYx n` e e:dk '` lèny :cEc Bd
:mFl a FO rz
l fr i i ì:hk mildz
.miycgd mixeciqa myn hnypy 'oeaeyi 'c iiecte' weqtd mb mixne` 'e`vz dgnya ik' weqtd iptl 11.
,oc
r obA mdi piA aWFi
Ède ,miwi C S
l lFgn zFUrl Èd KExA WFcT d ciz r ,xfr l ` ia x xn ` d` xi A `lEr xn ` 12.
Fl EpiEw 'c df Epri
WFie Fl EpiEw df Epi l d mFIA xn ` e' :xn
` dPd Èd `PW ,FrAv ` A d` xn cg ` e cg ` lke
(.`l ziprz 'nb) .':Fz rE Wi
A dgn U pe dlibp
,'aFx
Tle wFg
xl mFl W' :xn
W | mFl `PW ,oic nFr
mpi` mixEn
B miwi
C v ,oic nFr
daEWz ilrA W mFwn ,EdA` ia x xn ` 13.
(:cl zekxa 'nb) .aFxT l xcd e `Wi
xA wFgx
l
(.aq oihib 'nb) ''ebe mi
WelX
d W`x iU
n rz a l g Exe' :xn`
` dW PW ?Kln
l mFlW oiltFM
W oiPn ,ax xn ` dcEd
i ax xn ` 14.
_______________________________________________
244
zqpkd ziaa dlcad zay i`venl ziaxr
zqpkd ziaa dlcad

[zldw ixac] yeciw enk dltzd on dppi` dlcad mb ik zilh ila zqpkd ziaa lican dltz lrad
.oiid z` zezyl zewepzl mipzepe ,(zilh mr mibdep zenewn daxdae)
.mdizaa dlcad mixne`yk dlcad iptl miweqt mixne` oi`
:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n [mip M e` ax
d EpixFn
dxFn zEWx A] ix
aq
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
: mze` gixny iptl jxane oini cia minyad zè l`ny cia qekd z` lhep dzr
.zeipencw ze`gqepe miwqetd lke 'nbd cbp wgvi xzrie iepiy èd zeayr
:minU a ipin `xFA
` KExA zay i`vena
: jxane xpd l` eici z` axwn k"g`
:W`d ixF `
n `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA zay i`vena
: jxane oini cia oiid qek z` lhepe xfeg dzr
lgl Ucwoi
A liC aO d mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA (.cw migqt 'nb)
:dUr
Od ini zWW
l iriaX
d mFi oiA miOr l l`x Ui oiA KWg
l xF` oiA
:lgl Ucwoi
A liC aO d ii dY
` KExA
oiid z` zezyl zewepzl mipzepe
:(oebip ila mixne` oefg zaya) reci oebipa 'zelrnd xiy' mixnfn ok ixg`
lk`z iM LiRM ri bi 16 :eik xc
A Kl dd ii `x ilM ixW` zFlrO d xiW 15 gkw
aia q miz if ilz
WM LipA Lzia izM x iA dIxR otbM | L Y
W` :Kl aFh e Lix W`
M mlW
Exi aEh A d` E oFIS n i i L k xa i :ii `x
i xaB K a i okik dPd :Lpg lW l
:l` x Uilr mFl W Lipa l mipa d` xE :LiIg in i
i rxek (ohw) mezi
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie gAY W
`z n gpe `z g A W
on Àx `nlW `di
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
ehinyd u"arie .fpky` ibdpn ixtqae 'iwqeta iz`vn `l dlcad xg` 'ebe ixy` zelrnd xiy zxin` bdpn 15.
exn` 'lcad xgè 'mizt U aep `xFA ' iptl p"kdaa elicad epiptly 'ipexg`d zexecd cry l"p okl .execiqa
,'zFlrO d xiW
' etiqed 'ipexg` zexecae .zay lilak dfd oexg`d weqtd xg` yicwe ,'mFl a ' cr 'ebe ' xFA '
(118 sc zldw ixac) .eilr yicw xn`l zelrnd xiy cer yi ik ,'ebe ' xFA ' xg` licadl ebidpde
,min kg ici n
lY WOi W e ,Fnv r
l dtxh d`Fx
e ,dpFWe `xFT W in lM ,`Cq g axC Din X n `xhEf xn WxC 16.
,Àd mlFrd e dGd mlFrd zFnlFr ipW lgFp e dkFf cia f ax .':Kl aFh
e Lix bi' ,xnF`
W` lk`z iM LiRM ri aEzMd eilr
(:cn oileg 'nb) .Àd mlFrl ':Kl aFh e' dGd mlFrA 'Lix
W` '
_______________________________________________
245
dltzd meiq zay i`venl ziaxr
:ri
W Fi `l l`l` mil lR z n E k:dn diryi wix e ladl mieg Y W n mdW :mpFndlkM
rxek Epgp` e
FGr zpikW E lrO n min X
A Fxwi aWFnE u x ` c ie m in W dhFp bi:`p ÈdW
aEzMM FzlEf qt` EpM ln zn` :cFr oi` Epi l ` Èd :minFxn ida bA
mi l`d Èd ii iM L aa ll` aW d e mFId Y r cie hl:c mixac :FzxFz A
A
milENB xiar dl LGr zx` t z A dx dn zF`x l Epi l ` ii LN dEw p oMlr
xUa ipA lke :iC W zEkln A mlFr oTz l oEzx Mi zFxM milil`d e ux` d on
laz iaW FilM Erc ie ExiM i :ux` ir
Wxl
M Lil` zFptd l Ln W a E`x wi
ElR ie Erx
ki Epi l
` ii Lipt l :oFW
llM raX Y KxA lM rx kY bk:dn diryi Ll iM
:cFakA Klnz e cr inlFr lE ìd LNW zEklO d iM :cr e mlFrl dx dn
A aEzMM )
(:cg ` FnW
E cg` ii did i Èd
.hn xenfn z` xnel ebdp `le ,oepgz mda mixne`y minia mb ,fh xenfn mixne` ziaxr seqa la` ziaa
:Lilrl
A iz a Fh dY` ipc` iil Y xn ` :Ka iziq g iM l` ipx nW cec
l mYk n fh
KiQ ` lA Exdn xg` m z FaSr EA x i :ma ivt glM ixi Cè dOd ux` A xW` miWFcwl
Kin FY dY ` iq Fke iw lg zpn i i :iz t U lr mz FnWz` `V` laE m Cn mdiMq p
s` ipvr
i xW ` iiz` Kx a` :ilr dxtW zl gps` min irPA ilEltp mila g :ilxF B
iAl gn U | okl :hFO `lA ipinin iM cin z iC bpl ii iziEW
:iz Filk ipEx
Qi zFlil
L ci
t p f rz `l | iM :gha l oMW i ix
UA s` icFa
M lbIe
:gvp L
pin iA zFnirp LipR z` zFgnU raU miIg g ` ipri cF
Y :zgW zF` xl
,(zay i`venl ziaxr zltz xg` mb mirwez yi) lel` yceg y`xn mei lka
.(337 'nr) zqpka ziaa 'xev fern' o`k mixy dkepg inia
.dixg` dkxa oi`y iptn ,dltzd xg` `xza 'ekxa' mixne` oi` ziaxra s`
,zay i`venae xweaa zay ,zay lila ,dltzd xg` miaeh miniae zezaya miclid z` jxal mibdep
.mdizea`n dkxa milawn milecbd mipad mbe ,zial dqipka e` zqpkd zian dìvi mxh
:d`le lgx dwa x dxUM mi l ` KnU i zepal | dXpn k e mx t` M mi l ` L nU i k:gn ziy`xa mipal
nW
:mFlW
Ll mUie Lil ` eipR | ii `V i
_______________________________________________
246
dpald zkxa ziaxr
2 1
dpald zkxa
eik` ln lM EdElld :min FxOA EdEl ld minX d on iiz` Elld | Di Elld e-`:gnw
minX d in W
EdEll :xF` iak FMlM EdEl ld g x
ie WnW EdEll :e` a v lM EdEl ld
:E`x ape dEv Èd iM ii mW z` Elldi :min X d lr n | xW` miO d e
Li rAv ` iU rn LinW d` x
ìM d-c:g :xFa ri `le oz pwg mlFrl cr l mci
nrIe
:EPc
wt z iM mc
òaE EPxMfzi
M WFp `dn :dY ppFM xW` mia k Fk e g x
i
.cnern jxane dpald cbpk eilbx xyiine ,dkxad zlgza gxid ze`xl eipir dlzi
miwg W `x A Fxn` n A xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY ` KExA
miUU :mci wt Y z` EPWi `NW mdl ozp onfE wg :mà v lM eiR g ExaE
WCgz
YW xn` dpa Nle :zn` FzNrRW
zn` lrFR mpFw oFvx zFUr l mign U E
mx
vFil x`t l E Dz FnM WC gz
dl mici z r
d oha iqEn r
l zx` t Y zxh r
:miWcg WC
gn ii dY
` KExA :FzEkln cFaM mW lr
Every weqt is recited three times, similar to oilet bdpn.
:K`xF A KExA KpFw KExA KUFr KExA Kx
vFi KExA 3 : minrt 'b
.(eizeravà swef wx eikxaa rxki `ly xdfie) .minrt 'b xneè dpald cbpk cwexe
zexin`d yelyn zg` lka zg` mrt mivtwn 'cwex ip`y myk' zxinà
KA rBil lFki ipiè KC bpl cwFx ip` W mWM
:drxl iA rBil iaiF`lM ElkEi `l KM
oa`M En C
i LrF
xf lc bA cgt e dz n i` mdilr lR Y fh:eh zeny : minrt 'b
:lRY mdilr dz n i` cgt e lcbA LrFx f EnC i oa` M : minrt 'b
:mIw e ig l`x Ui Kln ceC : minrt 'b
: minrt 'b aiyn exiag :minrt 'b exiagl xne`
:mFlW mkilr - :mkilr mFlW
:on` l`x
UilklE Epl `di aFh lGn E aFh oOq : minrt 'b
1. The miidlcex ixeciq use the term 'dpald zkxa', which is found in the o"anx, iiga epiax, mxnr ax
oe`b, ixhie xefgn, and the gwex. We do find 'dpal yeciw' in many fpky` sources as well; the
l"ixdn, d"ly, gwex (who cites both terms), the rexf xe`, `pexa i"xdn, the daeyz ixry, dax edil`
and the dxexa dpyn. The reason the term 'yeciw' was used, may have to do with the fact that
from the dpal perspective, ycgd yeciw was done. In addition, the rexf xe` posits that there is a
dpiky ipt zlaw when bentching the dpal, so that also could be a reason to use the term 'yeciw'.
2. It is an important xecid to wait to recite dpald zkxa until zay i`ven. Only if there is a real
possibility that one will be unable to recite dpald zkxa on zay i`ven due to the weather - it is
said on a weekday. When aà dryz occurs either on Tuesday or Thursday, one refrains from
reciting dpald zkxa until engp zay i`ven.
.zegtd lkl aà dryz xg`l mei cr dpald z` miyicwn oi`
.eal z` creqy iptl dlitzd xg`l cin xetk mei i`vena `weec miycwn ixyzae
,ohw k"b `xwp ède ,[f"h '` ziy`xa] 'ohw xe`n' z`xwpy el oniq dpaldy iptn .awri oniqe 'eke jxvei jxa 3.
.dzenk eycgziy eipal oniq èdy cere ,['a 'f qenr 'èd ohw ik awri mewi in' ea xn`pe ,e"h f"k my ,'ohwd dpa']
_______________________________________________
247
dpald zkxa ziaxr
:zFr
aBd lr uRw n mix ddlr bNc
n À dfdPd icFC lFw h-g:a mixiyd xiy
zF Ngd on g iB W
n Epl z
M xg ` cn Fr dfdPd milI` d xr l F` ia v l icFc
dnFC
:miM xgd on uivn
ipR liAw d l `N` l`xUi Ekf `l `ln l` :l`rnW i iax iAc `pY (.an oixcdpq 'nb)
:cOr
n Edpix nip KMld :iIA ` xn` :mIC Wcg
A zg` mrR min X
A W
mdia`
D
cFClr zRxz
n xA c
Od on dlr z`f in d:g mixiyd xiy
dpa Nd znibR zF`Nn l izFa` i lè i l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idie
ziW`x a ini zr aW xF`kE dOg d xF`M dpa Nd xF` idie hErn mEW did i `le
milcBd z Òd ipW z` fh:` ziy`xa :xn`PW DhErn mcw dz id W
FnM
:on` mMln cieC zè md idl
` iiz` EWwa E d:b ryed :aEzMW `x
wn mIw z
ie
minW
d r ii mr n ixfr :ix fr à
i oi` n mix ddl` ipir `V ` zFlrO l xiW `kw
:l` x
Ui xn FW oWii `le mEpi`l dPd :Lx W mEpil` Llbx hFO l oY il` :ux` e
L x
nW i i i :dliNA g x
ie dM i`l WnXd mn Fi :Lpini cilr L Nv ii L
xnW ii
:mlFrcr e dY rn L`FaE L z`
v xnW i i i :LW
t pz` xn
Wi r
xlMn
EdEl ld ei xEa
bA EdElld :FGr ri wxA EdEl ld FW c wA lÈlld | Di Elld pw
EdEl ld lFg
nE sz A EdEll :xFPk e lapA EdEl ld xtFW rwz A EdEll :Flc
B ax M
Di lNd Y dnW
Pd lM :drEx z ilv lv A EdEl ld rnWilv lv a EdElld :abr
e miPn A
:DiElld
:dlq EpY` eipR xì Epkxa ie EpPg i mi l
` :xiW xFnfn zpibpA gSpn l fq
:mNM miO r LEcF
i mi l ` | miO r LEcFi :Lz rE W i miFBlkA LMxC ux` A zr cl
:dlq mgpY u` A | miO ` lE xWi n miO r hR Wzi
M miO ` l Eppxi
e Egn U i
:Epi l
` mi l` Epk xa i DlEai dpz p ux ` :mNM miO r LEcF i mi l ` | miO r LEcFi
:ux` iqt ` lM FzF ` E` xi
ie mi l` Epkxa i
4
,zay ly xvei heitn 'zexe`n miaeh' ifexg mixnfn oi` sè dpald zkxa xg` yicw `le 'epilr' mixne` oi`
.'jcbpk cwex ip`y myk' zxinà mipencwd epwizy zeciwxd yely caln legna micwex `le
4. fpky` bdpn concludes dpald zkxa here, and does not continue either with epilr or a mezi yicw or
the miweqt from zexe`n miaeh. oilet bdpn is to recite the rest of ziaxr, then dpald zkxa, and then
epilr to finish ziaxr. In either case, epilr is said only once, on leaving the synagogue.
_______________________________________________
248
ziaa dlcad xcq ziaxr
1
ziaa dlcad xcq
(yhiic-yicii) fpky` oeyla
fpky` oeyla xvw xnfd z` ,df xg` df minrt yely ,zay i`vena xnfl bdpnd hyt oilete fpky` zevetza
.df xnfl zepey ze`qxib egztzd mixge`nd zexeca .'mdxa` o`t h`b' milina ligznd (yhiicyicii)
:m"y zpya ,qetca ritedy xzeia mecwd gqepd epiptl
.'on` e on` ' milina mixneb ziyilyd mrtae minrt dyly xnfd z` mixy
/ sF`l mrpi
if oi` l`x
Ui wl`t orpi
iC h
drA / wr
i 'pE` wgv i mdx
a` o`t h`B
/ orn
`w l`f Kèe ìC / oid` C hdrb W w zAW
xrAi
l xrC

/ zFkx
A Ev 'pE` lGn Ev orn
`w orl
`f rb` h orAi
f / orn` xt orl
` 'pE` fpE` Ef
on` e on` oieerb
mrhEb
Ev 'pE` mFlW Ev / zFgnU Ev 'pE` oFUU Ev
dlcad iptly miweqtd mixne` oi` la` ziaa
One pours a slightly overflowing cup and leaves it on the plate.
lidie i i Di zx
nfe iGri
M cgt ` `le gha ` iz rE
W
i l` dPd b-a:ai diryi
drEW
id iil h:b mildz :drEW
id ipirO n oFU
UA min mYa ` W
E :drEWi
l
:dlq aw r
i i l
av ii g:en :dlQ Lz k x
a LOrl
r
:EpN did Y oM :xwi
e oUUe dgn U e dxF` Il 2 fh:g xzq`
dzid micEd
3
One lifts the cup and spills some of the wine out at this point.
:`x
w` ii mWa E `V` zFrEW
iqFM bi:fhw mildz
1. If a woman is by herself, our bdpn is that she should recite dlcad. At the time of the mipey`x,
even when the husband said dlcad, women would drink the wine, however at the time of the
mipexg` this changed).
:xnF`
Èd oke ,aFh mFi df dgn U (bk:e ilyn) 'xF` dxF z e dev n xp iM ' :xnF`
Èd oke ,dxFY Ef dxF` 2.
(aqw:hiw mildz) 'Lzx n` lr i p` UU ' :xnF` Èd oke ,dlin Ef oFUU (ci:fh mixac) 'LBgA Y g n U e'
(:fh dlibn 'nb) .(i:gk mixac) ':JO n `xie Lilr `x
wp c mW iM ux` d iO rl
M E`xe' :xnF`
Èd oke ,oilit Y El` xwie
3. It is customary to pour out upon the ground (a small measure of) wine, but only just prior to
the completion of the otbd ixt `xea, lest the blessing itself be recited over an incomplete
measure of wine. This is taken as a good omen for the week to come, for, according to the
Talmud, Any house where wine is not poured out like water does not enjoy a full abundance
of blessings. (.dq oiaexir 'nb) [The World of Prayer Volume II pg. 79]
_______________________________________________
249
: jxane ecia oii qek lhep
:izFAx
e opA x
e opx
n [mip M e` ax
d EpixFn
dxFn
zEWx
A] ix
aq
4
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
: mze` gixny iptl jxane oini cia minyad zè l`ny cia qekd z` lhep dzr
:minU a ipin `xFA

mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA zay i`vena
: jxane xpd l` eici z` axwn k"g`
:W`d ixF `
n `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l ` KExA 5 zay i`vena
` ii dY
: jxane oini cia oiid qek z` lhepe xfeg dzr
lgl Ucwoi
A liC
aO d mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA (.cw migqt 'nb)
:dUr
Od ini zWW
l iriaX
d mFi oiA miOr
l l`x
Ui oiA KWg
l xF` oiA
:lgl Ucwoi
A liC
aO d ii dY
` KExA
6
daeknd xpd oyra migixn yie) xpd ea dakne ogleyd lr ekteye oii hrn xiiyne ,qekd dzeye ayeie
.(devnd aeagl lkd ,'mipir zxi`n dxa ii zevn' mixneè jtypd oiia mdipir mivgexe
4. dlcad has many different variations. In the old mibdpn ixtq, the wine is spilled as one says `xea'
'otbd ixt. One places the qek in the left hand and takes the minya in the right. While saying
'y`d ixe`n' one passes the qek to the right hand and looks at left hand, then passes back the qek
to the left hand and looks at the right hand, once again passing the qek to the right hand for the
concluding dkxa.
In KAYJ - the wine is spilled before dlcad. After the dkxa of 'otbd ixt `xea' the qek is passed to
the left hand until the last dkxa. The minya is taken in the right hand and then put down. One
looks at the right hand for 'y`d ixe`n', and then takes the qek in the right hand and looks at the
left. We then hold the candle in the left hand until the end of dlcad (while saying 'ycw' we lift
the qek in the right hand, and while saying 'legl' we lift the xp in the left hand).
5. There are two mibdpn; a) one gazes at ones nails both prior to the dkxa (di`x zkxa) and
b) after it (oipdpd zkxa). In practice, both mibdpn are followed.
6. The bdpn of placing the dlcad wine into the corner of the eyes is mentioned by bpia o`nbilrf ax,
a cinlz of the l"ixdn.
_______________________________________________
250
Many families sing the following:
.ceCo
A g iWn mr ,Epil` ài ,dx
dn A - icr
lBd EdIl` ,iAW
Y d EdIl` ,ìaPd EdIl`
,l`d mWl ,`Pw xW`

Wi`
,lìzEwi cilr ,mFlW xVA Wi`
Ui ipA lr xRk ie ,WB Wi`
.l`x
.ceCo
dn A - icr
lBd EdIl` ,iAW
,eipir E`x ,xUrmi

pW zFxFC Wi`
,eipO q A ,xr wPd Wi`
U lrA `x
nA xEf` ,xFr xFfè Wi`
.eipz
.ceCo
dn A - icr
lBd EdIl` ,iAW
aFr lr ,srf Wi`

,mipO g ic
,mipFrn inW pe Wg Wi`
B zFidn ,rAW
WlW xvr ,xhn E lh
.mipW Wi`
.ceCo
dn A - icr
lBd EdIl` ,iAW
,zgp FWtpl `vnl ,`vi Wi`

l zn `le ,mia rd EdElM lM Wi`
,zgX
.zgR v e cM Ekx
Az nl Wi`
p ,Fpr
.ceCo
dn A - icr
lBd EdIl` ,iAW
,midn k EaiW qEn Wi`

w d ,eix
n ,Wà dprp Wi`
,midFab inX
:mi l g` Egq Wi`
`d Èd ii hl:gi '` mikln :eix
.ceCo
dn A - icr
lBd EdIl` ,iAW
_______________________________________________
251
,zFaxr inX d l cizr Wi`

n ,gNY W
,zFaFh zFxFUA lM lr ,ciwR Wi`
.zFa`lr mipA al aiWdl ,on`p xiv Wi`
.ceCo
dn A - icr
lBd EdIl` ,iAW Y d EdIl` ,ìaPd EdIl`
`t z A iil iz`Pw `Pw i:hi '` mikln ,`xw Wi`
,dx
,dxr
qA ,W` iqEql r akx Wi`
.dxEa
wE dzin mrh ,mr h `NW Wi`
.ceCo
A g iWn mr ,Epil` ài ,dx dn A - icr lBd EdIl` ,iAW
,`x
wp FnWlr ,iAW Y Wi`
A ,Fcilr Epg ilv Y
,dxFY
,dx
dn A daFh dxFU A ,eiRn Epri nWY
l dlt ` n ,EpìvFY
.dxF`
.ceCo
A g iWn mr ,Epil` ài ,dxdn A - icr
,zFix
` iRn EplivY ,iAW Y Wi`
,zFaFh zFxFUA ,Epx Va Y
.zFzAW
i`v FnA ,zFa`lr mipA Epg O U Y
.ceCo
dn A - icr
mk l glW i p` dPd ck-bk:b ik`ln :aEzMM
i i mFi `FA ipt l ìa Pd dIl` z`
zFaàl aiW de :`xFP de lFcBd
mzFa`lr mipA ale mip A lr
.ceCo
A g iWn mr ,Epil` ài ,dx dn A - icr
,mFlgA ,eipt d`x W in ix W`
.mFlW Fl xifgde ,mFlW Fl ozPW in ix W`
:mFl a FO rz
` Kx ai | i i ì:hk mildz
.ceCo
A g iWn mr ,Epil` ài ,dx dn A - icr
_______________________________________________
252
'eke licand heit mixne` dlcad xg`le
.mifexgd iy`xa 'ohwd wgvi' mzg (cxtqn l"f zìb oA ` dcedi oa wgvi epiax èdy `"i) xagnd
,lgni Èd Epiz `Hg ,lgl Ucwoi A liC aO d
.dliNA miak FMke ,lFgM dAx i Eprxfe EpR q k 7
,x B ilr l`l `x w` ,xnY lvM dpR mFi
dlilmbe xa `z` x W xn ` ai:`k diryi
,xar Y xFar i`h g lr ,xFaY xdM Lz wcv
:dliNa d xEnW` e xa ri iM lFnz ` mFiM c:v mildz
,izg Epn oYi in ,izgpn zpFr dtlg
dlillka dgU ` izgp` a | iYrbi f:e
,lHpn d xrW il gzR ,lHilA ilFw
:dlil iqiq x izFSEw lh `ln p iW ` W a:d mixiyd xiy
,mFic t dpY rEW ` ,mFiè `xFp xzrd
dlil oFWiÀ mFiaxr AsWpA h:f ilyn
,ipri cFY
miIg gx` ,ipri
WFd Di Liz `xw
dlilcr mFIn ipr
Sa i dNC
n ai:gl diryi
,iqirk n Exnì oR ,iUrn sEph xdh
:dliNA zFx nf o p i r D Fl` dI` i:dl aei`
,xng e lwlr `pglq ,xng M Lc ia Epgp
dlil N dlile x ` ri A i mFil mFi b:hi mildz
.dklnd ziel xcq

,ynn jexr ogleyd 'idie ,zifk `l` jixv epi` elit` zay i`vena epgley mc` xcqi mlerl
epi`y mcà mvr yiy ,mixtqa `vnpe .`kln cecc `zcerq ìd `c ,xnìe fixkie ,eceakl sqep xp ok mb wilci okl
.`nbeln zay i`vena oiqg .`nbeln zay ivèna dng zt .zay i`ven ly dcerqd efn `"k dilk` meyn dpdp
7. The xteq mzg comments that the word eptqk in the song 'licand' comes before eprxf.
This is the text of most ancient mixefgn and therefore the accepted gqep. He explains
that the logic is because the heit continues with miakekke legk, the first is to be blessed
like the leg (sand), and the second to be blessed like the miakek (stars). Since it is immaterial
to us which type of money we have, we do care what type of children we have, therefore eptqk
is said first, so that our money will be blessed like leg, and eprxf, which we desire
to be numerous, be the highest quality as the miakek.
_______________________________________________
253
lld xcq zixgy
21
lld xcq
gqt ini x`ye yceg y`xae ,mly lld mixne` zereay bgae ,gqt ly mipey`xd miniae ,dkepgae ,zekq bga
!zqpkd ziaa gqt ly zepey`xd zelila lld mixne` oi` .zixgy zltz xg` lld ivg mixne`
(.xcgdn `vei la` j` ,lld mixne` dkepgae yceg y`xa la` ziaa)
!dltzd lkl mze` migipn `l` crend lega lldd zxin` iptl oilitzd oivleg oi`

` KExA
:lNd d z` 4 `xwl 3 EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
w xW`
:ii mWz` El ld ii ic
ar Ell | Di Elld biw
:mlFrcr e dY rn Kan ii mW id i
:ii mW
lN dn F`Fa ncr WnWgxfO n
:FcFa
M min X d lr ii | miFBlMlr mx
:zaW l id iAbO d Epi l ` iiM in
:ux` a E minX A zF` x l iliRW
O d
:oFia` mix i zR W` n l C xt rn in iw
n
:FO r iaic p mr mia ic pmr ia iWFd l
:DiElld dg n U mipA d m` 5 ziA d zxw r | ia iWFn
,dxFY
oY nE ,sEq mi zì xwE
,mixv n zì v i ;ElNd mixaC dWi n g WiW mEWn ?[lNd] i`d opixn ` `n r h i`n op` 1.
:aiz k C sEq mi zì xwE ,'mix vO n l` x Ui z`v A ' :aiz k C mixv n zì v i .gi W n lW Fla g e ,miz O d ziIg zE
'(miIg d zFv x
À ) 'c ipt l KNd z ` ' :aiz k C miz O d ziIg Y 'mili`k Ec
wx mix dd ' :aiz k C dxFY
oY n ,' pIe d`x mId '
ixn ` C `Mi` .zFI kl n cEAr W Ff "Epl `l 'c Epl `l" ,opgFi ia x xn ` e .'Epl `l 'c Epl `l' :aiz k C gi W n lW Fla g
(.giw migqt 'nb) .bFbnE bFB zn g ln Ff 'Epl `l 'c Epl `l' ,opgFi
ia x xn `
-od El` e ,lNd z` od A xnFB
cig i dpW A mFi xU r dpFnW ,wc vFdi oA oFrn W ia x mEWn opgFi ia x xn ` 2.
mixU r dlFBaE ,zxv r lW (oeW`x) aFh mFie ,gq R lW oFW`xd aFh mFie ,dMEpg in i zpFnWE ,bd d in
i zpFnW
.zxv r lW miaFh min i 'aE ,gq R lW mipFW`xd min i ipWE
,dMEpg in i zpFnWE
,bd d in
i zr W Y-o
d El` e ,mFi cg` e
xn ` ibElC ibN cn `w C `fg C oeiM ,EdpiwEq
t `
l xa q ,`g xi WixA `liNd Exw `w C Edpifg ,laa l rlwi ` ax
(:gk ziprz 'nb) .mdi ci A mdi zFa
` bd pn Dpin rn W
lldd z` mixneby miniae ,'èxwl' mikxan llda oiblcny miniac `zi` (c"nxze g"tz ,a"kz iq) xeha 3.
,zg` ze` elit` xqgie xenbl jxai m` ik ,'èxwl' cinz jxia bxeaphex m"xdny my azke .'xenbl' mikxan
(edil` xef` xeciq) .`"nxde xagnd dfa ewlgpe ,dlhal dkxa ied
4. The text in the old mixeciq was 'lld' [zldw ixac (pg 68), miidlcex ixeciq]. It then reverted
to the even older gqep of 'lldd' [l`xyi zcear xeciq (pg 328)].
dW
rn Dl (Fl) dU
rW ,`pia f xA dcEd i ax xn ` ?Dil irA in xFfgIe (`:a zeny) ':ielzAz` TIe iel ziA n Wi` KlIe' 5.
(.ai dheq 'nb) .'dg n U mipA d m` ' ,Exn ` zxW d ik`
l nE
,di
pt l oic T xn mixnE
oxd ` e ,oFixR ` A DaiWFd
,oigETi
l
_______________________________________________
254
lld xcq zixgy
:f l m rn aw ri ziA mix
vO n l`x
Ui z`v A ciw
:eiz FlWn n l` x
Ui FW c i dz id 6
wl dcEd
:xFg
`l aQi oCxId qpIe d`x mId
:o`vi
pa M zFr
aB mili`k Ec
wx mix
d
:xFg
`l aQY oCxId qEpz iM mId L
Ndn
:o`vi
pa M zFr
aB mili`k Ec
wxY mix
d
:aw ri D Fl` ipt Nn ux` ilEg oFc` ipt Nn
:min Fpir n l Win Ng minmb` xES
d ik t d
d
7
'epxkf 'd' miligzn belica lld mi`xewyk
:LY n ` lr LC
qg lr cFa
M oY LnW
liM Epl `l i i Epl `l ì-`:ehw
:mdidl
` `pdI` miFBd Ex
nì dOl
:dU r ut g xW` lM minX
a Epi lè
:mc
` ic
i dU rn adfe sqM mdiAv r
:E` x
i `le md l mipir ExAc
i `le mdldR
:oEgi
x
i `le md l s` ErnW
i `le mdl mipf`
:mpFxbA EB
di`
l EkNd i `le mdilbx oEWi
ni `l
e | mdic
i
:mdA g AxW` lM mdiUr Eid i mdFnM
:Èd mPbn E mxfr ii
A gh A l`x
Ui
:Èd mPbn E mxfr ii
a Egh A oxd ziA
:Èd mPbn E mxfr ii
a Egh A ii i` x
i
FW c i dz id ' :xn
wl dcEd `PW ,l` xU
iA dlW n n zFUrl (sEq mil dNig Y cx iW acpin r oA oFWg p) dcEd
i dkf 6.
(.fl dheq 'nb) .' pIe d`x mId 'C mEWn ?eizFl W n n l` xU
ie FWc w
l dcEd
i dz id mr H dn ':eiz FlWn n l` x
Ui
?`nFi
lM (mlW lNd)
opixn ` `lC gq R A `pW i`nE
,`nFi
lM (mlW lNd) opixn ` C (zFkq) bg A `pW i`n 7.
(:i oikxr 'nb) .odi
zFp
A xw A oiwEl
g oi` gq t C ,odi
zFp
A xw A oiwEl
g bg C
_______________________________________________
255
lld xcq zixgy
:ox
d` ziAz` Kx
ai l`x
Ui ziA z` Kx
ai K
xa i Ep
xkf ii gi-ai:ehw
:milcBd mr miPh T d ii i` x
i Kx
ai
:mk ipA lr
e mk ilr mkilr ii si
:ux` e minW
d r iil mY
` mik ExA
:mc
ìpa l ozp ux` d e iil min min X
d
:dn Ec i
cxil
M `l
e Di Elld i miz
O `l
:DiElld ml Frcr
e dYrn Di K
xa p | Epgp` e
'aiy` dn' miligzn belica lld mi`xewyk
:ipEpgY il Fwz` ii | rnW

iiM iYa d ` ì-`:fhw
:`x
w` inia E il Fpf` dH d iM
:`v n ` oFbie dx
v ipE`
vn lF`
W ix
vn E zen ila g | ipEt
t`
:iW
t p dhNn i i dP` `xw` iimW
a E
:mg x
n Epi lè wiC
ve ii oEPg
:ri
W Fdi ile i NC ii mi`zR x W
:ikilr lnB i iiM ikigEpnl iWt p ia EW
:igC
n ilbxz
` dr
nCo
n ipirz
` zeOn iW
t p Y vNg iM
8
:miIg d zFv x
À ii ipt l KNd z `
:c`
n izipr ip` xAc
` iM iYpn `d
:afM m
c`d lM ift g a iYxn ` ip`
cec didy itle eizepefn zepwl `ven mc`y .miweey mewn] (.`r `nei 'nb) .'miwe
eW mFwn df' ,dcEd
i ax xn ` 8.
(my i"yx) [:xacd lr lltzn did cpe rp lhlhn
_______________________________________________
256
lld xcq zixgy
:ilr idFlEnbY lM iil aiW ` dn hi-ai:fhw

:`x w` ii mWa E `V` zFrEW iqFM
:FO rl
kl `Pdc bp mNW ` iil ixc p
:eici
qgl dz eO d ii ipir
A xwi
:ix l Y g Y R 9 Lzn` oA LC
qFn ari
p` L Car ip` iM ii dP`
:`x w` ii mWa E d cFY gaf gAf` Ll
:FO rl
kl `Pdc bp mNW ` iil ixc p
:DiElld mlW Exi ikkFz
A i i ziA | zFxvg A
:miO `d lM EdEg AW miFBlM iiz` Elld fiw
:DiElld ml Frl iiznè FC
qg | Epil r xab iM
10
lgd bg ly oebip oebk ,yceg eze` lr fnxnd oebipa g"xae cren bg eze` ly cgeind oebipa ,llday '`pè' 'eced'
yi .wzey xeaivde mx lewa mxne` èd xy`k xeaivd z` ìvedl ofgd oiekn '`p [e]xnì' iweqta .yceg ezeà
lr 'eced' lr zxceqne ztzeyn diipr lr micitwn la` ,'`p [e]xnì' iweqt z` mb ofgd mr ygla xnel mibdepd
.mx lewa ofgd ly eweqt z` xnel oevx jezn diiprd xcq z` miyaya oiè ,oicd itk ,ofg ly '[e]xnì' zxin` lk
.(gxfnl rprpnd ipt) n"ctt bdpnk zekqd bga alel ireprp*

dhn dlrn oetv axrn mexc gxfn
eced :FC qg mlFrl iM aFh iM iil 11
EcFd ofg giw
eced :FC qg mlFrl iM l`x
Ui `p xnì ofg
eced :FC qg mlFrl iM oxd` zia `p Exnì ofg
eced :FC qg mlFrl iM ii i` x
i `p Exnì ofg
zerevx od] zFxqFn
ipW ,mlFr lW FpFAx ,Èd KExA WFcT d ipt l ceC xn ` ?':ix
qFn gY R ' :aiz k C i`n ,àx WxC 9.
l Y
ly en` dnrpe] .zipFOr d dn
rpe dI `FOd zEx [zeawpd z` zxzdy zgzt] mY g Y R ilr Eid W [lerd oda oixyewy
a
(.fr zenai 'nb) [(my i"yx) cec zia ikln e`vi dpnne mragx
10. Ifone is able to hear all of the ofg's words, then one is `vei with the ofgs recital of (e)xnì etc.
and should just respond with eced. If one is unlikely to hear all his words clearly, one should
recite (e)xnì etc. in an undertone with the ofg, and respond with eced. One should not hurry and
recite (e)xnì etc. before the ofg.
oebip - zxvr ipinyae crend leg (zay)ae zekq ,xgap oebip - yceg y`x - micgein mipebipa mixn`p 'eced' iweqt 11.
,dkepg ipebipn cg` - zah g"x ,'xev fern' oebip - dkepg ini ,dkepg oebip - elqk g"x ,(llda mireprpa ipebip) zekq
,dxitq ly 'icec dkl' oebip - xii` g"x ,'èd xic`' oebip - crend leg (zay)ae gqt ,mixet ipebipn cg` - xc` g"x
.mi`xep mini oebip - lel` g"x ,'oeiv il`' oebip - a` g"x ,('zencw`' zligz) zeray oebip - oeiq g"x
_______________________________________________
257
lld xcq zixgy
:Di ag x
Oa ippr DI iz `x
w xvO d on
:mc
` il dUrIdn `
xi` `l il ii
:i` pU
a d`x
` ip` e i
xfr
A il ii
:mc
À h
An ii
A zFqgl aFh
:mia ic
pA h
An ii
A zFqgl aFh
:mlin` iM i i mWA ipEa
aq miFBlM
:mlin` iM i i mWA ipEa
aq mb ipEA
q
:mlin` iM i i mWA miv Fw W` M EkrC mixFa
c
k ipEA
q
:ipx
fr iie lR
pl ipz
igc dg C
:drEWi
l ili
die Di zx
nfe iGr
:lig d r i i oin i miwi
C
v ild` A drEWi
e dPx | lFw
:lig d r i i oin i dnn Fx ii oin i
:Di iUrn xR q ` e dig ` iM zEn` `l
:ippz
p `l zeO le DI iPx
Qi xQi
:Di d
cF` maà
` wcvi xrW
ilEgz
R
:Fa Eà
i miw iC Xd df 12
v iil xr
jce`
:drEWi
l ili
dY e ipzipr iM LcF `
oa`
:dPR W`xl dz
id mipFAd Eq` n oa`
z`n
:Epipir
A z`lt p ìd z`G dz
id ii z` n
df
:Fa dg n U pe dlibp ii dU r mFIddf
12. For the Nazis, Jewish religious ceremonies were a matter of curiosity, entertainment,
and ridicule. Treblinkas newest gas chamber building (from mid-October 1942 on),
was disguised to resemble a dewn. A gable over the buildings ornamented doors bore a large
Star of David. To reach the doors, the victims were forced to hurry up five wide steps
with potted plants on either side. A dark red dxez curtain taken from an unidentified
synagogue, was hung at the entrance to the gas chambers themselves and on it was inscribed:
':Fa Eà
i miw iC Xd df'.
v 'cl xr (Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka - The Operation Reinhard Death Camps by Yitzhak Arad)
_______________________________________________
258
lld xcq zixgy
dpibp dze` jynda exneè ldwd xfeg ,dpibpa exne` ofgdy '`p`' lk xg`
dhn dlrn oetv axrn mexc gxfn dhn dlrn oetv axrn mexc gxfn
`P driW
Fd ii `P` `P driW
Fd ii `P` 13
:`P dgilv d i `P` :`P dgilv d i `P`

jexa
:ii ziAn mk Epkx
A ii mW
A Àd KEx
A
l`
:gA fO d zFp w cr mi arA bgExq` 14 Epl xÌe ii | l`
il`
:Jn n Fx
` i l
` J cF`
e dY ` il`
eced
:FC qg mlFrl iM aFh iM iil EcFd

Kpvx iUFr miwiC

v Lici
qg e LiU r
nlM Epi l
` ii LElld i
EWiC
wie Evix r
ie EnnFxie Ex`t ie EgAW
ie Ekx
aie EcFi dPx
A l`x
Ui ziA LOr
e
mlFrn iM 15 xOfl mirp LnW
l E zFcFdl aFh Ll iM :EpM ln LnW
z` Ekiln ie
:zFgAW
Y
A lNdn Kln ii dY
` KExA :l` dY ` mlFrcr
e
.yicw ivg o`k mixne` dkepga .sqen zltz mixne`y minia mly yicw mixne`
.(162 'nr) dxez xtq z`veda mikiynn dkepg zayae ,crend leg zaya ,milbx ylya ,yceg y`x zaya
crend leg (zay)ae zekq ,xgap oebip - yceg y`x - micgein mipebipa mixn`p '`p driyed 'c `p`' iweqt 13.
,dkepg oebip - elqk g"x ,dxez zgny zetwd oebipa dxez zgny ,(llda mireprpa ipebip) zekq oebip - zxvr ipinyae
leg (zay)ae gqt ,mixet ipebipn cg` - xc` g"x ,dkepg ipebipn cg` - zah g"x ,'xev fern' oebip - dkepg ini
,('zencw`' zligz) zeray oebip - oeiq g"x ,dxitq ly 'icec dkl' oebip - xii` g"x ,'èd xic`' oebip - crend
(fpky` zyxen oekn) .mi`xep mini oebip - lel` g"x ,'oeiv il`' oebip - a` g"x
g
Af n dpA Eli` M aEzMd eilr dlrn ,FzFarA qC de ,FcEB` A alEl lhFP d lM" xfr l ` ia x xn ` EdA` ia x xn ` 14.
,igFi
oA oFrn W ia x mEWn din xi ia x xn ` .':gA fO d zFpx
w cr mi arA bgExq` ' :xn `PW ,"oAxw eilr aixw d e
eilr dlrn ,diz WE dlik
À bg l xEqi` dUFr
d lM" izFM O d opgFi
ia x mEWn ifFgO d oFrn W ia x mEWn opgFi ia xE
(:dn dkeq 'nb) .':gA fO d zFpx
w cr mi arA bgExq` ' :xn `PW ,oAxw eilr aixw d e g
Af n dpA Eli` M aEzMd
15. The mipey`xd gqep is l` dz` mler cre mlern ik (oe`b mxnr ax xeciq, gwex, ixhie xefgn, l"ixdn, xeb`
etc.). This form is present in many miweqt i.e.; (fi:bw mildz) 'ei`x e mlFrn | 'c cqge', and
ilr mlFrcr
(i:hk '` d"c) ':mlFrcr
e mlFrn Epia ` l` x
Ui i l A'. This is but one example of many
` 'c dY` KEx
instances when l"fg borrowed phraseology from different j"pz iweqt.
_______________________________________________
259
yceg y`xl sqen zltz yceg y`x
yceg y`x zayle yceg y`xl dcinr sqen

.leg oebipa - lega lgy yceg y`xa 'yecwd l`d' cre o`kn xne` dltz lrad
.zay oebipa - zay lgy yceg y`xa 'yecwd l`d' cre o`kn xne` ofgd
mdx a` i l
` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l` ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
oFilr l` `xFP
de xFABd lFcBd l`d awri i lè wgv i i l`
:obn E ri
W FnE xfFr Kln :dad ` A FnW orn l mdipa ipa l
:mdx
a` obn ii swef dY` degzyn KExA rxek
:ri
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
LFn
:drEW
.lega lgy yceg y`xa 'ycwp' zyecw
mFxn inW
A FzF` miWiC wn W
mWM mlFrA LnW z` WCwp cala dltz lra
xn ` e dfl` df `x
we b:e diryi Lìap cilr aEzMM
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF`
av ii WFcw WFc
w | WFc
w eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:Exn ì KExA mz
Or
l
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ai:b l`wfgi eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:xn`l aEzM LWc
w ix
ac
aE dltz lra
Epi l
` Lga W e WiC wp Lz
Xc w migv p gvplE Llc B ciBp xFce xFcl dltz lra
ii dY
:WFcTd l`d 1
.h"ei oebipa d`lde o`kn 1.
_______________________________________________
260
.zaya lgy yceg y`xa 'jvixrp' zyecw

W T
A LnW
miWiC wO d Wcw itx U g iU cFqM LWiCwpe Lvixr
p cala ofg
xn ` e dfl` df `x
eicgi ofge ldw
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF`
av ii WFcw WFc
w | WFc
w
Wn mlFr `ln FcFaM ofg
dfl df mil` FW eiz x
:Exn ì KExA mz Or
l FcFaM mFwn dI`
eicgi ofge ldw
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ai:b l`wfgi
FnW mic A oti Èd FnFwOn
gin d mr ogie ming x ofg
:mix
nF` rnW
dad ` A min r
R cinY mFilkA xwa e axr
eicgi ofge ldw
:cg ` | ii Epi l
` ii l`x
Ui rnW
c:e mixac
Epri
WFn Èd EpM ln Èd Epia ` Èd Epi l ` Èd cg` ofg
mi l
`l mkl zFid l `n:eh xacna iglM ipir
l zipW
eing x
A Epri
nW
i Ède
eicgi ofge ldw
:mk idl
` ii ip`
:sqen zyecwa wfg dcedi ea mzegy 'mkidl`' heit mitiqen ote` da mixne` (dkepg zaya mb) yceg y`x zaya
Fzgixf WnX
M FWC
gz gA g x
Id FzxEa
bA miz r
aW FWnW g ix fi mk
idl
`2
FzpikW zXcw zFf g FWOW l mFId zC Fzx RM WCgl FWC wz dA W g de
:FY
AW
A zAW i CnE FW c
gA W gi
Cn bk:eq diryi
:xn`l aEzM LWc
w ix
ac
aE ofg
eicgi ofge ldw
:DiElld xc
e xc l oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz
EpiR n Epi l
` Lga W
e WiC
wp Lz
Xc
w migv p gvplE Llc
B ciBp xFce xFcl ofg
ii dY ` KExA :dY ` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl WEni `l
:WFcTd l`d 3
,dnke dnk it ynya èal cizrl xiìy minid zray xe` yecig lr ywal o`k mitiqen ep` dyecwa 2.
.lecbd eny z` ycwl xzeia dkfp jka ik ,dpikyd ielib lr d`xn ède f` daxiy gxid xe` lre
.h"ei oebipa d`lde o`kn 3.
_______________________________________________
261
ii dY
` KExA :dlQ LElld i mFilkA miWFcwE WFcw LnW
e WFcw dY
`
:WFcTd l`d
yceg y`x zay sqen legl yceg y`x sqen
LY k`ln z iNM mcT n LnlFr Y xv i dY` onf Y z p LOr l miWc g iW`x
EpA z iv x e Epz F` Y a d ` iriaW d mFiA mzFidA mzFclFYlkl dx RM
EpY W
Cwe zFpWNd lMn EpY n n Fxe ixi
rU E oFvx iga f Lipt l miaix wn
Lz cFa r l EpM ln EpY a x we Liz Fvn A mNkl oFxMf :mcr A xRk l z`Hg
oYY e :z`x w Epilr WFcTd e lFcBd LnW e
:`pFU cIn mWt p zrEW YE Eidi
dgEpnl zFzAW dad ` A Epi l ` ii Epl
zlFre oikY oFIvA Wc g g Afn
Ep`h g W itlE dx Rk l miWc g iW`x e
ixi
rU E eilr dlr p W g W`x
Epxi r dax g Epiz Faè Epgp` Lipt l
lHPe Epx wi dlbe EpW C wn ziA mnW e ziA zcFa raE :oFvx a dUr p miGr
zFUr l milFki Ep` oiè EpiIg ziAn cFaM cec ixi We EpNM gnU p WC wO d
lFcBd ziA A Lz xi gA ziaA Epiz FaFg mixEn
`d Lxi rA mirn W p LCar
cId ipR n eilr LnW `x wPW
WFcTd e ìaY mlFr zad ` :LgA fn ipt l
ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi :LW Cwn A dgNY W PW
:xMfY mipA l zFa` zix aE mdl
dgn U a Eplr YW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` dPx A Lxi r oFIvl Ep` iad e
dUr p mWe EplEabA Epr Hz e Epv x
`l zgn U A LWc wn ziA mlW Exile
mici nY Epiz FaFg zFpAx wz` Lipt l z` Lipt l dUr p mWe :mlFr
:mzk ld M mitq EnE mxc
qM mxc qM mici
nY Epiz FaFg zFpAx w
:mzk ld M mitq EnE
dGd W g
d W`x mFi sqEnz` [e dGd zAX d mFi sqEnz` zaya]
Lz xFz
A Epilr Y a z M W
FnM LpFvx zev n M dad ` A Lipt l aix
wpe dUr
p
:xEn`M LcFa k iRn LC ar d n ic ilr
_______________________________________________
262
(zay oebipa) zaya

mipxUr ipW E mn inY dpW
ipA miU
a k ipW
zA X d mFiaE i-h :gk xacna)
:DM q pe cinY d zlrlr FY AW A zAW zlr :FM qpe o X a dlElA dgpn zlq
(:xEn`M Wcg W`x oAx we zAW oAx w df
(h"ei oebipa)
iil dlr Eaix wY mk iWc g iW
`x aE ì:gk
:mn inY draW dpW ipA miU a M cg ` li` e mip W
xwaipA mix
R
li` l mipxUr ipW E xRl mipxUr d lW xAc nM mdiMq pe mzgpn E
:mzk ld M mici
nz ipW E xRk l xirU e FMqpM oiie UaMl oFxVr e
(zay oebipa) zaya
iriaW
iWC
wn mr bpr i`xF w e zAW ix W Lz Ekln A EgnU i)
mini zC
ng FYWC
we FA z iv x iriaX
a E LaEHn EbPrz
ie ErAU i mNM
(:ziW`x
a dUr nl xkf z `x
w FzF`
('mizif ipy' oebipa dkepga) àd ycegl xeywd oebipa 'jnra ik' cr 'dgnyle oeyyl'n obpn ofgd ,u"yd zxfga
.(leg oebip mewna zay oebipa miniiqn yceg y`x zaya) leg oebipa - dltzd seq cr 'jnra ik'n jiynne
(dGd zAX d mFiA zaya) Epilr WC g (e Epz g Epna dvx zaya) Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
(on` ldw) dgn U lE oFUUl (on` ldw) dkx ale daFhl dGd Wcg dz`
(on` ldw) mFlWlE miIg l (on` ldw) dlM lk l E dqpx
tl (on` ldw) dngpl E drEWi
l
LOraiM :[(on` ldw) rWR zx Rk l E 4] (on` ldw) oFr zgilq le `hg zlig n l
miWc g iW`x iTge ( Y r cFd
mdl zFzAW e zaya) zFO` dlMn Y xg A l`xUi
:miWcg iW`xe l`x Ui (e zAX d zaya) WC wn ii dY` KExA :Yr a w mdl
Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
rd aWd e mzNt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr A Epi l ` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE
oFvx A lAw z dad ` A dxdn mzNt zE l`x Ui iX` e
ii dY` KExA :ming x
A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir dpifgz e :LO r l`xUi zcFa
r
.'rWR zx
Rk lE' mitiqen ipy xc` yceg y`xa 4.
_______________________________________________
263
opaxc micen Èd dY` W

Kl Epgp` micFn
rxek
Èd dY` W
Kl Epgp` micFn
rxek
mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii swef
i l
` ii swef
dY
` Epr
Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cr
e
:ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi xUA lk xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl Èd
iA mixEq
Od EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y
EpnIw zE
lr Kl zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e
nWl LW
c
w zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq
`z e EpO r mFilkA W
LiQplr
e
aalA LC
ar
lE LpFvx zFUr g zr lkA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr
le LiT e
hrn mirxek :Kl micFn
Ep` W Elk`l iM aFHd :mix
lr mlW dv e xwa
e axr
d l` swef KExA dlind mixne`yk Lic
:zF`cFd qg EOz `l iM mgx
nd e Lin g x
:Kl Epiew mlFrn
zFrEWY
d lr
e zFxEaBd lr
e owxR
d lr
e miQPd lr
W zFnglO d lr
e
LOrl
r dr
Wx
d oei zEkln dc
nr
WM eipa E ipnWg lFcB o M opg Fi oA Ediz
Yn iniA
Y c
nr miAx
d Lin g x
A dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi
ar
dlE Lz xFY
mgiMW
d l l`x
Ui
Y xq n :mzn w p z` Y n w
p mpiC z` Y pC maix z` Y a x mzx
v zr
A mdl
ciA mirW
xE mixFd
h ciA mi`n H E miHr
n ciA miAx
e miWNg ciA mixFA
B
LOr
lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz
iwq Fr ciA mic
fe miwiC
v
Lz iA xiac
l Lipa EÀ KM xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE
dlFcb drEW
Y z iU r l`x
Ui
zpFnW Eraw e LW
c
w zFxvg A zFxp Ewilc
de LW
C
:lFcBd LnW
l lNd lE zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini
_______________________________________________
264
miIg d lke :cr

mnFxz ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
:dlq Epz xfr
e Epz rEW
` degzyn KExA rxek
.(277 'nr) ldwd z` o`k mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà
LC
ar d n ic
ilr daEzMd dxFY
A zWNW nd dkx AA Epk x
A Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
:xEn`M - LW
Fcw mr mip M eipa E oxd` iRn dxEn
`d
oevx idi ok :JPgie Lil` eipR | ii x` i oevx idi ok :Lx
l`x UilMlr e Epilr ming x

e cqge og dkx
aE daFh mFlW miU
ii Epl Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg`M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A :LO r
:mFlWe miIg e ming x e dkx
aE dwc vE cqg zad ` e miIg zxFY Epi l `
KExA :Ln FlWA dr Wlka E zrl
kA l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir A aFhe
:mFlXA l`xUi FOrz
` Kx an d ii dY`
iWt p sCx Y Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz A iAl gzR :did Y lMl xtr M iWt pe
orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dx dn drx ilr miaW Fgdlke
| oFv xl Eidi eh:hi :ippre eppre L pin i dri
WFd Li cici oEv lg i ornl f:q mildz
mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b e ixEv
n`
:on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA
: xneè h`l swef
:Lz xFz
dn A WC wO d ziA dpA iW
ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc ar
p mWe
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E
.(59 'nr) lawzz yicwa mikiynn u"yd zxfg ixg` lega yceg y`x lgyk
.(185 'nr) lawzz yicwa jiynn ofgd u"yd zxfg ixg` zaya yceg y`x lgyk
_______________________________________________
265
milbx ylyl zeltz milbx yly
milbx ylyl dcinr

mdxa` i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef dY ` degzyn KExA rxek 1
mic
qg lnFB oFilr l` `xFP de xFABd lFcBd l`d awri i lè wgv i i l
`
FnW orn l mdipa ipa l l`Fb ìan E zFa` ic qg xkFfe lMd dpwe miaFh
:mdxa` obn ii swef dY
W FnE xfFr Kln :dad ` A
:ri
W Fdl ax dY ` miz
: mixne` gqtl oey`x mei ly zixgy cr zxvr ipinyl dgpnn
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x A miz n dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n
LFn
` xiY nE milFg `tFxe
:drEW
` KExA :mizn zFigd l dY
` on`pe
.dgpnae zixgy aeh meia 'ycwp' zyecw
mFxn inW
A FzF` miWiC wn W
mWM mlFrA LnW z` WC wp cala dltz lra
xn ` e dfl` df `x
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFcw | WFcw eicgi ofge ldw
dgpna zixgya
dltz lra lFw mirinW n wfg e xiC
` lFcB WrxlFw
A f` ofg
:Exn ì KExA mz
Or
l :Exn ì KExA mz
Or l mitx
U zOr
l mi`V pz
n
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ai:b l`wfgi eicgi ofge ldw
dgpna zixgya
dltz lra miMg n iM Epilr Klnz e ri t Fz EpM ln LnFwOn ofg
LWc w ix
acaE mlrl Epin iA aFxwA oFIvA KlnY izn :Kl Epgp`
:xn`l aEzM Lxi r mlW
Exi KFzA WC wz ze lCBz
Y :oFMWY cr e
LzEk
ln dpi` xz Epipir e :migv p gvplE xFce xFcl
:Lwc
v g iW
n ceC ic ilr LGr ixi WA xEn`d xaC M
:DiElld xc
e xc l oFIv Ki l` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz eicgi ofge ldw
EpiR n Epi l` Lga W e WiC wp Lz Xcw migv p gvplE Llc B ciBp xFce xFcl 2 ofg
:WFcTd l`d ii dY ` KExA :dY ` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl WEni `l
(fpky` zyxen oekn) :leg oebipa - u"yd zxfg ly zepey`xd zekxad zaya lgy dgpn aeh meie dgpn aeh meia 1.
.aeh mei oebipa d`lde o`kn 2.
_______________________________________________
266
ii dY
e WFcw dY
`
:WFcTd l`d
EpY n n Fxe EpA zi v x
e Epz F` Y a d ` miOr dlMn EpY x ga dY `
lFcBd LnW e Lz cFa
r l EpM ln EpY a x
we Liz Fvn A EpY W
C
we zFpWNd lMn
:z`xw Epilr WFcTd e
:mixne` zay i`vena
:LpFvx iTg zFUr l Epc
OlY
e Lwc
v ihR W
n z` Epi l ` ii Epri cFY
e (:bl zekxa 'nb)
:miaFh zFvn E miTg zn` zxFY e mix Wi mihR W n Epi l ` ii EploYY e
crFn
cFakE zAW zXc w EpW ixFY
e :dac p iBg e Wcw icrF nE
oFUU iPn f EpligpY e
l`xUi oiA K g l xF` oiA lgl Wcw oiA Epi l ` ii EpliC
aY e :lbx
d zbibg e
aFh mFi zXc wl zAW zXc w oiA :dUrOd ini zWW l iriaX d mFi oiA miOr l
Y W
C
we Y
lC
ad Y W C
w dUrOd ini zWX n iriaX d mFizè Y lC ad
:Lz X
c
wA l`x Ui LOrz
`
micrFn
[E dgEpnl zFzAW zaya] dad ` A Epi l
` ii EploYY
e
mFiz` [e dGd zAX
d mFiz` zaya] oFUUl miPn fE miBg dgn U l
dxez zgnyle zxvr ipinyl zekql zereayl gqtl
zxvr d bg ipinW
Epz g n U onf dGd Epz g n U onf Epz xFY
oYn onf Epz Exg onf
:mix
vn zìvil xkf W w `x
wn [dad ` A zaya]
xkGie cwR ie rnX
ie dvx
ie d`x
ie ri
Bie `Faie dlr
i EpizFa
` i lè Epi l `
mlW
Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo
A g iWn oFxkfe Epiz Fa` oFxkfe EppFCwt E EppFxkf
cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
M oFxkfe LW c
w xir
mFiA mFlWlE miIg lE ming xlE
:dxez zgnyle zxvr ipinyl :zekql :zereayl :gqtl
dGd zxvr
d bg ipinW
dGd zFM
Fa Epri
WFde (on` ldw) dkx
al Fa Epc wt E (on` ldw) daFhl FA Epi l ` ii EPx
kf
iM Epri
WFde Epilr mgx
e EpPg e qEg ming x e drEW
i xac aE (on` ldw) miIg l
:dY ` mEgx e oEPg Kln l` iM Epipir Lil`
_______________________________________________
267
oFUUlE dgn U l mFlWl E miIg l LicrFn zMx Az` Epi l ` ii Ep` iVd e
[Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` zaya] :Epk x al Y xn ` e zi
v x xW` M
Lz rEWi
A Epg O U e La EHn Epr AU Lz xFz A Epw lg oze LizF vn A EpW
C
w
[oFvx aE dad ` A zaya] Epi l `3 ii Epligpd e :znÀ LC ar l EpA l xdh e
:Ln W
iad ` l`x Ui La EgnU ie LW c
w icrFn
[E zAW zaya] oFUUa E dgn U A
:miPn Gd e l`xUi [e zAX
d zaya] WC wn ii dY ` KExA
4
.leg oebpa - zepexg`d zekxad yely lega lgy dgpn aeh meia
.zay oebipa - zepexg`d zekxad yely zaya lgy dgpn aeh meia
Lz iA xiac l dcFa r
d aWd e mz Nt z
aE l`x Ui LOr A Epi l ` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad ` A dx dn mz Nt zE
l`x Ui iX` e
ii dY ` KExA :ming x A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir dpifgz e :LO r l`x Ui zcFa r
opaxc micen Èd dY `W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef
Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cr e
Epx vFi xUA lk i l
` Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl
LnW l zF`cFd e zFkx A :ziW`x A xvFi LciA mixEq
Od EpiIg lr
:EpY n Iw e Epz iigdW lr WFcTd e lFcBd Kl zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e
Epiz FIlB sq `z e EpnIw zE
EpIg Y oM EpO r mFilkA W LiQplre
zFUr le LiT g xnWl LW c
w zFxvg l zr lkA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
Ep` W
lr mlW aalA LC ar
lE LpFvx Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa e axr
KExA dlind mixne`yk hrn mirxek :Kl micFn Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
:zF`cFd
d l` swef :Kl Epiew mlFrn
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az i mNMl
re
:dlq Epiz xfr
e Epiz rEW
miIg d lke
:zFcFdl d`p LlE LnW aFHd ii swef dY ` degzyn KExA rxek
.(277 'nr) ldwd z` mikxan mipdkd ,zelidw zvwae n"ctta zixgy zltza
('zencw`' zligz oebipa zerayae ,'èd xic`' oebipa gqtae ,zekq oebipa zxn`p zekqa)
:lewa lkd ofgd xne` mipdk oi` m`
LC
`
oevx idi ok :JPgie Lil` eipR | ii x` i oevx idi ok :LxnW ie ii L k xa i ek-ck:dk xacna
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui La EgnU ie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 3.
oi` `ldy ,leg oebpa h"i dgpn ly zepexg` zekxa 'b lltzdl dfd t"t bdpn lr 'idnz zexg` zepicn iyp` lk 4.
:h"i oebpa 'icen zkxa znizg xg` sqenae zixgya 'gd xn` xwaay itly l"pe ?zay dgpna ok 'iyer
,weqtie ea exrbi ldwy sè ,xwaa ekxck ,`"e` :f` mb xnì ,ok obpi dgpna mb m`y be`cl yi ,'eke epkxa `"e`
zgpna ekxck xn` fè ,leg oebpa 'epexg`d 'ekxad 'gpna xnìy epwz k"r .dlhal ycw zeny 'a xikfd xak
'eke 'mely miy' xne`y zay zgpna la` .`"e` ila ,'eke ax mely :dfd oebpa 'icen znizg xg` leg mei lk
,cgein oebp dfa epwz k"r ,dfd oebpa leg zgpna ekxck 'eke 'ax mely' xnìy be`cl yi ik ,leg oebpa mxn` `l
zay zgpnae ,eiptl 'eke `"e` `la 'eke mely miy 'ixne` oi` olkay ,zeltzd lkn dpeyn jxc ea xne`y
(196 sc zldw ixac) .eiptl 'eke `"e` ila 'eke mely miy xne`
_______________________________________________
268
.ziaxrle dgpnl .dgpn zayle zixgyl
l`xUilr ax mFlW ming x
e cqge og dkx
aE daFh mFlW miU
iM mlFrl miUY LOr cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A :LO r l`x UilMlre Epilr
lkl oFc` Kln Èd dY` Epi l` ii EpN Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ
:mFlXd ming x
e dkx aE dwc vE cqg zad ` e miIg zxFY
:mFlWe miIg e
:LnFlWA dr Wlka E zrl kA l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al LipirA aFhe
:mFlXA l`x Ui FOrz
` Kx an d ii dY ` KExA
oEv lg i or
pin i dri
WFd Li cici
Epilr mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b e ixEv

:on` Exn` e :l`xUilMlr e
: xneè h`l swef
:Lz xFz
mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
iA Lc ar p mWe
:zFIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM
.(254 'nr) dltzd zxfg xnb xg` lld cin mixne` zixgya
.(206 'nr) aeh mei ly dgpnl cgein oebipa lawzz yicwa mikiynn dgpn ly u"yd zxfg xg`
.(115 'nr) 'elkie'a mikiynn zaya lgyk ziaxra dltzd xg`
.(119 'nr) yeciwe (116 'nr) lawzz yicw mixne` leg meia la`
alel zlihp
.mipnq el yiy s` ,xec xecn zxeqn el oi`y bexz` lr jxal oi` fpkyà miwqetd ilecb itl
.reerpri-dixa`l`w ibexz` lr wx fpky` ipal dzid efk zxeqn
.'la oiniiqne ,'ea oiligzn miìape .'la miiqne 'aa ligzn ynegd
(`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) .miìape dxez cbpk èdy alel zeize` edf
:cnern jxane l`ny cia bexz`de oini cia aleld gwel
5
:alEl zlihp lr EpEv e eizF
vn A EpWC
` ii dY
` KExA
6
:'epiigdy' mb mitiqen (zay oey`xd mei m` ipy meia e`) bg ly oey`xd meia
:dGd onfl Epri
bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
(:fl dkeq 'nb) .olEkn DFa
be li`Fd
?'alEl zlihp lr' `N` opik x
an `l mr h i`n :`wi
xf ia xl din xi ia x Dil xn ` 5.
ol ziPW C `Y W d (my i"yx) [:'ek ecia eplhi `ny dxifb meyn opaxcn zaya edl opilhane dyr zevn] ,alEle xtFW 6.
(:v zenai 'nb) .Èd xw
rin `l dU
rY l` e aW
_______________________________________________
269
ci zpzn xcq zeray ly ipy meie ,zxvr ipiny ,gqt ly oexg` mei
ci zpzn xcq 2 1
ecia dxez xtq gwel ofgd e` axd (zaya owxt mewi xgè) dpexg` dkxa xihtnd miiqy xg`
:xneè ('l`xyi jxai ja' xeviwa jxan okn zegtl .dlrne dpy b"i oan) zqpkd ziaay xkf lkl jxane
Kx
ai Èd d lWE ceC oxd` e d n awr ie wgv i mdx
a` Epiz Fa` Kx
AW in
dxFY
d cFakle mFwOd cFakl Fci zpY n oYiW xEarA (t"xa t"x) z`
dwEve dx
vlMn EdliSie Edx nW i Èd KExA WFcTd df xkU A lbx d cFakle
lbxl zFlr
l EdMfie Edk x aie eic i dUrnlkA dglv d e dkxA glW ie
3
:[xcp ilA ] on` eig` l`xUilM mr
'on` ['Exn` e' e`] xn`pe' ,seqa jxand xne` olkay ,dlitz jxc mikxany zekxad lkn ci zpzn zkxa dpzyp dn
exnì `l k"r ,'mixac zlaw ea on`' e"l zereaya y"n t"r l"pe ?exnè ,xn`pe ila 'on` eig` l`xyi lk mr' z`fae
b"x c"i r"yae 'epziy' jxand y"n lr on` mxnà dwcvl dpzn zzl xcpa mdilr elawi dfa ik ,on` mikxeand
mikxeand dfa xidfè] edexnìy mikxeanl `xwi `le on` xnì jxand wx okl ,'`heg `xwpe 'eke xcepd lk'
zldw ixac- .[ci zpzna axd itn mzkxa lr on` exnì `ly
Kxai Èd d lWE ceC oxg` e d n awr ie wgv i mdx

zFaiaq E miaEXie W T d zFNdw lM mr dGd WFcTd ldT d lMz`
inlke :mdl xW` lke mdiz FpaE mdipa E mdiWpE md xire xirlMlW
xir mlW Exi iIpr
le dxFz ic nFll dX` od Wi` od FAl zac Pn oYiW
DpETzA n Ule Dpipa A zF`xl EdMfi Èd KExA WFcTd df xkU A :WcT d
zìA zF`x l EdMfie dlg n E rbplMn E dwEve dx vlMn EdliSie Edx nW
ie
dkx
A glW ie :aix w onfa E `lbr
A WC wO d ziA oipa l Fzac
p ìad lE Epg iWn
.'eke ixy` :o n` xn`pe :eig` l`x UilM mr eic i dUr
nlkA dglv d e
1. ztxv bdpn which later became oilet bdpn (i.e. oilxa and bxeand), recites xekfi on milbx yly,
contrary to fpky` bdpn, which recites it on the zay before zereay and oefg zay (when
mingxd a` is said), and in some congregations on xetk mei. These two zehiy are in a section of
the ixhie xefgn which discusses whether one is allowed to recite a dpiw on milbx yly when
there is a `ziixe`c aeig to be happy. Nevertheless, after dtexi` oaxeg, due to the influx of Jews
from zelidw, including those which followed oilet bdpn, xriixa axd instituted that Khal Adas
Jeshurun in Washington Heights recite xekfi on milbx yly as well as ci zpzn.
.miveli` llba mdil` eribdy miyeaiyd z` evnì `l zelidwy dxed aèey oerny iax
gqta enk ,zeilb ly oexg` èdy z"ya `le 'xez ly oexg` èdy v"rya ci zpzn bdpn 'ibdep dnl :izl`yp 2.
zpY n M Wi`' dteq my lr ,xekad lk 't ea 'i`xewy meia lbx lka edebidpdy izipre ?'a meia zereayae 'g meia
xekad lk 'i`xew ,my xeh mrhn ziy`xa 'te ,'` zeày o"x mrhn 'dk x Ad z`fe' z"ya 'i`xew xyàe .'ebe 'Fc
i
(378 sc zldw ixac) .ci zpzn ea ebdp k"r ,`"l dlbnak ,v"rya
.'ci zpzn' xear mikxan dxhtdd xg` zxvr ipiny ly 'è zereay ly ipy meiae gqt ly oexgà 3.
dxezd xtq z` axd fge` jk xgè ,'jxay in'a axd z` jxane ecia dxez xtq fge` ldwd iy`xn cg`
dxez icnel xear ci zpznk zzl envr laiw cg` lky zernde) .ldwd lk z` 'ci zpzn' ly 'jxay in'a jxane
.(ocril zeglype bgd xg` zetq`p ,milyexie l`xyi ux` iipre
.mipey`xa xèank ,dgny ly `ziixe`c aeig inia avr xxerl xeq` ik ,milbxa 'xekfi' mixne` oi`
.'ci zpzn' ly 'jxay in' onfa exne`l mileki ,oilet bdpnk ezixnà milbxend
_______________________________________________
270
crend legle milbx ylyl sqen zltz milbx yly
crend legle milbx ylyl dcinr sqen

crend lege bga dlitz igqep
,:'epi`hg iptne'a ,zirvn`d dkxaa ,sqena .':Ln W iad` l`x Ui La EgnU ie' :zayak 'epìyde' seqa
:èd gqepd ,'ongx jln `"e`' rhwae ,('dgelyd' `le) dgNY W ,('epgp`' `le) milFki Ep` oiè
PW
[fpky` zyxen oekn] .('jilr axrze' `le) Epz xi
zr Lipt l axrz e ,('epil`' `le) Epilr daEW
!dltzd lkl mze` migipn `l` crend leg sqen e` yceg y`x sqen iptl `l oilitzd oivleg oi`
1
(`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) .eiaè miig gxe` xeh wiqn oke odilr jxane oilitz oigipn ,crend leg lka
o"iy lr fnexd 'y zeaiz iy`x (i ,gk mixac) 'jilr `xwp 'd my ik' ,crend lega oilitz gipdl jnq iz`vn
miaeh mini b"ie zezay a"p xiqzyk ixdy ,oilitz oda oigipny dpyd zeni oipn èd o"iy ezeè oilitzay
(mibdpnd zedbd) .dpyd ini md mini d"qy ik 'y x`yp

wgv i i l` mdx a` i l` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` degzyn KExA rxek 2
` ii swef dY
miaFh mic qg lnFB oFilr l` `xFP de xFABd lFcBd l`d wri i lè
:dad ` A FnW orn l mdipa ipa l l`Fb ìan E zFa` ic qg xkFfe lMd dpwe
:mdx
a` obn ii swef dY
` degzyn KExA rxek :obn E ri W FnE xfFr Kln
:ri
W Fdl ax dY ` miz
,'cqga miig lklkn' :fixkn ofgd gqtc '` mei sqena ux`l uega
.uiwd ini lk ,'lhd cixen' `le 'gexd aiyn' `l mixne` oiè
:mWBd cixFnE
g Ex
d aiXn
.'mybd cixene gexd aiyn' :ofgd fixkn ygla dlitz iptl zxvr ipinyc sqena
.jliè ef dltza 'mybd cixene gexd aiyn' mixne` ldwd
milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x A miz n dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n

zFxEaB lrA LFn k in :xtr ipW il FzpEn ` mIw n E mixEq
` xiY nE milFg `tFxe
:miz n zFigd l dY ` on`pe :drEW
` KExA
.crend leg sqena 'ycwp' zyecw
1. milaewn give two reasons not to wear oilitz during sqen. 1) yceg y`x or crend leg have a
semi-h"ei status, 2) the recital of 'xzk zyecw' at the start of dyecw, which were not accepted in
fpky`. In fpky`, 1) removing the oilitz is considered a dlitzd oeifa, which is considered more
important, 2) 'xzk zyecw' is not recited. In fpky`, in the sixteenth century some began
removing their oilitz, and by the eighteenth century it had become the bdpn of the majority.
Removing the oilitz on crend leg before lld, is found in the f"h and mdxa` obn. The xiì zeg
(1639 - 1702), was upset that people removed their oilitz, instead of leaving them on until
after sqen. The xpl jexr (1798 - 1871), while agreeing with the f"h and mdxa` obn, cites the
l"ixdn who removed his oilitz later. The Baer xeciq is the first source for removing the oilitz
after 'il ycw' (gqt crend legl oey`x meia).
:zay oebipa-crend leg zaya ,leg oebipa-dyecwe zepey`xd zekxa izy z` xne` ofgd ,leg inia crend lega 2.
_______________________________________________
271
mFxn inW A FzF` miWiC wn W mWM mlFrA LnW z` WC wp cala dltz lra
xn ` e dfl` df `x
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFc w | WFc w eicgi dltz lrae ldw
:Exn ì KExA mzO r l
:FnFw
:xn`l aEzM LWc w ix ac
aE dltz lra
:DiElld xc e xc l oFIv Ki l ` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz eicgi dltz lrae ldw
3
EpiR n Epi l
` Lga W e WiC wp Lz Xc
w migv p gvplE Llc B ciBp xFce xFcl dltz lra
:WFcTd l`d ii dY` KExA :dY` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl WEni `l
-------------------------------------------------------
.sqen aeh meia 'jvixrp' zyecw
W T A LnW miWiC wO d Wcw itx U g iU cFqM LWiC
wpe Lvixr
p cala ofg
xn ` e dfl` df `x we b:e diryi Lìap cilr aEzMM
:FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFc w | WFcw eicgi ofge ldw
dfl df mil` FW eizx Wn mlFr `ln FcFaM ofg
:Exn ì KExA mzO r l FcFaM mFwn dI`
:FnFw
On iicFaM KEx A ai:b l`wfgi eicgi ofge ldw
FnW mic gin d mr ogie ming x A oti Èd FnFwOn ofg
:mixnF` rnW dad` A min r R cinY mFilkA xwa e axr
:cg ` | ii Epi l ` ii l`x Ui rnW c:e mixac eicgi ofge ldw
Epri
WFn Èd EpM ln Èd Epia ` Èd Epi l ` Èd cg` ofg
mi l
`l mkl zFid l `n:eh xacna iglM ipir l zipW eing x
A Epri
nW i Ède
:mk idl
` ii ip` eicgi ofge ldw
epxic` xic` is said on aeh mei and on mi`xep mini, not on crend leg zay.
ux`d lkA LnW xiC `dn Epipc` ii a:g mildz Epxi
C` xiC `
:cg ` FnW E cg` ii did i Èd d mFIA ux`d lMlr Klnl ii did e h:ci dixkf
:sqen zyecwa dcedi ea mzegy 'mkidl`' heit mitiqen zekq crend leg zaya
FzHn xc ge FxiaC miwi mwd FzpFrnE FM
q mlW A aiWi mk idl
`
lvl dMq zFid Fzng A aiF` Kxc i dxER
KFxC FzpikW cFd oiMW i mkFY cr
e
:Fzlr
n min X
A ux `d lMlr Klni FzC b` ux
`lr cinr
i zr
d FzMq ix nFWl
:xn`l aEzM LWc
w ix
ac
aE ofg
:DiElld xc
e xc l oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz eicgi ofge ldw
WEni `l EpiR n Epi l
` Lga W
e WiC wp Lz
Xc
w migv p gvplE Llc
B ciBp xFce xFcl ofg
:WFcTd l`d ii dY` KExA :dY` WFcwe lFcB Kln l` iM cr e mlFrl
.aeh mei oebipa - mixn`p zirvn`d dkxade 'xece xecl'n ,zekq e` gqt crend lega 3.
_______________________________________________
272
ii dY
e WFcw dY
`
:WFcTd l`d
EpY n n Fxe EpA zi v x
e Epz F` Y a d ` miOr dlMn EpY x ga dY `
lFcBd LnW e Lz cFa
r l EpM ln EpY a x
we Liz Fvn A EpY W
C
we zFpWNd lMn
:z`xw Epilr WFcTd e
dgn U l micrFn
[E dgEpnl zFzAW zaya] dad ` A Epi l
` ii EploYY
e
mFiz` [e dGd zAX
d mFiz` zaya] oFUUl miPn fE miBg
dxez zgnyle zxvr ipinyl zekql zereayl gqtl
zxvr d bg ipinW
Epz g n U onf dGd Epz g n U onf Epz xFY
oYn onf Epz Exg onf
:mix
vn zìvil xkf W w `x
wn [dad ` A zaya]
milFki Ep` oiè Epz n c
` lrn Epwg xz pe Epv x
`n EpilB Epi` h g ipR n E
Lz xi
gA ziaA Epiz FaFg zFUr le Lipt l zFgY W d lE zF`x le zFlrl
:LWcwn A dgNY W PW
cId ipR n eilr LnW `xwPW WFcTd e lFcBd ziA A
ong x Kln Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:FcFaM lC bzE dx dn Edpa z
e miAx d Lin g x
A LWCwn lr
e Epilr mgxzE
aEWYW
ipir
l Epilr ÙPd e rtFde dx dn Epilr LzEk ln cFaM dNB EpM ln Epia `
oFIvl Ep` iad e :ux` iz
MxIn qPM Epiz FvEtpE miFBd oiAn EpixEf
R ax we :iglM
Lipt l dUr p mWe :mlFr zgn U A LWc wn ziA mlW Exile dPx A Lxi r
mFi sqEn z` zaya] :mz kld M mitq EnE mxc qM mici
nY Epiz FaFg zFpAx wz`
mFi sqEn z` [e dGd zAX d
:dxez zgnyle zxvr ipinyl :zekql :zereayl :gqtl
dGd zxvr
d bg ipinW
dGd zFM
Lz xFz
A Epilr Y a z M W
FnM LpFvx zev n M dad ` A Lipt l aix
wpe dUr
p
:xEn`M LcFa k iRn LC ar d n ic ilr
mn inY dpW
ipA miU a k ipW d mFiaE i-h :gk xacna zaya]
zA X
:DM q pe cinY d zlrlr FY AW A zAW zlr :FM qpe o X
a dlElA dgpn zlq mipxUr ipW
E
:mipey`xde mipe`bd ly wiecnd gqepd mixne` bgd oaxw iweqtl zay oaxw iweqt oia dcinra
[:xEn`M - zxvr
d bg ipinW
| zFM
Qd bg | zFrEaWd bg | zFSOd bg mFi - oAx
we zAW
oAx
w df
_______________________________________________
273
.(gqt ly ipy meia mb ux`l uega) oey`x meia
mFi xUr dX n g a E :iil g R W g
l mFi xUr dr Ax À oFW`
xd W g a E hi-fh:gk xacna
ar zk`ln lM W w` x
wn oFW`xd mFIA :lk ì zFSn min i zr aW bg dGd W g l
miUa k dr
aW e cg` li` e mipW xw aipA mix
R i il dlr dX` mY a x wd e :EU rz `l
mzgpne :mkl Eid i mninY dp W ipA
.'mzaxwde' o`k miligzn mipexg`d minie crend lega
dp W
ipA miUa k dr
aW
e cg` li` e mipW
xw
aipA mix
R i il dlr dX` mY a x
wd e hi:gk
mzgpne :mk
l Eid i mninY
.zereayl
mk l did i W w`
x wn mki raW A i il dW
c
g dgpn mk a ix wd A mixEM
Ad mFia E fk-ek:gk
cg` li` mipW xw
aipA mix
R i il gi
p g ixl dl Fr mY a x
wd e :EU rz `l d ar zk`ln lM
mzgpne :dpW ipA miUa k dr
aW

.(zekq ly ipy meia mb ux`l uega) oey`x meia
ar zk`ln lM mk l did i W w` x wn ir iaX d W g l mFi xU r dXn g a E bi-ai:hk
xw
aipA mix
R i il gi
p g i
x dX ` dl r mY a x
wd e :min i zr aW iil bg m Bge EU rz `l
mzgpne :Ei di mn inY xUr dr Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M mipW
mli` xUr d lW
.(dxez zgnya mb ux`l uega) zxvr ipinya
dl r mY a x
wd e :EU rz `l d ar zk`ln lM mkl did Y zvr ip inX d mFIA el-dl:hk
mzgpne :mn inY draW
dpW
ipA miU
a M cg` li` cg` xR i il gi
p g i
x dX
`
(ux`l ueg) zekq
:crend leg 'b :crend leg 'a :crend leg '`
mixR iri axd mFIa E bk:hk mix R iW ilX d mFIa E k:hk mix R ipX
d mFIa E fi:hk
miU a M mipW
mli` dx Ur mipW mli` xUri Y W r mli` xUr mipW xw aipA
U r dr Ax
` dpW ipA dr Ax` dpW ipA miU a M dpW ipA miU a M mipW
mzgpne :mn
inY mzgpne :mn inY xUr mzgpne :mn inY xUr dr Ax `
mixR iW ingd mFIa E ek:hk mix R iri axd mFIa E bk:hk mix R iW ilX d mFIa E k:hk
miU a M mipW
mli` drWY miU a M mipW
mli` dx Ur mipW mli` xUri Y W r
U r dr Ax
` dpW ipA U r dr Ax` dpW ipA dr Ax ` dpW ipA miU a M
mzgpne :mn
inY mzgpne :mn inY mzgpne :mn inY xUr
:dax `pryed :crend leg 'c
mipW
mli` dpnW mix R iX
X d mFIa E hk:hk mipW mli` drWY mix R iW ingd mFIa E ek:hk
mzgpne :mn inY xUr dr
Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M mzgpne :mn inY xUr dr
Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M
mipW
mli` draW mix
R iri
aX d mFIa E al:hk mipW
mli` dpnW mix R iX
X d mFIa E hk:hk
mzgpne :mn inY xUr dr
Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M mzgpne :mn inY xUr dr
Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M
li` l mipxUr ipW

E xRl mipFxUr d lW :xAc nM mdiMq pe mz gpn E
:mz kld M mici
nz ipW
E xRk l xirU e :FMqpM oiie UaMl oFxVr e
_______________________________________________
274
:sqen zaya
EbPrz
ie ErAU i mNM iriaW iWCwn mr bpr i`xF w
e zAW ix
W Lz Ekln A EgnU i
w Fz` mini zC
ng FYWC we FA z iv x iriaX
a E La EHn
EplWxC d aihn E aFh Epilr mgx ong x Kln Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
dNg Y aM Lzi a dpA :LpFvx EUr W zFa` llbA Lin g x oFndA Epilr daEW
:FpETzA Epg O U e epipa A Ep` x de FpFknlr LWc wn opFke
:mdiepl l`x Ui aWd e mx nflE mxi Wl mIelE mz cFa r l mip M aWd e
:Lz xFz
A aEzMM Epilbx inr R WlWA Lipt l deg Y W pe d`x pe dlr p mWe
Li l` ii | ipR z` L xE k flk d` xi dpX A | min r R WFlW fi-fh mixac
d`xi `le zFM Qd bg a E zFraX d bga E zFS Od bg A xg a i xW` mFwOA
:Klozp xW` Lil ` ii zMxaM Fc i zpY
nM Wi` :mwi x ii ipR z`
oFUUlE dgn U l mFlWl E miIg l LicrFn zMx Az` Epi l ` ii Ep` iVd e
[Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` zaya] :Epk x al Y xn ` e zi
v x xW` M
Lz rEWi
A Epg O U e La EHn Epr AU Lz xFz A Epw lg oze LizF vn A EpW C
w
[oFvx aE dad ` A zaya] Epi l ` ii Epligpd e :znÀ LC
4
arl EpA l xdh e
:Ln W iad ` l`x Ui La EgnU ie LW c
w icrFn
[E zAW zaya] oFUUa E dgn U A
:miPn Gd e l`xUi [e zAX d zaya] WC wn ii dY ` KExA
Lz iA xiac l dcFa r d aWd e mzNt z aE l`x Ui LOr A Epi l ` ii dvx 6 5
cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad ` A dx dn mz Nt zE l`x Ui iX` e
:LO r l`x Ui zcFa r
.(277 'nr) axrze dt mixne` sqen zltz zxfga aeh meia
:oFIvl FzpikW
xifg O d ii dY
` KExA :ming x A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir dpifgz e
opaxc micen Èd d Y` W
Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek :cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef
i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef xFcl Èd dY ` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv
:ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi xUA lk EpiIg lr Lz ld Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce
WFcTd e lFcBd LnW l zF`cFd e zFkx A zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e Lc iA mixEq
Od
lr EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr e Kl
zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq `z
e EpnIw zE zr lkA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt plr e
LpFvx zFUr le LiT
g xnWl LW c
w Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e xwa e axr
micFn Ep` W lr mlW aalA LC arlE Lic qg Enz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x
KExA dlind mixne`yk hrn mirxek :Kl :Kl EpiEw mlFrn
:zF`cFd d l` swef
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui La EgnU ie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 4.
,'!dvx' :zfxkda el ricen lhepd ieldy cr 'dvx' ligzn epi` ofgd ,ax mipdk xtqn oday zelecb zelidwa 5.
.mdici lehil exnb mipdkd lky
.zay oebipa - seqd cr 'dvx'n xne` ofgd ,zekq e` gqt crend lega 6.
_______________________________________________
275
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az i mNMl
re
:dlq Epiz xfr
e Epiz rEW
miIg d lke
:zFcFdl d`p LlE LnW aFHd ii swef dY ` degzyn KExA rxek
:lewa lkd ofgd xne` ,mipdk oi` m`
:[(277 'nr) ldwd z` o`k mikxan mipdkd l`xyi uxà] ofgd xne` crend lega
LC
`
oevx idi ok :JPgie Lil` eipR | ii x` i oevx idi ok :LxnW ie ii L k xa i ek-ck:dk xacna
:LO r l`x UilMlre Epilr ming x e cqge og dkx

aE daFh mFlW miU
Epi l` ii EpN Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A
Lipir
A aFhe :mFlWe miIg e ming x e dkx
aE dwc vE cqg zad ` e miIg zxFY
Kxan d ii dY ` KExA 7 :LnFlWA dr Wlka E zrl kA l`xUi LOrz
` Kx al
:mFlXA l`x Ui FOrz
`
oEv
lg i or
Lipt l iA l oFibde it ix
pin i dri
WFd Li cici
mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r : xneè zeriqt 'b eixg`l rqet :il` b e ixEv
i i
:on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr
: xneè h`l swef
:Lz xFz
mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
iA Lc ar p mWe
:zFIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM
.(195 'nr) yeciwe (185 'nr) lawzz yicw mixne` zaya
.(279 'nr) zepryed zxin` lr ricedl ,aeh mei oebipa - dpexg`d dkxad meiq ,zekq crend lega 7.
_______________________________________________
276
mitk zìyp xcq mi`xep minie milbx yly
mitk zìyp xcq
'iq g"e` r"eya wqtp jk .zabnd z` wifgn ipy iel ,mipdkd lk ici z` lehiy cg` iel micakn okecl dilr lka
m"xdn ixacn d`xpy itk ,xdefd zelbzd iptl cer fpkyà bdpnd did ynn jk ileè df oirke .'e sirq g"kw
.mièyp miiel wx dfl micakn xetk meiae dpyd y`xa .dpw ,aq 'nr `"g ,mibdpne miwqt zeaeyz ,bxeaphexn
:ldwde ofgd mixne` 'dpifgze'l ofgd ribnyk f` aeh mei ly sqen zltzd okecl miler mipdkyk
1
,dlild jezl dlirp zlitz zkynp m` s` okecl miler mipdk dlirp zlitza xetk meia
.mzriqe u"ari zli`y ,xiì zeg ,l"ixdn ,mi`xi ,rexf xe` ,d"ia`xd z`xedk
Lz iA xiac l dcFa r d aWd e mz Nt z aE l`x Ui LOr A Epi l ` ii dvx
cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad ` A dx dn mz Nt zE
l`x Ui iX` e
:LO r l`x Ui zcFa r
miAx
d Lin g x
A mEgx `P` :oAx wk E dlFrM Epz xi z r Lipt l axrze
ming x A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir dpifgz
e :mlW
Exil dcFa
r d xcq e oFIvl Lz pikW aWd
:zFIpnc w mipW k E mlFr iniM d`x iA Lc arp mWe
:car p d`x iA LC al LzF`
W ii dY ` KExA :miiqn ofgd
opaxc micen Èd d Y` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek
Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn rxek mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef
i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii swef Èd dY` Epr Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cr e
:ziW`x A xvFi Epx vFi xUA lk Lz ld Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl
iA mixEq
Od EpiIg lr
lr LiQplr e Kl zFcEwRd Epiz FnWplr e
zFxvg l Epiz FIlB sq `z e EpnIw zE Liz F`lt plr e EpO r mFilkA W
LpFvx zFUr le LiT
g xnWl LW c
w xwa e axr zr lkA W Liz FaFhe
micFn Ep` W
lr mlW aalA LC ar
lE Lin g x Elk`l iM aFHd :mix dv e
KExA dlind mixne`yk hrn mirxek :Kl mlFrn Lic qg Enz `l iM mgx nd e
:zF`cFd
d l` swef :Kl EpiEw
:cr
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
re
:Lz ix
a ipA miaFh miIg l [mFzge dlirpa] aFzkE mi`xep minia
:dlq Epz xfr

e Epz rEW
miIg d lke
` degzyn KExA rxek
,zix
gW A - mFiA min
rR drA x` odi
R
M z` oi` UFp mipdM ,dpW A miw xt dW lW A ,(ek ziprz) mz d opY 1.
(:ft `nei 'nb) .mixER
M d mFiaE
,zFcn ,zFiprY A - miw xt dW lW od EN` e .mix
rO aE rW zlir
paE
,dg
pn A ,sqEn
A
(`pci`de d"c 'qez :ek ziprz 'nb) :mitk zìyp yi mixetkd meia dlirpa mewn lkn
zlitz ligzdy xyà .dlil ynn xak m` elit` dlirp zlitza mditk z` mipdkd mi`yepy o`k oibdep
.mei didy cera did oaxwd dlrdy xy`k dlila elit` opnfy oaxwn mixcte mixa` oirk ,meia cer didy dlirp
(dcedi gk)
_______________________________________________
277
:jenp lewa xne` ofg
dxFY
A zWNW nd dkx AA Epk x
A Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
eipa E oxd` iRn dxEn
`d LC ar d n ic ilr daEzMd
:xEn`M LW Fcw mr (: enr jiynn ldw) mip M (: dnirpae mx lewa ofg)
2
epycw xy`' zkxa zlgzd mcewe 'mipdk' ofgd zìxw xg` cin mrd itlk mdipt z` mixifgn mipdkd
.ofgd dyer oke mipdk zkxa zrya mdicli ipte mdipt z` zilha miqkn miwcwcnd .'oxd` ly ezyecwa
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA (.hl dheq 'nb)
:dad ` A l`x
Ui FOrz
` Kx
al EpEv e oxd` lW FzXc
wA EpW
C
w xW`
ck:e xacna
(dxin` `la miweqtd èxwl ie`x) ldw mipdk eixgè ofg
:ux` e minW
d r oFIS n ii L
kxa i b:clw mildz L k xa i
:ux` d lkA Ln W xiC`dn Epipc` ii i:g ii
:Ka izi
q g iM l` ipx
nW
`:fh :Lx
nW
ie
: zaya ze` mixne` oiè ,(:dp zekxa 'nb t"r) dàd dpigzd z` mixne` 'jxnyie' oebipa mikix`n mipdkdyk
:Èd dn rcFi ipiè iY nlg mFlg :KNW izFnFlge KNW ip` mlFrlW FpFAx 3
l`xUilMlr e ilr izFnFlglM EidIW izFa` i lè i l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
:ilr mix
g` Enlg W oiaE mix g` lr iY
nlg W
oiaE inv rl
r iY nlg W
oiA - daFhl
:wiCSd sqFi zFnFlgM mda E ia EnIw z ie mvO ` e mwGg md miaFh m`
dìaPd mix nk E Filg n dcEd i Kln EdIw fg M m`t x dÈtx mikix v mè
:rWil` ic ilr Fgix i ink E EpA x d n ic
ilr dx n ink E FYrx
Sn onr pk E DY
rx
Sn
tdY oM dkx al dllT n rWx d mr lA zllw z` Y kt d W
mWk E
(jpgiel) ipPg
zE
(jxnyiel) ipx nW z
e daFhl l`x UilMlr e ilr izFnFlglM
:on` (melyl) :ipv xz e
dk:e
:dlq EpY ` eipR xì Epkxa ie EpPg i mi l
` a:fq x` i
:zn è cqgaxe miR ` Kx` oEPg e mEgx l` i i | ii e:cl zeny ii
:ip` ipr
e cigiiM ipPg e il` dpR fh:dk mildz eipR
:`V ` iW t p i Lil` `:dk Lil`
DYxa B c
il` d g t W
ipir
M md ipFc` cil` mic ar ipir k dPd a:bkw :JPgie
:EpPgIW cr Epi l ` iil` Epipir oM
:mcewd 'mler ly epeax' gqep z` mixne` 'jpgie' oebipa mikix`n mipdkdyk
2. In the past, hats were narrow brimmed, so that the zilh always covered the hat. Today, a man
whose zilh does not normally cover his hat should nevertheless pull his zilh over his hat
during duchenen. The bdpn of the miwcwcn was to pull the zilh over the head in such a way
that it fell over the eyes, preventing gazing at the mipdk. (une` sqei 'x)
3. mler ly epeax is recited at both sqene zixgy aeh mei, but not on zay (unless one had
a troubling dream). It is said when the mipdk sing the melody before jxnyie, jpgie, and mely.
_______________________________________________
278
ek:e
:Fr Wi i l `n dw c E ii z` n dkx a `V i d:ck `V i
:mcè mi l ` ipir A aFhl kU e og`vn E c:b ilyn
:dx
v zr
A Epz rE W is` mix wA l m xf did EpiEw L l EpPg ii a:bl diryi ii
Lpf` il` dH d il xv mFiA iPO n | LipR xY qY l` b:aw mildz eipR
:ippr xdn `x w` mFiA
:min X A ia W I
d ipirz
` iz` U p Lil` `:bkw Lil `
:mk xa ` ip` e l`x Ui ipA lr inW z` EnUe fk:e xacna mUie
cFd de gvPd e zx` t Y de d xEaBd e dN cBd ii L
l ì:hk '` d"c Ll
`Vpz Od e dk ln O d ii L
l uxà E min X A lkiM
:W`xl | lkl
aFx Tle wFg xl mFl W | mFl W mizt U aep `xFA hi:fp diryi :mFlW

:eiz`
txE ii xn`
:mcewd 'mler ly epeax' gqep z` xnel ziyilya mixfeg 'mely' oebipa mikix`n mipdkdyk
The xteq mzg was against reciting the 'oevx idi' which came into the gqep through printed mixeciq.
An innovation of the oeiv ixry, it contains a dpigz and zeny zxkfd
strongly opposed by fpky` iwqet.
: mixneè lkidd itlk mdipt mixifgn mipdkde 'mely' lr 'on`' dpriy ick mipdkd mr miiql oiekie
Y xfBX dn EpiU r mlFrd oFAx (.hl dheq 'nb) :ldwd xnì mzkxa z` mipdkd eniiqy xg`
xW` M EpO r dUr dY ` s` Epilr okFW mFxOA xiC ` (:dp zekxa 'nb)
L
Wc w oFr On dtiwW
d eh:ek mixac :EpY g h a d :mFlW LnW
e mFlW dY ` dxEa bA
l` x
Uiz` LO rz ` K xaE min X d on
xW` M Epl d z p xW` dn c `d z` e ziA LOrl
M lr e Epilr miUY
W oFvxidi
p :mFlW zxn W
:Wa cE alg zaf ux` Epi a`l YrA W n l dkxaE miIg l`x
Ui
.'eke 'mely miy' ofgd xneè
l`x
UilMlr e Epilr ming x
e cqge og dkx
aE daFh mFlW miU
Epl Y z p LipR xFà iM Lipt xFÀ cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A :LO r
:mFlWe miIg e ming x e dkx
aE dwcvE cqg zad ` e miIg zxFY
Epi l ` ii
:Ln FlWA dr
Wlka E zrl
kA l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A aFhe
mFlWe dkx A miIg xtq A mi`xep minia milbx ylya
Lipt l [mzgpe dlirpa] azM pe xkGp daFh dqpx
tE Kx
an d ii dY
` KExA
:mFlWl E miIg l l`x
Ui ziA LOrl ke Ep` :mFlXA l`x Ui FOrz
`
.'eke xn`pe miiqn ofgd
.mdici lehil exfgi erbp mè micia ma erbi `ly mdilrpn zlirpa exdfi mipdkd
_______________________________________________
279
zepryed xcq zekq inil sqen
zepryed xcq
The micxtq recite zepryed after lld. oe`b dicrq ax, explains that since one has already the alel and
bexz` in ones hands, one should continue and recite zepryed. Nevertheless, most of micxtq said
zepryed after sqen, until about two hundred years ago, when many started reciting it after lld,
influenced by the xtq, 'minid zcng'. miciqg followed the bdpn icxtq. fpky` bdpn insisted on
reciting zepryed after sqen, according to the xeh, since the zetwd are ycwnl xkf, where zetwd
were performed after the sqen oaxw, therefore we should also do so after sqen.
Our bdpn is to precisely recite `pryed seven times - a) once at the beginning, b) after each of the
ornls, and c) twice at the end of the alphabetical zepigz. If one orens in a synagogue which
follows a different gqep, it is important that a dpigz is said while parading around the xrnrnl`,
therefore, one should join in reciting the dpigz being said. (One need not be concerned that this
will result in reciting the same dpigz twice, or omitting one). One is not required to recite `pryed
with the xeav, more than the seven prescribed times.
.zepryed xcq mixne` ,'lawzz yicw' iptl ,sqen xg`

.dtwdd xnb cr (dnia) xrnrnl`d lr eze` miwifgne cg` dxez xtq miìven
.cin oex`d z` mixbeq dxez xtq z`ved ixg`
:`prWFd :dper ldwe xne` ofg
ldw ofg ldw ofg
:`prWFd Ep` xF A Lpr
nl :`prWFd Epi l` Lpr
nl
:`prWFd EpW xF C Lpr
nl :`prWFd Epl` FB Lpr
nl
mifexgd ipya caln ,milin xnv lk xg` '`pryed' mixne` oi` .enr ldwe ,meid heit z` dreci dnirpa xne` ofgd
.'`pryed' :ldwd dper mdn cg` lk ixgè 'jprnl' ly oebipae lewa ofgd xne` mze` ,mipexg`d
:ozxin` zra dkildd xcq èd jk
,eipt lr mitlegy oey`xd lqtqd ipa mikled mdixgè ,axd jled eixgè ,siwdl ligzne oetvl dpet ofg
miwlgp irvn`d xehd ipa .axd xg` cin siwdl miligzn miinexcd mixehd ipa .ipyd lqtqd ipa mdixgè
ipa mr mikled ipnid xehl mikenqde ,l`nyny jenqd lqtqd ipa mr mikled il`nyd xehl mikenqd ,mipyl
xrnrnl`dn cxei dxez xtqa wifgnd ,xrnrnl`d ly inexcd gztl ribn ofgdyk .oininy jenqd lqtqd
(.siwn eppi` la`d) .ycewd oex`l dxezd xtq z` xifgdl ofgd iptl jlede
wgaend fpky` bdpnk zepryedd xcq zlah

ixyz 'k ixyz h"i ixyz g"i ixyz f"i ixyz f"h ixyz e"h When ixyz e"h
occurs on a
dxevp me` xx`n dnc` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` zeryenl l` irey jexr` Monday
xx`n dnc` dxevp me` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` zeryenl l` irey jexr` Tuesday
xx`n dnc` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` dxevp me` zeryenl l` irey jexr` Thursday
xx`n dnc` dizy oa` dneg ip` me` zeryenl l` irey jexr` dxevp me` Shabbos
_______________________________________________
280
miWB zFra W rAxÀ zFrWFnl l` mFSa iziNB ireW ziaA irEW KFxr `
zFrWr W ibFd zFrEW Kxr iw C reW A daiW w d iriWFdl FA LiY W xC irW R
i g zFrWd l miw f zrWr Y W n m cige mgxe xFkf iriWFde dnEw e ireW lFwl
oia ircFi
zFrW KA milEth zFrEWi irW wp` A aFh irW r W
Y oM ig iriWFn
zFrEnW oiad l zFrEW A LirxFM
zFrW cFr lal iriWx n dNM iriWFn Wigi
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281
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283
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Fd ldw mx aq La EnU l min zFzW a`z M eipt l KQpn
dx ar aiWn E `Pw n d dxr Qa dlr Kf orn l ofg
:dY` Epia ` `P dri
W Fde `pr W
Fd ldw zFkx A d ipir
l min E xtr dkgle W` dcx i FlENtl
FA lv`p FgExA mipW iR FAxl znÀ zx We orn l ofg
:dY` Epia ` `P dri
W Fde `pr W
Fd ldw dkn k in Evtl min miaB E`Nn z p oBpn FYgw A
Lp`vl daEWY fix kO d LpFvx zFUr xdx d orn l ofg
:dY` Epia ` `P dri
W Fde `pr W
Fd ldw i i llk n oFIvl min zFpir mzq sx gn àA f`
dlbp Fnl LcFq e dlFBd KFzA LEW xC orn l ofg
:dY` Epia ` `P dri
W Fde `pr W
Fd ldw xSa Li` xFw
l min E mipFrx f EWxC l`Bz dl ilA
dpn ` UNt n xidn xtFq dpiaE dnk g xnB orn l ofg
:dY` Epia ` `P dri
W Fde `pr W
Fd ldw mr izA xl min iag x A milEWOd mix n` Epn M g n
ale al `lA g iU Ll mikt FW al lkA mFId Ll iÀ orn l ofg
:dY` Epia ` `P dri
W Fde `pr W
Fd ldw mIa LExxFW l min zFxhn fFr LOn mil` FW
LOr e Lz lgp mde LnW lC bi ixnF` orn l ofg
:dY` Epia ` `P dri
W Fde `pr W
Fd ldw dgEpn Fnl Y xz l miO l dtir ux` M Lr Wil mi`n v
.xfeg 'w:`P dri
W
Fd `P` `p l` `pr W Fd w"eg
:EpGr
n l` Epri
WFde `p dgilv d e `p glq `pr W
Fd
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286
:zepryedd z` milhepe ,bexzè aleld z` o`k migipny yi
:`P dri
W Fde ldw miO M al Ll mikt FW mipEn ` dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw miO a E Wà À orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw min hr n `p gTi mpe xfB ofg
:`P dri
W Fde ldw min ixfB EfB milbc dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw min X d xrW A cwr
Pd orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw miO d zxÀ xtg e aWe ofg
:`P dri
W Fde ldw min ilr mipFg miMf dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw miO d zFzwW A zFlwn lSt n wlg orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw min xÀ n oa` lbe or h ofg
:`P dri
W Fde ldw min zlEW n zc ilg Fp mici c i dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw min mzFpr Wn A ExM orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw min Fni` v `vlE Fnl oikdl ofg
:`P dri
W Fde ldw min ilr oFniWiaM mipPg z n dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw min mr l wiRq n ziA on`p orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw min EaEfie Kd rlq ofg
:`P dri
W Fde ldw min xà ilr mipFr dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw min zaix n inA cTR orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw min mzFwWd l mi`n v ofg
:`P dri
W Fde ldw min Ll mikQ pn miWFcw dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw min zFzW a`z M mixxFW n W`x orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw min Ll Kqpe aW ofg
:`P dri
W Fde ldw min ilW ` rE A x A mil` FW dpr Y ofg
:`p dgilv d e ldw min `vFn zFiRlY lY orn l ofg
:EpGr
n l` Epri WFde ldw min W sirx ze ux` gYt Y ofg
:ldw eixgè ofd
:Epr
Wi i l
` Epri
WFde mper lgn E glq oExW
i zcr ldw `pmgx w"eg
.dpyd y`x ly zeiklna 'dkiqp`' heitd seq oebipa 'gzt miny ixry' mixne` yi ,'micar ipirk f`' heitd seqa
:Epr Wi i l` Epri
WFde ldw mipFcp Lipt l EpÀ mipFc` ci l` mic ar ipirM f` ofg
:EprWi i l ` Epri
WFde 'w mipFc` Lz lEf EpElr aE EpEW C mipc n Epa ExBz p mipFc`d ipFc` d`B ofg
:Epr Wi i l` Epri
WFde ldw oEPWA Liz F`lt p EpxR q e oEPge mEgx Licr oEpgz A mFId EpWB od ofg
:Epr Wi i l
` Epri WFde ldw WAg Y d iA ` A min zx
Wg WaiY l` `p WacE alg zaf ofg
:Epr Wi i l` Epri
WFde ldw dpEn ` l` wiC v xWi dpFnWE dr aW ciA dpn W a Eprh ofg
:Epr Wi i l` Epri
WFde ldw uxR DA ux t iYla l ux` d ini lM cr ux` l zix a Y xM ofg
:Epr Wi i l` Epri
WFde ldw miO d KEQp Fnl xkf `p min ila i lr miaxr M min ilr mipPg z
n ofg
:Epr Wi i l` Epri
WFde ldw mzri bR lFwA mpr mzr eW
A miqn Fr mzr Hn Kxc A migiU ofg
:Epr Wi i l` Epri
WFde ldw zFrWFnl l` mwC v zFrW mlENtl dpR zFrEWi lrFR ofg
:EprWi i l ` Epri
WFde ldw rWx utg `le ri W Fdl ax rWi Extie ux` gYt Y rWY mWbx lFw ofg
:Epr
Wi i l ` Epri
WFde 'w gYn Y l` aix e Epri
WFY gYt z Epl aFHd Lx vFè gzR min W ixrW ofg
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.xfeg ldwde :xnFè xVa n xVa n lFw ofg

lFw :xnFè xVa n À df dPd icFC lFw À Lr Wi un` ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n miziGd xd lr cFnr l miYM zFaax A À ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n rwA i xd eiYg Y rwz l xtFXA FYWB ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n gxfO n xdd ivg WnE gx fe uivd e wtC ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n FOr eiWFcw lke Èd àE Fn `p lENn miwd ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n mlFrA rnX i lFw zA mlFrd iÀ lklE ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n FO` ir On cliM EclFp Fngx iqEnr rxf ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n z`fM rnW in z`f in dc lie dlg ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n dN` M d`x inE dN` lM lr R xFdh ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n cg` mFiA ux` lgEi d cgEd onfE rWi ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n zg` mrR iFB clEi m` zgz e mFx xiAM ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n xF` did i axr zr l did e xF`p FOr l`bi zr l ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n oFIv dc li mB dlg iM oFIv xdl Elr i miriWFn ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n Kld` mFwn iaig x d KlEaB lkA rnW p ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n Kiz FpaE Kipa ilA w Kiz FpMW
n wUOC cr iniU ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n oFxag ipW i Enw iM oFxXd zlSa g iflr ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n Ern W
z ilFwA m` mFId ErWEd e il` EpR ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n Fnvr A cec Èd FnW gnv Wi` gnv ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n xtr ipk FW EpPx e Eviw d xtr iWEtM EnEw ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n FMln zFrEWi lFCbn Fkiln d A mr izA x ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n cec
l FgiWn l cqg dUr cia` d l dpicr mW ofg
lFw :xnFè xVa n mlFr cr FrxflE cec l mlFr mr l zFrEWi dpY ofg
.minrt 'b xfeg ldwde :xnFè xVa n xVa n lFw .minrt 'b ofg
Eid i e q-hp:g '` mikln :mlFrd cr m V pe mrxE Lzlgpz` K xaE LO rz ` | dri W Fd h:gk mildz
FC ar hR W n | zFU rl dlile mn Fi Epi l
` iil` mi xw i i ipt l iY pP g z
d xW` dN` ix
ac
mi l `d Èd ii iM ux` d iO rl M zr C orn l :FnFi A mFixaC l`x Ui FOr hRW n E
:cFr oi`
.(63 'nr) aeh mei ly xgap oebipa 'lawzz yicw' xne` ofgd
.(68 'nr) 'sq`l xenfn xiy'e mei ly xiy ,(64 'nr) 'epilr' mixne` zehagd xg`l .zepryedd z` mihaeg yicwd xg`
.zevn ziit`l e` utg ztixyl miripvn `pryedd ica z`
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'zay uxèey'a zenyp zxkfd xcq fpky` zyxen oekn
oefg zaye (e"pzz zexifba eaxgy fpky` zelidw oexkf zay) zereay iptl zay
'zay uxèey' fpkyà e`xwy
zereay iptl zay
,cgeind dpebipa 'meid lk jze`' dad`d z` mixne` ,'dadà jcgile' milind xg` ,'dax dad`' zkxa znizg iptl
dxefpvd iyeaiy `ll oekpd gqepd .zay oebipa ,'dadà l`xyi enra xgead i"à' :dkxad znizg z` mixne` fè
.'fpky` zyxen oekn' ly cgein uaewa riten
.'epipfà micl`' zlef ,zay oebipa eniiqn j` ,dnirpa 'mipey`xd lr' rinyn u"yd oi` ef zayae ,libxd 'aivie zn`' gqep
`xew dligz .'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenyp zxkfd xtq jezn ygla zenyp mixikfn 'owxt mewi' zxin` xg`l
dxkfdd z` oke ,ea enyxpye mnlerl ekldy mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely ly dxkfdd z` zay lka bedpk u"yd
dxkfdd z` ligzn okn xg`l - zereay iptly zaya .xtqa mzrted xcq itl ,mincew mixhtp dyely ly
ilecb zenyp z` oke ,zexifb x`ye h"w zexifb ,e"pzz zexifba zelidwd ibexd zenyp z` epiid ,ef zayl zcgeind
calny epiidc ,zexkfdd zìxw z` miwlgnd yi ,zexkfdd zniyx ce`n dkex` m` .xtqa mixkfpd minkgd
.ewlg z` xne` u"ydy onfa dxkfdd xcqn wlg ldwd ibidpnn cg` xne` u"yd
.ygla enr xne` ldwde 'mingxd a`' daevr dnirpa xne` u"yde eilbx lr cner ldwd 'ixy`' ixg`
.'mingxd a`' xnel oiniiqn eay oebipa 'elldi' xnel ligzne dxezd xtq z` lhep u"yd
oefg zay
.fpkyày epizeax miwqetd ilecb jk lr ecitwde ,zela`l xkid zeyrl ick oefg zaya leg cba miyael
.zay ly - milrp ,zpezk ,raek - x`yd lk z` yeall ozip ,xkid dyrp xak leg ly dtilg yeala m`
,oexg`d weqtd .'jln 'd'e 'zayd meil xiy xenfn' zxinà da mikiynne ,'oeiv il`' oebipa xn`p 'icec dkl'
.zay oebipa xn`p ,'epn`p jizecr'
.cgein aevr oebipa 'zea` obn' xne` u"yy mibdep yi
oebipa xn`p 'xn`y jexa' .oebip zcixia miizqn ipy fexg lky `l`,mixetkd mei oebipa 'mler oec`' mixne` zixgya
rhwd z` xne` u"yd .oibexiq zxinà lkd z` mixne` `l` 'oec` l-`'ae 'jecei lkd'a mikix`n oi` .heyt
.zay oebipl xfeg 'epicl` 'd jny'ae ,avr ly cgein oebipa 'ycw zay meia' cr 'zay xy` l-`l'n
'meid lk jze`' dad`d z` mixne` ,'dadà jcgile' milind xg` ,'dax dad`' zkxa znizg iptl
oekpd gqepd .zay oebipa ,'dadà l`xyi enra xgead i"à' :dkxad znizg z` mixne` fè ,cgeind dpebipa
.'fpky` zyxen oekn' ly cgein uaewa riten dxefpvd iyeaiy `ll
.'epipfà micl`' zlef ,zay oebipa eniiqn j` ,dnirpa 'mipey`xd lr' rinyn u"yd oi` ef zayae ,libxd 'aivie zn`' gqep
.dki` oebipa `le libxd oebipa ,'`y` dki`' weqtdn iell èxwl miligzn dxezd zìxwa
.oefg zayle a` yceg y`xl cgein oebipa xn`p dxezd zìxw xg` yicw ivg
oexg`d weqtd z` .dxhtdd inrh oebipa 'oec`d m`p okl' weqtne ,'dki`' oebipa dxhtdd z` `xew axd
.xihtnd jk xgè ,mx lewa ldwd xne` dxhtdd ly
dligz .'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenyp zxkfd xtq jezn ygla zenyp mixikfn ,'owxt mewi' zxin` xg`l
z` oke ,ea enyxpye mnlerl ekldy mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely ly dxkfdd z` zay lka bedpk u"yd `xew
,ef zayl zcgeind dxkfdd z` ligzn okn xg`l .xtqa mzrted xcq itl ,mincew mixhtp dyely ly dxkfdd
mixkfpd minkgd ilecb zenyp z` oke ,zexifb x`ye h"w zexifb ,e"pzz zexifba zelidwd ibexd zenyp z` epiid
wlg enr xg` xne` u"yd calny epiidc ,dxkfdd z` milvtnd yi ,zexkfdd zniyx ce`n dkex` m` .xtqa
.ewlg z` xne` u"ydy onfa dxkfdd xcq ly xcben
.ygla enr xne` ldwde 'mingxd a`' daevr dnirpa xne` u"yde eilbx lr cner ldwd 'ixy`' ixg`
.'mingxd a`' xnel oiniiqn eay oebipa 'elldi' xnel ligzne dxezd xtq z` lhep u"yd
.dxezd zìxw xg`y yicwd ivg oebipa 'xn`l aezk' cr 'eprinyi ède' rhwd z` u"yd xne` sqen zyecwa
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1
:zexrd
zexifb ibexd zxkfdl eazkp jk xg` ,e"pzz zexifb ibexd zenyp zxkfd myl jeaxennd ixtq eazkp dligz 1.
epicia exnzyp .jeaxennd azkp dxear dlidw dze` ly ,she miyp miyp` ,mibexdd lk zeny z` ellk mde ,h"w
`l xzei zxge`n dtewza ecqepy zelidwa .df oteà miaezkd bxapxipe `yiinxee ly jeaxennd ixtq iwzrd
exikfd `l` ,seq xacl oi` ik ,zenecwd zelidwd lk ly zepey`xd zexifbd ibexd lk ly mdizeny z` epn
ibexd mb eid oda zelidw zeny mdilr etiqede ,zepey`xd zexifba mibexdd eid oda zelidwd zeny z` wx
z` mb etiqed bxanà ly jeaxenna .myd yeciw lr mibexd eid oda zexg` zevx` zeny oke ,zexg` zexifb
zevx`de zelidwd zeny z` mipen ep` xy`k ,epinia .`"lxz-l"xz znglna ebxdpy miicedid miliigd zeny
.dtexi` oaxega d"yz-y"z zexifb ibexd lr mb oeekl ie`x ,zeaxd
excg mizrl .zipnxb zexaec zevxà epiid ,dnvr fpkyà eidy dl` wx miriten llk jxca zelidwd zenya 2.
enk) zewizr zelidw ly xwira ,dl` zeleabl uegn zelidw ly miccea zeny micg` jeaxenn ixtq jezl
zevx` icedia leflf jezn `l .(dixbped-exhqeà) fpky` zelidwl zizxage zit`xbeìb zeaexw e` (`w`xw
it lre ,fpky` zelidw z` xwira ecwty e"pzz zexifba mceqi jeaxennd ixtq ,ziy`x .xacd dyrp zexg`
zevxà mb zexifbd eaxyn okè .mdizexecl jeaxennd ixtq azkidl ekiynd ,ixewnd zenypd zxkfd qetc
zeny `le zevx`d zeny wx j` ,fpky` zelidw ibexd zenypl ztqezk dl` zevx` ibexd zeny etqep ,zexg`
.seq el oi` dl` lk hexity cvn ode ,zexg` zevxày zelidwd ihxtl zexkid xqegn od ,zeccead zelidwd
mdixed enyp z` wx mixikfny ,milbxa 'xekfi' xnel mbdpn itl ,zexg` zevx` ipa mb mibdep dfl dneca
.mdly daexwd dxagd lbrnl uegny zelidwe miyi` hxtl ila mdiaexwe
fpky` inkgay minqxetnd on dnkl xwira zlabene dphw ìd mdizenyp z` mixikfny minkgd zniyx 3.
?mixg` `le dl` minkg `wec dn iptn .ziyi` dxiga itl miccea zeny etiqed zelidw dnka .mipey`xd
;48 ,57nr ,orbpekefxrhpe` ,bxapiiee 'x) `vpbn ly mecwd zenypd zxkfd xtq jezn dwzred ef dniyx
daiqd ef .zexecl ixnbl hrnk drawp jke ,zcgein zernyn dl` minkgl dzid dxeary ,(8 'nr ,xrkiax`nrn
ezyè wgvi iaxe `vpbna zexawd zia epwizy lgx ezyè dnly iax ,zebef ipy ly zeny miriten dy`xay
zay uxèey zxiga mvr .minegz dnka fpky` zelidw x`y lr drityd `vpbn] uplaewa qknd elhiay `lia
[.l"ixdn xtq zrtyda mb z`f ,dltza miheitd xgan ,`yiinxeeak `l ,zereay iptl
oeyla miaeyg jeaxenn ixtqa driten ,"diaeyie [...] zelidw itexye ibexd znyp z` midl` xekfi" :dlenxetd 4.
okl ycgn ecqepe exag zelidwde ,egahpe micedi eyxeb minrt daxd reciy itk .`cixb "[...] zlidw" `le ,miax
."mwe wicv leti ray" zpiga ,mewn ezeà enwe eltp enwy zelidwd lkl xeìzk ynyl leki 'zelidw' gpend
.hxetwp`xt zlidw ly lecbd jeaxennd ly dnbecd itl xwira izkld jeaxennd ly dxkfdd zxev oepbqa 5.
.zexg` zelidw ly jeaxenn ixtq gqep it lr izpwize ,oepbqe aizk zeierh ea eltp zenewn dnka mle`
.mixg` jeaxenn ixtq it lr mipewize zenlyd iziyr ,dxezd ilecbe zelidwd zniyxa mb
.dxexa dhiy `ll ,ipyl cg`n zelcape zepey zexeva zenypd zxkfd ixtq aexa miriten zepicnd zeny 6.
,mewn eze` my ly mipey miaizk gkne ,zenewnd zeny aizka zeierh eltp mixteq ly it`xbeìb rci xqegn
miifreld migeprita llk jxca epynzyd' [72 ,12 'nr ,xrkiax`nrn ,bxapiiee] zeielitk exvep ,ze`vnzd i` oke
zlidw ly xtqa .a"lxz hilr`xfià exn`na xpilxa mdxa` 'x ly eigeprita mbe ,bxapiiee axd ly
zniiw dpi`y drtez ,zenewnd zeny z` cwpl xteqd lczyd ,e"vz zpya azkpy dl`f p"r h`hyep-cà
izlad zenyd ziibdl riiql zgze xzei cer miyaeyn zenyd e`vi ,dpekp drici i` zngn mle` ,mixtqd x`ya
,zenypd zxkfd ixtqn wlga `vnpy itk ,a"` xcq itl mdizeny z` izkxr .mzeeirl cewipd mxb ,mireci
.mipeyd zexewnd it lr zeny iznlyde
dxevd itl zenyd eazkp mixge`nd jeaxennd ixtqae ,zexecd jyna mdn wlga epzyp zelidwd zeny 7.
.milltznde miazekd ztewza zxkend
[ !cltl`f z` wecal ,`vpbn] ly jeaxenna z`vnp h"w zexifba erbtpy zelidw ly xzeia zehxetnd zeniyxd 8.
mixtqa miriten mpi`y zeny daxd egwlp odne ,(bxeavxiee xefi`) orbpixtyxe` lye (32 olw xefi`) uiic
aey erbtp dl` zelidw aex ipa .mipeyd zenypd zxkfd ixtqn etq`py miax zeny exzep oiicr j` ,mixg`
.crl cenrl ie`x mxkfe ,d"yz-y"z dtexi` oaxega
,'jea-xn`n' ,'jea-x`nrn' ,'qwpt-xnrn' ,'jea-xnrn' ,'jea-xnin' ,'jea-xinrn' :zeny dnka dpeknd xtq 1.
,'zenyp zexkfd' ,'zenyp zxkfd' ,'qwpt-xinrnl`' ,'qwpt-xn`n' ,'xnrnd xtq' ,'xn`nd xtq' ,'xn`n xtq'
'miwicv oexkf' ,'zenyp xekfi' ,'zenyp xikfn'
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290
z` micl` xekfi" :enk ,dxkfdd oeyl ly giztd wx riten zelidwd zniyxa ,zenypd zxkfd xtq ziaxna 9.
.dlidw dze` ly dxkfdd oeyl xnbp jka ik dxe`kl xacd d`xpe ."diaeyie bxeaybe` zelidw itexye ibexd znyp
,l`xyi lkl dxez d`vi mdny m"ey zelidw zyelyn cg` ,`xity dwizrd dlidwd ly jeaxenna mle`
zenyp mr diaeyie bxeaybe` zelidw itexye ibexd znyp z` micl` xekfi" :dlidw lk lv` zenilya gqepd `vnp
miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa`
.zexkfdd oeyl dt mb epàd ef dnily dnbec it lr ."on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr
zipzen dpi` okle ,"mznyp cra dwcvl dpzn mixcep ep`y xeara" oirn gqep dlikn dpi` ef zenyp zxkfd 10.
fpkyà xnypy mecwd bdpnd ceqi lr ,oilet bdpn itl ,milbxa xn`pd 'xekfi' xcba df oi` ik .mixcp ozna
yeciw xeara ìd ef zenyp zxkfd .'eci zpznk yi`' ly dxezd zìxw inia 'ci zpzn' ly 'jxiay in' zeyrl
eyry miaeh miyrn x`y e` ,mdiiga mdly dxezd zvaxd e` ,dbixdd onfa dyrpy mnvr mibexdd ly myd
."on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya"e ,dxkfda epnpe
oi` miaeyi dnkay izrnye izi`x" :xteqd azk j`qiieeqclex`n zlidw ly zenyp zxkfd xtq y`xa
mewna sè ,miyer l`xyi lky dn zeyrl yi `l` ,lad ly zitqk d`ved llba yextl oekp df oiè ,'jea xn`n'
."jk myl zern ic ycwdd ztewa e`vni oiicr micedi hrn ea mixby
dpexg`d zra] .zizxwei dkixkae ,miiperav s` ,mixehira edexìty yie ,xiip lr mizrle ,slw lr aezk jeaxenn
miwlgdn libxk akxen epkez' .[69 'nr ,xrkiax`nrn ,bxapiiee .daizk zpekn zqtcda zeniyx etiqedy eid
:miàd
.[xhern zeax mizrl] xry cenr 1.
(zayd meil xiy xenfn) av mixenfn ,'icec dkl' enk ,(dniad) xennl`d lr u"yd ici lr zexn`py zelitz 2.
,'dlegl' jxiay in' ,'ipxhty jexa' zkxa ,'cigi cg`' xnf ,'d`xze dlbze' ,'obie xefrie' ,'lkd lr' .(jln 'd) bve
,['dreyz ozepd' :jlnd zkxa zelidw dnka] ,ldwl 'jxiay in' ,'owxt mewi' ,dxhtdd zekxa ,clil dywnl jxiay in
,'elldi' ,'mingxd a`' ,ixy`] a"da ziprzl cgein 'jxiay in' :zelidw dnka ,['ci zpznl' jxiay in ,ycgd zkxa
iyinge ipyl 'oevx idi' :zelidw dnka' [mdixgè zeriwzd iptly miweqt mr xtey zriwz xcq ,zexvg iaexir xcq
.[mixcp zxzd xcq ,xzq` zlibn zekxa ,lnebd zkxa] ,dxezd zìxw xg`
.zexifba myd yeciw lr ezn odiayezy zevx`de zelidwd zxkfd 3.
.dlek dneà zxkip mzrtydy l`xyi ilecb ly mdizenyp zxkfd 4.
etqep xzei xge`n .otec i`vei milrt zekfa mixkfpy dlidw ixhtpe miinewn miyi` ly mdizenyp zxkfd 5.
zeny wx exkfp minecwd zexkfdd ixtqa cera .ycwdd ztewl cgein melyz mxeara ozipy mixhtp zenyp
s` mizrle mdizelrn lr xzei miagxp mixeìz mipexg`d zexeca etqep ,mzlrn lr xvw oeiv mr mixhtpd
.mixhtpd ly miig zexew
xzid zè ,mx lewa l`xyi ilecb zenyp z` mixikfn ,diteqa mifpky`d ldw ly jeaxenna zpzipd digpdd itl
zezaya axd e` u"yd bdep (5nr ,'xrkiax`nrn' ;56nr ,orbpekefxrhpe`) bxapiiee mgpn 'x ixacl .ygla mixne`
envr èd mle` .ibibg lewa zexkfdd z` ìxwn zexegyd zezayd izya mle` ,ygla zenyp xikfdl zelibx
in on hb`f zenyp zxkfd xg`l" :miidqxrhrxxae`h zlidw ly dxtq jezn 81nr ,xrkiax`nrn ,hhvn
.ekldna `le zenypd zxkfd xg` wx lewd z` minixny xnelk ,"mihy iked hin jxiay
cg` lk exikfd `l (`cxeit ,bxanà) mixkfpd zniyx ce`n dkx`zp zexecd zvexna oda zecg` zelidwa
,bxapiiee ixacl .efk dniyx azka epikd sè ,zeny ly dkex` dniyx zg` dxkfda miìxwn `l` ,envr ipta
.mixhtpd z` zexikfn opiè mibexdl wx zexegyd zezayd izya zenypd zxkfd z` zeliabn zelidwd aex
oeyl z` 'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenypd zxkfd xtq jezn ,oebi xxerl `ly ick ,ygla `xew u"y dlibx zaya
mixhtp dyely ly dxkfdd oeyl z` oke ,ea enyxpye mnlerl ekldy mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely ly dxkfdd
,hc`hylaiiè miidpt`t zelidw ly zenyp zxkfd ixtqa .xtqa mzrted xcq itl ziyrp mzxkfdy mincew
,dxkfdd xnb mewna oegha zkiq mipzepd yi ."ipy zaya o`k cr" ,"oey`x zaya o`k cr" :zexkfdd oia myxp
mled melyz zxenz dyrp 'jeaxenn'a meyix .dixg`y zaya miàd dyely zxkfd z` ligzdl okid rcil ick
`"k jk lr eab 19-d d`na n"ctta ,miaedf `"i jk lr eab 17-d d`na `yiinxeea) zqpkd zial e` dlidwl
.(miaedf
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291
`xew dligz .'jeaxenn' dpeknd zenyp zxkfd xtq jezn ygla zenyp mixikfn 'owxt mewi' xg` 'dxegy zay'a
dxkfdd z` oke ,ea enyxpye mnlerl ekldy mipexg`d mixhtpd zyely ly dxkfdd z` zay lka bedpk ofgd
,ef zayl zcgeind dxkfdd z` ligzn okn xg`l .xtqa mzrted xcq itl ,mincew mixhtp dyely ly
.xtqa mixkfpd minkgd ilecb zenyp z` oke ,zexifb x`ye h"w zexifb ,e"pzz zexifba zelidwd ibexd zenyp z`
wlg ldwd ibidpnn cg` xne` u"yd calny epiidc ,dxkfdd z` milvtnd yi ,zexkfdd zniyx ce`n dkex` m`
.(zay lk iabl miidliih ly jeaxenna oievy itk) ewlg z` xne` u"ydy onfa dxkfdd xcq ly xcben
:zecg` zelidw ly 'jeaxenn' ixtq
2 jezn zenyp zxkfdl ze`nbec
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr diaeyie __ zelidw itexye ibexd znyp z` midl` xekfi
dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy d`le lgx dwax dxy
:on` ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva
Henneberg bxapd Dillingen obpilic Braubach jàe`xa Altdorf sxechl` Ahr xd`
Heppenhim miidptd owlic jiexa Altona `pehl` p"r orbpilxae`
Hersbruck wexaqxd ldiaylwpic biieeype`xa Alzey iivl` Ueberlingen x`wrp
Herford cxetxd Dinkelsbuehl Braunschweig Amberg bxan` bxeapae`
herzbreich jiixavxd Duesseldorf sxeclqic Bruessel lqixa Amorbach jàxen` Oberwesel lfieexae`
Herschfeld cltyxd Dieslacken ow`lqic Breisach j`fiixa wxiiap` liyenxae`
bxapcèe Duerkheim miidwxic diaeyie Bruenn oixa cpenibp` Obermoschel
miidpkèe xhpiarc Bristol lehqixa Andernach j`pxcp` Obernheim miidpxae`
Wachenheim clenhrc Brixen oqwixa Ansbach jàqp` Augsburg bxeaybe`
Waldau e`clèe Dresden orcfrxc Bregenz uprbrxa Aahrweiler xliieex` miidprxce`
Waldberg bxaclèe Haag b`d Breslau e`lqrxa miidpx` Odernheim
oextlèe Hagenau iepb`d Godesberg bxaqceb Arnstadt h`hypx` Aura `xe`
obpiciexhxqèe Hassfurt hxetf`d Gotha `heb Arnstaedt hhypx` jixhe`
Wassertruedingen Hall oaèey oi` l`d Golzheim miidvleb oiihypx` Oehringen obpixie`
bxeaxqèe in Schwaben obpitlcpeb bxeapt`y` Ulm mle`
Wasserburg diaeyie Halle `l`d Gundelfingen Aschaffenburg Olmuetz uinle`
Warendorf sxecpxèe h`hyxal`d ofiedpvpeb ofiedpraà h`hyjixle`
bxeadee Halberstadt Gunzenhausen Babenhausen jàlne`
dbixapciee Hamburg bxean`d Goslar x`lqeb Baden ocà hxeepyde`
Wiedenbruegge diaeyie Goetingen obpihb Balbach jàlà jàqcpieexhpe`
miidyciee bxealn`d cpinbqpxbeìb Bamberg bxranà bxeaxhqe`
oxciee Hammelburg Georgensgemuend diaeyie Aussig wiqe`
Wesel lfiee Hameln oln`d otedvlìb Bubenberg bxapaea wexa`pqe`
Wiesenburg bxeapfiee hxetn`d Gailingen obpiliib miidcea Osnabrueck
Wittlich jilhiee Hannover xaep`d Geisslingen obpilqiib obpifea Aufhofen otedte`
Weiden ociiee Hasselt hlq`d Guenzburg bxeavpib libiea Ofen ote`
`liiee Harburg bxeax`d Giesen oqib Buchen okea Offenbach jàpte`
Weimar x`niiee opicpdexhpded oiihylexib Buchholz uledkea Oppenheim miidpte`
Weinheim miidpiiee ohhypied obpilbeb Bulkau e`wlea hxetprqwe`
Weissingen obpiqiiee Haunstetten jàc`lb Bonn oea Ochsenfurt
Weisenburg bxeapqiiee Hochenburg bxeapked Gelnhausen ofe`dplb Boppard cx`tea obpixe`
Weissensee dfpqiiee Hochstaedt hhyked Goenningen obpipb Bopfingen obpittea orbpilxrai`
Weissfeld cltqiiee hlialed Genf dap'b Burghausen ofiedbxea Ueberlingen
miidqxwiiee clèeled Genua dèpb Burgheim miidbxea Iglau ielbi`
Weikersheim xliieevled Goepingen obpitb Burnau e`pxea Eger xbi`
h`hyiiee Homburg bxeaned Greuth hiexb Biebrich jixaia [?obpihr] obpici`
Windsbach jàqpiee Hotzenploz ueltpved otedqlexb obpidiia bxeaphi`
miidqcpiee miidpxed Gerolshofen Baisingen obpifiia h`hylaii`
Windsheim hèefd miidqxnxb Eibelstadt
diaeyie Wien `piee weciid Germersheim Beilstein oiihyliia Eisenach j`pfii`
Venedig dìvipie clrtqbpiciid Greding bpicxb Bayreuth hiexiia obpeelii`
diaeyie miidvpiee Heidelberg bxralciid jàqiixb Bielfeld clrtlia Eilenburg bxeaplii`
ofiedpviee Graetz uxb Bingen bpia hrhykii`
Witzenhausen
diaeyie
Heilbronn oexaliid oiihyk`c miidypia Eichstaedt
Einbeck wapii`
sxecpxiee diaeyie miidqclid oiihyk`h Birching bpikxia okxiwqii`
Wuerzburg bxeavxiee h`hypbiliid Dambach jàn`c Bueren oxia miidvlewii`
diaeyie Heiligenstadt Danzig bivp`c Birkenfeld cltpwxia `le`hwii`
miidqyiee ofiedbxeaclid h`hyxcec miidyia miidhpbxii`
lhiaptlee Hildburghausen Duderstadt miidqteyia `fli`
Wolfenbuettel miidqclid ob`nxiec Bischofsheim obpieelebpi`
bxaqtlee Hildesheim oxiec Bacharach jxka h`hylebpi`
jaiwlree/ `wlee oiihyletlid hxiee`pec Belgrad c`xbla Ingolstadt
Woellstein oiihylee Hilpolstein Donauwoerth bxeapwpla Innsbruck wexaqpi`
Wenings qbpipee ofiedxtlid Dortmund cpenhxec `bxra Iphofen otedti`
sxecipxhqee bxeapkd Durlach j`lxec Berlin oilxa `febxi`
Wetzlar x`lvee jàbpd Dieburg bxeaic Bern oxa j`pxi`
miidaxee (mdpxci`) miidpxcd Diedenhofen otedpcic wxra Aachen ork`
Wertheim miidhxee Hanau e`p`d Diez uiic bxeapcp`xa otedprcl`
Brandenburg
2. Inthe various jeaxenn ixtq the various zelidw are sometimes listed individually in the xekfi and
often in groups of varying sizes.
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292
o`txw Frankenhausen Nordhausen ofiedcxep Lueneburg bxeapil Werlau e`lxee
bxraypee`x xce`c hxetwp`xt diaeyie Lindau e`cpil (Worms) `yiinxee
Ravensburg Frankfurt a. Oder Niedenau e`pcip Linsenhofen otedpfpil diaeyie
bxeaivh`x oiinc hxetwp`xt diaeyie orbpilxcip Linz upil Wurzbach jàvxee
jàx`x/ jàex Frankfurt a. Main Neustadt h`hyiep bxealivil Salfeld cltl`f
Roettingen obpihex diaeyie diaeyie Luetzelburg= Salzburg bxeavl`f
Rothenburg bxeaphex Friedberg bxacixt Neumegen oibrniip Luxemburg diaeyie
diaeyie Pressburg bxeayxt diaeyie Lyck wil Salzungen obpevl`f
Reutlingen obpilhiex Zuerich jixev bxeaylewip Lemgo ebnl ofiedxbp`f
Rausnitz uipfex Zurzach j`vxev Nikolsburg Landau `cpl Sangerhausen
Rom `nex (Schweitz) Nuernberg bxrapxip jipkrl Zwolle dleaf
Roemhild clidnex Zabern oxaiiv diaeyie Magdeburg bxeacb`n `piieehef
Runkel lwpex Ziegenhagen ob`dpbiv cpinbx`wrp diaeyie miidp`n Sobernheim miidpxaef
miidqex Znaim miepv Neckargemuend Mantua daehp`n Suhl lef
Rufach j`tex Zell lv mxehyx`wrp Marburg bxeax`n Solothurn oxehelef
ofe`dpwex Kannstatt h`hyp`w Neckarstorm wx`n Sulzbach jàvlef
Rockenhausen diaeyie Kassel lq`w owixax`q (Mainz)`vpbn miidhpef
Raudnitz uiphiix Karlstadt h`hylx`w Saarbruecken diaeyie Sinzig bivpif
Reil liix Koburg bxeaew St. Gal ol`b. hq Muehldorf sxecldin Soest hyèf
`piix Koblenz uplaew Eberbach jàxiar mdpen bxeaìf
ob`nix ofe`dlèew obpidr xriea`hpen miidvpif
Rieneck wpix bxaqbipw xliieehr Montabauer Sueskind cpiwqif
w`fxcpx Zell bei lv-mkew Oettingen obpihr Mosbach jàqen h`hypbilf
Regensburg bxeaqpbx Kochem Ettlingen obpilhr Mutzig biven Seligenstadt
diaeyie miidyxalew x`pflr h`hyen diaeyie Znaym
ofiedt`y kolda `clew Ellwangen obpèelr Mitelberg bxalhin orkxiwlrf
diaeyie Schaffhausen Colmar x`nlew clrtyhlr diaeyie bxeapciin Senheim miidpf
Schweidnitz uipciieey diaeyie o`wlr Meiningen obpipiin Thann ie`p`h
hxetpiieey Kuehlheim / miidliw Ellrich jixlr Mainfeld cltpiin h`hyxraieh
Schweinfurt Kehlheim Emmerich jixnr Meissen oqiin
èe`lvpew Tirnau `pxih
(dleaf) lèey Endingen orbpicpr diaeyie obpiliexh
jàlèey h`hypew diaeyie Mailand ep`lin diaeyie Trient hpixh
Schwalbach Konstanz up`hypew ifhpr Muelhausen ofiedlin
sx`clèey Koesfeld cltqew miidpr diaeyie Trier xixh
ob`dptew obpixih zpicna Judenburg bxeapcei
clrtpeey Kopenhagen Esslingen obpilqr diaeyie zaxwa)
Schorndorf sxecpxey Kaesmark wx`nfw obpitr Muelheim miidlin (?cltqpiciid
Stolberg bxalehy oxhe`lqxfiiw jàxr Miltenberg bxaphlin Juelich jilei
(Harz) Kaiserslautern Erlbach jàlxr Minden ocpin Jena `pri
Stolzburg bxeavlehy bxaqxfiiw obp`lxr Muenchen okpin Jessnitz uipqri
lnehy Kaysersberg Erfurt hxetxr diaeyie Ladenburg bxeapc`l
Stuttgart hx`bhehy Kuelsheim miidqliw diaeyie Muenster xhqpin oiihypd`l
Stetten ohhy Kitzingen obpiviw uprliwxr diaeyie (Ober/Nieder)
oiihy Kleve èeilw Eschwege rbreeyr cltii`nxhqpin Lahnstein
Steinheim miidpiihy Klingenberg bxapbpilw Padeborn oxeac`t Muenstermaifeld Lauingen obpiè`l
htihy diaeyie Koeln olw Vacha `k`t Metz uin Lauda `ce`l
bxralhy Kempen otnw Passau ieq`t Merseburg bxeafxn jàxhe`l
licprhy bxaqbipw diaeyie Mechlen olkn Lauterbach
bxeaq`xhy clrta`xba Paris yix`t h`hykxiln Laufen orte`l
diaeyie Strassburg Koenigsberg in Posen `pfet Memingen obpinn Landshut hedqcp`l
Straubing bpiaiexhy Grabfeld diaeyie Fulda `clet Menki bei Serach iwpn diaeyie
Sternberg bxapxrhy Xanten orhp`qw `tpwphit bxeaplwn ylehddl
Sterlitz uilxrhy Kempten orhtnrw Villach j`lit Mecklenburg Lublin oilael
sxecpiey miidqliixw Feldhausen ofe`dclt miidhpbxn Lohr xdel
ocl`wl`ny Crailsheim Pilsen oflit Mergentheim oiihypeel
Schmalkalden Krems fnrxw Florenz upxelt Nancy iqp`p London oecpel
iecp`ty Kremsier xifnrxw Pest hyrt Neuburg bxeaiep Loffenau e`ptel
Speier `xity Krakau `w`xw Pforzheim miidvxett Neuhaeusel lfiediep Lorch jxel
diaeyie j`pviixw diaeyie Neumarkt hwx`niep Liegnitz uipbil
miidyixy (mewn-mlv:`"ie) diaeyie Prag b`xt Naumburg bxeaniep Leiningen obpipiil
Kreuznach ofiedwp`xt Neuenburg bxeapiep Leipnik wiptiil
`pxw Frankhausen Noerdlingen obplicxiep Leipzig bivtiil
diaeyie xifnrxw ofiedpwp`xt Nassau `yiep Limburg bxeanil
:etqep sxecpwv ly jeaxenna oaèey zelidwn zgà jeaxenna ,oilxrb :etqep obpihr ly jeaxenna
wqixa ,oilael ,aeal ,aexinrp oilael ,`hp`f :etqep `pfrxh ,oixeh ,ìeyxèe ,urxb
:etqep oxeexcip ly jeaxenna
,dl`tyix`t ,ec`lee ,wqixa ,wqpit ,oid`xa ,aeìpx`v ,aecx`h`q ,lned ,d`plet ,xà ,oiyleh ,aexinrp
cexbepx`h ,`paec ,milg ,ìixblia ,yhprnrxw ,dwteyix`t ,alqìxt
:enk zeielitk yi zenyp zxkfd ixtq dnka
cplxcip-cpled ,jiixwp`xt-ztxv
Ukraine `piixwe` ,Altmuehl ldinhl` ,Hungary ox`bpe` ,Odenwald clèeprce`
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293
3
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr _____ zpicn itexye ibexd znyp z` midl` xekfi
dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy d`le lgx dwax dxy
:on` ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva
Kurland cp`lxew England cplbpr bxeanqwel Denmark wx`niprc Austria jiixhye`
Carinthia oihpxrw Podolia ìl`c`t Luxemburg Holland cpled cplhye`
Russia ìqex Poland oilet Lorraine obpixzel Hesse oiqrd Italy ìlhi`
Rhineland qepiix Pommern oxnet ìicxànel Wallachei ìigilèe Ireland cp`lxi`
oqiix Portugal lbehxet Lithuania `hil Volhynia oilèe Aragon dipebx`x`
Ries qrix Bohemia mdit cp`ltil bxanhxiee dyecwd ux`
Swabia oiaèey Flanders oxicp`lt Malta dhl`n Wuerttemberg fpky`
Black clèevxèey Federsee ìfxrcrt bxeaplwrn Wetterau iexrhree Baden ocà
Forest Palatinate ul`tt Mecklenburg Westphalia ol`tyree Bodensee ìfprcea
Sweden oiceey Franconia oiwp`xt Moravia oixdrn Sauerland cp`lxìef Burgundy ìpebxea
Styria wx`nxriihy Provence `vpiaext Mark hwx`n Transylvania obxiapaif Bohemia mdia
oaèey Friesland cp`lfixt cplxcip Seeland cp`lif Bavaria oxìia
Switzerland uiieey Prussia orqiixt Neckar x`wrp Saxony oqw`f Brabant hpà`xa
Silesia ìfrly miidpxt ìliviq Tirol lexih bxeaicp`xa
Schleswig bieefrly France ztxv Spain cxtq Thuringia obpixih Brandenburg
Turkey dnxbez Croatia dihèxw Scotland cp`lhewq Greece oeei Breisgau e`bqiixa
Alsace q`flr cplyicel Dalmatia div`nl`c
xire xir lk ly zeaiaqde el`d miaeyide zelidwd lk ipa zenyp z` midl` xekfi
egahpe elwqpe etxype ebxdpy d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr
miyw mixeqi ipin lka exqizpe miig exawpe elzpe exxbpe eqp`pe erahpe ealvpe ewpgpe
midl` mxkfi df xkya .eny jxazi myd yeciw lr zepeyne zeyw zezinae mixne
:on` ocr obay zeipwcvde miwicvd zenyp mr miigd xexva dxexv `dz mznype
dbixdd zelidw zeny z` jxka oeyny dyn iax z`xed it lr e"hz zpya etiqed `yiinxee ly jeaxenna
.obpilkiexhe `cxeit ,`clet ly jeaxenna etiqed df oirk .h"ze g"z zexifba oqiixe oileta
yaexd ,ined ,ohw `paec ,wqixa ,oid`xa ,ìixblia ,èegia ,dwteyixà ,xà ,`xhqe` ,a`pìle` :`cxeit gqep
,lecb aexnrp ,l`x`p ,wviel ,orael ,xnc`l ,c`xb`pxh ,oiaxeh ,oiyhleh ,a`yin`h ,milrg ,dec`lèe ,èd
,wipy`xw .c`xa`pq`xw ,`viphix`w ,oihpq`w ,aìpx`v ,a`lqìxt ,hìixrt ,wqpit ,dl`tyix`t ,i`pl`t
:jàèey ,obpilkiexh ,obpilr igqep ,oiyxary ,aec`x`hy ,uipnrxw
[o`k cr] 196-195 ,213-212 ,222nr ,xkeaxenn ,bxapiieen wizrdl jixv
miyecw oeilin yy zenyp xkfl
zeclie micli miype miyp` l`xyi mitl` itl` dyy znyp z` midl` xekfi
zepicna xire xir lk ly zeaiaqe miaeyie zelidwd lk ly
,Poland oilFR ,Czechoslovakia di w
aFlqFk'v
,Austria di
x h qF`
,Germany di pn x
B
,France ztx v ,Belgium di
BlA ,Holland cplFd ,Norway di
BeexEp
,Denmark wx`n prC
,Lithuania `hi l ,Italy di
lhi ` ,Greece oei ,Yugoslavia di
a
lqFBEi
,Romania di pnFx

,Hungary di
x Bp Ed ,Russia di
qEx
,Ukraine dpiixwF` ,Estonia di pFhq ` ,Latvia di
a h
l
zFWEaM d zFvx` d x` WE
d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` znyp mr
miig exawpe elzpe exxbpe eqp`pe exxbzpe erahpe egahpe etxype ebxdpy
midl` mxkfi df xkya .myd cegi lr dyw dzine mixne miyw mixeqi ipin lka exqizpe
:on` ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv znyp mr miigd xexva dxexv `dz mznype daehl
3. Inthe various jeaxenn ixtq the various zepicn are sometimes listed individually in the xekfi and
often in groups of varying sizes.
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294
:zexifba ebxdpy micinlze zeaiyi iy`x miriten mibexdd zelidw oia `xity ly jeaxenna
,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae ield lèny 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae sqei 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae odkd lèi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae odkd dyn 'x axde xwi 'x axde dnly 'x axde sqei 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi
.on` ,ocr oba
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae ield mdxa` x"a wgvi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae dyn 'x axde cec 'x axde odkd lìgi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy
,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae odkd cec 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae ield mdxa` 'x axd oa dyn 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae xnz xa mixt` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae icxtqd wgvi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae dpei x"a oxd` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae icxtqd mgpn 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae dyn 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae ikcxn 'x axde awri 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
xkya ,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae dnly 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr oba zeipwcve miwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae odkd xcpqkl` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
,myd cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae xfril` 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
cegi lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ezaiyi ipae xi`n xa awri 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae mely 'x axde ozpedi 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
lr etxype ebxdpy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr mzaiyi ipae dnly 'x axde sqei 'x axd znyp midl` xekfi
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295
`xity ly jeaxennd it lr k"r
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr dlebd xe`n dcedi x"a meyxb epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxde eizepwza dlebd ipir xi`dy xear ,d`le
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv
,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,wgvi x"a lecbd oerny epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .zegayze zexiy miheita dlebd ipir xi`de zelidwd cra gxhy xear
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr
xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,wgvi x"a dnly epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .cenlz dpyn `xwn ,dxezd lkl eiyexita l`xyi lk ipir xi`dy
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv
uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,mz awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizetqeze eiletlta dlebd ipir xi`de l`xyia dxez
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve
xeara ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,ypiilxe`n awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdye einrhe eiyecige eizetqez
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,[m"ayx] xi`n x"a lèny epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizetqeze eiyexita epipir xi`de l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr
,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,[m"aix] xi`n x"a wgvi epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,xeaiv gily wgvi x"a xi`n epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .mewnl zegay owizy xear ,d`le
eipewiza dlebd ipir xi`dy xear ,ciqgd dcedi epiax ,up`yn oeyny epiax ,[o"a`x] ozp x"a xfril` epiax
dxez uiaxdy xear [`pean mixt` epiax ig` ,`yiinxeen] awri x"a mgpn epiax
dxez uiaxdy xear [gwexd lra] dcedi x"a xfrl` epiax
dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,uxt epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizetqeze eiyexita epipir xi`de l`xyia
.on` ,ocr
lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,bxeaphexn jexa x"a xi`n epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eizeaeyze eiyeciga dlebd ipir xi`dy xear ,d`le
xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,jehn xfril` epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdye einrhe eiyecige eizetqez
dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,xy` epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .eiwqta l`xyia
xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,mixehd lra awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy
[l"bq m"xdn dpeknd `cletn] ield jexa iax yecwd oa xi`n epiax
y"xdn dpeknd hhyiepn wgvi x"a mely epiax
dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,l"ixdn mya dpeknd dyn x"a awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax
.on` ,ocr obay
awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,oycd znexz lra digzt x"a olxqi` l`xyi epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
iwicv x`y mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya .l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear ,d`le lgx dwax dxy
.on` ,ocr obay mler
,d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr ,liiee dcedi x"a awri epiax znyp z` midl` xekfi
.on` ,ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv eznyp `dz df xkya l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xear
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296
ixtq ly llkd z` xaey dfe ,zetqezd ilrae i"yx ixg` ,l`ppg epiaxl dxkfd driten zenyp zxkfd ixtq dnka
ig `l mlerne mdl mcw l`ppg epiaxe ,cala ztxve fpky` inkg ly mdizeny z` miìand zenypd zxkfd
mdizeny z` millek jeaxennd ixtq eid ,l`xyi inkg x`yl mb zcrein ef zxbqn dzid eli` .ztxv e` fpkyà
lr cirn yaeynd ibelepexkd enewin mb .mday minqxetnd z` zegtl e` ,mipe`bde mi`xen`d ,mi`pzd lk ly
ly df enk ,minecwd mixtqa xkfp `l l`ppg epiax ok` .wiecn oepkiz lr `le ,wizrn xteq ly ip`hpetq sexiv
zxkfd ixtqa xilwd xfrl` iax ly eny lynl enk ,mipey jeaxenn ixtqa mb miriten dl`k mibixg .`yiinxee
aeliy .(efl ef zekenq zelidw od zepexg`d rax`) miidvelxa ,obpilkiexh ,miidpt`t obpilr ,diteq ly zenyp
xg` e` df mkg ly eny dn iptn epiad `ly miinewn mixteq ici lr d`xpd itk eyrp ,dl` otec i`vei zeny
.minkgd zeny oia aley `l ,l`xyi zxeqna jk lk recid
"dàd dxkfdd dà minkgd zniyx mewna miidqxrhrxxae`h ly jeaxenna
.miyecw mixtq ixagne mi`xenè mi`pz ix`y lk mr dpyn ixcq dyy ixagne ilaa cnlz `xnb ilra lk
;zekln ibexd dxyr oke zelbd zevxè ycewd ux` ly miyecwd zxkfda dniyxd zgzet oxeexcip ly jeaxenna
eviaxdy ,mdicinlze zeaiyi iy`x ,mipax ,mi`xeaqd ,mi`xen`d ,mi`pzd lk ;llkd ornl mytp exqny dl` lk
.mdiyexita dlebd ipir exi`de l`xyia dxez
(3'nr ,orbpekefxrhpe` ,bxapiiee) wàew wgvi sqei x"c axd ici lr etqep bxanà ly jeaxenna
,jexrd lra inexn ozp ,lecbd xfril` ,iqtl` wgvi ,oe`b miqip ,oe`b i`d ,oe`b dicrq ,oenin x"a dyn epiax
oilew lèny ,xld ontil ,odk izay ,ield dcedi ,xwi x"a awri ,iel sqei
:etqep a"wz zpya azkpy miidkdqhiit ly jeaxenna
,wl`t ,l`hie miig ,ìxel wgvi ,dti ikcxn ,oenin oa dyn ,ylxqi` dyn ,ex`w sqei ,`w`xwn liyrd ryedi
[uieexed] (diryi mdxa`) odk izty ,adf ixeh cec
oenin xa dyn :sqep jàvlefe otedvlexb ,sxecqlnn ,obpih ,sxecpwv ,miidpieepwp`xt ,obpilcxr-oiilw ly mikeaxenna
:sqep miidhpef ly jeaxenna

(my lra) l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xeara dyn x"a edil` epiax ,l`xyia dxez uiaxdy xeara qetl` wgvi epiax
oenin x"a dyn iax :sqep otedka ly jeaxenna
:dpexg`d dtewzdn fpky` ilecb dnk ly zeny etiqed xa`dqbixw ly jeaxenna

c"a` uieexed qgpt iax ,e"dè `vpbn c"a` oilxra iav miig gp iax ,`cxeite `pfet c"a` aepì yxid iav sqei iax
ilecbne uiaewqea c"a` xlc` ozp iax ,b`xt c"a` `cpl l`wfgi iax ,`cxeit c"a` hx`dpiihy sqei iax ,n"ctt
`cxeit c"a` odkd onlf mleyn iax ,n"ctt
:dpexg`d dtewzdn fpky` ilecb dnk ly zeny etiqed
,oicnr awri ,uiyaii` ozpedi iax ,[l`pzp oaxw] liiee l`pzp iax ,[iav mkg] ifpky` awri oa yxid iav iax]
,hciyxew l`xyi iax ,[xteq mzg] xteq lèny x"a dyn iax ,[xbi` daiwr iax] qpeb daiwr iax ,bpia mdxa` iax
yxid iav iax ,qpxa wgvi mkgd ,xbxean`d slèe iax ,[h`hylrkinn my lra] aiil lwrf dpeknd dix` wgvi iax
ield aec wgvi iax ,[xbl dpizp] xlc` qekxn ozp iax ,qi`x mdxa` iax ,[xpl jexr] xbpilhr awri iax ,xryil`w
iav cec iax ,xniidqclid dcedi x"a lìxfr iax ,yxid dix` l`tx oa oeyny iax ,xbxrana [xra o`nbilrf]
,xriixa sqei iel iax ,miidpfex awri iax ,xriixa dnly iax ,[iel dhn] uiaexed ikcxn iax ,[liredl cnln] o`nted
[aèey oerny axd ,[y` icixy] bxapiee awri lìgi iax ,jailxw c"id iav sqei iax
wgvi mdxa` wgvi mdxa` zenyp mr miaeyiae zelidwa miznd lk zenyp midl` xekfi
cny elhae zexifb elhae zelidwd cra egxhy xear d`le lgx dwax dxy awrie
eidi df xkya miebd icin miqep` eìvede miebd icin dxez ixtq eìvede miqkn elhae
:on` ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva zexexv mdizenyp
.jàpte` ly jeaxennl iwqpiyec zncwda miiepnd jeaxennd ixtq :wecal
.dpiee ly jeaxenn-.jliè 113 'nr ,b"qxz oilxa ,xpilxa mdxa` 'xl laeid xtq ,mdxa` zkxa
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297
dxezd xtq zqpkd zayl zixgy
:dlQ LElld i cFr Lzia ia W W` 4 d:ct

Fi ix
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Ncble c`
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e mlFrl L
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ciz` g zFR weqta dnirpa elew mixn dltz lrad
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xa p | Epgp` e gi:ehw :cr
e mlFrl
4. On the zay before zereay and on oefg zay, the following is recited; a) ixy` is said first
according to the myad zbexr (zetqezd ilawn), l"ixdn, `cxeit ibdpn, zldw ixac and many other
sources, b) the names of those killed are mentioned, c) mingxd a`, requesting d"awd to
remember the minirpe miad`p that were mentioned. mingxd a` is recited twice a year, the zay
proceeding zereay and oefg zay. Placing it before ixy` is discussed by `pxih wifii` epiax ibdpn,
the yeal and the mixt` dhn. No reason is stated for the change. In the l`xyi zcear xeciq pg.
233, it mentions reciting ixy` and then mingxd a`, stating that oilet bdpn recites it all year
round. It seems that in those days, even according to oilet bdpn, it was said following ixy`.
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298
6 5
,aà dryz iptly zayde zereay iptly zayd ode dpya zezay izya wx mixne` 'mingxd a`'
.epzz zexifb xkfl mipey`xd epizeax zpwzk
.ygla enr exne` ldwde daevr dnirpa eze` xne` ofgde eilbx lr cner ldwd
ming x A cwti Èd minEvr d eing x A minFxn okFW ming x d a`
mXd zXc w lr mWt p ExqO W WcT d zFNidw mix Wid e mininY de mici
qg d
ENw mix WPn Ec
xtp `l mzFn aE md iIg A mn irPd e mia d `Pd bk:` 'a lèny
daFhl Epi l ` mx Mfi :mxEv
utg e mpFw oFvx zFUr l Exa B zFix `n E
KEtXd eic ar mC znw p Epipir l Epin iA mwpie7 mlFr iwiC v x`W mr
mFT i eic
arm
c iM FO r miFb Epipx
d bn:al mixac :mi l `d Wi` d n zxFz A aEzMM
8
:xn`l aEzM miìaPd Lic ar ic i lr e :FO r Fznc ` xRk e eix vl aiW i mwpe
:xn`p WcT d iaz
ka E :oFIv A o W iie izi T
p`l mn C iz iTpe `k:c lèi
Epipir
l miFBA miiba rc Ei mdid l
` dI` m iFBd Ex nì | dOl i:hr mildz
gk W`
l xkf mz F` minC WciM bi:h :xnFè :KEt Xd Li carm C zn w p
W`x ugn zFIeb `ln miFBA oic i f-e:iw :xnFè :mie pr miipr zwrv
:W`x mix i oMl
r dYW i Kx
CA lgPn :dA x ux`lr
.'mingxd a`' oebipa 'elldi' jiynne dxez xtqd z` gwel ofgd
dxezd xtq zqpkd xcq

: dnirpa xneè ,lkida eripvdle (dnia) xrnrnl`d on ekiledl dxezd xtq z` gwel ofgd
:min W
e ux`lr FcF
d :ldw FC
:DiElld F xw mr l`x
Ui ipa l eici
qg lkl dNd Y FO r
l | oxw mxIe
5. The origins of mingxd a` are somewhat unclear, although it first appears in the mid-thirteenth
century. As such, it is possible it was written either to commemorate the victims of the
Crusades and the destruction of fpky` zelidw in the Rhineland, or the burning of the Talmud
in Paris in 1242. (The later event was the culmination of a systematic and organized plan
to collect books of the Oral Law from all over Europe and gather them to be burned in Paris,
in the central square of the city. We have only one manuscript of the Talmud from that era
that survived the edict, the Munich Manuscript, quoted in the mixteq iwecwc which published
the variants between this manuscript and our standard edition of the cenlz. All other
manusripts were burned.) It is said on the zay before zereay because of the massacres of
m"ey zelidw in 1096 (`vpbn ,`yiinxee ,`xiity) and on oefg zay because of the oaxeg. According to
oilet bdpn it is recited every week, following the Cossack Bogdan Chmielnitzkis peasant army
rebellion of 1648. They massacred between 100,000 - 300,000 Jews and destroyed three
hundred Jewish communities in the Ukraine, Volhynia, Podolia, Poland proper and Lithuania.
o`k mixne` zaya lgy oeiq yceg y`x axr - cgein xcq yi oeiq yceg y`x axra ef zay lg m` 6.
,ldwl jxiay in k"gè (zagxen) zenyp zxkfda mikiynn `l` dixg` ixy` mixne` oiè ,ycegd zkxa
.dxez xtqd miqipkne ,mingxd a` ,ixy`
.(dxefpvd icia xvew qtcend gqepd) ':KEtXd eic l Epin iA mFwpie' :èd oekpd gqepd 7.
ar mC znw p Epipir
'iNdUrY d n c
` gA fn ' `kd aiz M !g
Af O d zg Y xEaw Eli` M ,l` xU i ux` A xEaT d lM ,opr ax xn ` 8.
(.ìw zeaezk 'nb) .':FO r Fznc ` xRk e' mz d aiz kE (`k:k zeny)
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299
:fr
e cFa
M i il Ea
d mil` ipA iil Ea
d cec
l xFn
fn hk
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xc
dA i il Eeg Y W
d Fn
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d
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ciwxIe
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ai | i i oYi FO r
l fr i i
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Ui itl` zFaax i i da EW xnì dgpa E el:i xacna
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:EpPx
i Li
ciqge wcvEWAl i Lipd M
:LgiWn ipR aW
Y l` L
Car ceC xEar
z p aFh gwl iM a:c ilyn
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n d ik ze DA miwi
fg O l ìd miIg ur gi:b
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d izFaiz
plke m p ikxc d ikxC fi:b
:mcw
M Epini W
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pe aeype Lil ` | ii Epa iWd `k:d dki`
.(179 'nr) sqen zaye yicw ivg o`k mixne`
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300
fpky` zyxen oekn
(lhi
w)
qpb x`q

,ez`v cre ezqipkn mixetkd mei zelitze ,dpyd y`x ly xwead zelitza
,milaewnd fpky` ikixkzk ezxevy ,ixewnd 'qpbx`q'd .dpal ztpvne (lhiw) 'qpbx`q' miyael
.oal hpa` eilr mixbeg .dlrnl geztd xèevd zia jxc sebd lr eze` milylyne ,xeg`ne miptln xebq
,dpey`x dpya ozg oke ,mixegae mixrp .mipal diqty ixnbl dpal zilha shrzdl ebdp miax
.mipal micba xg` zexcdn miyp .'qpbx`q' `l j` dpal ztpvn miyaeg
zilha shrzne ,xegy y`x ieqik zgz dpald ztpvnd zè eztilg zgz 'qpbx`q'd z` yael n"a la`
ztpvnde 'qpbx`q'd z` ielba yael ,silgn el oi`yk ,u"yk ynyn la`d oda zelitza .dxegy dxhr mr leg
(wdaend fpky` bdpnl jixcn) .dpal zilha shrzne dpald
mi`xep minil dltzd ze`qxb
,ofgd zxin`l epwzpy miyicwa wx '`lirle `lirl' miltek dpyd y`x zelitza
:epiide
;dixg`le dcinrd zlitz iptl ziaxra
;u"yd zxfg xg`le 'ekxa' iptl zixgya
;dxezd zìxw xg`l
.u"yd zxfg xg`le dcinrd iptl sqena
'`lirle `lirl' miltek ofgd ly dgpn iyicwa j`
.miltek oi` mezi yicw lka
!llk '`lirl' miltek oi` ,xetk mei caln ,daeyzd ini x`ya
:daeyz ini zxyr lka dltzd ze`qxib oldl
.('lk' dlnd `la) :Lz ix a ipA miaFh miIg l aFzkE
('miaeh' dlnd `la) :mFlWlE miIg l l`x
Ui ziA LOr lke (epgp` `le) Ep` Lipt l 'eke miIg xtq A
.'melya l`xyi enr z` jxand' mewna ,:mFlXd dUFr :dcinrd meiq
.('melyd' dricid `"d ztqed `la) mFlW d r :libxd gqepd z` mixne` dcinrd seqe yicw seqa
:mi`xepd minia dltzd ze`qxib oldl
.('miwicv okae' `le) Egn U ie E`x
i miwiC
v fè
.('dabie aezkk' `le) hRW O A zF`-av 'd DAbIe xn`pe
.('zn` jxace' `le) zn` EpM ln Lx acE
:àd xcqd itl zay ly ztqezd z` mixne` dcinra ziriaxd dkxad meiqa
,LW
c
w zAW
oFvx
aE dad ` A Epi l
` 'd Epligpd e ,znÀ LCarl EpA l xdh e ,LzrEWi
A EpgO U e
dY` iM ,Ln W
iad ` l`x Ui La EgnU ie
u"yd zxfga gezt ycewd oex` x`yp ,mixetikd mei zelitz lkae ,dpyd y`x ly sqene zixgya
.(zexibqe zegizta zeaxdl mixge`nd mixefgnd oeivk `ly) mipdk zkxae dyecwa caln
:dl` zexetq zegizta mipdke milltzn dnk micakn
.dyecw iptl - xbeq lltzn ;u"yd zxfg zligz z`xwl - gzet lltzn
.'dvx' zxin` zligza - xbeq odk ;'xece xecl' zxin` zligza - gzet lltzn
.'lawzz' yicw iptl - xbeq odk ;mipdk zkxa xg` - gzet odk
.('jìap ci lr' milind `la) dfl` df `x
we aEzMM :weliq lk xg` dyecwd zligza
sqena
.('dgelyd' `le) dgNY W ,('epgp`' `le) milFki Ep` oiè :'epi`hg iptne'a
PW
('gafnd ab lr' :`le) g A fO d iAB lr :ìd `qixbd dkxad seq z`xwl zepexkfa sqen dpyd y`xa
':xMfY ming x A mFId awr i lW Frxfl wgv i zc e' :èd gqepd zepexkf zkxa seqa
wr
.('jilr axrze' `le) Epz xi
zr Lipt l axr
ze
.('daeh dnizg xnb' `le) 'daFh dnizg ' :edrxl yi` lg`n ,mixetkd meil cr daeyz ini x`ya
_______________________________________________
301
dpyd y`xl zeltz dpyd y`x
dpyd y`xl zeltz

awri i lè wgv i i l ` mdx a` i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
zFa` icqg xkFfe Md dpwe miaFh mic qg lnFB oFilr l` `xFP de xFABd lFcBd l`d
:dad` A FnW orn l mdipa ipa l l`Fb ìan E
:miIg mi l
` Lprnl miIg d xtq A Epa z ke miIg A utg Kln miIg l Epxkf
:mdxa` obn ii dY` KExA :obn E ri W FnE xfFr Kln
dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n :ri W Fdl ax dY` mizn dIg n ipc` mlFrl xFAB dY`
FzpEn ` mIw n E mixEq ` xiYn E milFg `tFxe milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x A mizn
:drEW
i g in v n E dIg n E zinn Kln KNdnFC inE zFxEaB lrA LFn k in :xtr ipW
il
:ming xA miIg l eixEv
i xkFf ming x
d a` LFn k in
.dgpnae zixgya 'ycwp' zyecw xne` ofgd
:dlQ LElld i mFilkA miWFcwE WFcw LnW

e WFcw dY`
:z`x
AW dnlM lr Lz niè LiU r
nlMlr Epi l ` ii LcgR oY oka E
zg` dC b` mNk EUr ie :miÈxAd lM Lipt l EegY W
ie miUr
Od lM LE` xi
ie
Lipt l ohlX
d W
Epi l` ii EprcIW
dnM :mlW aalA LpFvx zFUr l
:z`x
AW dnlM lr `xFp LnW e LpiniA dxEa
bE Lc iA fr
milg in l dR oFgzRE LiW
xFc
l dew z e Li` xi
l dNd Y LO r
l ii cFaM oY oka E
xp zkix r e LCar cec
l oxw zgin v E Lxi
rl oFUUe Lvx `l dgn U Kl
:Epin iA dx
dn A LgiWn iWioal
d iR uRwY dzlFre :Elibi dPx
A mici qg e EfFlr
i mix
Wie Egn U ie E`x
i miwiC
v fè
:ux
`d on oFcf zlW n n xiar z iM dlk Y oWr
M DNM dr Wxdlke
mlW
Exi
aE LcFa M oMW n oFIv xdA LiU rnlMlr LC al ii dY` KFlnz e
oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz -LW
c
w ix
ac
A aEzMM LW c
w xir
:DiElld xc
e xc l
zFàv ii DAbIe fh:d diryi -xn`pe LicrlA n D Fl` oiè LnW `xFp e dY` WFcw
:WFcTd KlO d ii dY` KExA :dwcvA WC wp WFc Td l
`d e hRW
O A
_______________________________________________
302
zFpWNd lMn EpY n n Fxe EpA z iv x

e Epz F` Y a d ` miOr dlMn EpY x ga dY`
:z`x w Epilr WFcTd e lFcBd LnW e Lz cFa
rl EpM ln EpY a xw
e Liz Fvn A EpY W
C
we
zay i`vena
:LpFvx iTg mdA zFUr l Epc
OlY
e Lwcv ihR W
n z` Epi l ` ii Epri cFY
e (:bl zekxa 'nb)
oFUU iPn f EpligpY e :miaFh zFvn E miTg zn` zxFY e mix Wi mihR W n Epi l ` ii EploYY e
EpliC
aY e :lbxd zbibg e crFn
cFakE zAW zXc w EpW ixFY
e :dac p iBg e Wcw icrF nE
zWW l iriaX
d mFi oiA miOr l l`x Ui oiA K g l xF` oiA lgl Wcw oiA Epi l ` ii
zWX n iriaX d mFizè Y lC ad aFh mFi zXc wl zAW zXc w oiA :dUr Od ini
:Lz X
c
wA l`x Ui LOrz
` Y W C
we Y lC
ad Y W C w dUr Od ini
dGd oFxMGd mFiz` [e dGd zAX d mFiz` zaya] dad` A Epi l ` ii EploYY e
:mixvn zìvil xkf Wcw` x wn [dad` A drEx Y oFxkf zaya] drEx Y mFi
EppFxkf xkGie cwR ie rnX ie dvx ie d`x ie ri
Bie `Faie dlr i Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
oFxkfe LW cw xir mlW Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo
mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhl dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
M
:miIg l Fa Epri WFde dkx al Fa Epc wt E daFhl FA Epi l ` ii Epx
kf :dGd oFxMGd mFiA
oEPg Kln l` iM Epipir Lil` iM Epri WFde Epilr mgx e EPpg e qEg ming x e drEW
i xac aE
:dY` mEgx e
LxwiA ux` d lMlr ÙPd e LcFa kA FNM mlFrdlM lr KFln Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
FYlr R dY` iM lrF Rl
M rc ie :Lvx ` laz iaW FilM lr LGr oF`B xc dA rtFde
Kln l`x Wi i l ` ii :FRÀ dnW p xW` lM xnìe FYx vi dY` iM xEvilM oiaie
:dlW n lMA FzEkln E
Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze LizFvn A EpW C
w [Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` zaya]
Epligpd e zaya] :znÀ LC ar l EpA l xdh e Lz rEWi A Epg O U e La EHn Epr AU
1
[:Ln W iad` l`x Ui La EgnU ie LW c w zAW oFvx aE dad` A Epi l ` ii
ux` d lMlr Kln ii dY` KExA :cr l mIw e zn` EpM ln Lx acE zn` mi l ` dY` iM
:oFxMGd mFie l`x Ui [e zAX d zaya] WC wn
l`x Ui iX` e Lz iA xiac
l dcFa rd aWd e mzNt z aE l`xUi LOrA Epi l
` ii dvx
dpifgz e :LO r l`x
Ui zcFa
r cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad` A dxdn mzNt zE

:oFIvl FzpikW
A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir
Epr
Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn

Epiz FnWplr e Lc iA mixEq
Od EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl Èd dY`
axr zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt p lr
e EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr
e Kl zFcEwRd
:Kl Epiew mlFrn Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x Elk`l iM aFHd :mixdv e xwa
e
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui (ma dgpn / Fa zixgy / Da ziaxr) EgEpie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 1.
_______________________________________________
303
:Lz ix
a ipA miaFh miIg l aFzkE cr e mlFrl cinY EpM ln LnW
mnFxz ie Kx
Az i mNMl
r
e
:dlq Epz xfr
e Epz rEW
miIg d lke
:zFcFdl d`p LlE LnW aFHd ii dY` KExA
.ziaxrle dgpnl .dgpn zayle ,zixgyl
LOr l`x Uilr ax mFlW Epilr ming x
e cqg og dkx aE daFh mFlW miU
Èd dY` iM mlFrl miUY xFÀ cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk xA :LO r l`x UilMlre
aFhe :mFlXd lkl oFc` Kln miIg zxFY
Epi l ` ii EpN Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR
l`x
Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A :mFlWe miIg e ming x
e dkx aE dwc vE cqg zad` e
:LnFlWA drWlka E zrl
kA zrl
kA l`x Ui LOrz ` Kx al LipirA aFhe
:LnFlWA dr Wlka E
Ep` Lipt l azM pe xkGp daFh dqpx
tE mFlWe dkx
A miIg xtq A
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlWl E miIg l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
ke
xtr M iWt pe mCz iWt p illw n le dnx n xAC n izt U E rx n ipFWl xvp i l`
drx ilr miaW Fgdlke iWt p sCx Y Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz A iAl gzR :did Y lMl
orn l dUr Lpini orn l dUr Ln W orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dx dn
:ippre eppre L
pin i dri
WFd Li
cici oEv
lg i or
w
einFxnA mFlW d r :il` b e ixEv
:on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr mFlW dUri Èd
Lc
ar
p mWe :Lz xFz
dn A WC
wO d ziA dpA iW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc w mipW k E mlFr iniM d`x iA
------------------
jilyz xcq
.a sirq `"nxae btwz 'iq n"cd k"ke .'jilyz'd bdpnl oey`xd xewnd èd l"ixdnd
.'jilyz' zxin`l xdpd l` mikled dpyd y`x ly oey`x meia dgpn xg`
.xnebe 'jenk l-` in' miweqtd 'c z` wx mixne` 'jilyz'a
After dgpn (on the second day if the first falls on a zay)
one goes to a brook or stream or a pond in which there are fish, and recites:
FR
` cr l wifgd`l Fz
lgp zix
`W l rWRlr x re oer ` p LFn
M l` in hi-gi:f dkin
:mz e`HglM mi zFlv nA KilW z e Epi er WAki Epn g x i aEW i :Èd cg utg iM
Elri`le EcwR i`le ExkGi`l xW` mFwnA KilW Y l`x Ui ziA LOr z`Hglke
:mcw inin Epi a`l Y r AW
pxW
` mdx
a` l cg aw ril zn ` oYY k:f :mlFrl allr
_______________________________________________
304
dlitzd seqa zeriwze cnerne ayeinc zeriwzd xcq dpyd y`x
ayeinc zeriwz
.'xenfn gxw ipal gvpnl' f"n xenfn xne` rwezd wx
.'ebe o"hy r"xw iweqt ygla envrl xne` rwezd
:iz r
eW l iz g exl L pf` mlr Y l` Y rnW ilFw ep:b dki`
:Lwcv hRW n lM ml FrlE zn` L x x qw:hiw mildz
aCW`
:mic f ipw
Wril` aFh ar axr akw:hiw
l L C
:ax llW `v FnM Lzx n` lr i p UU aqw:hiw
:iYpn `d Li evn a iM ipc Ol zr e mrh aEh
c eq:hiw
:ipc
Ol LihR W n E ii `pdvx iR zFa cp gw:hiw
xnì k"gè
:xt FW lFw
A i i drEx
z
A mi l` dlr e:fn
(`pxih `"xl mibdpn xtq) .r'x rb't oi`'e oh'y oi` zeaiz iy`x 'x't'e'y
.zepexkf ixtq dnka àene ,ok ebdp miax j` ,wqet meya xkfp `l rweza lkzqdl `ly
.lke`d ipta lkzqdl l"fg exq`y enk rwezd z` lalal `l ick èdy mixeaq yi
.dkxaa fkxzdl ick mipdka milkzqn oi`y enk ,driwza fkxzdl ick ,xg` mrh
!zFriwY
dlM xnB cr dti dwizW
:mifixkn zeriwzd iptl
.zeriwzd zrya zayl mikiynn dxez ixtq iwifgn oke ,ayeiny zeriwzd lke zekxad zra ayei `xwnd
:xtFW lFw rF
n
Wl EpEv e eizFvn A EpW
C
w xW` mlFrd Kln Epil
` ii dY` KExA
.x"z oniq seq `"nxk `le (l"ixdn) .zaya oey`x mei lgyk `l` epiigdy mixne` oi` ipy meia
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
(l"ixdn) .'x't'e'y z"x (gi:d '` mikln) :'rx rb
R oiè oh U oi` ' xn`py ohyd z` aaxrn xteyde
,drexzde mixayd ,driwzd lew
:fpkyà zlaewnd minecw zxeqn itl mirnyn md
A driwzs pitch slightly lowers immediately after
the beginning and then returns to the original pitch
which is retained for the duration of the driwz.
,libx lilva driwzd zligz - driwz
dler skize xzei jenp lilvl rwezd cxei cine
.driwzd seq cr ea jiynne oey`xd lilvl dxfg
A mixay are three first ascending and then descending
tones with no pause in between.
.micxeie miler mixaegn zelew dyely - mixay
All the mipe`b and mipey`x state that a drexz
should be blown as one extended trembling sound.
.micrexe mixaegn zelew dryz - drexz
ybcen xzei èd fpky` ipa ly crxdy la` ,mipnizd enk)
zexnly (bga bg zekld) xn` l"vf y"ixbd (oniz ipa ly crxdn
onfae ,zilaae ,zipxbpede ,zifpky`) "zipniz"d drexzdy
.(zirhend) dvetpd lr dticr ìd (l`xyi ux` lka mipey`xd
_______________________________________________
305
fpky` bdpn follows mz epiax and the y"`xs opinion and blow the first forty drexz mixay
with a brief pause in between (c:wz `"nx).
.rwzi rweze zg`l zg` oxcqk zeriwzd z` ìxwnd `xwie
[.cgi 'drexz mixay' `xew `xwnd oi` j` .'drexz'e 'mixay' oia drnw miwiqtn]
driwz drexz :`xew mzrnyd xg` skize mixay :`xew driwz
:`xwnd xne` z"yzl z"xyz xcq oia
!aW
,zeriwzd iptl ea oezp didy xceqa egipne eitn xteyd z` xiqn rwezd
.eit l` eaiyne xteyd z` lhepe xfegy cr dwc yilyk rwezd gpe
driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
:`xwnd xne` z"xzl z"yz xcq oia
!aW
,zeriwzd iptl ea oezp didy xceqa egipne eitn xteyd z` xiqn rwezd
.eit l` eaiyne xteyd z` lhepe xfegy cr dwc yilyk rwezd gpe
driwz drexz driwz
driwz 1 drexz driwz
:dlecbdriwz drexz driwz
.'oekldi' cr 'mrd ixy`' ldwd xne` dlecb driwz xg`
:oEk
Nd i LipR xF`
A i i drEx
z iri mr
d ix
W` fh:ht
.'ixy`' ly oey`x weqt oebip eze` xneè ,mi`xep mini oebipa df weqt lr xfeg `xwnd
cnernc zeriwz
The mipe`b enacted the practice of blowing z"xyz, z"yz, z"xz for a total of ten zelew
during u"yd zxfg, and not during the ygla dlitz.
[.cgi 'drexz mixay' `xew `xwnd oi` j` .'drexz'e 'mixay' oia drnw miwiqtn]
;zeikln iweqtl :driwz :drexz :`xew mzrnyd xg` skize :mixay :`xew :driwz zg` mrt mirwez
;zepexkf iweqtl :driwz :mixay :driwz zg` mrt
.zextey iweqtl :driwz :drexz :driwz zg` mrt
.'epizty zyx`' zxinà mibdep oke ,oebipa eilr xfeg ofgde 'mler zxd meid' xne` ldwd
mic
ar
M m` mipa M m` minlFr ixEv i lM hRW n A cinr
i mFId mlFr zx d mFId
zFiElY Ll Epipir mic ar
M mè mipA lr a` mgx M Epn g x mipa M m`
:WFcw mi` Eph R W n xF`k ìvFze EpPg Y
W cr
lFwl aiWw n E hiAn oif` n E oian `Vpe mx l` Lipt l axri Epiz t U zWx
`
zextey zepexkf zeikln
oFxkfl zaya) Epz ri
wY oFxkfl zaya) Epz ri
wY oFxkfl zaya) Epz rEx
Y
ming x
A lAw zE
(Epz ri
wY ming x
A lAw zE
(Epz ri
wY ming x
A lAw zE (Epz rEx
Y
:Epz FxtFW xcq oFvx
aE :Epz FpFxkf xcq oFvx
aE :Epz FIkln xcq oFvx
aE
.'lewl' mewna 'epzriwz/epzrexz oexkfl' mixne` zaya la` ,zaya s` 'epizty zyx`'e 'mler zxd meid' mixne`
l"ixdna mrhde .cala ayeinc zeriwz meiqa dlecb driwz mirwezy aezk mipey`x x`ye l"ixdna 1.
.fpkyà zelidwd aexa oyid bdpnd d`xpk èd jke ."drexz ircei mrd ixy`" eligzie xeaivd erciy ick
.`yiinxee ibdpna oke
_______________________________________________
306
The mipe`b enacted the practice of z"xyz, z"yz, z"xz for a total of ten zelew during u"yd zxfg,
and not during the ygla dlitz, for the following reasons: a) it was the mipe`bd bdpn in laa
and should not be deviated from, b) both the mixay and drexz are variations of a `ziixe`c devn,
so to blow any one of the combinations is sufficient, c) there is no need to blow the entire
thirty zelew during sqen just to commemorate the original practice of blowing them exclusively
during sqen, d) since the `ziixe`c aieg has been fulfilled before sqen, there is no need
to inconvenience the xeav by blowing another thirty zelew, e) it is a mere accompaniment to sqen
much as the xtey was blown as part of sqen on a xeaiv ziprz, f) the xtey is sounded merely
to confuse the ohy not to fulfill the devn, blowing unnecessary zelew is therefore a wqtd,
g) according to the original practice the xeav fulfills the original practice of z"xyz, z"yz, z"xz by
hearing all the variations without the need for additional zelew, h) the ten zelew blown during
sqen combine with the zelew before sqen for a total of forty alluding to the forty days epiax dyn
was on ipiq xd, during which time a xtey sound was continuously heard, i) there are profound
mystical allusions to doing so, j) blowing more zelew than needed by strict dkld, may constitute
a violation of siqez la. (Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz p.115)
dltzd seqa zeriwz

,zetqep zeriwz miyy dltzd xnba mirwez ,mipexg`d zexeca dbdpdd dlawzdy itk
.cnernce ayeinc zeriwzd miraxà zaeg ici e`vi xaky zexedl ,xrnrnl`d lr `le axd ayenl mewn zaxiwa
,zeriwz miyely aey mirwez 'zexinf mirp`' xgè ,zeriwz miyely mirwez 'gayl epilr' iptl
u"yd zxfg xg`y zeriwzd lka .'sq`l xenfn xiy'e mei ly xiy mixne` odixg`le
'zexinf mirp`' xg`y zeriwza mibdep yi epinia .`xwnd mìxwn jke ,zg` dniypa 'drexz-mixay' mirwez
.dtexi` gxfn bdpnk 'drexz'e 'mixay' ,'driwz' ly zelewd z` rinydl
driwz drexz - mixay driwz

driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
driwz mixay driwz
driwz drexz driwz
driwz drexz driwz
2
:dlecbdriwz drexz driwz
.oilxa ibdpna mb jk .a"pyna wzrede .zelew d`nd xnba wx dlecb driwz rewzl aezk mixt` dhna 2.
driwza mb dlecb driwz rewzl `yiinxeea ebidpdy dtewz dzidy `yiinxee w"wl mibdpna rnyne
(d"yax) (.dixg` zelew cer mdl eid `le l"pd `"hnd zhiy ici z`vl d`xpk) .zextey ly dpexg`
_______________________________________________
307
dpyd y`xl sqen zltz dpyd y`x
dpyd y`xl sqen zltz

awri i lè wgv i i l ` mdx a` i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
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308
Epiz FaFg zFUr l milFki Ep` oiè :Epz n c

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'b w"q b"iw 'q miig xewna rnyn ok ,dpyd y`xa ygla dlitza mb mirxek 1.
_______________________________________________
309
w riA oe` hiA d `l `k:bk xacna -xn`pe :cr e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny -Lz xFz A aEzMM
:FA Kln zrEx zE FO r ei l ` ii l`x UiA lnr d`x` le
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Kln df in :cFa Md Kln `Fa ie mlFr ig z
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be fEGr ii | cFa M d
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310
:raU l Ffiè arxl Ffi` mFlWl Ffiè ax gl Ffi` :xn` i FA zFpic Od lr e

xEvId lM xkf iM :dGd mFIdM cwt p `l in :zeO le miIg l mxi
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Y xk f dad` A g pz
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i xac A Edc wt Y e
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wr
l"f wfii` x"xd ipwf ixen ia` mbe lecbd laewn l"f yiexh d"xxdn execa lecb odn cgè dt eidy miyecwd
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my r"yk `le 'b w"q `"vwz f"h y"nke ,'eke ' wr i lW Frxfl wgv i zc
wre' xn`l a"rwzz `"i t"r t"t bdpn
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(192 sc zldw ixac)
_______________________________________________
311
LlFw mYr n W d min X

d on :mOr xAc l LW c
w mrl
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ca M opr e miw x
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i d n c` n wfg e KlFd x Xd lFw id ie hi:hi -xn`pe
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d `xIe
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ei xEa bA EdElld :FGr ri
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312
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313
epkln epia` daeyz ini zxyr
3 2 1
daeyz ini zxyrl epkln epia`
,dgpna od zixgya od ,dxyr dpeny zltz xg` 'epkln epia`' mixne` daeyz ini zxyra
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.xak da sehr epi` m` ,zilha shrzn 'epkln epia`'l ycewd oex` z` xbeqe gzetd
.dnirp dzeà ldwd dxne` eixgè zcgein dnirpa ofgd dxne` dwqit lk zgpa xn`p xcq
.milecb milna zecg`d zewqtd xwir
:Lipt l Ep`h g ald lr oini cia mikn EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
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g EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
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dÈtx glW
EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
1. Though the recital of epkln epia`s is ancient, based on a `xnb, it was further developed as time
went on, and divergent customs developed around it in some places. The amount of
supplications vary greatly between cxtq ,fpky` ,oilet igqep from twenty nine, to thirty seven, to
forty four, respectively, with a total of fifty three different versions existing. In addition,
there is a difference in sequence between zegqep as well. fpky` bdpn insists on epkln epia`
contain only thirty seven stanzas while ztxv bdpn (France) [which in turn became oilet bdpn]
added more stanzas. This upset the fpky` iciqg's dixhnb of zeaiz f"nx found in those
thirty seven stanzas. The bdpn to recite epkln epia` on a xeaiv ziprz is about two hundred and
fifty years old. It was not universally accepted by all of Eastern Europe, (in Galicia
for instance, epkln epia` was only said during the daeyz ini zxyr).
- xeav zeiprza epkln epia` ly bdpnd
(edil` xef`) .dpxz zeaiaqa wx l`xyi zelidwa dvetzde f"twza oey`xd xewnd
.z`vl xEAv d Elig z d ,min W B Ecxi `le ,xEAv d lr zFiprY dxU r WlW xfBX ,xfri l` ia xA dU rn ,opA x EPY 2.
,daiY d ipt l cx
IW xfri
l` 'xA dU
rn aEW ,min W B Ecxie ,dIk a A mrd lM ErB ,mkn v r l mix aw mY pT Y ,md l xn `
':dY
` `N` Kln Epl oi` EpM ln Epia ` ' xn ` e ,eixg ` àiw r ia x cxi .dprp `le ,zFkxA rA x` e mixU r xn ` e
,dGn lFcB dGW ipR n `l ,dxn ` e lFw zA dz v i .opA x ipP x n Eed ,min W B Ecx ie ':Epilr mgx Lprnl EpM ln Epia ` '
(:dk ziprz 'nb) .eizFC n lr xia rn Fpi` dfe ,eizFCi
n lr xia rn `l`
3. The ` 'iq c"twz 'q yeal writes that epkln epia`, authored by àiwr iax, mirrors the zekxa of the
legl dxyr dpeny:
- epizeper lkl lgne glq, daeyza dvexd - jiptl dnly daeyza epxifgd, zrcd opeg - eppre eppg epkln epia`
daeh dpy epilr ycg, ep`tx - jnr ilegl dnly dètx gly, l`xyi lèb - dreyie dl`b xtqa epazk, epl glq
,dgpè oebi epnn xqde ...daiyd - zeyw zexfblk epilrn lha, xteya rwz - jgiyn oxw mxd, epilr jxa -
oxw mxd, jingx endi - epizeaeg ixhy lk miaxd jingxa wegn, miaie` xaey - epilrn oihyne xvlk dlk
.dltz rney - epilr mgxe qeg eplew rny, dreyi oxw ginvn - aexwa dreyi epl gnvd, mexz epxw - jgiyn
and it also includes requests for the miax ikxev. The yeal ends, that when dpyd y`x and xetk mei
fall out on a weekday, were it was not dpyd y`x then the full dxyr dpeny would be recited.
We therefore recite epkln epia` which mirrors it, but not on zay when the dcinr is different.
_______________________________________________
314
epkln epia` daeyz ini zxyr
:Lipt l dnlW
daEWz
A Epxi
fg d EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:Epiz FpFrl
kl lgn E glq EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:Lipir cbPn Epiz `Hge Epir WR xar
de dgn EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:EppiC xfB rF
x rx
w EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:Epiz FaFg ix
hW lM miAxd Lin g x
A wFgn EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:Epgp` xtr iM xEkf EpM
:Lipt
l aFh oFxM fA Epxk
f EpM
:miaFh miIg xtq A (Epn z
g :dlirpa) Epa z
M EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:(zFIkf `"p) zFIk f xtq A (Epn z
g :dlirpa) Epa z
:dlM lk e dqpx
R xtq A (Epn z
g :dlirpa) Epa z
:drEWi
e dN` B xtq A (Epn z
g :dlirpa) Epa z
:dgilq E dlign xtq A (Epn z
g :dlirpa) Epa z
:aFxwA drEW
i Epl gnv d EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:LOr l`xU i oxw mx
d EpM
:Lgi
W n oxw mx
d EpM
:Epilr mgx
e qEg EplFT rnW
EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:Epz Nt Yz
` oFvx aE ming x
A lAw EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:Lipt ln mwix EPa iWYl
` `p EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:LW c
w mWl r mibExd orn l dU r EpM
:LcEg
il r migEa
h orn l dU r EpM
:Ln W
WEcTlr miO a E Wà iÀ orn l dUr EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:KEtWd Lic
arm
C znw p Epipir
l mFwp EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:Eppr
nl`lm` Lpr nl dUr EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
:EpriWFd
e Lpr nl dU r EpM
:miA x
d Lin
gx orn l dU r EpM
:Epilr `x
wPW
`xFP
de xFABd lFcBd LnW
orn l dUr EpM ln Epia ` ldw eixgè ofg
5 4
.ygla zxn`p 'eppre eppg' dpexg`d dwqitd
:Epri v EpO r dUr miUr
WFde cqge dwc e EpPg EpM ln Epia `
n EpA oi` iM Eppr
4. The reason we recite the last weqt silently, is out of the shame with which we view ourselves,
in not possessing any miaeh miyrn. According to fpky` bdpn all of epkln epia` is said aloud,
therefore, it would be very noticeable that the last weqt is said silently. According to
oilet bdpn, since many of the miweqt of epkln epia` are said silently, this is not seen as clearly.
There is no long standing bdpn to recite or sing the last weqt aloud.
.dyead iptn xzqa ywane mpg zpzn cg` lk oica xac ywal el oi`y iprk - zldw ixac 5.
_______________________________________________
315
fpky` zyxen oekn
xetk mei axrl dxtkd xcq
oehlyl mi`vpd elr xy`k .milebpxz lr (Kapores Schlagen) zextk zeyrl ebdp fpkyà zenewnd lka
zextk zeyrl dipnxb icedin rpnp f`n .menid `ll dhigy xqe`d ivx` weg ewweg b"vxz zpya dipnxba
.mcwn fpkyà bdpnd did jky mixeaqd meik yi okl .mixg` mitilgz e` mibc lr zeyrl eldde milebpxz lr
,zixgyl zegilq oia xgyd zelra mixetkd mei axra ohgyle zextkd z` zeyrl ebdp zephw zelidwa
miaexn milebpxzd oda zelecb zelidwa la` .zixgy xg` - yie ,zegilql dkild iptl ok eyry zenewn yie
lk ik ,mixetkd mei axr iptl zextkd z` hegyl eticrd ,mihgeyd lr fxten ugl yie ,mihren mihgeyde
xgyd zelr ly rbxd caln ,axr zrl mixetkd mei axr cr dilcb mevn ,zextkd oiprl miey daeyz ini zxyr
.àx `pryeda ozeyrl leki ,xetik mei iptl zextk dyr `l m` .mixetkd mei axra
zxaerna .zeaiwp e` mixkf dnkl cg` ser gwil ebdpe ,dawpl dpal zlebpxze xkfl oal lebpxz migwel
y`xd aiaq miaaeqny dryae ,'mc` ipa' :miweqtd z` mixne` .zlebpxze lebpxz dxear milhepd yi
dwcv mipzep ,ozxenz z` xnelk ,zextkd oeict z` .mixefgnde mixeciqa àeny xcqd itk ,'iztilg df' mixne`
.envr serd z` mipzepd yie ,miiprl
It is customary xetik mei axr for a male to take a cock and for a female to take a hen as a dxtk
and to recite the following passage three times:
zenlv e K g n mìvFi ci :lfx
aE ipr ixi
q` zenlv e KWg iaW
i i:fw mildz mc ` ipA
mWt p ar zY l `lM :EPrz i md i per
nE mrWR KxC
n mile` `k-fi :wY pi mdizFxqFnE
m`R xie FxaC glW i :mri
WFi md izFw
vOn mdl xS A iil` Ew r fIe :zen ixrW
cr EriBIe
K` ln | eil r Wim` ck-bk:bl aei` :mc ` ipa l eiz F`lt pe FCqg iil EcFi
:mz Fzig X n hN n ie
:xk iz`vn zgW zc
xn Edrc R xnÌe EPPgie :FxWi mc`l ciBd l slìPn cg` uil n
If one swings the dxtk on ones own behalf, one recites:
izx
RM df izxEn
Y df izt ilg df
Here one takes the bird in the left hand and puts the right hand on the head of the bird:
dzinl Kli lFbpx
Yd df
:mFlWl E mikx
` miaFh miIg l Kl` e qpM ` ip` e
If one swings the dxtk on behalf of oneself and If one swings the dxtk on behalf of another
of another, one recites: male, one recites:
Epz xRM df Epz xEn Y df Epz t ilg df Lz x RM df Lz xEn Y df Lztilg df
Klpe qpM p Epgp` e dzinl Kli lFbpxYd df Klz e qpM Y dY` e dzinl Kli lFbpx
Yd df
:mFlWl E mikx ` miaFh miIg l :mFlWl E mikx ` miaFh miIg l
If one swings the dxtk on behalf of several If one swings the dxtk on behalf of a female,
males at one time, one recites: one recites:
mkz xRM df mkz xEn Y df mkz tilg df Kzx RM z`f KzxEn Y z`f Kzt ilg z`f
Eklz e EqpM Y mY` e dzinl Kli lFbpx
Yd df iqpM Y Yè dzinl KlY zlb px
Yd z`f
:mFlWl E mikx ` miaFh miIg l :mFlWl E mikx` miaFh miIg l iklz e
If one swings the dxtk on behalf of If one swings several zextk at the same time on
several females at one time, one recites: behalf of a number of people or
z`f okz xEn
Y z`f okz tilg z`f of a pregnant woman, one recites:
dzinl KlY zlb px
Yd z`f okz x RM mkizFxRM El` mkizFxEnY El` mkizFtilg El`
miaFh miIg l dpk lz e dpq pM Y oY` e EqpM Y mY` e dzinl Ekli milFbpx
Yd El`
:mFlWl E mikx ` :mFlWl E mikx ` miaFh miIg l Eklz e
_______________________________________________
316
fpky` zyxen oekn
1
xetik mei axr zewln
.abd lr zewln h"l ,xer ly dxebga ,edrx z` yi` miwln ,zewlnl xag el xxea cg` lk dgpn xg`
erexf zervnà dtvxd lr oryp oeilrd eteb blte dvx` zepryp eikxayk ,dxenb drixk ,oetv cvl rxek dwlpd
,'ezng lk' cr 'megx ède' (gl:gr) mildza weqtd z` xne` dwlnd .eal z`kdl diept zipnid eciyk ,zil`nyd
.minrt yly jk lr mixfeg .'epny`' iecie f` xne` dwlpd .zg` dkn ozep weqtd zeaiz b"in dlin lk dxinàe
xne` dwlpd xne` dwlnd
:itc EpxA C EplfB EpcbA EpnW ` mEgx zg` dkn Ède zg` dkn
Eplt h Epqn g Epcf EprW xde Epier d er zg` dkn xRk i zg` dkn
Epcx n Epvl EpaGM rx Epvr i :xwW zigW i zg` dkn `le zg` dkn
Epxx v EprW R Epier Epxx
q Epv` p aiWdl zg` dkn dAx de zg` dkn
Epir Y Epar
Y Epz g W
EprW
x :sxr EpiX w le zg` dkn FR` zg` dkn
:EprY r Y lM zg` dkn xiri zg` dkn
:Fzng zg` dkn
----------------------
:edrx z` yi` mikxan ,zqpkd zial dkilda ,mixetkd mei zqipka

dy`l yi`l
:inz g z daFh dpW
l :mzg z daFh dpW
l
miyp miyp`
:dpn z g z daFh dpW
l :Eniz g z daFh dpW
l
:dY` mB :dper jxaznde
ixcp lk zltz
,mx lewa ,mikxan ,mdizelitz xcq itl dltzd ilra df xg` dfa eixgè ,axd .zilha mithrzn 'ixcp lk' iptl
miìven oi` la` ,'ixcp lk' xnb cr ycewd oex` z` migzet .'ziviva shrzdl' zkxa z` ,mi`xep mini oebipa
.'wicvl rexf xe`' mixne` oiè ,mnr mitiwn oiè dxez ixtq
.'dlrn ly daiyia' minrt 'b enr mixne` ,el`nyl cgè epinil xg` ofgd icvl micner ldwd icakpn mipy
ldT d zrC lr
e mFwOd zrCl
r dHn lW daiWiaE dlr n lW daiWiA
:mipix
ar
d mr lNR z
dl mixi
Yn Ep`
.jenp lewa enr xne` ldwd .xzei elew mixn mrt lkae minrt 'b dpeekae dcxgae zzxa 'ixcp lk' ofgd ligzne
`pr a Y
W` cE `pxc
pC :zFrEaWE iqEPwe iiEPke inpFwe inxge ix qè ixc p lM
:daFhl Epilr Àd mixER M mFi cr df mixER
M mFin :`pz W t p lr `pxq ` c
e `pn ix g` cE
oilH a
nE oilh A oiziaW
oiwiaW oxW oFdi oFdlM :oFda `ph x g` oFdNM
:zFrEaW `l `pz rEa
WE ixc p `l `pxc
p :oinIw `le oixi x
W `l
.zg` mrt xeaivd mr cgi 'glqpe' xne` ofgd
:dbbW
A mrdlkl iM mkFzA xBd xBle l` x
Ui ipA zcrl
kl gl q pe ek:eh xacna
,'epiigdy' o`k mikxan (zexp zwlcd zra jxiay inn ueg) milltznd lk
.ezkxa lr 'on`' zeprl ick ofgd iptl dze` miiql minicwne
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
,(108 'nr) ziaxr zltza cin mikiynn reayd zeni x`ya
.(106 'nr) mezi yicwe (b"v `la) a"v xenfn mcew mixne` zay lila j`
dlitzd weqrl envr zr oiekle f"der zeaygn lk epnn xeqle dxepe yecw meil envr z` mc` lk oikn 1.
lk lr d"awdn dlign ywale ,`hg `la zxyd ik`lnk zeidle ,d"awdl zeywaae dnily daeyzae mipepgze
m` ,p"kan `vil dveg zaygna ezrn `vei idi `le miny zk`lna axr cr axrn egek lka weqrle ,eizepeer
(dcedi gk) .zxyd ik`lnl dxez ozip `l ik ,mc` ipa jxevl `l
_______________________________________________
317
dgpnle xveil ziaxrl xetk mei zltz xetk mei
dgpnle xveil ziaxrl xetk mei zltz

awri i lè wgv i i l
` mdx a` i l ` Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
:miIg mi l
` Lprnl miIg d xtq A Epa z
kf
:mdxa` obn ii dY` KExA :obn E ri
W FnE xfFr Kln
mizn dIg n cqgA miIg lMlk n :ri W Fdl ax dY` mizn dIg n ipc` mlFrl xFAB dY`
:xtr ipW
il FzpEn` mIw n E mixEq ` xiYn E milFg `tFxe milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x A
:drEW
i g in v n E dIg n E zinn Kln KNdnFC inE zFxEaB lrA LFn
k in
:ming xA miIg l eixEv i xkFf ming xd a` LFn k in
.dgpnae zixgya 'jvixrp' zyecw xne` ofgd

e WFcw dY`
:z`x
ie miUr
Od lM LE` xi
ie
Lipt l ohlX
d W
Epi l` ii EprcIW
:z`x
bE Lc iA fr
xFc
l dew z e Li` xi
l dNd Y LO r
l ii cFaM oY oka E
l oxw zgin v E Lxi
:Epin iA dx
dn A LgiWn iWioal
A mici qg e EfFlr
i mix
Wie Egn U ie E`x
i miwiC
v fè
:ux
M DNM dr Wxdlke
mlW
Exi
oFIv Ki l
c
w ix
ac
A aEzMM LW c
w xir
:DiElld xc
e xc l
`d e hRW
O A
:z`x
w Epilr WFcTd e lFcBd LnW e Lz cFa
r l EpM ln EpY a xw
e Liz Fvn A EpY W C
we
dGd mixER
Md mFiz` [e dGd zAX d mFiz` zaya] dad` A Epi l ` ii EploYY e
1
:mix
vn zìvil xkf Epiz FpFrl
Mz` FAlgn le dx Rk lE dgilq le dlign l
,ycw `xwn zeazd 'a excqp `l mipyi mixecq daxda - ycw `x wn [dad ` A zaya] oilet gqep itl 1.
(l`xyi zcear xeciq) .h"ixz 'q g"`l yeald xirdy enk èd zerhe
_______________________________________________
318
dgpn ,zixgy ,ziaxr

ie dvx ie d`x ie ri
Bie `Faie dlr i Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
oFxkfe LW cw xir mlW Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo
mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA LOrl M
:miIg l Fa Epri WFde dkxal Fa Epc wt E daFhl FA Epi l ` ii Epx
kf :dGd mixER
Md mFiA
Kln l` iM Epipir Lil` iM Epri WFde Epilr mgx
e EPpg e qEg ming x e drEW
i xac aE
:dY` mEgxe oEpg
:dGd mixER Md [mFiaE dGd zAX d zaya] mFiA Epiz FpFr l | lFgn EpizFa` i lè Epi l `
iprn l Lir Wt dn Èd i p` i p` dk:bn diryi -xEn`M Lipir cbPn Epir WR xarde dgn
:LiY l` b iM l` daEW Lize`Hg prk e Lir WR ark izig n ak:cn -xn`pe :xM f` `l Liz `Hge
g lMn mkz
` xd h l mkilr xRk i dGd mFIa iM l:fh `xwie -xn`pe
2
Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze LizFvn A EpW C
w [ Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l` zaya ]
Epi l` ii Epligpd e zaya] :znÀ LC ar

3
l`x Uil oglFq dY` iM [:Ln W iad` l`x
Ui La EgnU ie LW c
w zAW oFvx aE dad` A
:dY` `N` glFqe lgFn Kln Epl oi` Licr lA n E xFce xFClkA oExW i iha W l olg FnE
Epz FnW` xiar nE l`x Ui ziA FOr zFpFr le Epiz FpFrl glFqe lgFn Kln ii dY` KExA
:mixER
Md mFie l`x Ui [e zAX
d zaya] WC wn ux` d lMlr Kln dpW e dpW
lkA
l`x Ui iX` e Lz iA xiac

l dcFa rd aWd e mzNt z aE l`xUi LOrA Epi l
` ii dvx
dpifgz e :LO r l`x
Ui zcFa
r cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad` A dxdn mzNt zE

:oFIvl FzpikW
A oFIvl LaEWA Epipir
Epr
Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cr e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Èd dY` W
Kl Epgp` micFn

Epiz FnWplre Lc iA mixEq
Od EpiIg lr Lz Nd Y xRq pE LN dcFp :xFce xFcl Èd dY`
zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt p lr e EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr
e Kl zFcEwRd
:Kl Epiew mlFrn Lic qg EOz `l iM mgx nd e Lin g x Elk`l iM aFHd :mix
dv e xwa
e axr
oiinc hxetwp`xt ,miigd jxc mr l`xyi zltz xcq,clet oxd` x"bd n"ctt zaiyi y`xn n"ctt w"w ibdpn 2.
xcqk xnìe jizevna epycw `"e` 'igzi wx epizgepna dvx ef 'kxaa xnel oi` zaya lgy k"di" :cq 'nr ,`"xz
mixagna y"r) epizgepna dvx k"deia xnel oi` zelitzd lka oke (f"hra y"re h"ixz oniqa x"è yeal k"k)
lg elit` epizgepna dvx `"e` k"ia `"`" :d"nw 'nr my ."exn`l n"ctt bdpnd la` [:clet `"x zdbd] - .(l"pd
"mixne` t"ta - .lega lgy k"deia enk jizevna epycw oiligzn wx zaya
zay èd mè" my `"bnk `le .'eke epycw epzgepna dvx `"e`" :24 'nr ,a"kxz n"ctt ,zldw ixac ,xbiib f"yx
(xbeand ax epixen) ".q"h x"ày wx zlne .f"h w"q my dax dil` hade ."epizgepna dvx 'eke epicl` `"`
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui (ma dgpn / Fa zixgy / Da ziaxr) EgEpie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 3.
_______________________________________________
319
:Lz ix
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az i mNMl
r
e
:dlq Epz xfr
e Epz rEW
miIg d lke
.df mixne` ziaxra .df mixne` dlirpae ,dgpnae ,zixgya
LOr l`xUilr ax mFlW Epilr ming x
e cqge og dkx aE daFh mFlW miU
Èd dY` iM mlFrl miUY xFÀ cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk x A :LO r l`x UilMlr
e
aFhe :mFlXd lkl oFc` Kln miIg zxFY
Epi l ` ii EpN Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR
l`x
Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A :mFlWe miIg e ming x
e dkx aE dwc vE cqg zad` e
:LnFlWA drWlka E zrl
kA zrl
kA l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir A aFhe
:LnFlWA dr Wlka E
Ep` Lipt l azM pe xkGp daFh dqpx
tE mFlWe dkx A miIg xtq A
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlWl E miIg l l`x Ui ziA LOrl ke
4
sxr iWw E mipt iGr Ep` oi`W
Epiz Pg Y
n mNrz
Ylè Epz Nt Y Lipt l àY `P`
65
:Ep`h g Epgp` la` Ep`h g `le Epgp` miwiC v Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l` ii Lipt l xnFl
:itc EpxA C EplfB EpcbA `
EpnW
Eplt h
:xwW Epqn g Ep cf EprW de
x Epierd
Epv` p Epcxn Epvl EpaGM rx Epvri
8 7
:sxr EpiX w Epxxv EprW R Epier Epxxq
:EprY r Y Epir Y EparY Epz g W
EprW x
Epilr À d lM r wiC
v dY ` e bl:h dingp :Epl deW
`le miaFHd Lih R W
O n E Liz FvO n Epxq
:EprW
x
d Epgp` e z iUr znìM
zFxYq Pd lM `ld miwg W
okFW Lipt l xRq p dnE mFxn aWFi Lipt l xn`P dn
:rcFi
dY` zFlbPd e
myd `p` xne` did jke :dpyna y"n lr f"l `neia y"n t"r mrhde .'àz `p`' `"k 'àz `"e`' . . . t"ta 4.
(235 sc zldw ixac) ."`pà o`k s` `pà oldl dn 'xtk axega oldl xn`pe dxtk o`k xn`p `pày oipne"
5. fpky` bdpn does not include the word epizeaè (b w"q f"xz 'q g"e` `"nx) and the (f"xz g"e` xeh).
'jiptl àz `p`' is only supposed to have twenty eight words according to the gwex.
:f"p ze` ,devn xp wxt ,`nei zkqn ,d"lyd èd dfd gqepd lr uilndy in la` .mipey`xa xewn dfl oi`
yprp did ik ,eizea` zepeere eizepeer xekfi ,dceziyk :('n ze` '` xry) daeyz ixrya dpei epiax ciqgd azke
ipira xyi ok lr .l"kr ,'mza` oer zè mper z` ecezde' (n ,e"k `xwie) aizk oke .ecia eizea` iyrn efgà ,mdilr
(xbxand dnly oinipa axd) .'eke epcba epny` ep`hg epizeaè epgp` la` ,mixne`y micxtqd iecie gqep
.'dbbW
a `hgz iM Wtp ' xnF`
Èd oke zFbbX d EN` mi`h g 6.
zFpFcGd EN` zFpFr 7.
(:el `nei 'nb) (my i"yx) qirkdl dyerd - mic xO d EN` mirW R 8.
_______________________________________________
320
:oha ixc
glM U g fk:k ilyn dY` :iglM ixz q zFnElrze mlFr ifx rcFi
dY` (:ft `nei) axc iece
oFvx idi oka E :Lipir cbPn xYq p oiè O n mNr
p xaC lM oi` ale zFilM oAE k:ì dinxi
Epllgn z e Epiz `HglM lr Epl glq Y W Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn
:Epir
WR lr Eplxtk zE
Epiz FpFr lM lr
:aNd uEn` A Lipt l Ep`h g W

`hg lr
e aE qp` A Lipt l Ep`h g W
:oFvx `hg lr
:miz t U iEHa A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :zrc ila A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:zFixr iENbA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :xzQ a E iElbA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
na E zrcA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:dnx `hg lr
e :dR xEAcA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:rx z`pFdA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :aNd xEdxd A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
reA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:zEpf zci `hg lr
e :dR iECeA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:mixFnE lEflfA Lipt l Ep`h g W
mixFd `hg lr a E oFcfA Lipt l Ep`h g W
e :dbbW `hg lr
:mXd lENg A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :ci wfg A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:miz t U z`n hA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :dR zEWth A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
`laE mircF iA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:mircFi `hg lr
e d xviA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:rx `hg lr
.('zegilq del-`' :milind `la) 'epl xtk epl lgn epl glq mlk lre' :èd ze`wqt oiay dywad gqep
:EplxRM Epllgn Eplglq mlM lr
e
:afk a E WgM
A Lipt l Ep`h g W `hg lr
e :cgW zRk A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:oFvlA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e d oFWlA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:rx `hg lr
n a E lk` n A Lipt l Ep`h g W
:dYW e :oYn a E `Vn A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr `hg lr
:oFxB zIh pA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr na E KWpA Lipt l Ep`h g W
e :ziAx `hg lr
:Epiz FztU g iU
e :oir xETqA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:gvn zEGrA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :zFnx mipirA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
.'mlek lre' o`k mixne` oi`
_______________________________________________
321
:zElilt A Lipt l Ep`h g W

`hg lr
e :lr zwix t A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:oir zExv A Lipt l Ep`h g W

`hg lr
e :rx zIcv A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:sxr zEiWw A Lipt l Ep`h g W

`hg lr
e :W`x zENw A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:zElikxA Lipt l Ep`h g W

`hg lr dl milbx zvixA Lipt l Ep`h g W
e :rx g "r
:mpg z`pU
e :èW a W
zrE A Lipt l Ep`h g W `hg lr
:aal oFdnz A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :ci znEU z A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr

e
:miaig ep`y milina ef dxinà ald lr mikn
xg` xcq ef xcqk mixne` dizepae n"ctta
:z`Hg mdilr g "Wg e :dlFr mdilr miaIg Ep` W

mi`h g lr
e
:iElYe i`c
e mW` mdilr g "Wg e :z`Hg mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:dlFr mdilr g "Wg e :cxFi
e dlFr oAx
w mdilr miaIg Ep` W
g "lr
e
:cxFi
e dlFr oAx
w mdilr g "Wg e :mW` mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:ixi xr
e zx
M mdilr g "Wg e :iElY mW` mdilr miaIg Ep` W
g "lr
e
:zx
M mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:min W
ici
A dzin mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:mirA x
` zEwln mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:zEcx
n zMn mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
.'zegilq del-`' :milind z` da mitiqen ,'mi`hg lre' seqay zywaa
:EplxRM Epllgn Eplglq zFgilq D Fl` mlM lr

e
_______________________________________________
322
:wpge bxd dtx

U dliwq - oiC ziA zFzin rAx
` mdilr miaiIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:dUr mEw DA oi`W
oiaE dUr mEw DAWiW
oiA dUr
z `l zFvn lr
e dUr zFvn lr
Lipt l mEpx
n` xaM Epl miElBd z` Epl miElB mpi`W
zè Epl miElBd z`
-xn`PW
xaC
M mirEcie miElB md Lipt l Epl miElB mpi`W
zè mdilr Ll EpicFd
e
d
xFYd ix
aCl
Mz` zFU rl ml Frcr E p lE l zlbPd e Epi l
` iil zx
Yq P d gk:hk mixac
:z`Gd
oExW
i iha W
l olg FnE l`x
Uil oglFq dY` iM
:dY` `N` glFqe lgFn Kln Epl oi` Licr
lA n E
El`M iYxv FpW eWk r

e i`c
k ipi` iYxv Fp `lW cr i l
` (fi zekxa 'nb) ihef `pepnd axc iece
:dOlk E dWEa `ln ilk M Lipt l ip` ix

d :izz inA xng
e lw iig A ip` xtr iYxv Fp l
Lipt l iz`h g W
dnE cFr `hg` `lW izFa` i lè i l
:mirx mi`lg e mixEq
i ic
ilr `l la` miAx
d Lin g x
A wx
n
xtr
n xAC
n izt U E rx
n ipFWl xvp i l`
drx ilr miaW
Fgdlke iWt p sCx
dn
:ippre eppre L
pin i dri
WFd Li
cic
i oEv
lg i or
orn l dUr Lz X
c
w

e ixEv
:on` Exn` e :l`x

UilMlr
e Epilr mFlW dUr
i Èd
Lc
ar
p mWe :Lz xFz
A Epw
lg oze Epin ia dx
dn A WC
wO d ziA dpA iW
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc
w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x
iA
_______________________________________________
323
zenyp zxkfd xetk mei
mixetkd meia zenyp zxkfd

The earliest source for (xekfi) zenyp zxkfd is found in the `negpz yxcn in which it cites the custom
of recalling loved ones who have since departed and pledging dwcv on their behalf on xetk mei. It
spread throughout the Rhineland in response to the Crusades. There are two opinions discussed
in the ixhie xefgn, fpky` bdpn which does not recite xekfi on aeh mei, and ztxv bdpn which later
became oilet bdpn which does recite it. The latter custom gained popularity following the
massacres of Jews in the German lands during the Black Death of the fourteenth century, but
became more common in eastern Europe in the seventeenth century, with the popularization of
Lurianic dlaw by mystics who stressed the penitential aspect of aeh mei. The prayer `ln l-`
mingx, originated in seventeenth-century Ukraine at the time of the Chmielnicki massacres.
ezgtyn ipae eizea` zenyp z` envra cg` lk xikfn ea ,zenyp zxkfdl ce`n xvw onf micgin dxhtdd xg`
zenyp mi`xew oi` ,zenyp zxkfda mingx `ln l-`' mixne` ofgd e` cigi oi` .dileke 'znyp micl` xekfi' :gqepa
.zqpkd ziaa mix`yp md s` ,miiga mdixedy in .'mingxd a`' mixne` oiè ,'jeaxenn' jezn
.m`d znyp xeara .a`d znyp xeara
izxFn
iO` znW p mi l ` xMfi ixFn
ia` znW p mi l ` xMfi
DnlFrl dkld W (zipelt za zipelt) FnlFrl Kld W (zipelt xa ipelt)
:Dcr A dwc v [xcp ilA ] oY` ip` W
xEarA :Fcr A dwc v [xcp ilA ] oY` ip` W
xEarA
miIg d xFxvA dxEx
v DWt p idY df xkU A miIg d xFxvA dxEx
v FWtp idY df xkU A
awr ie wgv i mdx a` zFnWp mr awr ie wgv i mdx a` zFnWp mr
miwiC v x`W mre d`le lgx dwa x dx U miwiC v x`W mre d`le lgx dwa x dx U
:on` xn`pe :ocr obA W zFIpw c
ve :on` xn`pe :ocr obA W
zFIpw c
ve
.daexwl .aexwl
iYW
` /iYA /izFg`/iYpwf znW
p mi l` xMfi ilr A /ipA /ig` /ipwf znW p mi l ` xMfi
xEar A DnlFrl dkld W (zipelt xa zipelt) FnlFrl Kld W (zipelt xa ipelt)
xkU A :dcr A dwcv [xcp ilA ] oY` ip` W :Fcr A dwc v [xcp ilA ] oY` ip` W
xEarA
mr miIg d xFxvA dxEx v DWt p `dY df xFxvA dxEx v FWtp `dY df xkU A
dwa x dxU wr ie wgv i mdxa` zFnWp wr ie wgv i mdx a` zFnWp mr miIg d
zFIpw c
ve miwiCv x`W mre d`le lgx x`W mre d`le lgx dwa x dx U
:on` xn`pe :ocr obA W
:on` xn`pe :ocrobA W zFIpw cve miwiC
v
.i"yd yeciw lr miznend znyp xeara .miaexwl
mixFd
hd e miWFcwd znW p mi l ` xMfi icFC/i zFpwfE ipwf zFnWp mi l ` xMfi
EtxUpW e EhgW PW e Ebx dPW e EznEdW od ia` cSn od ,izFig` e ig` /izFcFce
xEar A mXd WECw lr Ewpg pW e ErAh pW e xEar A mnlFrl Ekld W iO` cSn
xkU A :mcr A dwc v [xcp ilA ] oY` ip` W :mcr A dwc v [xcp ilA ] oY` ip` W
miIg d xFxvA zFxExv mdizFWtp dpiid Y df zFxExv mdizFWtp dpiid Y df xkU A
awr ie wgv i mdx a` lW mdizFnWp mr wgv i mdx a` zFnWp mr miIg d xFxvA
miwiC v x`W mre d`le lgx dwa x dx U x`W mre d`le lgx dwa x dx
U wr ie
:on` xn`pe :ocr obA W zFIpw c ve :on` xn`pe :ocrobA W zFIpw c
ve miwiC
v
dnC ladl mc ` :Eda X g Y
e WFpòA EdrcY e mc `dn i i c-b:cnw mildz
`MCc
r WFp ` aW Y b:v :Wa ie llFni axr l slge uiv i xAA e:v :xa Fr lv M ein i
:mz ixg` l Epiai z`f EliM U i Enkg El hk:al mixac :mc ìpa EaEW xn`Y e
xWi d` xE mYxnW fl:fl :FcFa
M eix g` cx i`l lM d gT i FzFna `liM gi:hn mildz
:FA mi gdlM En ` i `le eicar Wtp ii dR bk:cl :mFlW Wi` l zix g` iM
_______________________________________________
324
xetk meil sqen zltz xetk mei
xetk meil sqen zltz

:miIg mi l
` Lprnl miIg d xtq A Epa z
kf
W FnE xfFr Kln
:xtr ipW
:drEW
k in
.sqena 'jvixrp' zyecw xne` ofgd

e WFcw dY`
:z`x
ie miUr
Od lM LE` xi
ie
Lipt l ohlX
d W
Epi l` ii EprcIW
:z`x
bE Lc iA fr
xFc
l dew z e Li` xi
l dNd Y LO r
l ii cFaM oY oka E
l oxw zgin v E Lxi
:Epin iA dx
dn A LgiWn iWioal
A mici qg e EfFlr
i mix
Wie Egn U ie E`x
i miwiC
v fè
:ux
M DNM dr Wxdlke
mlW
Exi
oFIv Ki l
c
w ix
ac
A aEzMM LW c
w xir
:DiElld xc
e xc l
`d e hRW
O A
:z`x
r l EpM ln EpY a xw
e Liz Fvn A EpY W C
we
dGd mixER
1
:mix
ycw `x
wn [dad ` A zaya] oilet gqep itl 1.
_______________________________________________
325
Epiz FaFg zFUr l milFki Ep` oiè Epz n c

` lr
n Epwg xz
pe Epv x
`n Epilb Epi` h g ipR n E
:LW c
wn A dgNY W
PW
cId ipR n eilr LnW
`x
wPW
WFcTd e lFcBd ziA A Lz xi gA ziaA
Epilr mgxzE aEWYW ong x Kln Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi
cFaM dNB EpM ln Epia ` :FcFaM lC bzE
dx dn Edpa z e miAx d Lin g xA LWCwn lr e
miFBd oiAn EpixEf R ax we :iglM ipir
l Epilr ÙPd e rtFde dx dn Epilr LzEk ln
zgn U A LWC wn ziA mlW Exile dPx
A Lxi r oFIvl Ep` iade :ux` izM xIn qPM Epiz FvEtpE
:mzk ld M mitq EnE mxcqM mici
nY Epiz FaFg zFpAx wz` Lipt l dUr p mWe :mlFr
dad` A Lipt l aix

wpe dUr
p dGd mixER
Md mFi sqEn z` [e dGd zAX d mFi sqEn z` zaya]
:xEn`M LcFa k iRn LCar d n icilr Lz xFz
A Epilr Y a z M W
FnM LpFvx zev n M
.df mixne` zaya
dlElA dgpn zlq mipxUr ipW
E mn inY dpW ipA miU a k ipW
zA X
d mFiaE i-h:gk xacna
:DM q pe cinY d zlrlr FY AW A zAW zlr :FM
qpe o X
a
:mipey`xde mipe`bd gqep mixne` bgd oaxw iweqtl zay oaxw iweqt oia sqen ly dcinra
:xEn`M mixER
Md mFi oAx
we zAW
oAx
w df
mki W
tpz` mziPr e mk l did i W w` xwn dGd ir iaX d W g l xFUra E g-f:hk
g ` xw AoA xR gi p g ix iil dlr mY a x wd e :EU rz `l dk`ln lM
xAc nM mdiMq pe mzgpn E :mkl Eid i mninY dr aW dpW ipA miU a M cg` li`
:FMqpM oiie UaMl oFxUr e li` l mip xUr ipW xR l mipxUr d lW h:hk
:mzk ld M mici
nz ipW
E [(l"ixdn) mixR
Md z`Hg ca Nn `"p] xRk l mixi rU ipW
E
EbPrz
ie ErAU i mNM iriaW iWC
wn mr bpr i`xF w
e zAW
ix
W Lz Ekln A EgnU i zaya]
[:ziW`x a dUr nl xkf z `x
w Fz` mini zC ng FYWCwe FA z iv x iriaX
a E La EHn
:dGd mixER Md [mFiaE dGd zAX d zaya] mFiA Epiz FpFr l | lFgn Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l `
iprn l Lir Wt dn Èd i p` i p` dk:bn diryi -xEn`M Lipir cbPn Epir WR xarde dgn
:LiY l` b iM l` daEW Lize`Hg prk e Lir WR ark izig n ak:cn -xn`pe :xM f` `l Liz `Hge
g lMn mkz
_______________________________________________
326
Lz xFz
A Epw lg oze LizFvn A EpW
C
w [ Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` zaya]
Epi l
` ii Epligpd e zaya] :znÀ LC ar
A Epg O U e La EHn Epr
AU

2
l`x Uil oglFq dY` iM [:Ln W
iad` l`x
Ui La EgnU ie LW c
w zAW oFvx aE dad` A
:dY` `N` glFqe lgFn Kln Epl oi` Licr lA n E xFce xFClkA oExW i iha W l olg FnE
Epz FnW` xiar nE l`xUi ziA FOr zFpFr le Epiz FpFr
l glFqe lgFn Kln ii dY` KExA
:mixER
Md mFie l`x
Ui [e zAX d zaya] WCwn ux` d lMlr Kln dpW e dpW
lkA
l`xUi iX` e Lz iA xiac

l dcFa
r d aWd e mzNt z aE l`xUi LOrA Epi l
` ii dvx
:LO r l`x
Ui zcFa
r cinY oFvxl idzE oFvx A lAw z dad` A dx dn mzNt zE
:oFIvl FzpikW
Epr
Wi obn EpiIg xEv :cre mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii Èd dY` W Kl Epgp` micFn

Epiz FnWplr
e Lc iA mixEq
:xFce xFcl Èd dY`
zrl kA W Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt p lr e EpO r mFilkA W LiQplr
e Kl zFcEwRd
:Kl Epiew mlFrn Lic
qg EOz `l iM mgx
dv e xwa
e axr
:Lz ix
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az i mNMl
r
e
:dlq Epz xfr
e Epz rEW
miIg d lke

UilMlr e cqge og dkx
aE daFh mFlW miU
miIg zxFY
Epi l
` ii EpN Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A
l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A aFhe :mFlWe miIg e ming xe dkx
aE dwc
vE cqg zad` e
azM pe xkGp daFh dqpxtE mFlWe dkx A miIg xtq A :LnFlWA dr Wlka E zrl
kA
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlWl E miIg l l`x
Ui ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l
sxr iWw E mipt iGr Ep` oi`W Epiz Pg Y

n mNrz
:Ep`h g Epgp` la` Ep`h g `le Epgp` miwiC
v Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii Lipt l xnFl
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
_______________________________________________
327

EpnW
Eplt h
:xwW Epqn g Epcf EprW de
x Epierd
w
:sxr EpiX Epxxv R
EprW Epier Epxxq
:EprY r Y Epir
Y EparY g W
Epz x
EprW
Epilr À d lM r wiC
`le miaFHd Lih R W
:EprW
x
zFxYq Pd lM `ld miwg W

okFW Lipt l xRq p dnE mFxn aWFi Lipt l xn`P dn
:rcFi
dY` zFlbPd e
:oha ixc
glM U g fk:k ilyn dY` :iglM ixz q zFnElr ze mlFr ifx rcFi dY`
oFvx idi oka E :Lipir cbPn xYq p oiè O n mNr
p xaC lM oi` ale zFilM oAE k:ì dinxi
Epllgn z e Epiz `HglM lr Epl glq Y W Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn
:Epir
WR lr Eplxtk zE
Epiz FpFr lM lr
:aNd uEn` A Lipt l Ep`h g W

`hg lr
e aE qp` A Lipt l Ep`h g W
:oFvx `hg lr
:miz t U iEHa A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :zrc ila A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:zFixr iENbA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :xzQ a E iElbA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
na E zrcA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:dnx `hg lr
e :dR xEAcA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:rx z`pFdA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :aNd xEdxd A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
reA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:zEpf zci `hg lr
e :dR iECeA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:mixFnE lEflfA Lipt l Ep`h g W
mixFd `hg lr a E oFcfA Lipt l Ep`h g W
e :dbbW `hg lr
:mXd lENg A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :ci wfg A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:miz t U z`n hA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :dR zEWth A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
`laE mircF iA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:mircFi `hg lr
e d xviA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:rx `hg lr
.('zegilq del-`' :milind `la) 'epl xtk epl lgn epl glq mlk lre' :èd ze`wqt oiay dywad gqep
e
_______________________________________________
328
:afk a E WgM
e :cgW zRk A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:oFvlA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e d oFWlA Lipt l Ep`h g W
:rx `hg lr
n a E lk` n A Lipt l Ep`h g W
:dYW e :oYn a E `Vn A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr `hg lr
:oFxB zIh pA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr na E KWpA Lipt l Ep`h g W
e :ziAx `hg lr
:Epiz FztU g iU
e :oir xETq A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:gvn zEGrA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :zFnx mipirA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
.'mlek lre' o`k mixne` oi`
:zElilt A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :lr zwix t A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:oir zExv A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :rx zIcv A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:sxr zEiWw A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :W`x zENw A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
:zElikxA Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr dl milbx zvixA Lipt l Ep`h g W
e :rx g "r
:mpg z`pU
e :èW a W
zrE A Lipt l Ep`h g W `hg lr
:aal oFdnz A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr
e :ci znEU z A Lipt l Ep`h g W
`hg lr

e
:miaig ep`y milina ef dxinà ald lr mikn
xg` xcq ef xcqk mixne` dizepae n"ctta

:z`Hg mdilr g "Wg e :dlFr mdilr miaIg Ep` W mi`h g lr
e
:iElYe i`ce mW` mdilr g "Wg e :z`Hg mdilr miaIg Ep` W mi`h g lr
e
:dlFr mdilr g "Wg e :cxFi
e dlFr oAx w mdilr miaIg Ep` W
g "lr
e
:cxFi e dlFr oAx
w mdilr g "Wg e :mW` mdilr miaIg Ep` W mi`h g lr
e
:ixi xr
e zxM mdilr g "Wg e :iElY mW` mdilr miaIg Ep` W g "lr
e
:zx M mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:min W
ici
A dzin mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr e
:mirA x
` zEwln mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:zEcx n zMn mdilr miaIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
.'zegilq del-`' :milind z` da mitiqen ,'mi`hg lre' seqay zywaa
:EplxRM Epllgn Eplglq zFgilq D Fl` mlM lr
e
_______________________________________________
329
:wpge bxd dtx

U dliwq - oiC ziA zFzin rAx
` mdilr miaiIg Ep` W
mi`h g lr
e
:dUr mEw DA oi`W
oiaE dUr mEw DAWiW
oiA dUr
z `l zFvn lr
e dUr zFvn lr
Lipt l mEpx
n` xaM Epl miElBd z` Epl miElB mpi`W
zè Epl miElBd z`
-xn`PW
xaC
M mirEcie miElB md Lipt l Epl miElB mpi`W
zè mdilr Ll EpicFd
e
d
xFYd ix
aCl
` iil zx
Yq P d gk:hk mixac
:z`Gd
oExW
i iha W
l olg FnE l`x
Uil oglFq dY` iM
lA n E
iig A ip` xtr iYxv Fp l El`M iYxv FpW eWk r

e i`c
k ipi` iYxv Fp `lW cr i l
`
Lipt Nn oFvx idi :dOlk E dWEa `ln ilk M Lipt l ip` ix
d :izz inA xng
e lw
miAx
d Lin g x
A wx
n Lipt l iz`h g W
dnE cFr `hg` `lW izFa` i lè i l
` ii
:mirx mi`lg e mixEq
i ic
ilr `l la`
xtr
n xAC
n izt U E rx
n ipFWl xvp i l`
drx ilr miaW
Fgdlke iWt p sCx
dn
:ippre eppre L
pin i dri
WFd Li
cic
i oEv
lg i or
orn l dUr Lz X
c
w
e ixEv
:on` Exn` e :l`x

UilMlr
e Epilr mFlW dUr
i Èd
Lc
ar
p mWe :Lz xFz
A Epw
lg oze Epin ia dx
dn A WC
wO d ziA dpA iW
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc
w mipW
k E mlFr iniM d`x
iA
(!dwqtd miyer oiè) .dgpnl dxez xtq miìven yicwe sqen zxfg meiqa cin xetk meia
_______________________________________________
330
xetk meil dlirp zltz xetk mei
xetk meil dlirp zltz

'epnzge' fixkn ofgd dlirpa
:miIg mi l
` Lprnl miIg d xtq A Epn z
ge miIg A utg Kln miIg l Epx
kf
W FnE xfFr Kln
:xtr ipW
:drEW
k in
.dlirpa 'jvixrp' zyecw xne` ofgd

e WFcw dY`
:z`x
ie miUr
Od lM LE` xi
ie
Lipt l ohlX
d W
Epi l` ii EprcIW
:z`x
bE Lc iA fr
xFc
l dew z e Li` xi
l dNd Y LO r
l ii cFaM oY oka E
l oxw zgin v E Lxi
:Epin iA dx
dn A LgiWn iWioal
A mici qg e EfFlr
i mix
Wie Egn U ie E`x
i miwiC
v fè
:ux
M DNM dr Wxdlke
mlW
Exi
oFIv Ki l
c
w ix
ac
A aEzMM LW c
w xir
:DiElld xc
e xc l
`d e hRW
O A
:z`x
r l EpM ln EpY a xw
e Liz Fvn A EpY W C
we
dGd mixER
1
:mix
ycw `x
wn [dad ` A zaya] oilet gqep itl 1.
_______________________________________________
331

ie dvx
ie d`x
ie ri
Bie `Faie dlr
`
oFxkfe LW
c
w xir mlW
Exi oFxkfe LC
ar ceCo
mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE dhilt l Lipt l l`x
Ui ziA LOrl
M
:miIg l Fa Epri
WFde dkx
al Fa Epc
wt E daFhl FA Epi l
` ii Epx
kf :dGd mixER
Md mFiA
oEpg Kln l` iM Epipir Lil` iM Epri
WFde Epilr mgx
e EPpg e qEg ming x
e drEW
i xac
aE
:dY` mEgx
e
:dGd mixER
Md [mFiaE dGd zAX
d zaya] mFiA Epiz FpFr
l | lFgn Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
`
iprn l Lir
Wt dn Èd i p` i p` dk:bn diryi -xEn`M Lipir cbPn Epir
WR xar
de dgn
:LiY l` b iM l` daEW Lize`Hg prk e Lir
WR ar
k izig n ak:cn -xn`pe :xM
f` `l Liz `Hge
g lMn mkz
Lz xFz
A Epw
lg oze LizFvn A EpW
C
w [ Epz g Epna dvx Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` zaya]
Epi l
` ii Epligpd e zaya] :znÀ LC
ar
A Epg O U
e La EHn Epr
AU

2
l`x
Uil oglFq dY` iM [:Ln W
iad` l`x
Ui La EgnU ie LW
c
w zAW
oFvx
aE dad` A
lA n E xFce xFClkA oExW
i iha W
l olg FnE
Epz FnW` xiar
nE l`x
Ui ziA FOr zFpFr
le Epiz FpFr
l glFqe lgFn Kln ii dY` KExA
:mixER
Md mFie l`x
Ui [e zAX
d zaya] WC
wn ux` d lMlr Kln dpW
e dpW
lkA
l`x
Ui iX` e Lz iA xiac
l dcFa
rd aWd e mzNt z
aE l`x
Ui LOr
A Epi l
` ii dvx
:LO r l`x
Ui zcFa
r cinY oFvxl idzE
oFvx
A lAw z dad` A dx
dn mzNt zE

:oFIvl FzpikW
Epr
e mlFrl Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii Èd dY` W
Kl Epgp` micFn

Epiz FnWplr
e Lc
iA mixEq
:xFce xFcl Èd dY`
zrl
kA W
Liz FaFhe Liz F`lt p lr
e EpO r mFilkA W
LiQplr
e Kl zFcEwRd
:Kl Epiew mlFrn Lic
qg EOz `l iM mgx
dv e xwa
e axr
:Ln W
iWC
wn l`x
Ui ma EgEpie :mixne` oilet gqep itl 2.
_______________________________________________
332
:Lz ix
a ipA miaFh miIg l mFzge cr e mlFrl cinY EpM ln LnW
mnFxz
ie Kx
Az
i mNMl
r
e
:dlq Epz xfr
e Epz rEW
miIg d lke

UilMlr e cqge og dkx aE daFh mFlW miU
miIg zxFY
Epi l ` ii EpN Y z p LipR xFà iM LipR xFÀ cg` M EpNM Epia ` Epk x
A
l`x Ui LOrz
` Kx al Lipir
A aFhe :mFlWe miIg e ming x e dkx
aE dwcvE cqg zad` e
mzgpe xkGp daFh dqpx tE mFlWe dkx A miIg xtq A :LnFlWA drWlka E zrl kA
:mFlXd dUFr ii dY` KExA :mFlWl E miIg l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
ke Ep` Lipt l
sxr iWw E mipt iGr Ep` oi`W Epiz Pg Y
n mNrz
:Ep`h g Epgp` la` Ep`h g `le Epgp` miwiC
v Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
` ii Lipt l xnFl

EpnW
Eplt h
:xwW Epqn g Epcf EprW de
x Epierd
:sxr EpiX w Epxxv EprW R Epier Epxxq
:EprY r Y Epir Y EparY Epz g W
EprW x
Epilr À d lM r wiC
`le miaFHd Lih R W
:EprW
x
zFxYq Pd lM `ld miwg W okFW Lipt l xRq p dnE mFxn aWFi Lipt l xn`P dn
:rcFi
dY` zFlbPd e
:miaW
lAw l dhEWR Lpinie mirW Ftl ci ozFp dY`
EplA T zE
Epic i wWr n lC
gp orn l Epiz FpFrl M lr Lipt l zFCez dl Epi l
` ii Epc
OlY
e
iX` l uw oi` :Yxn ` xW` Lix aC orn l migFgipk E miX` M Lipt l dnlW daEWz A
Kkitl dr lFze dOx Epz ix g` W rcFi dY` e :Epz n W ` i gipl xRq n oiè Epiz FaFg
3
Ep Mdn Epr WIdn EpwcSdn EpC qg dn EpiIg dn Ep` dn Epiz g ilq z iA xd
Lipt l oi` M mixFA Bd lk `ld Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt l xn`Pdn :Epz xEa
Bdn
EdY mdiU r n ax iM :lMU d ila M mipFapE rC n ila M mink g e Eid `lM mXd iWp` e
:lad lMd iM oi` dn d A d on m
c`d xz FnE hi:b zldw Lipt l lad mdiIg inie
(:ft `nei 'nb) .'?EpiIg dn ?Ep` dn' xn ` lÈn
WE !`z xi z
i `zFl
v xn ` ax ?mix
rW zlir
p i`n 3.
_______________________________________________
333
lr tY dn Ll x ì in iM Lipt l cnr l Edxi MY e W`xn WFp ` Y lC

ad dY`
4
dlign E uw dGd mixER Md mFv mFiz` dad` A Epi l ` ii EploYY e :LloYIdn wC vimè
:mlW aalA LpFvx iwg zFUr l aEWpe Epic i wWr n lC gp orn l EpizFpFrl kl dgilq E
EWxC e:dp diryi -xn`PW :mlFr zzg W d A uRgz `l iM Epilr mgx miAx d Lin g x
A dY` e
W
ie ei aWg n oe` Wi` e FM xC rW x afri f:dp -xn`Pe :aFx w FzFi
dA Ed`x w F` vO d A ii
mEg x
e oEPg zFgi lq D Fl ` dY` e fi:h dingp :gFlq l dAx iiM Epi l `lè Edn g xi e iil`
mirW x lW oza EWz A dY` dvFxe aihdl dAx nE :zn è cqgax e miR ` Kx` e:cl zeny
mi l` ipc` | m` p | ip` ig md il` xn ` ì:bl l`wfgi -xn`PW mz zinA utg dY` oiè
dOle mirxd mkikxC
n EaEW EaEW dig e FMxC n rWx aEWA m` iM rW xd zFn A uRg` m`
FaEW
A `Fld mi l ` ipc` m` p rW x zFn uRg` ut gd bk:gi -xn`pe :l` x Ui ziA EzEnz
:Eige EaiWd e mi l
` ipc` m` p zO d zFn A uRg` `l iM al:gi -xn`pe :dig e eikxC n
oExW
i iha W
l olg FnE l`x
Uil oglFq dY` iM
lA n E
iig A ip` xtr iYxv Fp l El`M iYxv FpW eWk r
e i`ck ipi` iYxv Fp `lW cr i l
`
Lipt Nn oFvx idi :dOlk E dWEa `ln ilk M Lipt l ip` ix d :izz inA xng
e lw
miAx d Lin g x
A wxn Lipt l iz`h g W
dnE cFr `hg` `lW izFa` i lè i l ` ii
:mirx mi`lg e mixEq
i icilr `l la`
xtr M iWt pe mCz iWt p illw n le dnx n xAC n izt U E rx n ipFWl xvp i l`
drx ilr miaW Fgdlke iWt p sCx Y Liz Fvn a E Lz xFz A iAl gzR :did Y lMl
orn l dUr Lpini orn l dUr Ln W orn l dUr :mzFaWg n lwlw e mzv r xtd dx dn
:ippre eppre L
pin i dri
WFd Li
cici oEv
lg i or
w
einFxnA mFlW d r :il` b e ixEv
:on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr mFlW dUri Èd
Lc
ar
p mWe :Lz xFz
dn A WCwO d ziA dpA iW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l
:zIpn c
w mipW
k E ml Fr in iM mlW
Exi
e dcEd
i zgpn i il da xr
e c:b ik`ln :zFIpnc w mipW k E mlFr iniM d`x iA
,dlild jezl dlirp zlitz zkynp m` s` okecl miler mipdk
.mzriqe u"ari zli`y ,xiì zeg ,l"ixdn ,mi`xi ,rexf xe` ,d"ia`xd z`xedk
1
driwze zeny
:oldlc xcqd èd ,cenrd zizgza miidlrcrx ixefgna qtcpd xcqd itl 'zeny'd z` mixne` 'lawzz' yicw xg`
.minrt yy cer ldwd ofg mixfeg ef dxin` lr .df weqt xneè xfeg ldwde ,'micl`d èd 'c' :xne` u"y
:ygla zg` mrt mixne` cgi mlek .eixg` xfeg ldwde ,'cg` 'c epicl` 'c l`xyi rny' :zg` mrt xne` u"y
.dniad lv` zg` driwz rinyn rwezde ,'driwz' :`xew axd .'cre mlerl ezekln ceak my jexa'
,zayd zelitzn epi` dlitzd xg`y ieciedy oeik ,cigi zlitza zay o`k oixikfn oi` zaya lgy k"deia mb 4.
... ('b 'irq b"kwz r"ey) dlitzd jezay zexkfdd lkk zay xikfn ezlitz jeza iecied xne`y u"yd wxe
(edil` xef` xeciq)
.dkex` driwz oirwezy aezk (57) m"xdn ibdpn la` .dlecb driwz didzy xkfen `l l"ixdna ,xetk mei i`vena 1.
.dlecb driwz ìdy (miixbeqa) aezk xbd ibdpna la` .`yiinxee ibdpna oke ,mzq driwz aezk zldw ixacae
.fpkyà bedp did `l d`xpke ,oilet bdpna zexewn dnka àen jke
_______________________________________________
334
zepeek zecn b"i
: xeace xeac lkl zecn dxyr yly mixne`y zrya jiiy dpeekd df
f-e:cl zeny
aEWie `h giW xg ` l Èd ip` i i `h giW mcFw Èd ip` ii
oEPg e zEkf Fl WiW in l mEgx iFBl Elit ` min gxd zci n l`
EaEWi ilE` mir W xl s` Kix `n mR` Kx` zEkf Fl oi` W in l
FpFvx iUFr l aFh xkU mlW l :zn è cq g miki xv l cqgax e
cif n A dUFr
l oer ` p aFh iUFr mc` W M mit l`l c qg x p
mia W l d
Tpe dbbW A miUFr
d d`H g e qir k d
l mic xFn d r te
Selichos [Prayers of Atonement] according to the Alsace [France] custom.
Frankfurt On the Main ~ 1725
If one orens within a xeav which is using a different version of zegilq, one may either recite
those zegilq along with the xeav, which is preferable to oren the fpky` bdpnl zegilq at home
alone, or one may oren the fpky` bdpnl zegilq while others are reciting different words in
synagogue, as long as one is careful to recite the zecn b"i with the xeav. If the xeav is not reciting
the zecn b"i (this can happen during the opening of the ark on xetk mei which falls on zay, when
the fpky` bdpn is to chant the zecn b"i as on all xetk ini) at the appropriate part of the service,
one should chant them to oneself.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The zia sl` And The Shapes Of Its Letters, May Be Expounded To Teach Numerous Lessons:
Elit `C ilin Exn ` e ,`W xc n ial `pCi ` d iT CxC Ez` ,iel oA r WFd
i ia xl opA x Dil ixn `
.miNC lFnB-z"lC l"niB ,dpiA sl` -z"iA s"l` ,Ediize eM xn Yi ` `l oEp oA r WFd
i ini A
.miNC xg ` uExl ,mic q g lnF b lW FMxC oMW ?z"lC iAbl l"niB DirxM dhEW R `n r h i`n
`n r h i`nE .DiW t p Dil Divni lC ?l"niB iAbl z"lcC DirxM dhEW R `n r h i`nE
.Dipin siQ Mi l `lC iki d M ,drp iv A Dil oYi
lC ?l"niBn z"lcC DiR ` xCd n
,oM dUFr dY ` m` e- cnl sM cEi zih zig oif .Èd KExA WFcT d lW FnW df-ee `d
.Àd mlFrl xz M Ll xWFw e ,dWEx i Ll ozFp e Ll aih nE LzF`
og e LzF` of Èd KExA WFcT d
on
`p sEtM on `p-dnEzq o"Ep dgEzR o"Ep .mEzq xn `n gEz
R xn `n -dnEzq m"n dgEzR m"n
`R dgEzR `R .DzF` dpwE ,dxFY A dU r oipni q ,`pix g` `pXi
l ,miIp r KFnq -oir jnq .hEWR
,WFcw- sEw ...hEWR wiC v sEtM wiC v ,dnEzq i"c ve dgEzR i"c v .mEzq dR gEz R dR-dnEzq
lFki ip` oi` ,Èd KExA WFcT d xn ` ?Wixn sEwC DiR ` xCd n `n r h i`n .rW x- Wix
.zn` e"iY ,xw W- o"iW ...rW xA lMY q d l
`xwi W `n r h i`nE .gi k W `l `h WEw ,gi k W `xwi W ?Dilin oaxw n xw W `n r h i`n
(.cw zay 'nb) .i` w `l `xwi W ,i` w `h WEw ,DipEAl oA ln zn è ,i` w DirxM `c
g`
_______________________________________________
335
dkepg zexp zwlcd xcq dkepg
4 3 2 1
dkepg xcq
5
dler adld mda mitewf mikifaa ony ly od dery ly od ,mitewf zexp zqpkd ziaa miwilcn
.oetvl eipte mexcl eixeg`yk cner wilcnde ,ycewd oex`l zinexc zaven dxepnd .ycwnd zia dxepnak
.epinil dpete sqepd il`nydn ligzn mini x`yae ,ycewd oex`l jenqd xpd èdy ,epinin ligzn oey`x meia
:el`d zekxad mixne` dwlcdd iptl

mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA (.bk zay 'nb)
:(dMpg lW `"p) xp 6 wilc

dMpgNW dl EpEv e ei evn A EpW
C
w xW`
:dGd onfA mdd minIA Epiz Fa`l miQp dUr

W mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
:'epiigdy' mb mitiqen oey`xd axra
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
[xehde mdxcea` zqxib ìd jk] :mixne` oey`xd xp zwlcd xg` cin
zF`lt Pd lr
e zFrEWY
d lr
e miQPd lr oiwilc
n Ep` ElNd zFxPd
Wcw ElNd zFxPd dMpg ini zpnWlke :miWFcTd LipM ic
ilr Epiz Fa`l z iU r
W
LiQplr LnW
l zFcFdl ic
M calA mzF`x
l `N` mdA WOY W
d l zEWx Epl oiè
:Liz F`lt plr
e Lz rEW
ilr
e
(d"kepd sqei o`vk bdep) .llid ziak dklde zexp 'g oewixhep 1.
2. There is no specific way of preparing the candles, but there are two mibdpn regarding lighting
them. The most common bdpn, in most of fpky`, was to light the new candle first (the left most
candle), however, `yiinxee bdpn was to light the right candle first.
exizdl xg` oipn jixv oipnay xac lk mipta oiwilcn ep`y ocicl s` dlild zligza (dkepg zexp) wilcdl yi 3.
onewnn eff `l dndd zepwz `nrh èdd dil lif`c s` dzre .l"f epinkg epwzy epivn zepwz dnke
xeqi` ,dyecway 'l`x ' ,'Èd dY` e l`x
Ui rnW ' ,dx
Ui rnW ht d d ,'zFa` obn ' ,':on ` e | on` ml Frl 'c KExA' oebk
.dfd onfa xingdl aehc aezk jexr oglya mbe .mireci mifnxl mirehp zexeqnk mdixac ik .mixkp ly dpiab
(brxzz oniq une` sqei)
(dkepg ly oexg` mei) 'gafnd zkepg' meia sxypy (n"ctt) o`k bdpne .oipdp oi` dkepg ly zexpn onyd xzen 4.
(dcedi gk) .zewepiz ici lr zixgya zqpkd zia zìvi xg`l zqpkd zia xvga
.xeaivd ceak iptn ,zqpkd ziaa miwilcny drya lecb zilha shrzn ofgd fpky` bdpn itl 5.
6. There are two zegqep to recite the following dkxa. Older mixecq contain dkepg ly. The l"yxdn's
opinion, which became widely accepted is that dkpgly is said as one word. l"fg sometimes
combined the word ly with what it applies to. Therefore, both zexeqn have legitimacy.
,dkepg ly xp wilcdl epeve eizevna epycw xy` d"n epiwl` 'c dz` jexa ,(.bk zay 'nb) jxan xpd lre
(.en dkeq 'nb) (f:al mixac) ':Kl Exnìe Lipwf LcB ie Lia ` l` W
xc
exC zFpW i xkf' on ,epiev okide
EpiA ml Fr zFn
(`nw 'q gwex) .(uxid 'x xeciqa àen) ef dkxaa zeaiz c"i oke ,c"i ixd dìxwde zeaiz b"i ml Fr zFn i xkf weqta
_______________________________________________
336
dkepg zexp zwlcd xcq dkepg
8 7
:dfd heitd mixne` dwlcdd xg`
.gAfp dcFY
,mWe .izNt Y ziA ,oFMY .gA W i xEv ,fFrn
l d`p ,Ll .izrEW
:gA fO d zMpg .xFnfn xiWA ,xnb` f` .gA pn d xSn .gA h n oikY zr
l
.dlbr zEkln ,cEArW

A .iWwA Exx
n ,iIg aU ,zFrx
.dlM i M ,oFbiA .iWt p dr
:dlEvn ,oa` M Ecx

i .Frxflke , rx
R lig .dNbQ d z` ìvFd .dNc
Bd Fcia E
.iYca r mix
f ,iM .iplbd e ,UbFp àE .iYh w w xiaC
W `l ,mW mbe .ip` iad FWc
:iYr W
Fp mira W
uwl .laA xf ,laA uw .iYxa r
W hr
nM .iYk q n ,lrx oiie
.dzA W
p Fze` be .WwFnl FN dzid pe Od oA ibb` ,WTA .WFxA znFw zFxM
.`zc
:zilY ur
d lr .eipipw e eipA ax .zig n FnW ,aiFè .z`V p ipini W`x
.mipn X
d lM ,EÒh e .ilC
bn nFg ,Evx
tE g iniA ,if` .ilr EvAw p ,mipei
.miPn W
:mippxE xiW ,Eraw .dpFnW ini dpia ipA .miPW

FWl ,qp dUr
p .miPw pw xzFPnE
7. Musicologists claim that the common xev fern tune is based upon three melodies. The first part
is a German song, the second a German war song (called Beutenhaur), and the last part
another song (called Schallmann Lied). It seems the melody is about 500 years old.
A different melody, was sung in n"ctt and by the xpl jexr.
8. In the miidlcex ixeciq we also find different ze`gqep - for example dlM i M oFbiA instead of dlM ,
and dNcBd Fcia E instead of dNcBd. There are some questions regarding this heit - a) its authorship
is unknown, b) the exact gqep of the heit is likewise unknown. It was first printed in Prague
(d"rx) and then in the wcv ilbrn xefgn (i"y iwipel`q).
_______________________________________________
337
dlibnd zìxw xcq mixet
4 3 2 1
mixet xcq
!zFkx
Ad e dNbn d zìx
w zr
WA dti dwizW
:fixkn `xewd e` ynyd
5
:el`d zekxad xne` `xewd dlibnd zìxw iptl
mlFrd Kln Epi l` ii dY ` KExA
:dNbn `x
wn lr EpEv e ei evn A EpW
C
w xW`
:dGd onfA mdd minIA Epiz Fa`l miQp dUr
W mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
:lenz` ly dkxaa e`vi xaky ,zixgy ly dlibnd zìxwa 'epigdy' mikxan oi`
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
:`xewd jxan dlibnd zìxw xg`
6
Epa ixz
` ax d (l`d ) mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA (:`k dlibn 'nb)
EpW t p iaiF`lkl lEnB mNW n d e Epz n w pz` mwFPde EppiCz
` oC de
:ri
W FOd l`d mdix vlMn l`x
Ui FOr l rx
tPd ii dY ` KExA :Epix
Sn Epl rx
tPd e
.xekf zyxt zìxw z` dprnyz miypy xlc` ozp epiax z`xed lr micitwn miax - xekf zyxt 1.
.dìxwd z` letkl ebdp `le ,dxiva xkf ly o"ifd ,'wlnr xkf z` dgnz' ìd zlaewnd dìxwd
fnxd z` hiladl ick zcgein dnrhda dze` mixne` yi ,'(ipfà dfd o`vd lew) dne
' dlnd z` dxhtda
.o`vd ziirbl ìapd ly
2. Three dwcv boxes are put out. a) lwyd zivgnl xkf which is given to the dxez icnel in milyexi,
b) mipeia`l zepzn, and c) dwcv `ziprzc `xb`, (the cost of the meals one would have eaten that day).
3. The bdpn was to give zepn gelyn after dlibnd zìxw in the daytime and not before. The bdpn of
having dpeek during epiigdy zkxa for the other mixet zevn, is discussed by the d"ly,
(e"h 'q ,minyd on z"ey), and the dxexa dpyn. There is no evidence that this was practiced
in fpky`. On the contrary, we find that the iax of the gwex, qenipelw xa dcedi iax explains
that epiigdy is not said at the dcerq, since it is not specifically for the bg (similarly aeh mei zcerq
does not have a epiigdy), only on dlibn `xwn (and dkepg zexp zwlcd) do we recite epiigdy, since this
clearly indicates the qp. (mipeia`l zepzn and zepn gelyn are the same in this respect as
the dcerq). We also do not find that one announces that one should have dpeek, although
!zekxade dlibnd zìxw zrya dti dwizy is announced.
4. According to R. Yisroel Strauss of KAJ WH "Groggers (sirens, whistles, etc) are fairly new,
30-35 years. In fact most of the noise is still generated with stamping feet and banging of the
shtender covers. The first mention of ond gets about four seconds and the rest about 1-2
seconds. onds wife yxf gets equal treatment.
.xeaivd ceak iptn ,mixet lila dlibn zìxw zrya lecb zilha shrzn `xewd fpky` bdpn itl 5.
6. 'l`d' was included in the dkxa in `yiinxee as well as by the gwex, while in n"ctt it was not
(zldw ixac pg. 420). It seems that in n"ctt in later generations it was said, as is evident from
Baal Kerioh Benno Weiss melodies.
_______________________________________________
338
dlibnd zìxw xcq mixet
.'awri zpyey' mixnfne 'ìpd xy`' mixne` ,ziaxra dixg`y dkxade dlibnd zìxw xnba
.'awri zpyey' mixnfn j` ,u"yd zxfga exn`p zeaexwy iptn ,'ìpd xy`' mixne` oi` zixgya
.minExr zFaWg n ,xtIe .miFB zvr ,ìpd xW`
.wln r rxGn ,oFcf xvp .rWx mc ` ,Epilr mEwA
.ckl FN dWw Fp ,FzNc bE .xFA Fl dxk e ,FxWr a d`B
.dxdn cnW pe ,cinW d l WTA .cMlpe ,cMll FWtpa dOC
.mipA l mig` z`pU xxFr e .eizFa` zai` ri ond
cFd
.aiF` clFp ,bb` lr Fzln ga iM .lE`W ing x xkf `le
.xFdh ici A `nh cMlpe .wiC v zix kd l rWx mnf
.ei`h g lr `hg siqFd rWx e .a` zbbW lr ,xaB cqg
.drx zFUr l xMn z Ie .einExr zFaWg n ,FAlA onh
.mx kf zix kd l ozp FRqM .l` iyFc wA glW Fci
.oWEWA EpYp ond izc e .svw `viiM ,ikCx n zF`xM
.xt` d lr aWIe ,mFv xfbe .cRq n xWw e ,wU Wal
.Epiz Fa` oer z`Hg lgnle .dbbW xRk l cnr i df in
.mipW i xxFr l dc nr dQc d od .alENn gx R up
.mipiPY zng oii ,FzFwWd l .ond l milida n d iqixq

.eilr dlz pe ,ur Fl dUr .FrWx A ltpe ,FxWr a cnr
.EpxEt
l KRd p ,ond xEt iM .laz iaW FilM ,Egz R mdiR
.FWtp zgY oYp aiF` .rWx cIn ulgp wiCv
.dpW e dpW lkA g n Ule .mixER zFUr l ,mdilr EnIw
:zilY ur dlr eipa E ond .xYq ` e ikCx ` z i` x
n zNt Yz
Y
.gvpl z iid mzrEW .ikCx
n zlk Y cgi mzF`xA .dgn U e dldv awr FW
i zPW
.KA miqFgdlM gvpl EnlM i`le .EWa i `l LiewlMW ,ri cFd
l .xFce xFClkA mzew z e
xYq ` dkExA .ici gt n zW` ,Wxf dxEx
` .icEd
Id ikCx
n KExA .ic A` l WTA xW` ,ond xEx`
8 7
.aFHl xEkf dpFax g mbe .(l`x
UilM mikExA ,milxr
d lM mixEx ` siqedl yi) ,icr A
.(241 'nr) 'yecw dzè'a mikiynn mixet lila
.(249 'nr) 'epilr'e (242 'nr) lawzz yicw aeye
.(240 'nr) 'mrp idie'a mikiynn zay i`vena
.(61 'nr) 'oeivl àe'e (60 'nr) 'ixy`'a mikiynn xweaa
mikexa milxrd lk mixex`' q"yxa la` ,llk `zil i"qae (u"xz 'iq) xeha d"k 'miryxd lk mixex`' 7.
(edil` xef` xeciq) .o`k dhly dxefpvd ciy xexae ,xeha oky azke 'mil`xyidlk
.'ond' iexwd mc` zxeva dt`nd zè ,(oeyird zrk ielzy iptn) 'ond' dpeknd oyern xya milke` mixet zcerqa 8.
_______________________________________________
339
eppiad zltz zekxa
eppiad zltz
dltza jix`dl gk ea oiè dleg èdy in e` ,edewiqtiy `xiie cexhy mewna e` jxca èdy oebk ,wgcd zrya
zltz lltzi èd ,el zxaer drydy e` ,dkex` dlitz dpeeka lltzdl lkei `le eilr zayein ezrc oi`y in e`
.zepexg` zekxa 'b miiqne 'eke dvx xneè 'ebe eppiad xne` k"gè dxyr dpny ly zepey`x zekxa 'b xneè ,eppiad
lltzn epiè .lltzdle xefgl jixv oi` ezrc dayiizde k"g` el gexiy e` ezial ribiyke ,cnern dxn`l jixve
ozcerqn ueg xky mdl ozp m` ziad lra lv` dk`ln oiyery milretd .h"ine y"na `le ,minybd zenia eppiad
:k"gè ,yecwd l`d cr 'eke `"e` i"à 'ebe izty ipc` ,`gqepd efe .eppiad milltzn ,odilr citwnyk
Epl glq z e Lz` x il Epa a l z` lFnE LikxC zrc l Epi l ` ii Eppiad

zFtpM rAx `n Epiz FvEtpE Lvx ` zF`pA EppX c
e aF`kO n Epw gx
e milE`B zFidl
miwiC
v EgnU ie Lic i sipY mirW x
d lr e EhRX i LY rC lr mirFYd e uAw Y ux `d
LgiWn iWi oal xp zkixr aE LC ar cecl ox w zginv a E Llk id oEwz a E Lxi
r oipa A
'eke dvx :dlt Y rn FW ii dY` KExA :dpr z dY` `x wp mx h
:ef dxvw dlitz lltzn mihql e` zeig icecb mewna jldnd
Epi l
` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi :dx vw mYr ce miAx n l`xUi LOr ikxv
DxFq gn iC diebE dieBlklE Fzqpx
t icM cg` e cg` lkl oYY W Epiz Fa` i lè
:dlt Y rn FW ii dY` KExA :dUr Lipir
A aFhde
.ie`xk dxyr dpeny lltzne xfeg ezial àyke .zepexg` 'bl `le zepey`x zekxa 'bl jixv oiè
dxvwa oefnd zkxa

:dgqep dfe ,dpeekae xevwa dze` ekxaiy ahen dpeekd f"nda zeleki opiè liyaza ozk`lny miypde zegtyd
FaEhA FNM mlFrdz` oGd mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA

lFcBd FaEhaE :FC qg mlFrl iM xUA lkl mgl o p dk:elw Èd ming x aE cqgA ogA
qpxtn E of Èd iM lFcBd FnW xEar A :cr e mlFrl oFfn Epl xqg ilè Epl xqg `l cinY
:lMdz` oGd ii dY` KExA :`x A xW` eizFIx Alkl oFfn oikn E lMl aihn E lMl
Epl Y z pe :dag xE daFh dC ng ux` Epiz Fa`l Y lg pd W lr Epi l ` ii Ll dcFp
:oFfOd lr
e ux` d lr ii dY` KExA :oFfnE miig zxFY e zix A
ceC ziA zEkln lr e Lxi
r mlW Exi lr
e LO r l`x Uilr Epilr Epi l` ii mgx
:on` mlW Exi eing x
a dpFA ii dY` KExA :milt k A Epn gpzE
ziA d cFaM dx dn lC
bzE LgiWn
aihd Èd Epl aihO d e aFHd KlO d mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
cr l Epicr A lFnbi Èd Epiln Fb Èd Epln b Èd :Epl aihii Èd aihn Èd
mFlW dUr i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r :giW O d zFnil EpMfie ming xlE cqgl ogl
:on` Exn` e l`x
UilMlr e Epilr
_______________________________________________
340
oefnd zkxa xcq zekxa
oefnd zkxa
1
dPx EppFWlE EpiR wFg U `lO i f` :min lg M Epiid oFIv za iWz` ii aEW A zFlrO d xiW ekw
:mig n U Epiid EpO r zFU rl ii liC bd :dN` mr zFUrl i i liC bd miFBa Ex nì f`
kaE | Kl i KFld :Exv wi dPx A dr nc
A mirxGd :abPA miwi t` M EpziaW epzeayz` ii da EW
xUA lM Kx aie iR x Aci i i zNd Y `k:dnw :ei Ol` ` p dPx a à iÀ rxGd KWn ` p
:DiElld ml Frcr e dYrn Di Kxa p | Epgp` e gi :ehw :cre mlFrl FW cw mW
dl` miweqt mnewna mitiqen yi dl` miweqt mitiqen yi
:Fz
Nd Yl
M ri n W
i ii zFxEa
B lNn i in a:ew :FC qg mlFrl iM aFhi M iil EcFd
`:giw
2
:DiElld Di lNd Y dnW Pd lM e:pw :Fz
Nd Yl
M ri n W
i ii zFxEa
B lNn i in a:ew
.'epxqgi l`' cr oefnd zkxa zrya ecia qekd z` fge` onfnd .dpyd zeni lka mipexg` min lehil ebdp `l fpkyà
(:`p zekxa 'nb) '`xw` ii mWa E .`V` zFrEWi qFM' : mixneè cia eze` milhepe qek ea mi`lnn oii yi m`
jxan mdn cg` .onfl mdilr daeg ,eicgi zeevn ipa dyely elk` m` .cia qekd mr oefnd zkxa z` mikxane
.zekxad lr 'on`' mipere ygla enr mikxan x`yde mx lewa
! orW
prA orllèe xiee izFAx : fpky` oeyla e` ! Kx ap izFAx : onfnd
:mlFrcr e dY rn Kan ii mW id i a:biw : miper miaeqnd
: ('epicl`' dlina dcinr `la) xne` onfnd
:FNXn Eplk ` W (Epi l` : siqen dxyra) Kx ap . . . zEWx A
: zeprl mikixv my elk` `ly migkepd x`y] : ('epicl`' dlina dcinr `la) miper miaeqnd
[:cre mlFrl cinY FnW K anE KExA FNXn Eplk ` W (Epi l` : dxyra) KExA
:Epiig FaEhaE
: ('epicl`' dlina dcinr `la) xneè onfnd xfege
:Epiig FaEhaE FNXn Eplk ` W
(Epi l
` : dxyra) KExA
3
:FnW KExaE Èd KExA : miaeqnde onfnd
_______
FaEhA FNM mlFrdz` oGd mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY

` KExA
:FC qg mlFrl iM xUA lkl mgl o p dk:elw Èd ming x aE cqgA ogA
xEar A :cre mlFrl oFfn Epl xqg ilè Epl xqg `l cinY lFcBd FaEhaE
eizFI
x Alkl oFfn oikn E lMl aihn E lMl qpx tn E of Èd iM lFcBd FnW
` KExA 4 :`x
:lMdz` oGd ii dY A xW`
1. The source for reciting zelrnd xiy is in the meid xcq xtq by xikn oa` dyn iax, the author of the
dlitz, ip` dcen. zelrnd xiy is said in order to include dxez ixac at the table. The bdpn is to add
two to four miweqt afterward, as listed below. According to the l"fix`, these miweqt are said
for kabbalistic reasons. It is unnecessary to recite zelrnd xiy at the xcq gqt and therefore, the
old zecbd did not include it. Perhaps this is also the reason zelrnd xiy was originally not
included before the bensching on aeh mei. At the xcq since the whole dcbd is said - there is no
need to add zelrnd xiy.
?'c zFxEaB lNn
l (cnll) d`
p in
l ':Fz
Nd Y lM ri
n W B lNn i in ' ?aiz k C i`n ,xfr l ` ia x xn ` 2.
i 'c zFxEa
(:bi zeixed ,.i zekn 'nb) .FzNd Y lM ri n W d l lFkIW in
3. The verse ':eny jexae èd jexa' which is recited before oefnd zkxa, is attributed to the gwex.
4. According to the m"anx and the micxtqd gqep, the weqt 'jci z` gzet' is said. In the ixhie xefgn
which primarily follows ztxv gqep the weqt appears; in fpky` gqep it does not.
_______________________________________________
341
:dag xE daFh dc ng ux` Epiz Fa`l Y lg pd W

lr Epi l ` ii LN dcF p
Lzi
xA lre mic ar ziAn Epz ic
tE mix vn ux` n Epi l
` ii Epz `vFdW lr e
miIg lre EpY r cFd
W LiT g lr e EpY c ONW Lz xFY
lr e Epx Ua A Y
nz g W

mFilkA cinY Epz F` qpx tn E of dY ` W oFfn zlik` lr e EpY ppFgW cqge og
:dr
Wlka E zrl ka E
zFnglO d lr e zFrEWY d lre zFxEaBd lr e owxRd lr e miQPd lr
W
xYq ` e ikCx n iniA : mixeta eipa E ipnWg lFcB oM opg FioA Ediz Yn iniA : dkepga
cnr WM dxi Ad oWEWA l`x Ui LOrl r dr Wx d oei zEkln dc nr
WM
WTA rWx d ond mdilr dY` e :LpFvx iTgn mxi ar dlE Lz xFY mgiMW d l
cA ` lE bx dl cin W d l bi:b xzq` z` Y a x mzx v zr A mdl Y c nr miAx d Lin g x
A
ow fcr
e xr Pn micEd Idl
Mz` Y xq n :mzn w pz` Y n w p mpiCz ` Y pC maix
dWFlWA cg ` mFiA miWpe sh ciA mi`n h E miHr n ciA miAx e miWNg ciA mixFA B
W g Èd xUrmi pW W g l xUr iwq Fr ciA mic fe miwiC v ciA mirW xE mixFd h
Lin g x
A dY` e :fFa l mllW E x c` LOr lE LnlFrA WFcwe lFcB mW z iU r LlE :Lz xFz
Fzvrz ` Y xt d miAx d KM xg` e :dGd mFIdM owxtE dlFcb drEW Y z iU r l`x Ui
z Fa Wde FYaW g n z` Y lw lw e z` Exdh e Llk idz` EPtE Lz iA xiac l Lipa EÀ
Fz` Elze FW`xA FlEnB zpFnW Eraw e LW c
w zFxvg A zFxp Ewilc de LW Cwn
:ur
dlr eipA zè :lFcBd LnW l lNd l E zFcFdl EN` dMpg ini
xnel xefgie my exnì ,''d'l 'dz`' oia ribd m` s` ,'lkd lre' xnby mcew xkfpe 'miqpd lr' gky m`
.my daezkd `gqepa 'epkfi èd ongxd' iptl exnì ,''d dz` jexa' xn` m` mle` .dligzn 'lkd lre'
iglk dtA LnW Kx Az

i Kz F` mikx an E Kl micFn Ep` Epi l ` ii lMdlr e
Li l` iiz` Ykxa E Y raU e Y lk ` e i:g mixac :aEzMM :cr e mlFrl cinY
:oFfOd lr
e ux` d lr ii dY ` KExA :Klozp xW` d Hd ux`d lr
oMW
n oFIv lr e Lxi r mlW
Exi lr
e LOr l`x Uilre Epilr Epi l` ii mgx
LnW `x wPW WFcTd e lFcBd ziA d lr e LgiWn ceC ziA zEkln lr e LcFa
M
Epi l` ii Eplgex
de Epg iex
de EplM lk e Epq px
t EppEf Eprx Epia ` Epi l` :eilr
mc e xUA zpY n ici l `l Epi l ` ii Epk ix vY l` `pe :Epiz FxvlMn dx dn
dag xde dWFcTd dgEzRd d`lO d Lc il [m` iM : xge`n gqep] `N` mz èld ici
l `le
:cr
e mlFrl mlM p `le WFap `NW
_______________________________________________
342
dpyd y`x ,crend leg ,aeh mei ,yceg y`x zaya
d`x ie ri Bie àie dlr i Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` Epi l ` ii Epv ilg d e dvx
oFxkfe EppFCwt E EppFxkf xkGie cwR ie rnX ie dvxie mFi zev n a E Liz Fvn A
xir mlW Exi oFxkfe LC ar ceCo
A g iWn oFxkfe Epiz Fa` WFcTd e lFcBd zAX d iriaX d
dhilt l Lipt l l`x Ui ziA LOrl
M oFxkfe LW c
w WFcwe lFcB df mFi iM dGd
mFiA mFlWl E miIg lE ming xlE cqglE oglE daFhlE g Eple FAzAW l Lipt l Èd
| zFSOd bg : gqtl | Wcg d W`x : yceg y`xl :LpFvx zev n M dad` A FA
| oFxMGd : dpyd y`xl zFrEaWd bg : zereayl Epi l ` ii Epl g ipd LpFvxA
| mixER
Md : xetk meia milke`d milege micli dgp` e oFbie dx v idz `lW
zxvr d bg ipinW : dxez zgnye zxvr ipinyl | zFM Qd bg : zekql ii Ep` x de :Epz g Epn mFiA
dkx al Fa Epc wt E daFhl FA Epi l ` ii EPx
kf dGd Lxi r oFIv zFngpA Epi l `
EpPg e qEg ming x e drEW
i xac aE miIg l Fa Epri WFde LW c
w xir mlW Exi oipa a E
oEPg Kln l` iM Epipir Lil` iM Epri WFde Epilr mgxe zFrEWid lrA Èd dY` iM
:dY` mEgx e :zFngPd lra E
:Epin ia dx
dn A WcT d xir mlW
Exi dpa E
5
:on` :mlW Exi eing x
a dpFA ii dY ` KExA
,y`xl xefgl jixv dipye dpey`x dcerq ìd m` 'aehd' zkxa ligzd xake 'dvx' xnel zaya gky
: o`k xnì 'aehd' zkxa ligzdy iptl xkfp m` la` ;jixv epi` ziyily dcerqae
dad ` A l`x
Ui FOr
l dgEpnl zFzAW ozp xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
:zAX
d WCwn ii dY` KExA :zixale zF`l
: o`k xnì ,'aehd' zkxaa gzty mcew xkfpe xg` xkfpe yceg y`xa 'àie dlri' xnel gky
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA ,xefgl jixv epi` 'aehd' zkxa ligzdy
dad ` A l`x
Ui FOr
l dgEpnl zFzAW ozp xW` : o`k xnì ,'aehd' zkxaa gzty mcew xkfp m` la`
:oFxMfl miWcg iW`xe zix ale zF`l mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
:miWc
g iW`x e l`x
Uie zAX
d WCwn ii dY` KExA :oFxMfl l`x
Ui FOrl miWcg iW`x ozp xW`
,'àie dlri'e 'dvx' gkye zaya yceg y`x lg
'àie dlri'e 'dvx' gkye zaya aeh mei lg mè `l la`) aeh meia 'àie dlri' xnel gky m`
:xneè cgia aeh meie zay ly llek ,y`xl xfeg 'aehd' zkxa ligzd xake (n"dga
zFzAW
ozp xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA : o`k xnì ,'aehd' zkxaa gzty mcew xkfp m` la`
zix ale zF`l dad ` A l`xUi FOrl dgEpnl mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
:dGd (ipelt) bg mFiz` dgn U lE oFUUl miaFh minie l`x
Ui FOr l miaFh mini ozp xW`
:miPn Gd e l`x
Uie zAX
d WC
wn ii dY` KExA :dGd (ipelt) bg mFiz` dgn U lE oFUUl
:miPn Gd e l`x
Ui WC
wn ii dY` KExA
:xne` 'àie dlri'e 'dvx' gkye zaya dpyd y`x lgyke dpyd y`xa 'àie dlri' xnel gky m`
zFzAW ozp xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA ,xfeg epi` 'aehd' zkxa ligzd xake
zix ale zF`l dad ` A l`x
Ui FOrl dgEpnl : o`k xnì ,'aehd' ligzd `l cer mè
:dGd oFxMGd mFiz` l`x Uil miaFh minie ozp xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
:oFxMGd mFie l`x
Uie zAX
d WCwn ii dY` KExA :dGd oFxMGd mFiz` l`x
Ui FOr
l miaFh mini
5. At the end of this dkxa we answer on`, even though we recite the dkxa ourselves (an exception
to the general rule), since this is the last of the zekxa prescribed in the dxez. (`:gtw jexr ogly)
_______________________________________________
343
Ep` xFA
Epxi C
` EpM ln Epia ` l`d mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY ` KExA 6
aihO d e aFHd KlO d l`x Ui drFx EprFx awr i WFcw EpW Fcw :Epx vFi Epl b
Epln b Èd :Epl aihii Èd aihn Èd aihd Èd mFie mFilkA W (l`) lMl
dlS d gex
lE ming xlE cqgl ogl cr l (Epicr A lFnbi `"p) Epln bi Èd Epln Fb Èd
aFhlke mFlWe miIg e ming x e dlM lk e dqpx
R dngp drEWi
e dkx A dglv d e
:Epx Qg il` aFhlMn E
qekd z` gipdl xyt` o`k
:cre mlFrl Epilr Klni Èd ong x d 8 7
:ux` a E min X
A Kx
Az i Èd ong x
d
migv p gvpl EpA x`R z
ie mixFC xFcl gAY W i Èd ong x
d
:minlFr inlFrlE cr l EpA xC dz
ie
:cFakA Epq pxti Èd ong x
d
:Epv x
`l zEInn Fw Epk ilFi Ède Epx` Ev lr n miFB lr xFAWi Èd ong x d
:eilr Eplk ` W
df oglW lre df zia A dAx n dkx A glW i Èd ong x
d
'eilr eplk`y df ogly lre df ziaa' milind z` mihinyn ,qirkdl xnen ziaa e` lxr ziaa e` jxca elk` m`
: mlFr cr Epza iWi mFwna E Epzk ild mFwnA : milind z` mdizgz mitqend yie
: xge`n 'ongxd' gqep ìaPd dIl` z` Epl glW
i Èd ong x
d
xEkf ìaPd dIl` z` Epl glW i Èd ong x
d cg` e cg` lM Epz F` Kx aie aFHl xEkf
zFaFh zFxFUA [dx dn A ] EplxVa ie aFHl :miniiqn qirkdl xnen e` lxr yi m`) :FnWA EPO n
:zFngpe zFrEWi (:FnWA EPO n zix
A ipA
:[mikxv zywa xeqi` meyn aeh meiae zaya mixne` oi` la`] ziad lral dkxa siqen gxe`
Àd mlFrl mlM i `le dGd mlFrA ziA d lrA WFai `lW oFvx idi]
ohU hFlWi lè xirl miaFxwE miglv n eiqk p Eidie eiqk p lkA c`n glv ie
Epipt l `le eipt l `l xTc fi lè Epici iUrnA `le eic i iUr
nA `l
[:mlFrcr
e dYr
n oFr
e dx
ar
e `hg xEdx d xac mEW
[iz xFn
iO` ]zè dGd ziA d lrA [ixFn ia` ]z` Kx ai Èd ong xd
:mdl xW` lMzè mrxfzè mzi Azè mzF` dGd ziA d zlr A
irxfzè iY W` zè izF`
z` Kx ai Èd ong xd :xnì envr oglyl jenq mè)
mdx a` Epiz Fa` Ekx Az
PW
FnM Epl xW` lMzè Epz F` ( il xW` lMzè
A ipA : mitiqen qirkdl xnen e` lxr yi m`] Epz
[zix F` Kx
ai oM M Mn lMA awr ie wgv i
(on` ldw) :on` xn`pe dnlW dkx aA cgi EpNM
,Egixq d `NW aFHd ,aih O d e aFHd dpa
iA EpT Y ,dxEa
w
l xzi
a ibExd EpY
PW [aà e"h] mFi FzF` ,dpz n ax xn ` 6.
(.`l ziprz 'nb) .dxEa
w
l EpY
PW aih O d e
7. Until three hundred years ago, oefnd zkxa was said only by the leader and all present fulfilled
their obligation through him. Later, when copies of oefnd zkxa became more prevalent, each
person began reciting oefnd zkxa on their own. As a result, two different mibdpn evolved -
1) everyone said (sang) oefnd zkxa together (no on` is therefore required), or 2) one recites
oefnd zkxa aloud and everyone follows along silently (although people are particular to finish
the dkxa before the leader to answer on` to his dkxa, no such insistence for the ongxds exists).
8. One is required to recite all the ongxds which are printed, (both on zay and on weekdays).
The gwex says that one may add to the ongxds if one wishes, not that one may disregard them
entirely.
_______________________________________________
344
'z`n' dlind s"l`d icrla oky ,'z`n' zxinà s"l`d zrlad yygn 'mexnn' zxin` z` exne` `ly epizeaxn yi
,'z`n' mixne`y epbdpnle .'mrn' dlina 'z`n' dlind z` ok zngn etilgdy yie .sexigk melye qg zrnyp
.s"l`d zrladn xdfil jixv
:mFlW zxn W n l `dY
W zEkf Epilre mdilr EcOli [mFxOA : xge`n gqep] mFxOn
aFh lkU
e og`vn pe Epr
Wi i l
`n dwc
vE ii z`n dkx
a `Vpe
:mcè mi l
` ipir
A
9
:minlFrd iIg l dgEpnE zAW
FNM
W mFIl Epligpi Èd ong x
d zaya
10
:dkx
ale daFhl dGd Wcg
dz` Epilr WC
gi Èd ong x
d yceg y`xa
11
:aFh FNM
W mFIl Epligpi Èd ong x
d milbx ylya
:dkx
ale daFhl z`Gd dpX
d z` Epilr WC
gi Èd ong x
d dpyd y`xa
ì:h qenr zlPd cieC zMqz` Epl miwi Èd ong x

d zekq crend leg
: xnìe o`k ezixn` milyi 'miqpd lr' gky
.'eke iniA dGd onfA mdd minIA Epiz Fa`l dUr
W FnM zF`lt pe miQp EpN dUr
i Èd ong x
d
:Àd mlFr iIg lE g iW
O d zFnil EpMfi Èd ong x
d
`p:ak 'a lèny : sqen ea milltzny mei lka `p:gi mildz
cqgd r
e FM
ln zFrEW
i lFCbn | cqg d r e FMln zFrEW i lC bn
:mlFrcr FrxflE cec
l Fgi
Wn l :mlFrcr Fr xflE cec
l Fgi
Wn l
:on` Exn` e l`xUilMlre Epilr mFlW dUri Èd einFxnA mFlW d r
In the past only e`xi and mixitk were said, however in the past 200-300 years eced, gzet, iziid xrp,
and fr 'c were also added. Today it is considered a aeh bdpn that they are said.
: ygla mixne`
:ei` xi
l xFq gn oiìM eiWcw iiz` E`xi ì-i:cl mildz
:aFhl k Exqg i`l i i iWxc e Earx e EW x mixi
tM
:oFv x ig lkl ri
AU n E L ciz` g zFR fh:dnw :FC qg mlFrl iM aFhi M iil EcFd
`:giw]
:Fg ha n ii did e iiA gha i xW` xaB d KExA f:fi dinxi
12
:mglWTa n Fr xfe afr
p wiC v izi` `le iYpw fmB iziid | xr
p dk:fl mildz
mx lewa
[:mFl a FO rz
` Kx
ai | i i oYi FO r
l fr i i ì:hk
9. In general, all of the special ongxds are not very ancient, (unlike the standard ongxds which date
from the time of the mipe`b), therefore the gwex says, there is no reason to be stringent about
their recitation.
10. The xyei hwl cites that the oycd znexz composed the ongxd for yceg y`x that we recite today.
11. aFh FNMW
mFIl Epligpi Èd ong x
d is said only on aeh mini and not on crend leg, which is not
considered aeh mei in this regard. (yny dtqei ax) (xiì zeg)
(:fh zenai 'nb) .Fxn ` (j`ln i"yx) mlFrd xU df wEqR ,oz
pFi ia x xn ` ipn g
p xA lÈn
W ia x xn ` 12.
_______________________________________________
345
zekxa xcq zekxa
.yly oirn dkxa

,mipey`xde mipe`bd epizeax ly zegqepde zehiyd eax yly oirn zkxa gqepa
: zyaebn dhiye dcig` zxeqn mey oiè ,df i`xk df i`x `l
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA (cn zekxa 'nb)
:mipind zrayn zexit lr oii lr :obc ipin zyngn cg` lr
ur
d ix
R lr
e urd lr( e) otBd ix
R lre otBd lr(
e) dlM lM d lre dig O d lr
dag xE daFh dC ng ux` lr
e dc Vd zaEpY lr e
:DaEHn A Ule Dix
Rn lk`l Epiz Fa`l Y lg pd e zi
v x
W
qtcpn yly oirn zkxa ly wizr gqep ievn
mcxhynè dìvipie ly zerecin zecbda
LO r l`x Uilr Epil ` ii mgx
:meik lbxend xvewne dpey oMW
n oFIv lr e Lxi r mlW Exi lre
lr
e KOr l`x Uilr Epilr Epil ` ii mgx dpa E :Llk id lre LgA fn lre LcFa M
lr
e KgA fn lr
e KWC wn lr e Kxi r mlW
Exi Epin ia dx dn A WcT d xir mlW Exi
dx
dn A KWc w xir mlW Exi dpa E Klk id Dpipa A Epg O U e DkFzl Eplr de
:DkFzA Epg O U
e Da Eplrde Epin ia DaEHn rAU pe Dix Rn lk`pe
:dxdh a E dXc wA d ilr Lkx ap E
zereayl gqtl yceg y`xl zayl
mFiA (Epg O U
e) mFiA (Epg O U
e) (daFhl Epx
kfe) (Epv ilg d e dvxE)

:dGd zFrEaWd bg :dGd zFSOd bg :dGd Wcg d W`x mFiA :dGd zAX d mFiA
dxez zgnye zxvr ipinyl zekql milegle miclil dpyd y`xl
ipinW
mFiA (Epg O U e) mFiA (Epg O U
e) (daFhl Epx
xetk meia milke`d kfe)
:dGd zxvr
d bg :dGd zFM
Qd bg :d
Gd mi xER
M d
mFi
A :dGd oFxMGg mFiA
1
. . . ux` d lr Ll dcF pe lMl aihn E aFh (l`) dY ` iM
: mipind zrayn zexit lr :oiid lr :obc ipin zyngn cg` lr
:zFxRd lr e :otBd ix
R lr e :dig O d lr
e
ux` d lr ii dY
` KExA ux` d lr ii dY ` KExA ii dY
` KExA
zFxRd lr e otBd ix
R lr e :dig O d lr e ux` d lr
:(diz FxR : i"` zext lre) :(Dpt B : i"` oii lre)
.zeytp `xea
(.cn zekxa 'nb) :oiwyne oilke` x`y xg`
opFxqge zFAx zFWtp `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l ` KExA 2
` ii dY
:minlFrd ig (ii dY
`) KExA :iglM Wtp mdA zFigd l `x AX
dnlM lr
.eixg`l oicd èd ,dizeaiag meyn envrl dkxa raew oiic oeikc 'otbd ixt lre otbd lr' mikxan oiid lr 1.
v"`c rnyn dxe`kl edin .'otbd ixt lre otbd lr' oinzegy yie 'zexitd lre ux`d lr' oinzegy yi dnizgae
opikxan `lc `kid `nlra la` ,'urd ixt' mewna 'otbd ixt' xnel wx oipyn ep` oi` ixdy ,dnizgd zepyl
('urd ixt lre urd lr' d"c 'qez cn zekxa) .zepyl oi` inp oiia 'zexitd lre ux`d lr' `nzqa `l` 'urd lr'
2. Among the mipey`x in fpky` we find the following; the rexf xe` and d"ia`x both have the text
z `x
AW . The u"ayz, zipeniin zedbd and the y"`x write `x . In the mipey`x we likewise find
AW
texts containing and omitting the word mdA .
,'ig lk ytp mda zeigdl `xay dn lk lr'e ,qd `la xyt` i`y mine mgl enk .'mpexqge zeax zeytp `xea'
,`nlra beprzl m` ik m`xa `ly ,md `la zeigl mlerd oileki m`xa `l m` mby ,mleray dn lk lr xnelk
('qez .fl zekxa 'nb) : 'minlerd ig 'd dz` jexa' inlyexiae 'minlerd ig jexa' miiqne .oda `veike migetz enk
_______________________________________________
346
zekxa xcq zekxa
.zekxa
(:n zekxa 'nb) :xyae miwyn lr
:Fxac 3 mlFrd Kln Epi l
A did p lMdW ` ii dY
` KExA
(.dl my) :urd ixt lr
:ur
d ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.dl my) :oiid lr
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.dl my) :ux`d ixt lr
:dnc
`d ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(:el my) :obc ipin zyngn liyaz lr
:zFpFfn ipin `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(:q my) :dcerqd mcw mici zlihp
mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY ` KExA
:mic
i zlihp lr EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
w xW`
(:fl my) :ztd lr dkxa
d mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.bn my) :ayr gix lr
:minU a iaU r `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.bn my) :ixt gix lr
:zFxRA aFh g ix ozFPd mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.bn my) :gnevd on epi`y aeh gix lr
:minU a ipin `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.bn my) :ur gix lr
:minU a ivr `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.cp my) :c`n milecb zexdp ,c`n mideab mixd ,wxa oebk ,zelibx izla rah zertez dèxd
:ziW`x
a dUr
n d r mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.hp my) :zyw dèxd
:Fxn` n A mIw e Fzix
aA on`pe zix
Ad xkFf mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
3. The miidlcex xeciqs text is did p, however according to the xteq mzg, the correct term is did p.
_______________________________________________
347
zekxa xcq zekxa
:dpey`x di`xa jxan mavp zgixt zra zepli` dèxd
Fa `xa E mElM FnlFrA xQg `NW mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.ì dpyd y`x 'nb) :mc
` ipA mdA zFpdl zFaFh zFpliè zFaFh zFIx A
(:gp zekxa 'nb) :jxan ze`p zeixae zeaeh zepli` dèxd
:FnlFrA FN dkM W
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(:gp my) :dpeyn mc` dèxd
:zFIx
Ad dPW
n mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.cp my) :mixg`le el zeaeh zereny lr
:aihO d e aFHd mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.cp my) :zerx zereny lr
:zn`d oIC mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.gp my) :dxezd znkga mkg dèxd
:ei`xi
l Fznk g n wlg W
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.gp my) :mlerd zene`n mkg dèxd
:mc
e xUa l Fznk g n ozPW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
(.cp my) :l`xyil miqp ea dyrpy mewn dèxd
mlFrd Kln Epi l` ii dY
` KExA
:dGd mFwOA qp Epiz Fa`l /izFa`l /in` l /ia` l il dUr
W
(.cp my) :qepiwe`d mi dèxd
:lFcBd mId z` d r mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
:jxan eilgn `txzpy exag z` dèxd
:`x
tr
l Kad i `le ol Kad i iC `nlrc `Mln `pn g x Kix
A
:jxan dfefn raewd
:dfEfn Awl EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
` ii dY
` KExA
:jxan leykn xiqdl exeal aiaq xcb e` ebbl aiaq dwrn dpead
:dwr
n zFUr
l EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
` ii dY
` KExA
:jxan ieb myry milk liahnd
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
:(ilM :xne` cg` ilk liahn mè) milM zliah lr EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpW
C
w xW`
_______________________________________________
348
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
1
dlin zixa xcq
!Àd KExA
.`qkd l` ekilene ezy` icin wepizd z` lhep wcpqd
:xneè edil`l oikdy `qkd lr egipn ,wcpqd icin xrpd z` lhep ldend
:aeHl xEkf EdIl` lW `QM d df
:dl`d miweqtd z` mixne` oi` n"ctt bdpnl
:iziU r Li evn E ii L z rEWi
l iYxA U eqw:hiw mildz :ii iziEw Lz rEWi
l gi:hn ziy`xa :mitiqeny yi
:ii Lz rEWi
l iYxA U :ipk n q e ipini lr cnr Lipt l KNW dPd zix Ad K`ln EdIl`
:lFW
kn Fnloi` e LzxF z ia d`
l ax mFlW dqw :ax llW `v FnM Lzx
n` lr i p` UU aqw
:Llk id Wc
w LziA aEh
A drAU p :mlek Li
xv g oM
Wi a x
wzE
xg a Y | i
xW` d:dq
wepizd z` ldend gipne ,wcpql creind `qkd lr ayiizn wcpqde ,edil` ly e`qkn wepizd z` lhep ldend
ldend .zaya ok miyer oiè ,uvene rxet cgè ln cg` ,milden ipyl dlind z` miwlgnd yi .wcpqd ikxa lr
mixdfpd yi .wepizd zlxr z` dlbn ldend .'yciw xy`'e 'otbd ixt `xea' jxan rxetde ,'dlind lr' zkxa jxan
.dkxad iptl zerav`d oia dlxrd xer z` qetzl mibdep yie ,dkxad z` xn` mxha dlxra zrbl `ly
:mx lewa jxan ldend
mlerd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA (:flw zay 'nb)
:dliOd lr EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpWC
w xW`
:jxan oad ia` jezigd xg` cine ,zefixfa dlxrd z` jzeg ldend
eizFvn A EpWC w xW` mlerd Kln Epil ` ii dY` KExA
:Epia ` mdx
a` lW ezixaa eqipk d l EpEv e
:dper ldwd 'eqipkdl' zkxa xg` skize ,(eze` ln envra a`yk xeka oaa mikxand yi) 'epiigdy' zkxa mikxan oi`
:mi eh miUr
nlE dRglE d ezl qpM i oM zix
Al qpk PW
mWM
ldend .drixtd z` zeyrl xdnn ldend .edil` ly `qk lr dlxrd z` ldend jilyn jezigd zrya
1. The celebration on the first Friday night after the birth of a son is called a 'xkf', as it was
referred to in all of Europe until the nineteenth century, and not a 'xkf mely'). The traditional
food items are; cakes, fruits and other desserts (zepcbn ipin). The night before a dlin zixa a
dcerq is made, where dxez ixac are said, or there is a communal learning. Some people stay
up all night, but that is uncommon. The people attending the dcerq recite rny.
Traditionally, women attend a dlin zixa (in the Womens Section). A woman (zw cpq) brings
the baby to the men's section. In the past, the mother would not attend the dlin zixa nor leave
her house until a month after giving birth. She would come to synagogue on zay to hear her
husband making dxezd zekxa for his dilr (instead of her recital of lnebd zkxa). Nowadays, as
people can easily attend without much physical effort, the mother does attend. Fleishig was
typically served at the dlin zixa zcerq; however, just before the Holocaust we find some
mention of a dairy meal (in Holland for example).
The term wcpq has been identified with the Greek synteknos denoting literally with the
child. The wcpq, whose privilege it is to hold the child on his knees during the operation,
became known in medieval times as Gottvater, Gvater (Kvater). At a later period, the title
Kvater was conferred upon the person handing the infant to the lden.
_______________________________________________
349
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
dvivnde drixtd xnba .dvivnd mc z` hlet mb ekezle ,'dvivn ly qek'dn dvivnd iptl eita oii hrn lhep
ldend lhep dzr .'ltniee'd z` miyer epnny dlind leziga wepizd z` lzgne ,dlind mewn z` ldend yaeg
,zepexg`d zekxad z` .wcpqd icil wepizd ldend xifgn ecnrae ,eayenn wcpqd cnrpe ,wcpqd on wepizd
edyin cakl xyt` ,lecb jxev yi m` .eite eici z` dligz ugexe ,ldend xne` ,'cici yciw xy`'e 'otbd ixt `xea'
zekxay sqk ly qh eyry yi .zekxad gqep dae 'dlah' jxand ipta mipzep .dl` zekxa zxinà migkepd on
jxand oeekn ezkxaa .dkxad zrya gxfnl eipt jetdl el ie`xe ,ecia qekd z` lhep jxand .eilr zeaezk dlin
a`d cvn oey`xd clid .eizea` my lr wepizl èxwl `pc zncwn ebdp .otbd zkxa zaeg ici wcpqd z` ìvedl
s` .cinz mcew a`d cvn mye ,miccvd ipyn zeny el mipzepe mixytzn minrtl .dlilg xfege m`d cvn ipyde
.mdizeax my lr `le mdizea` my lr mdipa e`xw q"zgdk l`xyi ilecb
:xneè gzet jxand

izeaxe opaxe opxn [axd epixen dxen] mipdk ixaq
:otbd ix
R ` eA mlerd Kln Epi l
` ii dY` KExA
mU ex`W A wge ohA n cici WC
w xW` mlerd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA (:flw zay 'nb)
livd l dEv EpxEv
Epw
lg ig l` z`f xkU A oMlr :Wcw zix A eÀ mzg ei`v `ve
:zix Ad z eM ii dY` KExA :Epx
Ua a mU xW` ezix A orn l :zgX
n Epx
`W
zEcic i
Epi ea` i lè Epi l
`
:xnì lden a`dyk
en`lE il dGd clid ipA z` mIw en`l E eia` l dGd clId z` mIw
(ipelt xa ipelt) l`x
UiA enW `x
Tie
:xnì m`d dxhtpyk :xnì lden a`dyk eivlg ` eiA a`d gnU i
Dph a ix
tA ocr obA eO` lbz e ivlg ` eiA gnU ` Dph a ix
tA eO` lbz e
:LY c
lFi lb z e LOè Lia ` gnU i dk:bk ilyn :aEzMM
Kinc
A zqFAz n K` x è Kil r xa r` e e:fh l`wfgi :xn`pe
:iig Kinc
A Kl x `
e iig Kin c
A Kl x `
e
.(mcd axern eay dvivnd qek jezn ozil ebdpy yie ,wepizd ita oiidn eravà ozepe)
mdx
a` z` zxM xW
` :xFC sl`l dEv xaC Fzi
x
A mlFrl xk f g:dw mildz :xn`pe
:mlFr zix A l` x
Uil wg
l aw ril d ci
nrIe :wg U il Fz rE
aWE
:mi l
` F ` dEv xW` M min i zpnWoA Fp
A wg v iz` md x a` lnIe c:`k ziy`xa :xn`pe
:FC qg mlFrl iM aFhi M iil EcFd
`:giw mildz
:FC qg mlFrl iM aFhi
M iil EcFd

:did i lecB ohTd df (ipelt)
:on` mi eh miUr
nlE dRglE d ezl qpM i oM zix
Al qpk PW
mWM
,lenipd wepizd ita ozep oiid on hrn .oiid z` zezyl wcpql ozep ldend ,dlek dkxad xnba
`xew dltz lrad zixad seqa .dkxad qekn mrhzy zcleil qekd z` migleye ,my micnerd miphwl mb
.miypd zxfr gzta el dpiznnd zwcpql wepizd z` xifgn wcpqd .enr mixne` mleke ,'gayl epilr' mx lewa
_______________________________________________
350
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
dlin zixa zcerql oenif

:'jnyl dcep' mixne` oiè ,oebipa 'zelrnd xiy' mixne` oefnd zkxa mcew
,'cre mlerl ig lk dta' l` ribnyke ,dlind zcerqa oefnd zkxa z` jxan ldend ik bdpnd
2
.`pea xirn (awri xa) mixt` iaxl mifexgd iy`xa mezg 'ziev micl`' oenftd z` jxand siqen
:mlFr zix
A :mlek ,Lx
`W A wg xn
Wz iz ix
Az` h:fi ziy`xa :Lxi
gA Lci ci
l z iEv mi l
`
:Kx
`t iM l`x
Ui WFc
wle h:q diryi ,Lx
vFil zxkz dY`
:mlFr zix
A :mlek ,L`xFn
A FzFUr
A xERM mFiA ,LcEw R .L`x dA `x
nn iplÀ Fl ,Lx
`R
:L` x ii ip` iM ek:eh zeny ,L` R x
` Liz FMn ugO n Y v R
:min z did e ipt l KNd z
d `:fi ziy`xa ,mWx .minC d miricFn
Lx a` n Lx
Qg A ,L`t Fx
:mlFr zix
A :mlek
:min i Y k x
`d e Kl ahii orn l f:ak mixac ,minlW E dlFr mc
M LtETp izi` x
:mlFr zix
A :mlek ,minC ozg dx n` f
` ek:c zeny FzcEr i ,mink g d a` lSrz
dA zix
An ,mini
.min n Fw z
On (miq Fg) ri
W Fn Licqg dlt d f:fi mildz ,miOrn dNbq l xkf Di
,xar`M Kilr KincA zqFAz n e:fh l`wfgi K`x
` zrn ,xAv` e Kig C
p sq `` minn Fw z
On
:mlFr zix A :mlek
.xFA n Kixi
q` iYgNW
Kz ix
Amc A ì:h dixkf ,ip` e .xAW` KNr zhn
:mlFr zix A :mlek ,Fzix A FOr zFxke ,xfr
p LcFa Mn ,Fz`vA oFnd a` ,xFAn
:Fz
lxr xUA lFOi ipinX
d b:ai `xwie mFiA ,FYx dA zvivw E ,dgFC dgEpn
,lFOdl `piMq ixi
Wk n lr `le ,zAW oigFC d ilr ,lFnz ` F` mFId wtq `le ,i`C e Fzlxr
:mlFr zixA :mlek
.lFOi lOd ,iFb `le dln dX` e ,ln aEW ,dvivn E dri x
tE dlin dUr
:mlFr zixA :mlek ,dPd dPd xir A iM s` ,dev n aAg i .dpW
i wtq Elt ` ,dliNa `le mFIA lFOi
dPx EppFWlE EpiR wFg
U `lO i a:ekw mildz ,dPx Mfp zr ,mxr e WEal xr e oWi
.L
zxn` lr i p` UU aqw:hiw ,aFh xaC | iA l Wgxa:dn ,zipinX
d lr gSpn lA `:ai ,gvt pM dPx
:mlFr zix A :mlek
2. Usually, the leader says the following heit aloud while others read silently or near silently,
except for the refrain 'mler zixa' which everyone says together. It is also acceptable to recite
the heit entirely to oneself.
_______________________________________________
351
dlin zixa xcq zekxa
.Lz k x
a LOrl
r drEW
id iil h:b ,Lz cr
l xxFr
Y ming x
:mlFr zix
A :mlek .mipir O n drEW
i min zFNB il LY
zA .mipA miaiagl dpY Lz
kxA
.miPprxe mipW
C eh:av ,mipEYgA LipFi EgnU i dnlW dgn U A
:mlFr zix
A :mlek :Eax
gi ax
g ai:q diryi LiaiFè ,EeTi mvx `l E ,miz if ilz W
M b:gkw miPprx
e
.EaWg p Edze qt`n FCbp oi` M miFBdlM fi:n diryi .EEgie miI` a Ecir
ie ,Lipa l cre
:mlFr zix
A :mlek .mkilbx zFR M z Y `k:b ik`ln mipEzp ,mkipir A Enhp ,dnd A k EaWg p
.mkz
` iY v A w e miFBdon m kz
` iY g wle ck:el l`wfgi .mkipa E mY` xEar qwt ilEhp
:mlFr zixA :mlek .mkA x
wA oY ` igExzè ek:el ,mkz lxr n lFO` mka a l mkz `
... zraye zlkè aezkk :md l ii ozpxW` ai:a mixac mkv x ` lr mY lNd e rF
a
Ue lFk` ek:a lèi
.`pea xirn (awri xa) mixt` iaxl xaigy miàd mifexgd z` (ldend èd) jxand siqen
.miax oeyla lkd mixne` mine`z elenip m`
mFlWa E FnFxOn eilr obi Èd FO`l E eia` l dGd clId z` opg xW` Èd ong x
d
:FnW l`x Uia `x Tie FnEUl dXpn k e mix
t` k E FOr ei l ` idie :FnFwnlr `Fai
mini aFHa dNa ie minEMg zc A Fpiadl ming x A Edc wt i cFwR Èd ong x
d
:miO` l Fl EegY W ie miOr EdEcar i minirPA eizFpWE
Ed` x i oFIv zngpe Ed` x wi eilbxl wcv EdIg i mipW zFAx Èd ong x
d
:Èd cqg utg iM Edn g xl eic qg xxFri
e Edk x ai mFlWl FOrz è
Ekx Az
ie FYc lFi lbz e eia` gnU i :Fzix A lra E dGd ozg dz` Kx ai Èd ong x
d
:Fzix g` l dew Y Wie FzF`x dl mipa ipA FzPz gA EgnU IW EMfi oke FzcEr qA miAqn d
Fzcr l xxFr i ming x FzOi` dc ti DA Fzev n z`f xMfi dx dn Èd ong x
d
Fz
NEcB z` t Y xw iz` e FzEk
ln cFa M xW rz` F `x dA c:` xzq` Fzln gA uAw i eild w
Epiz FAx zè FO` zè eia` zè Fzix A lrAE dGd ozg dz` Kx ai Èd ong x
d
lM lMn lMA awr ie wgv i mdxa` Epiz Fa` Ekx Az pW
FnM :dR miaW FId Epig ` zè
'eke mexnn :o n` xn`pe dnlW dkx aA cgi EpNM Epz F` Kx ai oM
Two days after the dlin zixa, friends of the family come to the mother's house,
wash the baby and have a party, called dlinl iyily.
_______________________________________________
352
'yiixw leg' xcq zekxa
1
'yiixw leg' xcq
ycew my clid laiw dlind meia .'yiixw leg' zwepizl e` wepizl miyer ,zqpkd zial zcleid zkled da zaya
,zeixad ita eiepik èdy ,leg my el mipzep zqpkd zial zkled zcleiy zayae ,dxezl `xwidl cizr eay
.iwfg l`wfgi ,lhen ikcxn ,xcpq xcpqkl` ,xfil xfril` ,wvi` wgvi oebk
.oilegd iiga mb eze` ynyi ycewd my ik ricedl ,ely ycewd my lr mixfeg `l` leg iepik el mipzep mpi`y yi
:'yiixw leg' xcq èd jk
wepizd z` miyialn .zeevnl eribd `l oiicry mixrp zcleid zial mià zay zcerq xg`
.eizey`xnl `xwie yneg migipne ,zvievn zilha eze` miqkn ,ezqixr z` mihywn ,dlind meiak xcd icba
dxezd iweqt
,'yiixw leg'l mireawd miweqtd z` mixneè wepizd zqixr aiaq micner e` ogleyd aiaq miayei mixrpd
.'zn` zty'e 'l`xyi zcear' mixeciqa eqtcpy itk
u` d e minX d ENkie `:a :ux` d zè min X

d z` mi l ` `x A ziW`x A `:` ziy`xa
in W mda ` xTie mi
xr
Pd z` K xai rxl
Mn i ` l Bd K`lO d fh:gn :m` a v lke
ipA zFnW dN` e `:` zeny :ux` d axw A axl EBc ie wgv ie md x
a` i a` mWe
xAc ie d nl` `x wIe `:` `xwie :EÀ FziaE Wi` aw ri z` dnix vn miÀ d l` x Ui
crFn l` A ipiq xAc nA d nl` ii xA cie `:` xacna :xn` l crFn ld` n eil ` ii
dN` `:` mixac :xn` l mx vn ux`n mz`vl zipX d dpX A ipX d W g l cg` A
sEq lFn daxrA xA c OA oCxId x rA l` xUilMl` d n xAC xW ` mix aCd
Wi` d n K xA xW ` dk x
Ad z`fe `:bl :adf ice zxvge oale lYoi a E o x`RoiA
lFc Bd `xFO
d lklE dw fg d cId lklE ai:cl :FzFn ipt l l`x Ui ipA z` mi l `d
:l` x
UilM ipir l d n dU r xW `
:mx lewa mi`xewe ,wepizd zqixr z` eicgi mixrpd minixn ,miweqtd zxin` eniiqyk
,mzkl mxh ,mixrpl mipzep .minrt 'b jk lr mixfege "!ipelt !ipelt !ipelt ?wepizl e`xwi ji` !yiixw leg"
,zexrp zeà dilè ,'yiixw leg' miyer dawp zwepizl s` .mda `veik dwizn ixace mifeb` ,zexit ly ziwy
.dzqixra yneg migipn `le miweqtd z` dlv` mixne` oi` la`
1. There is an ancient fpky` bdpn which dates back to the middle ages, to call the baby by the
Yiddish/German or Judeo-German equivalent of the Hebrew name, known as 'yiixw leg'. It
must be noted that as early as the fifteenth century, the term was explained as referring to the
leg my in the sense of secular (upin m"xdn).
As an example of the two-name phenomenon, many medieval fpky` ipax were called Leon, and
are referred to as "Rabbi Leon" in literature. Some are sometimes referred to as dcedi ax or
dix` and the like, so at least some had both names. The Hebrew name was what they were
named at the zixa, while Leon was what they were called on a daily basis. For example, the iax
of meyxb epiax was named Rabbi Leon (sometimes Leontin). l"vf icenlz aex ipcnly iax oeìl 'x"
(bxeaphexn m"xdn) `lten mkg." These were not Jewish names, however, an entire literature
developed around the proper spelling - and origin - of these names, since when writing oihib -
dkld requires precision even in spelling. See (hkw xfrd oa` sqei zia), where the spelling of
names, including Leon, are discussed.
_______________________________________________
353
oad oeict xcq zekxa
oad oeict xcq

.dpedkd zpzn z` lawl ick zeaiyg jxca ayeiy ,odkd len cnrp a`d
:xneè ,ayeid odkd zerexfa egipne epa z` gwel a`d
:LNW
Èd ix
de mgx xhR xekA ipelt xkf oA il dc
li zipelt iY
W`
:a`d z` lèy odkd
epeic
R inc mirlq dWn g e` df L ekA LpA z` x ei dvxY dfi`
:aiyne ecia zernd mr ilkd z` lhep a`d
epeic
tA mirlq dWn g Ll `de x ei dex ip` i ekA ipA z`
'epiigdy' zkxae 'oad oeict lr' zkxa mx lewa a`d jxan fè
:ecil zeàd zernd z`pd meyn odkd da aiigy 'epiigdy' zkxaa odkd z` mb ìvedl a`d oiekne
mlerd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA (:`kw migqt 'nb)
:oAd oeic
Rlr EpEv e eiz Fvn A EpWC
w xW`
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlerd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
,zernd mr ilkd z` odkl (zekxad xnb xg` wx mipzepd yi) a`d ozep jxany drya
:enr miaeqnd mixneè ,odkd xne` a`d zekxa xg` .ilkd z` `le cala zernd z` lhep odkde
!iEcR LpA !iEcR LpA !iEcR LpA
:jxane ecia oiid qek z` lhepe ,eia` icil clid z` xifgn odkd
:otbd ix
R ` eA mlerd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA
.zezyl oad ia`l mb ozepe ,odkd dzeye
:xneè oad y`x lr ecia mkilene zernd z` lhep odkdy mibdep yi
:o Ml df `vi :dflr lEgn df :df sElg df :df zgY df
:min W
z`xilE dxFz
l miIg l oAd df qpk pe
:on` :mi eh miUrnlE dRglE d ezl qpM i oM oeic
Rl qpk pW
mWM W
oevx idi
:ekxane oad y`x lr eici z` gipn odkd
:dXpn k e mix t` M mi l ` LniUi
:JPgie Lil` eipR | ii x` i :Lx nW ie ii L k xa i ek-ck:e xacna
:Lpini cilr L Nv ii LxnW ii d:`kw mildz
:Kl Etiq Fi mFl We miIg zFpW E mini K ` iM a:b ilyn
:on` :LW t pz` xn Wi rxlMn L x nW i i i f:`kw mildz
_______________________________________________
354
jxcd zltz xcq zekxa
.jxcd zltz xcq

d"awd jxcl `veie lltznd lk .ilv zeaiz iy`x jldi eiptl wcv xn`py lltziy mcew jxcl z`vl xeq`
:einrt jxcl myie jldi eiptl wcv (ci:dt mildz) xn`py ez`v iptl dwcv zzl aehe ,eivtg el dyer
.`gqepd èd dfe ,jledy mei lka zg` mrt `l` jxcd zltz l"v`
mFlWl Epk ilFYW Epiz Fa` i lè Epi l ` ii Lipt Nn oFvx idi (:hk zekxa 'nb)
mFlWlE miIg l Epv t g fFgnl` Ep` iazE mFlWl Epk n q z
e mFlWl Epci
rv z e
Epic i dUr
nA dkx A glW z
e KxC A axF` e aiF`lM sMn EpliSz e
rn FW dY ` iM Ep` Fxlk ipir aE Lipir
A ming xlE cqglE ogl EppY ze
:dNt Y rn FW ii dY
` KExA :ming x A l`x
Ui LOr zNt Y
.oiin zteg
(fpky` zyxen oekn)
,mipexg`de mipey`xd ,mipe`bd epizeax ixtqa dagxda zxkfpe mixteq zkqna diyxyy dnecw zxeqn itl
mr zilhd zteg ìd dipyde ,'oiin' zteg ìd dpey`xd dtegd .dtegl zeqipk izyn akxen oièyipd dyrn
zixgy xg` ekxrp oiyeciwe zilh ztege ,zixgy zlitz zteg dkxrp l`xyia miptl .zekxa 'f zxinè oiyeciw
zteg z` mikxerd yi ,zncwen xwea zrya mr aex seq`l cer xyt`zp `lyn mipexg`d zexeca .dgpn xg` e`
mb yi .dixg`l zilhd zteg zè ziaxr iptl 'oiin' zteg z` e` dixg`l zilhd zteg zè dgpn iptl 'oiin'
.miizpia dlitz wqtd `ll ,zilhd ztegl jenq 'oiin' zteg z` mikxerd
`vpbn bdpn) zqpkd zia xvgl dqipkd l` e`vnd mewnn ozgd z` ìadl jled ldwd .'oiin' zteg xcq èd jk
`lnn e` - oiyeciwd xcqn èd xy`k - dlidwd ax .(dizepae `yiinxee bdpn) zepezgd zia gztl e` (dizepae
.mdiptl e` mdixeg`n mieelnd xzie eixg` axd ,y`xa ozgd ,dtegd mewnl ozgd z` jilen ,enewn
zteg oebip z` mirinyn mipbpe zexrea zewea` mi`yep ,dlkd ieeln okn xg`le ,dtegd mewn l` ozgd ieeln
.('ond z` elzie' weqta dlibnd zìxwa fpky` zelidw lka ewlga obepn xy`) wizrd 'oiin'
.dlkd lr dpznd myl 'oiin' zteg ayen l` ekilene ecia enewn `lnn e` axd elhep ,dtegd mewnl ozgd ribda
.elv` micner mieelnde ayei ozgd
mr dtegd mewnl dìadl dlkd zial xnf ilke zewea`d ilra myn mikled ,dtegd ayenl ozgd ribdy xg`
miyp izy .caa zeqekn dlkd ipt daey cre dtegl dz`va .miypd xeav ly zcxtp dkeldza ,dizexag
.dlkd icvl zekled dlkd lye ozgd ly ,zedn`d izy e` zepiayey
.ef dkinzl wewf epi` ,mipir ielb èdy ozgd .dzkild jxevl zepiayeya zknzp mipt zqekn ìdy dlkd
.mdil` mieelzn ldwd iaeyge ,dlkd z`xwl ozgd z` ecia axd jilen ,zqpkd zia xvg gztl dlkd ribda
axd cera (a"r gn zeaezk) 'dtegl dzqipk ìd ef dzxiqn' oicn ,oièyip oipw myl ,ecia dlkd z` lhep ozgd
jileny dkild dze` zra .dtegd ìd efy ,szeynd mzaiyi mewn l` mikled jke ,ozgd cia feg`l jiynn
.'eaxe ext' :zìxw ick jez mihg mdilr miwxef ,szeynd mzaiyi mewn l` ezlk z` ozgd
.xvw onf wxt eicgi miayeie ,dnia iab lr e` dlika mizrl ,jkl cgeind ayena miayiizn dlkde ozgd
dltzl ozgd z` mikilen miphw mixrp dzkl xgè ,dzial dlkd z` dligz zepiayeyd zekilen dtegd xnba
.mitzzynd xzie axd mikled mdixeg`nyk ,(zqpkd ziaa)
.dlezaa wx zbdep 'oiin' zteg
_______________________________________________
355
dpezg xcq zekxa
1
.oiqexi` zkxa
:ii ziAn mk EpkxA ii mW A 2 ek:giw mildz
A Àd KEx
3
:l` x
Ui Li pMW n a ri Lil ` EaHd n d:ck xacna
:Lz ` x
iA L W w lkid l` deg Y W
` Lzia `Fa ` LC q ax A ip` e g:d mildz
4
:dppx
A eip l EÀ dgn U A iiz` Ec ar :ux` d lM i l Erix
d dcFzl xFnfn w
dcFz
A | eixr W EÀ :Fzi rx n o`v e F r Epgp` Fle Ep rÈ
d mid l ` Èd iiiM Er C
:Fz pEn ` x e xCc r e FCqg mlFrl ii aFhi M :Fn W EkxA FlEcF
d dNd z A ei xv g
:dNM d zè ozg dz` Kx ai Èd Mdlr lFcB in lMdlr KExA in lMdlr xiC ` in
dycg m` 'epiigdy' zkxa mbe ,zilhd lr ziviv zkxa jxan ozgd .ezlk z` da dteg ozgde ,zilhd ìd dtegd
da shrn micrd on cg` e` ynyd .ezlk y`x lr mb dze` yxet jk xgè ,ey`x ieqika da shrzne ,ìd
.oièyipd zekxa ray lk xnb cre oiqexi` zkxa zligzn dlkde ozgd lr zgpen zilhd .dlkde ozgd z`
:zviSA sHrz
dl EpEv e eizFvn A EpW
C
` ii dY` KExA (:q zekxa 'nb)
:dGd onfl Epri
Bd e EpnIw e EpigdW
mlerd Kln Epi5 l
` ii dY` KExA
.jxane ecia oii ly qek gwel jxand
:otBd ix
R `xFA
` KExA
6eizF
vn A EpW C
` ii dY
` KExA (:f zeaezk 'nb)
7
Epl zFÈUPd z` Epl xiYd e zFqEx`d z` Epl xq` e zFixr d lr EpEv e
:oiWECwe dRg ic ilr l`x
Ui FOr WC
wn ii dY ` KExA :oiWECwe dRg ic ilr
:xneè oiyeciw zraha dlkd z` el ycwn ok ixgè .dlkde ozgd dzeye
:l`x
Uie - d n - zc
M - Ff - zrA h A - [il] - zWC
wn - Y
` - ix
d
1. The custom of the ozg and dlk not seeing each other before the day of the wedding, is a very
recent bdpn, and was not accepted in fpky` at all. The most probable reason is for the
possibility of cenig mc (` cenr eq dcp zkqn), which has nothing to do with seeing one another.
The dxexa dpyn mentions the zepelaq zcerq in aà dryz zekld. This meal is eaten the night
before the wedding. So the miig utg apparently was unaware of this custom! Actually -
oiin zteg takes place in the morning, where the ozg and dlk met, and only later during the day
did the wedding occur.
2. When the ozg enters the choir greets him by singing àd jexa. When the dlk enters they do
likewise. Two different àd jexa ipebp are sung for the ozg and the dlk.
3. eaeh dn, erixd and xic` in are considered dteg songs as well. They are sung according to the
family request, usually after the dlk arrives, so she can hear it sung as well, usually after one
recitation of the àd jexa, (or for those who add the oiin zteg - at that time).
4. dcezl xenfn is said in place of a dcez oaxw. A wedding is an appropriate place to sing it, to
thank God for the dgny.
5. The bdpn is to use a glass not silver cup. For a dleza a narrow cup, for an dpnl` or dyexb a
wide cup is used. The reason being, so that there will be numerous micr (given of the
narrowness of the cup) that the woman is a dleza [a cenr ,e"h sc zeaezk dpyn].
6. The original text in zeaezk zkqn, 'oiWECwe dRg ic
ilr zFÈUPd z` Epl xiYd e' could be misread as once
a woman undergoes oièyip she is permitted to any man, whether he is her husband or not.
Since this dkxa is recited before both scholars and the unschooled, precision of expression is
vital. Accordingly, mz epiax preferred adding the third word Epl before 'oiWECwe dRg ic ilr'.
7. Both cups are taken by the yny from the ax, and given to the ozg, then taken again by the
yny and passed on to the mother of the dlk who gives them to the dlk.
_______________________________________________
356
dpezg xcq zekxa
:zekxa ray mixneè otbd ixt `xea ipy qek lr mikxan ok ixgè .migxe`de dlkde ozgd iptl daezkd oixewe
:otBd ix
R `xFA
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA `
(:f zeaezk 'nb)
:FcFakl `x
A lMdW
mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA a
:mc
`d xvFi mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA b
Fnlv A mc
`d z` xvi xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA c
:mc
`d xvFi ii dY
` KExA :cr icr oipA EPO n Fl oiwz
de Fzipa Y zEnC mlvA
:dgn U A DkFzl d ipA uEAwA dx

wr
d lbz
e UiUY UFU d
:dipa A oFIv g O U
n ii dY
` KExA
:mcT
n ocro
bA Lxi
vi LgO U
M miaEd`d mirx gOU
Y g O U
e
:dNk e ozg g O U
n ii dY
` KExA
dNk e ozg dgn U e oFUU `x

A xW` mlFrd Kln Epi l
` ii dY
` KExA f
Epi l
` ii dx
dn :zErx
e mFlWe deg ` e dad ` dec
ge dviC dPx dliB
oz g lFw dg n U lFw
e oFU
U lFw ì:bl mlW
Exi zFv
ga E dcEd
i ixr
A e:cn dinxi rnX
i
ii dY
` KExA :mz
pibp dY
WO n mixr
pE mzRgn mipz
g zFldv n lFw d
NM lFw
e
:dNM d mr ozg g O U
n
The recital jgky` m` is a very recent addition and not part of oilet ,fpky` ibdpn or `hil .
_______________________________________________
357
dpezg xcq zekxa
LixW` lk`z iM LiRM ri bi :eik xc

A Kl dd ii `x ilM ix 8 gkw
W` zFlrO d xiW
:Lpg lW
l aia q miz if ilz W
M LipA Lzia izM x iA dIxR otbM | L Y
W` :Kl aFh e
:LiIg in i lM mlW
Exi aEh A d` E oFIS n i i L k xa i :ii `x
i xaB K a
i okik dPd
:l` x
Uilr mFl W Lipa l mipa d` xE
.oièypl oefnd zkxa

.oièyp zekxal zgè oefnd zkxal zg` zeqek 'a el oibfen oièyp zcerq xg` oefnd zkxa jxand
! orWprA orlFe xiee izFAx xnìe ecia zg`d qekd gwie
:mlFrcr
e dY rn Kan ii mW
id i a:biw : miper miaeqnd
:('ond z` elzie' weqta xzq` zlibna zxyend) dpezg znirpae lewa xne` onfnd
wcv ilBr n a Epg p oxi xiWA mN` fè oFxg mbe xqd ieC
:mixne` odk oi`yk :mixne` odk yiyk
:oExW
i ipA zMx
A dr
W :oxd` ipA zMx
A dr
W
zEWx A
[ dGd ziA d lrA ,(mip M e` ax d EpixFn
dxFn)]

izFAxe opA x
e opx
n
FNXn Eplk ` W
e FpFrnA dgn V d W
(Epi l` :mitiqen dxyra) Kx
ap
e FpFrnA dgn V d W
(Epi l
` :mitiqen dxyra) KExA : miaeqnd
e FpFrnA dgn V d W
(Epi l
` :mitiqen dxyra) : onfnd
:FnW KExaE Èd KExA
9
dipyd qekd z` lhep ecin dpey`xd qekd z` gipn oefnd zkxa z` jxand miiqyke
: jxane ecia dpey`xd qekd z` lhepe xfege ,dipyd qekd z` gipn okn xg`l : lirlc zekxad z` jxal siqene
.miaeqnd lkle dlkle ozgl ozepe zeqekd izyn jxand dzeye
8. zelrnd xiy is sung by the choir at the conclusion of the wedding, after all the zekxa have been
recited and the glass cup has been broken.
9. According to the xteq mzg, the bdpn was to recite zekxa ray only at the wedding itself. At
subsequent zecerq only two zekxa (otbd ixt `xea and `xa xy`) were said. The reasons being,
a) after the dteg zia, there are no true zeycg mipt (that a new dish would be cooked just for
them). b), that in the zelb there is no true dgny. This bdpn was changed in the twentieth
century, very likely by non-native German mipax, to match the bdpn in the other countries.
Those who follow the older bdpn do not recite any dkxa other than `xa xy`, when attending
one of the dzyn ini zray.
_______________________________________________
358
diel xcq zegny
.diel xcq
,lecb mc` ziela .mei ezeà zniiwznd diel lr dltzd xg` zixgya efixkd zecg` zelidwa
,aeh mei axr e` zay axra dxeaw drxi` m` .dield jldna zeiepgd lk zexibq lr mifixkn
.zewc xyr e` ynga mei ezeà dgpnd zlitz z` mixg`n
ipay ick zeyxcn izae zeiqpk iza cil xvridl ebdp `l .('minrd lk z`f erny') hn xenfn mixne` dieela
,yicw mixne` mpi` mixg` sè ,dxeawd xnb iptl 'on`' ziiprae dltza xeq` ope`dy ,yicw exnì xhtpd
,ceakl cinzne f`n daygp oex`d zìyp .zexawd zial xhtpd z` mi`yep .znd ly zen` 'c jez `l i`ceae
.zeacpzda xhtpd ipipr lka ewqry ,`yicw dxagd ipa ly mwlg zpn didy
.dhind iptl mikled `yicw dxagd iyp`
dpey`x mikledy miaexwd x`y mr cgi ,mdia` zhin xg` mikled mipad mipey`xd epizeaxn laewnd itl
zìypa drnw szzyn oade ,mila` sehir my`x mithrn mila`dy l`xyia miptl did bedp diela .oex`d xg`
,oicd weciv iptl zexawd ziaa la`d shrzn if` ,zilha dyrp sehird m` .en` e` eia` ly oex`d
`xwpd y`x ieqik ,oexhna sehir eyr exar zexeca .yxl brel meyn ,xawd l` dkildd iptl ehyete
,df y`x ieqik ly ielzd wlgd z` .eiliv` cr eixeg`l ielze y`xd aiaq xegy cba didy ,'st`wla`'
.zeqekn miptd j` zeielb mipirdy mil`rnyi ztihrl dneca ,s`de xhpqd ,xèevd aiaq mikxek eid
.mzia l` mèa cr edegipd ,zexawd ziaa df ieqika mithrzn eid xy`k
.mzhin ixg` ekli `ly mdivlg i`vei lr eeivy micigi eid ,l"fix`d zxez it lr ,mipexg`d zexeca
.iakyc `xwie iigc `xwi meyn ,diela mi`v`vd z` szyl laewnd bdpna wifgd aexd j`
qipdl cgein dlitz gqep exn`y zenl mihepdn zvwn eid ,diela szzydl oiwifnde zegexdn repnl ick ,ok`)
e` zkll `l mdipal exedy miccea yie .ea `veike 'wai xarn xeviw'a qtcpy dxihtd xg` mnvrn oiwifnd z`
,lecb mc` ziela .(dield rqn iptl zexawd zial zklle micwdl `l` ,xhtpd xg` rqil
.eiazk mdiciae mila`d ixeg`n micinlz micrev
.miitzkd lr dze` mi`yepe ,oex`d gpen dilre mikex` zehen dicv ipy jxe`ly dhnd z` minixn
:ediryie ,'a minid ixacn miàd miweqtd z` mixne`y mi`yepd on yi ,dhind znxd zra dield zligza
oFx `z` mipdM d Eìa Ie g-f:d :oFx `d z` mIeld E` UIe l`xUi ipw f lM Eà Ie c:d 'a d"c
:mia ExMd itpM z Y l` miW cTd W wl ` ziA d xia Cl ` FnFw nl` iizix A
:dlr n ln eiC
Alre oFx
`d lr mia ExMd EQ kie oFx
`d mFwnlr mit pM miU R miaExMd Eid Ie
eipt dQk i | miY
W
A cg`l mit pM WW mitpM WW Fl lrO n | mic r mit x
U a:e diryi
:st Fri miYW a E eilbx dQk i miYW
a E
zeeln opi` miyp zenewn dnka .miyp`d iptl zexawd zian z`vl zenicwne ,miyp`d ixeg`n zekled miypd
enicwd xy`k ,lzekd cvl mdipt jetdl miyp`d ebdp zexawd zian dìvid zra `yinxee .zexawd zia jezl
.z`vl miypd
.zexawd zial xhtpd z` zeeln opi` miypy ebidpd mda zenewn yi mipexg`d zexeca
,l`xyi ilecb znkqda ,mipexg`d zexeca zelecbd mixra dycgzd ,mizn zxkxk lr xhtpd oex` zrqd
miweqt enyxy yi dxkxkd icva .mixrd ifkxnn miwgexn eid miycgd zexawd izay meyn z`fe
:e ,`l mildz enk
:zn ` l` i i iz F` z ic
R ig Ex ciw
t` L ciA e:`l mildz
_______________________________________________
359
diel xcq zegny
mipR lM lr
n drnC mi l ` ipc` dg n E gvp l zeO d rNA g:dk diryi
:xA C ii iM ux` d lM lr
n xiqi FO r zR x ge
:Ltq ` i ii cFa
M Lw c
v Lipt l Kld e gnv z dx
dn Lz
kx
è LxF`
xg X
M rw
Ai f` g:gp
zeweg yygn ,dxkxka yeniyn erpnpy yi .mixegy mica mitehr dxkxkd i`yep miqeqd eid zenewn dnka
ef mb ,iq w h xegy cebiae mixceqn mixeha zpbxe`n diel zkeldz dycgd zra dbdped zenewn dnka .iebd
miaivn dze` ,dwcv zqtewa ,diela mitzzyndn dwcv miaeb `yicw dxagd iàb .wtwetn yecigl daygp
.mila`d ziaa mb jk xg`
,'zexawd zia' ,'miigd zia' ,'mler zia' dpekn didy ,zexawd zia cr xhtpd z` zeell elczyd miax
dpnid oiìven ,dxkxka zexawd zial xhtpd ribd .('aehd mewnd' e` 'aeh mewn') 'hxe` rheb q`c' e` 'hxe`heb'
,mieelnd y`xa micrev mila`d .xegy caa eze` miqkne ,zcgein dwpel` iab lr eze` migipn ,oex`d z`
.(oldl d`x) 'mkz` xvi xy`' dkxad z` xne` ,mei miyely jyna zexawd ziaa did `ly in .oex`d zelbxnl
oiC
A mkz ` xvixW` mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY
` KExA
oiC
A mkNM xRq n rcFi
e oiC A mkz ` zind e oiC
A mkz ` lMlk e ofe
` KExA :oiC A mkzFi
gd lE xifg d l ciz r
e
:ri
W Fdl ax dY ` miz n dIg n ipc` mlFrl xFAB dY `
(mWBd cixFnE
g Ex d aiXn : mitiqen gqt ly oey`x mei ly zixgy cr zxvr ipiny ly sqenn)
milFg `tFxe milt Fp KnFq miAx ming x A miz n dig n cqgA miig lMlk n
zFxEaB lrA LFn k in :xtr ipW il FzpEn ` mIw n E mixEq ` xiY nE
:miz n zFigd l dY
` on`pe drEW
dxeaw iptl drixw
zenewnn mixhtp zxdhle diela ldwd ztiq`l creind ziad jez l` xhtpd z` miqipkn zexawd ziaa
.('fied xedh' ,'okfied xdhn' ,'fied xdhn' ,'minz xevd zia' mb dpeknd) 'oicd weciv zia' èd ,miwegx
oex`d z` migipn ,mipdk mila`d m` .'oiihy xdhn' dpeknd oa` lqtq ,dxdhd ogley lr oex`d z` miaivn
.minyd ztik zgz xvga
xhnihpq dxyrk agx dxwiza dcxtd wcq mr ,oicd weciv zia z` mipexg`d zexeca epa micg` zexaw izaa
`l m` .dribn znd z`neh oi` eil`y sbà xhtpd len cenrl lkei odkdy ick ,ewlga gztp bb e` ,xiwl xiwn
cba yaliy ,la`d al zneyz z` miptn `yicw dxagd iyp` .dzr rxew edixd ,dnypd zìvi zra la`d rxw
zwd ,jetd oikq ecia ,la`l riiqn xg` yi` .zecg` zewcl oex`d z` migzet drixwd zrya .erxewl ozipy
gth ly drixwl jzgd z` aigxn la`de ,dfgd len mipeilrd micbaa hrn jzege ,ecia adlde ,la`d oeeikl
e` sirva drixwd mewn z` dqkn ìd .dy`n df reiq zlawn dla ` .ditebd z` mirxew oi` .dhn itlk
,zeg` e` g` lre ,dfgd l`nya mirxew m` e` a` lr .dkiqa drixwd z` zwcdn idixd ,dcia oi` m` .zgthn
dpy a"i oa `diy cr rxew epi` ohw .mei miyely el e`ln `ly cli lr mirxew oi` .oini cva mirxew ,za e` oa
uleg ,mè a` lr drixwd xg` cin .mikxan zelidw zvwnae ,ef drixw zra mikxan mila`d oi` .cg` meie
a` lr wx mirxew crend legae ,mirxew oi` aeh meia .ezial eèaa wx uleg miaexw x`y lr .eilrpn z` la`d
,dxyi dgepza akey xhtpd m` miwcea ,drixwd xnba .aeh mei xg` cr drixwa mipiznn miaexw x`y lr .mè
.oex`d z` mixbeqe
_______________________________________________
360
diel xcq zegny
oicd wecv
,eze` mixne` oi` oepgz mixne` oi`y mini lkae ,oicd wecv mixne` zexawd zial znd mr eàyk
.eze` mixne` oi` zevg xg` aeh mei axre zay axra oke .eze` mixne` oi` aà dryza mb k"r
:enr mixne` ldwde ligzn la`de .dpy oa oiicr did `ly cli zxeawa eze` mixne` oi` mby yie
:mx lewa enr xne` ldwde ,oicd weciv xnel mx lewa ligzn la`d drixwd xg` oicd weciv
1
:Èd xWie wiC v ler oi` e dpEn` l` hRW n eikxCl k iM Fl rR min Y xESd c:al mixac
lr tY dn Fl xnìin l RlkA minY xESd
:lrIe lF`W cixFn dIg n E zin n e:a '` lèny lrn a E dHn A hiNX d
dUr Ydn Flxnì in dUr nlkA minY xESd
dUr Y Epl mPg cqg d re xnF`d
:dUre daiWw d dUM cwr Pd zEkfa E
ming x `ln E miR ` Kx ` minY xESd eikxCl kA wiC v
:ming x de zFgilQ d oFc` Ll iM mipa E zFa`lr `pqEge `plng
zFgExlM oFcwR Lc iA xW` zFigd l E zind l ii dY` wiC v
zFg
wR Epilr ming x A Lipir `pEidi e zFgnl EppFxkf LN dlilg
:zFgilQ d e ming x d oFc` Ll iM
dig i mipW sl` F` did i dpW oA m` mc `
:dIg n E zinn zn` d oIC KExA did i did `lM Fl oFxz Idn
Fpir A lMd hhFWnE FpiC zn` iM Èd KExA
:EpY i dicFd
FnWl lMde Fpic e FpFAWg mc `l mlW n E
Lx acA wC vY Lh R W n wcv iM ii Eprc i
Lh t W zC n xg` xdx dl oiè Lh t W
A dMfz e
:Lih R W
n xW ie ii dY ` wiCv flw:hiw mildz
znè wc v htFW zn` oIC
:znè wcv eihR W n lMW zn`d oIC KExA
Lc ie Lpini d`ln wcv LciA iglM Wtp
:Lci sxd K`lO l xn`ze Lc i o`v zhilR lr mgx
zzl mc ` ipA ik xCl
Mlr zFg wt Lipirx
W` dIlilrd ax e dv rd lcB hi:al dinxi
:FA dzler dzlr`le ixE v ii xW iiM ciBd l fh:av mildz :eillrn ix tk e eik xc M Wi`l
zig W
i `le oFr xRk i | mEgx Èd e gl:gr mildz :K an ii mW id i gw l iie oz p ii `k:` aei`
:Fz
ng lM xi i`le FR ` aiW dl dA x
d
,aà dryz llek ,oepgz mda oi`y miniay `l` ,aeh mei i`vene aeh mei axra s` ,oicd weciv mixne` mlerl
l` jxca dkild ick jez ygla mixne` oicd weciv zè ,rbxl wx dxdhd ogley lr xhtpd zhin z` migipn
zia xryn oex`d z` mikilene ,oicd weciv mixne` oi` aeh meia .dlila `le meia mixne` oicd weciv .xawd
cli zxeawa oicd weciv mixne` mpi`y yi .'dxey' `lae yicw `la ,dlitz `la ,wqtd `la ,xawd cr zexawd
xy`k ,dcg oa` e` zikekf zkizg zxfra dlxrd z` mikzeg ,lenip `l oiicry cli zxeawa .dpy el d`ln `ly
migipn oi` dlxrd z` .libxk da mibdepe ,xhtpd z` aey mither okn xg`l ,dxdhd ogley lr gezt avip epex`
z` mi`yep eixg`l wxe ,ctqd mikxer yi ,oicd weciv zxin` xg` .oex`d zelbxnl xawd jeza `l` ,oexà
.oicd weciv zia cil oiznne ,dxeawd zrya xawd l` jled epi` odk la` .exaw l` xhtpd
'hRW k iM Fl rR min Y xESd' :xn

n eikxCl `PW ,eiIg ExY
Ei ,Èd oxY
e Èd KExA WFcT d xnF`
d lM ,`pipg ia x xn ` 1.
(.p `nw àa 'nb)
_______________________________________________
361
diel xcq zegny
dxeaw
.dxeawd dyrne xawd zxitg lr dpenn 'mipxawc `yicw dxag' dzid zewized zelidwa
zxitgl zexawd zial zefixfa èale mzeevn z` zeyrl mipken zeidl mdilr ,dxihtd xac rceed mr skiz
,`vei dfe qpkp df ,df xg` dfa `l` ,zg` zaa miyp` ipy dxitga miwqrzn oi` .xawd
xawd jez l` lerpn jilydl ,xawl oex`d zqpkd iptl ebdp zenewn zvwna .dledae dwegc drydy `l m`
`yicw dxagd iyp` drax` ici lr xawd l` eze` micixen ,ixnbl xebq oex`d xy`k .ely gztnd z` ca`le
.i"` oeeik gxfnl milbxd zè axrn oeeikl y`xd z` migipny oteà ,zexebg izy e` milag ipy zervnà
.mexc cvl eilbxe oetv cvl znd y`x z` gipdl ebdp mda zenewn yi
.dxegyd dtnd z` eilrn mixiqn ,xawl oex`d zcxed iptl
:e ,dk ziy`xaa weqtd z` xnel mibdep yi ,xawd l` oex`d zcxed zrya
zpY n mdx
a` ozp md x
a` l xW
` miWbliR d ipa le e:dk ziy`xa
.minrt 'b df weqt lr mixfegy yi :mc w ux`l` dn w ig EPcFr A FpA wgv i lr n mg NW
ie
,minrt yely dhnd z` jetdl ebdpy yi .cala zg` mrt miktdn ,xawd l` oex`d z` e`yp dilr dhnd z`
miwxef aiaqn micnerd ,xaw il` oex`d zcxed xg` .xirdn wgxznd oeeika dhind z` jetdl micitwnd yie
mila`d .minrt ray miwxef zelidw zvwnae ,minrt yely eciay zà xtr jtey cg` cg` lk ,xawd l` xtr
.migkepd x`y seqale ,dgtynd iaexw mdixg` ,mzcil xcq itl mipad ,oex`d lr xtr miwxefd mipey`xd md
wxefd icia ozil z`d lr xtr mipikn oiè ,lhep dfe gipn df `l` ,xtrd zwixfl z`d z` cil cin mixiarn oi`
ezxiht meie xhtpd my z` `yepd hly eizey`xnl mirwez ,jxra ezivgn ick xawd `lnzn xy`k .xawd l`
`yicw dxagd iyp` .(`yicw dxagd ixtqa riteny itk xawd zwlg xtqn oebk mixg` midfn mihxt e`)
,'xaw zxev' dpeknd ,df lz .lz eilrn miyere xtrd zix`y z` mixaev ,dk`lnd z` miniiqn mipxawc
ziiyr xnb iptl zexawd zia on mi`vei oi` .milbxd cvl xzei xve ,y`xd cvl xzei agx mxrp ,dlrnl ccegn
.mixkp ici lr mgewita dyrp xzid lke ,xaw il` oex`d z` micixen `yicw dxagd iyp` aeh meia .'xawd zxev'
migipny dycg dxicw jeza ,ey`x cvl ,daiyi y`x e` dlidw ax ly exawa oilitze dxez ixtq mifpeb
:xhtpd znyp ielirl dlitz xnel zelidw dnka `yicw dxagd iyp` ebdp ,dxeawd xnba .xaway cgein awpa
zeawp mixkf
znW p lAw z
W zenypd i l ` ii Lipt l oevx idi znW p lAw z W zenypd i l ` ii Lipt l oevx idi
glW z e dAg a E dad ` A Lipt l (ipelR zA zipelR) el glW z e dAg a E dad ` A Lipt l (ipelR oA ipelR)
ocr obl Dz n y p Kiledl mi ehd Lik` ln Dl xW` M ocr obl eznW p Kiledl mi ehd Lik` ln
Epia` awr il mik` ln Y g lW xW` M :aEzMW enM Epia` awr il mik` ln Y g lW
aErBt Ie FM xcl Kl d awrie b-a:al :aEzMW enM :mi l ` ik` ln FaErBt Ie FM xc
l Kl d awrie b-a:al
dpg n m` x xW` M awri xnÌe :mi l ` ik` ln `xwIe df mi l ` dpg n m` x xW` M awri xnÌe
miw zE :mipgn Èdd mFw Od mW `xwIe df mi l ` :df `x wn eA miw zE :mipgn Èdd mFw Od mW
Elri k Etilgi ii iFwe `l:n diryi :df `x wn DA mixWPM x ` Elri k Etilgi ii iFwe `l:n diryi
:Etri i `le Ekli Erb ii `le EvEx i mix WPM x ` enr bdpz e :Etri i `le Ekli Erb ii `le EvEx i
oWc n bprz ze miAx nd Lic qg A Dnr bdpz e aEh ax nE eWtp oWc n bprz ze miAx nd Lic qg A
Dzn W p idzE
miwic vl oEtvd aEh ax nE DWt p exvA dxEx v eznW p idzE miwic vl oEtvd
mia eWd xtr ip eW lM mr miIg d xexvA dxEx v lM mr dR mia eWd xtr ip eW lM mr miIg d
.on` ocr obA W zeipw c ve miwicv lM mr dR .on` ocr obA W zeipw c ve miwic v
midndnzne miakrzn oi` .fpky` bdpn dpi` ,xg` onf lka e` dxeawd xg`l ,xeaiva 'mingx `ln l`' zxin`
dnc`d lr dphw oa` mieelnd on cg` lk gipn ,dxeawd mewn z` miafery iptl .dxeawd xg` xawd lv`
.mivleg oi` ,d"ege aeh meia .yicwd zxin` iptl ,dxeawd xnba mdilrpn mivleg mila`d .xhtpd z` dqknd
_______________________________________________
362
diel xcq zegny
dxeaw xg` yicw
,df yicw .dxeawd xg`y yicwd xn`p ,zexawd zia zncw l` mixfeg xawd ziiyr lr mipennd xy`k
jeza xn`p okle ,'yxl brel' meyn ,mixawdn zen` 'c zegtl ly wgxna xnìdl jixv ,dxez xace weqt lk enk
zqipkl uegn yicwd xnì ,dfk zia oi`y mewna e` ,oicd weciv ziaa xg` zn yi xy`k .oicd weciv zia
yicwd iptl minicwn zelidw zvwna .oicd weciv zial mzqipk iptl mdici milhepd yi .zexawd zia
.('cecl mzkn') f"h xenfn z`
:Lilrl
A iz a Fh dY` ipc` iil Y xn ` :Ka iziq g iM l` ipx nW
cec
l mYk n fh
KiQ ` lA Exdn xg` m z FaSr EA xi :ma ivt glM ixi C
è dOd ux` A xW` miWFcwl
:ilxF
B Kin FY dY ` iq Fke iw
lgzpn i i :iz t U lr mz FnWz` `V` laE m Cn mdiMq p
zFli l s` ipvr i xW ` iiz` Kx a` :ilr d xtW
zl gps` min rPA ilEltp mila g
icFa
M lbIe iAl gn U | okl :hFO `lA ipinin iM cin z iC bpl ii iziEW
:iz Filk ipExQi
:zgW
zF` x
l L ci
t p afrz `l | iM :ghal oMW
i ix
UA s`
:gvp L pin iA zFnirp LipR z` zFgnU r U miIg g ` ipri cF Y
:'dxwie' cr yicwd oeyl z` la`d mr xne` ldwd
`z C gz
`l ciz r Èdc `nlr A Àx DinW swef WC wz ie lC
Bz
i rxek la`
mlW Exi c `Y x
w `pa n lE `nlr iIg l oedz
i `wQ ` lE ìz n dìg ` lE
`pg lt àz ` lE `rx `n d`x kp `pg lt xTr nlE DEbA Dlk id `llk W l E
eki eiaE oekiig A Dx
wie Dz Ekln A Èd Kix A `Wc w Kiln ie Dxz
`l ìn W
c
(on` ldw) :on` rxek la` Exn` e :aix w onfa E `lbr
A l`x UiziAlkc iig a E
`Vpz ie mnFxz
ie x`R z ie gAY W
ie KxAz
i rxek la`
.(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek la` `Wc wC DinW lNd z ie dNrz
ie xC
dz
ie
`zn gpe `zg A W Y `zxi We `zk x AlMn `Nr l
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek la` :`nlr A oxi
n` C
on Àx `nly `di
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet la`
Epilr mFlW dUr
i Èd einFxnA mFlW d r xneè el`nyl dpet
xneè epinil dpet
UilMlre xneè eiptl dgeye
_______________________________________________
363
diel xcq zegny
.eixeg`l rqty xg` eiptl zeriqt 'b reqtl xfeg epi` ,yicwd zxin` xnba la`dy mibdepd yi
,'hiivxdì' lra e` ,xg` la` exne` ,oa my oi` .xhtpd ly epa èd ,df yicw zxin`l dlrna oey`xd aeigd
.cigia `l` ,mipya xn`p epi` yicw .`yicw dxagd iyp`n cg` exne` mxcridae
,mezi yicw mixne` yi dl` minia .oepgz mda oi`y minia df yicw mixne` oi`
:d"n h"t zekxa oebk ,dpyn cenil el minicwnyk opaxc yicw mixne`y e`
` Y a d ` e d:e mixac :xn`PW

d ehd lr Kx
an ÈdW mWM drx
d lr Kx
al mc
` aIg
eh xviA Lix
vi ipW
A Laa llkA :L `nlka E LWt plka E L a a llkA Lil
` ii
:Lpenn lkA L `nlka E :LWt p z` l ep Èd Elt` LWt plka E :rx xvia E
:c`n c`nA el d en ied Kl c en ÈdW dc
nE dc
n lkA L `n lkA xg` xac
:xnF` ìW
w r oA ìppg iax :mixne` jk xg`
zFevn E dxFY
mdl dAx
d Kkitl l`x
Ui z` zFMfl Èd KExA WFcTd dvx
:xiC
ìe dxFY
liC
bi Fw c
v orn l utg ii `k:an diryi :xn`PW

.yicw mey mixne` oi` aeh meia .opaxc yicw
dxey
.riwxd ztik zgz ,zexawd zia zncwa 'dxey' miyer yicwd zxin` xg`
:mdl mixneè ,mdly libd xcq itl mikled mipad ,mdipia mikled mila`de ,zexey izya cnrp mielnd ldw
:mlW
Exi
e oeiv ila ` x`W
KezA (mkz
`) L e` mgpi mewnd
.crend lega s` 'dxey' miyer oi` zelidw zvwna .miyer crend legae ,'dxey' miyer oi` aeh meia
.'dxey' miyer oi` ,ecaln oipn oi` m` .la`d caln ,'dxey'a miyp` dxyr eidiy micitwn
xtre miayr zwixf

,ey`x lrn xeg`l mwxefe miayr ylez zexawd zian `veid lk ,dxeyd xg`
:fh ,ar mildza weqtd oeyl zxin` jez
:ux` d aUr
M xir n Eviv ie fh:ar mildz
:ci ,bw mildza weqtd oeyl z` xneè xeg`l ewxefe xtr hrn lhep ,zexawd ziaa miayr oi` m`
:Epgp` xtri
M xEk
f ci:bw
.minrt yely ok miyerd yi
.aeh meia caln ,miwxefe miylez oepgz mda mixne` oi`y mini x`ye crend lega s`
_______________________________________________
364
diel xcq zegny
zexaw ziaa dkild xgè diel xg` mici zlihp

,zqpkd zia xvga e` ,zexawd zia xeika ,zexawd zian dìvia mici milhep diel xg` `ly mb
,ea rbp e` oex`d z` `ypy in hxta ,diel xg` mici milhep .zial dqipk iptl zevegx dpiidz micidy micitwne
,zqpkd zia xvga zipye ,zexawd zia xeika mrt ,miinrt lehil ie`x ,zexawd ziaa miyp eid mè
:g ,dk ediryia weqtd z` mixne` yi dxeaw xg` dlihpd zrya .ozxifga miypd oia cwxn zend j`lny meyn
mipR lM lr
n drnC mi l ` ipc` dg n E gvp l zeO d rNA g:dk diryi
:xA C ii iM ux` d lM lr
n xiqi FO r zR x ge
.dgepid mewnn dlhep xeza àde ,dlihpd xg` dze` migipn `l` ,cil cin dlhpd z` migwel oi`
z` uegxl mielnl oi`y mixne` yi aà dryza .ef dvigx xg` micid z` miabpn oiè miptd z` mb mivgex
,hrn miayei mrt lka ,minrt yely ayil ebdp zexawd zian dìvia .dfa miaiig `l oicd xwirny oeik ,mdici
cer df oteà miayeie mixfeg oyid bdpnd itl .minrt yely jk ,hrn miayei aeye zeriqt dnk miklede minw
ziaa minrt ray miayeid yi .minrt ray lkd jq ,la`d ziaa ztqep mrte ,zqpkd zia xvga minrt yely
.iecie mixne`d yie ,'xzqa ayei'e 'mrep idie' mrt lka mixne`d yi dl` zeaiyi zra .zexawd
mictqd
,yxcnd zia e` zqpkd zia jezl ctqd jxevl xhtpd ly epex` z` miqipkn oi`
.mireawd eixeriy z` rinydl did libx yecw mewn ezeàe lecb dxez uiaxn did m` `l`
mleà ctqdd z` mikxer yi .oicd weciv zxin` xg` ,xhtp lk ly ezhin iptl micitqn zexawd ziaa
dxez ilecb .zevg xg` zay axrae ,oepgz mda mixne` `ly minia micitqn oi` .zexawd zia zqipkay
oke ,mr aexa mikex` mictqd ,aixrnl dgpn oia ,dxeawd xg`ly minia e` meia ea zqpkd ziaa aey micitqn
,dkld ixaca mdictqd z` ligzdl ewcwcy mipctq yi .xhtpd ly ezeaiyg itl ,mitqep micnrna micitqn
,ytp lkl mieyd ,dcb` ixac jezn mixn`p ctqdd ixac aex j` ,dkld ly zen` 'c `l` enlera d"awl oi` ik
zyecw iptn ,zevg xg` yceg y`x axra caln ,ctqdd xg` dvx` zayl bedp dxez ilecb lr .she miyp miyp`
:xnel ebdpy micigi yi dvx` daiyi ick jez .yceg y`x
dpikX
d itpM zgY dpekp dgEpn `vn d mi exOA o eW ming x `ln l`
znW p z` ri
wx
d x fM mixi
dfn mi edhE mi ecw zelr nA
zeawp mixkf
Dcr
A dwc v oY` xc p ilA W
xEar
A (t"at) ecr
A dwc v oY` xc p ilA W
xEar
A (t"at)
xzq A d xi
Yq i Èd KExA WecTd df xkU A xzq A Edxi
zq i Èd KExA WecTd df xkU A
z` miIg d xexvA xxvie minlerl eitpM z` miIg d xexvA xxvie minlerl eitpM
DaM W n lr g Epz Dzlgp Èd ii Dzn W
p eaMW n lr g Epie ezlgp Èd ii eznW p
:on` xn`pe melyA :on` xn`pe melyA
,dtvxdn mw xeaivdy xg` .rwxwd lr daiyi ick jez mixvw ctqd ixaca mikiynnd yi
.zelibx zeyxc xg` exn`l bedpy opaxc yicw mixne` oi` ctqd xg` .dngp ixaca miniiqny micitqn yi
,xg` crena dlidw lka rawpy ,`yicw dxagd ziprz meia ,dpy dzeà exhtpy dxezd ilecb z` citqdl bedp
.axr zrl mikxrp dl` mictqd .zaha dxyr enk xeaiv ziprz inia e`
:xnì la`d on xhtiye .minegpz ixac mal lr xacle mila` mgpl devne
:mlW
Exi
e oFIv ila ` x`W
KFzA (mkz
`) LzF`
mgpi mFwOd
_______________________________________________
365
la` ziaa xhtpd znyp ielirl cenile dlitz zegny
la`d ziaa dlitz

2
,enè eia` lr la` epi` m` mb ,aixrne dgpn ,zixgy zlitzl la`d ziaa mitq`zn drayd ini lk
.xhtpd ziaa oipn miyer ,mila`zn xhtpl oi`y e` ,cala miyp od zela`dy zra s` .dpy oa wepiz lr elitè
Minyanverein 'oipn zxag' enk mya z`xwpy)zcgein dxag ly e` ,`yicw dxagd iciwtzn ìd oipnd oebxi`
miylg ,mipdk mb mitxhvn efk dxagl .la`d zial oiipn gihadl dnvr lr dlaiwy ('cqg zad` zxag' e`
`ly ,'devn myl' od mixagd zelert .mipxawce mixdhnc `yicw dxagd zxbqna lertl mzlkia oi`y ,mipwfe
.qxt lawl zpn lr
.mitxtxye mixeciq ,dìxw cenr ,ycew oex` mr dxez xtq mila`d zial dìan dxagd
ziaa dlitz miniiwn oi` reay ezeàe ,xhtpd ziaa lltzdl dlidwd ixag lk mià ,ce`n zephw zelidwa
.zqpkd
.dxihtd drxi` eay xcga zelitzd z` mikxer xyt`d zcina
.dltzd zrya xcga zegkep dpiidz `l miypy micitwn
(draydn iriaxd e` iyilyd meidn lgd ok mibdep yi) jkl xyken èd m` ,xeav gilyk lltzn envr la`d
.dxezl dler epiè ,iyinge ipya dxeza `xew epi` j`
.'mit` jx` l`' `le oepgz mixne` oi`
.'gvpnl' mixne`
.'izixa z`f ipè' weqtd lr miblcn
.mitk mi`yep `l mipdk la` ,u"yd zxfga mipdk zkxa mixne`
.dltzd xg`y miyicwa 'lawzz' mixne`
.'sq`l xenfn xiy' mixne`
xnel ebdp `le ,oepgz mda mixne`y minia mb ,('cecl mzkn') f"h xenfn mixne` dlitz lk seqa
.('minrd lk z`f erny') h"n xenfn z`
.'ekxa' iptl 'zelrnd xiy' mixne` oi` epnfa aixrn zlitza
.dlcad iptly miweqtd z` `le ,'yecw dzè' `le 'mrep idie' mixne` oiè 'jexa cecl' mixnfn oi` zay i`vena
.xcgdn `vei la`d j` ,lld mixne` dkepge yceg y`xa
.iecied lr blcne ,daizd iptl `l j` ,xne` la`d zegilq
elek ldwd lky aàdryz ìvedl ,zqpkd zial jled la`d oi` drayd inia la`d ziaa oipn oi` xy`k
.mila` zwfga
.dlil cera oze` mixne`y ,mixetikdmei axre dpydy`x axr ly zegilql zkll el xzen
.dltzl mb xweaae ,dlibndzìxw z` renyl zqpkd zial zkll el xzen mixet lila
.EdiipiAn `z
Nin wt
p ,xfr l ` oA wg v
i ia xC `rl iT ` `g t
p wg v
i ia xE iO ` ia xE À` xA ìIg ia x aiz i 2.
(.k ohw cren 'nb) .dra W zElia` s` dra W bg dn .(i:g qenr) 'la` l mk iBg iY k t d e' :aiz k C ?dra W zElia`
l oiPn
_______________________________________________
366
la` ziaa xhtpd znyp ielirl cenile dlitz zegny
xhtpd znyp ielirl cenil
.xhtpd znyp ielirl cenll ,xweae axr ,ebdp la`d ini zraya
.dnypd d`vi ea mewna cenll ie`x ,xacd xyt` m`
.oey`xd cenild z` miiwl ,xhtpd zial dxeawd xg` cin zkll mixcdnd yi
,diel ,dxdh ,dzin ,iecie ,daeyz ,dlegd lr dlitz ,mileg xewia ,ileg ipiprn ,dcbè xqen ixac la`d ziaa micnel
,'oiglbn el`' wxt jezn micneld yi .'miig ze`vez'ae 'miigd xtq'a `vnpd znbec ,mila` megip ,dxeaw
.mixg` mixtq jezn zela` ipipr e`
.eixtq jezn micnel ,dxez iyecig eixg` gipdy xhtp
.`yicw dxagd ly reawd xeriyd cibn ici lr xeriyd ozip zelidw dnka
,eixg`le cenild iptl edylk gqep mixne`d yi .cenild zlgzd iptl dwcv zzl ie`x
:epiptly gqepd enk ,micnel md in xear ricedle rcil ick
:dnW
p zeI e` ìdW
dpW
O d cEON zEkfA W
i ea` i lè i l
` ii j ipt Nn oevx idi
wr
i wgv i mdx
a` zenWp mr miIg d xexvA dxEx
v (ipelt oa ipelt) znW
p `dY
:on` ocr obA W
zeIpw c
ve miwiC
v x`W
zenWp mre d`le lgx dwa x dx
U
.mixg` mixtqe 'miig ze`vez'a qtcpy itk ,xzei jex` gqep mixne`d yi
,'dnyp' zeize` 'dpyn'y d"lyd ycigy itk ,dnyp ielirl zeipyn cenll hytzp mipexg`d zexeca
xeq` drayd jeza la`dy ,la`d zegkepa zeipyn ecnl `l fpkyà mipexg`d sè ,mipencwd ok ebdp `le
.'dxez renyn epf` xiqn' zeidl eze` migixkn zeipyn ezegkepa mirinyn mè dxez cenlza
.opaxc yicw la`d xne` cenild xg`l
zegtyn zvwne ,miyelyd iniay zezaya zegtle ,miyelyd ini lk xhtpd ziaa cenlle lltzdl mibdep yi
,yicw zxin` mr dxyra xyt`d zcina ,melyza micnel zxiky ici lr mizrl ,dlek dpyd lk ok zeyer
cenil ea erawe ,cgein xcg mdl evwid ,micnel dxyr xekyl ebdp milecb mixiyr .micnel ipy ici lr zegtle
.mixega dxyr mr cnliy xeriy cibn exky mixg` .la`d zpy lk jyna dlile mnei
_______________________________________________
367
la` ziaa oefnd zkxa xcq zegny
: xne` la` ziaa
! Kx
apE ol ad : e` ! orW prA orllèe xiee izFAx : fpky` oeyla
: mlFrcr e dY rn Kan ii mW
id i a:biw mildz : miaeqnd
: FNXn Eplk ` W mila ` mgpn Kx ap zEWx A
:Epiig FaEhaE FNXn Eplk ` W mila ` mgpn KExA : miaeqnd
:Epiig FaEhaE FNXn Eplk ` W mila ` mgpn KExA : onfnd
:FnW KExaE Èd KExA
_______
cqgA ogA FaEhA FNM mlFrdz` oGd mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
xqg `l cinY lFcBd FaEhaE :FC qg mlFrl iM xUA lkl mgl o p dk:elw Èd ming x aE
aihn E lMl qpx
tn E of Èd iM lFcBd FnW xEar A :cre mlFrl oFfn Epl xqg ilè Epl
:lMdz` oGd ii dY` KExA :`x A xW` eizFIxAlkl oFfn oikn E lMl
lr
e :dag xE daFh dc ng ux` Epiz Fa`l Y lg pd W
lr Epi l ` ii LN dcF p
Epx
Ua A Y n z g W
Lzi
xA lr
e micar ziAn Epz ic tE mix
vn ux` n Epi l
` ii Epz `vFdW
zlik` lr e EpY ppFgW cqge og miIg lr
e EpY r cFd
W LiTg lre EpY c ONW
Lz xFY lr e
:drWlka E zrl ka E mFilkA cinY Epz F` qpx tn E of dY` W oFfn
(dtA `"p) itA LnW Kx
Az i KzF` mikx an E Kl micFn Ep` Epi l` ii lMdlr e
ux`d lr Li l
` iiz` Yk xa E Y raU e Y lk ` e i:g mixac :aEzMM :cr e mlFrl cinY iglk
:oFfOd lr e ux` d lr ii dY` KExA :Klozp xW` d Hd
LcFa M oMW n oFIv lr
e Lxi
r mlW
Exi lr
e LOr l`xUilr
e Epilr Epi l ` ii mgx
Epia ` Epi l
` :eilr LnW `x wPW
WFcTd e lFcBd ziA d lr e LgiWn ceC ziA zEkln lr e
Epiz FxvlMn dx dn Epi l` ii Eplgex de Epg iex
de EplM lk e Epq px
t EppEf Eprx
`N` mz` eld ici l `le mc e xUA zpY n ici
l `l Epi l ` ii Epk ix vY l` `pe
:cr e mlFrl mlM p le WFap NW dag x de dWFcTd dgEzRd d`lO d Lc il [m` iM : xge`n gqep]
:dGd la` A milA ` z Od mila ` d zè mlW Exi ila ` z` Epi l ` ii mgp
i p` oM EPngpY FO` xW` Wi` M bi:eq diryi :xEn`M mpFbIn mgO U e mla ` n mngp
:on` :mlW
Exi oipa A oFIv mgpn ii dY` KExA :Eng pY lW Exi
aE mk n gp`
EpW
Fcw :Epl b Ep` xFA
EpM ln Epia ` l`d mlFrd Kln Epi l ` ii dY` KExA
wc v h W zn` oiC zn` l` aihO d e aFHd igd KlO d awr i WFcw
hRW n eikxCl
k iM :FpFvx M FA zFUr l FnlFrA hiNW e (hRW n A zFWtp g le)
l`x Ui zFvx R xCFB :Fkx alE Fl zFcFdl miaIg Epgp` lMd lr e :eic are FOr Epgp` e
mFlWl E miIg l ( dGd la` d lr
nE : siqei jxan xg` m`) Epilr
n z`Gd dvx Rd z` xCbi Èd
'eke ongxd :Epx
Qg il` aFhlMn E aFhlke ming x e cqge og cr l Epln bi Èd
_______________________________________________
368
yicw igqep yicw
opaxc yicw
`zzrnye dklda xeriy xg` cenll mibdep mildz ixenfn zxin` xg`
oa ìppg iax' xnel oinicwnd yi : mixne` yi jk xgè dcbè yxcna e` dpyna hrn
`zcbà dyxc xg`) .'ìywr `pipg iax xn` xfr l` iax xn` (.cq zekxa 'nb)
(:ef dxin` ekixvd `l
:xn`PW mlFrA mFlW miAx n mink g ici nlY
xnF` ìW w r oA ìppg iax
`x wY l` :KipA mFlW ax e ii icEO
l KipA lke bi:bp diryi
zFMfl Èd KExA WFcTd dvx
LzxF z ia d` l ax mFlW dqw:hiw mildz :KipFA `N` KipA
dAxd Kkitl l`x Ui z`
:xn`PW zFvn E dxFY mdl Eil W i mlW
Exi mFlW El`W h-e:akw :lFW kn Fnloi` e
Fw c
v orn l utg ii `k:an diryi ig ` ornl :Kiz FpnxÀ delW KligA mFlW id i :Kia d`
:xiC ìe dxFY
liC bi W w a ` Epi l` iiziA ornl :KA mFlW `Pdx Ac` irx e
:mFl a FO rz
l fr i i ì:hk :Kl aFh
mixne` xeriy e` dyxc lk xg`
.opaxc yicw mila`de minezid
Dz Erx
k `xaC `nlr
ie lC
Bz i rxek
l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEk ln Kiln ie
(on` ldw) .on` rxek Exn` e :aix
w onfa E `lbr
A
Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr
l Kxan Àx DinW `di
lNd z
ie dNrz
ie xCdz ie `Vpz ie mnFxz
ie x`R z
ie gAY W ie KxAz
i rxek
`z k x
AlMn `Nr l .(eixg`l `le) enr xne` xeaivd Èd Kix A rxek `Wc wC DinW
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek :`nlrA oxi
n` C `z n gpe `z
gA W
Y `z xi
We
dpyid `gqep it lr opaxc yicw libxd gqep opaxc yicw
opA x lr
e l`xUilr opA x lre l`x
Uilr
ici
nlY lM lr e oFdici nlY lr e ici
nlY lM lr e oFdici nlY lr e
o`n (lME) lM lr e oFdici nlz oiwq rC onlM lr e oFdici nlz
oic
d `xz à C `z ixF`
A oiwq rC ic
e oc d `xz à iC `z ixF` A
oFdlE `pl `di :xz` e xz` lkA c e (oekle) oFdl `di :xz` e xz` lkA
ing x
e `c qg e `pg `nlW oing xe `C qg e `Pg [Àx] 1 `nlW
(oigiex) oigiex ipFfnE (oing x e) `giex `pFfnE [oikix ` oiIg e]
(dix `n ) `x n mc won `pw xtE Ìn W a iC oFdEa` mc won `pw xtE

:on` :Exn` e (`rx è) Ìn W
:on` :Exn` e
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e :l`x UilMlr e Epilr miIg e Ìn W on Àx `nlW `di
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
.(a"wz mcxhqn`) d"lyd ly a"cdna dpey`xl zeriten 'ikix` iige'e 'àx' milindy azk edil` xef` xeciqa 1.
_______________________________________________
369
yicw igqep yicw
yicwd igqep
xne`d : mipya u"yd zxfg mixne` mpi`y myk eicgi yicw mixne` xzeie mipy oiè yicw xne` cg` mezi wx
opaxc yicw e` mezi yicw xne`d : yicw xneè ,el`nyl e` epinil ,dltz lral jenq cner ,iàb zeyxa ,yicw
yi m` mezi yicw xne` epi` daizd iptl xaerd : xeavd ceak meyn ziaxre dgpn zlitza s` zilha shrzn
,'sq`l xenfn xiy' xg` cala cg` mezi yicw wx xnì ,ecaln mixg` miaeig oi` xy`k .mixg` miaeig my
dltzd xnba mezi yicw xg` mc` xnì ,zqpkd ziaa aeig mey oi` m` .mixzein miyicwa zeaxdl xeq`y iptn
,miyicw x`ya mb cenrl mixingn miax .ea cenrl yi cnern eqtzy yicw lk .'sq`l xenfn xiy' xg`
.llk daeyz ini zxyra '`lrl' miltek oi` mezi yicw lka .cala 'diny `di' zxinà drnw minwd yie
Dz Erx
k `xaC `nlr
A (on` ldw) Àx DinW swef WC
wz ie lC
Bz
i rxek (ohw) la`
l`x UiziAlkc iIg a E oFkinFiaE oFkiIg A DzEk ln Kiln ie
(on` ldw) .on` rxek (ohw) la` Exn` e :aix
w onfa E `lbr
A
Ìn lr inlr
lE mlr
l Kxan Àx DinW `di
dNrz
ie xC dz
ie gAY W
ie Kx
Az
i rxek (ohw) la`
`z xi
We `z kx
AlMn `Nr l Èd Kix A rxek (ohw) la` `Wc wC DinW lNd z
ie
(on` ldw) :on` Exn` e rxek (ohw) la` :`nlr A oxi
n` C `z n gpe `z
gA W
Y
UilMlr
on Àx `nlW
`di
zg` drixka zeriqt yly zgpa eixeg`l rqet la`
UilMlr
e xneè eiptl dgeye
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mourners Kaddish Transliterated

Mourner Bows: Yisgadal veyiskadash Stands straight: Shmey Rabbo (Congregation:
Omaine!), beolehmo deevro cheeroosay, veyamlich malchoosay,
behayaychoun uvyoumaychoun uvhayay dechol Bays Yisroel, ba-agolo
uveezman koreev, veimroo Mourner Bows: Omaine! (Congregation: Omaine!)
Yehay Shmay Rabbo mevorach leolam ulolehmay olehmayo!
Yisborach vyishtabah veyispo-ar veyisrou-mam veyisnasay,
Mourner Bows:
vyis-hadar vyis-aleh vyisa-llal Shmay DeKoodsho Mourner Bows: Brich Hoo!
Laylo mee-kol beerchoso veshee-roso tooshbeh-hoso venehomoso
daahmeeron beolehmo Mourner Bows: veeemroo Omaine! (Congregation: Omaine!)
Yehay shlomo rabbo min shemayo, vehayim olaynoo veal kol Yisroel.
veimroo Omaine! (Congregation: Omaine!)
Mourner Bows and walks back three steps:
Turns to the left side: Ousseh sholoum bimroumov, Turns to the right side: hoo ya-aseh
sholoum Bows forward: olaynoo veal kol Yisroel. veimroo Omaine!
(Congregation: Omaine!)
_______________________________________________
370
dpyd lkl zeiyxt dxez
1
dpyd lkl zeiyxt
2
Eda e Edz dzid ux` d e :ux` d zè min X d z` mi l ` `x A ziW`xA ziy`xa
:xFì die xF` idi mi l ` xnÌe :miO d ipR lr zgx n mi l ` g Exe mFd z ipR lr K ge
mFi xF`l | mi l ` `x wIe :KWg d oiaE xF`d oiA mi l ` lC aIe aFhi M xF`dz` mi l ` `xIe
:cg ` mFi xaidie axri die dlil `xw K gle
ri
wxd z` m i l ` UrIe :min l min oiA liC an id ie miOd KFz A ri ` xnÌe iel
wx id i mi l
mi l ` `x wIe :ok idie ri w
xl lr n xW` miO d oia E ri w xl zgY n xW ` miO d oiA lCaIe
3
:ipW
mFi xaidie axri die minW
ri wxl
l`xyi
:ok idie dWAId d`xz e cg ` mFw nl` min X d zgYn miO d EeT i mi l ` xnÌe
mi l` xnÌe :aFhi M mi l ` `xIe miO i `x w miO d dew n lE ux` dW AIl | mi l ` `x wIe
ux`d lr FaFrxf xW` Fpi nl ix R d r ix R ur rxf ri xfn aUr `WC ux` d `WcY
Edpinl FaFrxf xW` ix Rd r ur e Edp inl rxf ri x
fn aUr `WC ux` d `v FYe :ok idie
:iW
ilW mFi xaidie axri die :aFhi M mi l ` `xIe
p clFIe : p KNd z d mi l `d z` ei c A did min Y wiC v Wi` p p zc lFY dN` gp
:qn g u` d `lO Y e mi l `d ipt l u` d zgX Y e :ztizè mgz` mWz` mipa d lW
xnÌe q :ux` d lr FMxCz ` xUA lM zig W d iM dzgW p dPd e u` d z` mi l ` `xIe
:ux` d z` mzigW n ippd e mdipR n qng ux`d d`ln iM ip t l À xU A lM uw p l mi l `
dfe :xM A uEgnE ziAn D ` Yx tk e daY d z` dU rY miPw xbi vr za Y Ll dUr
:Dz n Fw dO` miW lWE DA g x dO ` miX n g da Y d K ` dO ` zF` n WlW D ` dUrY xW`
mIY g Y miU Y DC vA daY d gztE dlr n ln dPNk Y dO ` lè da Y l dU rY | x v
xU A lM zg W l ux` d lr min lEA Od z` ìa n ippd ip` e iel :dU rY miWlW E mIpW
zàE KY` izix Az` i nw de :rebi u` A xW` lM minX d z Y n miIg g Ex FAxW`
M
n mipW xU A lMn igdl Mn E :KY ` Lipa iW pE L Y W` e Lipa E dY ` daY d l`
l`xyi
M
n Dp inl dn d A d onE Edpinl sFr dn :Eidi daw pE xkf KY` zigd l daY d l` ìa Y
lk ì xW
` lk` n lMn L lgw dY ` e :zFi gd l Lil` Eà i lM n mipW Edpinl dnc `d Unx
:dU r oM mi l ` F ` dEv xW ` lk M p U Ie :dlk ` l mdle L l did e Lil` Y t q ` e
1. Generally in fpky`, the bdpn was to conclude an dilr which ended with the died my by
going up with ones voice. In the past Polish dìxw ilra would do so when chanting
any myd my, even in the middle of the dìxw. They would likewise emphasize, every
place where the first letters or the last letters of a series of words spell out the died my,
for example: minyd elekie iyyd mei, although the mipax of the time strongly opposed these
Polish practices.
.'eizFaia q Fx zq | KWg zWi' :xn `PW ,KW g `vi EPO O W ,FNEM mlFrd lM z` siT O W wFxi ew Edz ,`pY 2.
':Edai pa ` e Edzew d ilr dhpe' :xn `PW ,min oi` vFi
od O W ,mFdY A zFrTEW
n d zFnNEtn d mipa ` EN` Eda
(.ai dbibg 'nb)
(my dbibg 'nb) .min mX W ,`pipg xA iqFi
ia x xn ` ?minW
i`n 3.
_______________________________________________
371
:J` x ` xW` u` d l` Lia ` ziA n E LY c lFO nE L v x

`n L
lKl mx a` l` ii xnÌe jl jl
` ` LlNw n E Lik xa n dk x a` e :dk xA did e LnW dlC b` e L kxa ` e lFc
B iFbl LU r` e
hFl FY` KlIe i i eil` xAC xW a` KlIe iel :dn c
` M mx `d zgR W n lM L a Ek x ape
hFlzè FY W` ix Uz` mx a` gT Ie :ox
gn Fz`vA dp W mir aW e mipW Wng oA mx a` e
orp M dvx` zkl l E` vIe oxga EU rx W` W Pd zè EWk x xW ` mW Ekxl Mzè eig ` oA
:ux` A f` iprpM d e d xFn oFl` cr mk W mFw n cr ux` A mx a` xa r Ie :orpM dvx ` EàIe
:eil` d`x Pd iil g A fn mW oaIe z`Gd ux` d z` oY` L rxfl xnÌe mx a` l` ii `xIe
i il g A fn mWoaIe mcT n ir de mIn l`ziA dld` hIe l`zial mcT n dxd d mX n wY rIe
t :dAbPd rF qpe KFld mx a` rQ Ie :ii mWA `x wIe
4
xW` M id ie :ux` A arxd cak iM mW xEbl dn ix
vn m xa` cxIe uxÀ arx id ie l`xyi
:Y
` d`x nzti dX` iM iYr c i `pdPd FY W` ix Ul` xn Ìe dnix vn `Fa l aix wd
Y
` i g ` `pix n` :EIg i K è i ` Ebxd e z`f FY W` Exn` e mix vO d K ` E` xiiM did e
:KllbA iWt p dzig e KxEa
ra ilahii orn l
dPd e `xIe eipir `VIe :mFId mgM l`dgz R a i Èd e `xnn ipl` A i i eil` `xIe `xie
:dvx` EgYW Ie l` d gz Rn mz `x wl uxIe `xIe eilr miaS p miW p` d lW
`pgTi fpky` bdpnl iel :LC ar lr n xarz `pl` Lip ir A og iz`vn `pm` ipc` xnÌe
Exa rY xg ` mk A l Ecrq e mgl zt dg w ` e :ur d zgY EprX d e mkilbx Evgx e min hrn
mdx a` xd n ie oilet bdpnl iel :YxA C xW` M dUrY oM Ex nÌe mkC arl
r mYx ar oMlri M
ux xw Ad lè :zFbr iU re iWEl zlq gnw mi`q WlW ix dn xnÌe d xUl` dld`d
al g e d` n g gT Ie :F ` zFUrl xdn ie xrP d l` oYIe aFhe K x xw A oA gT Ie mdx a`
eil ` ExnÌe l`xyi :Elk Ìe urd zgY mdilr c rÈd e mdipt l oYIe dU r xW ` xw A d oaE
dx Ul oadPd e dIg zr M Lil ` aEW ` aFW xnÌe :l` a dPd xnÌe LYW` dx U dI`
zFid l lc g min IA miÀ mip wf dx Ue mdxa` e :eixg` Ède l`d gz R zr W d xUe LYW`
:ow f ipcè dp cr iNdzid i la i xg` xn` l DA x wA dx U wgv Y e :miW PM g ` dx Ul
xaC iin `lR id :iYpw f ip` e cl` mpn ` s`d xn`
l dx U dw g v dG dOl mdx a` l` ii xnÌe
:oa d xUlE dIg zr M Lil` aEW` crFO l
,l`rn W
i ia x iAc `pz e .DtFqA `"d aEzMd Dl liH d ,Dz Ng z A c"n l dkixS W daiY lM ,xnF` din g p ia x ,ìp Y 4.
(:bi zenai 'nb) .'dx Acn' ,'dnilW
Exi' 'dOiz la C' ,'dn ix
vn ' mixv n ,'dnipg n ' mipg n ,'dnil` ' mil` ,oFbM
_______________________________________________
372
dx U znY e :dx
U iIg ipW mipW raW e dpW mix Ure dpW d`n dx U iIg EidIe dxy iig
r n md xa` mwI e :Dz Ma le dxUl cRq l md xa` àIe or pM ux` A oFxag èd rAx ` zix wA
mk O r xa w zGg` il EpY mkO r i p` aWFzexB :xn` l zgipA l` xAc ie Fz n ipR
dY ` mi l ` ìU p ipc` | Epr nW :Fl xn`l mdx a` z` zgipa EprIe :ipt Nn izn d xAw ` e
:Lz n xa Tn LOn dlk i`l Fx aw z` EPO n Wi` Lzn z` xaw Epix aw xg a n A Epk FzA
iel
A wl mk W t pz` Wim` xn` l mY` xAc ie :zg ipa l u` d mr l EgYW Ie mdxa` mwIe
Flx
W` dlR k O d zxr nz` il oYie :x vo A oFx tr A ilErbt E ipEr nW ip t Nn iz n z`
zgipA KFz A a i oFx tr e :xawz
Gg`l mkk Fz A iN dPpY i `l n sqk A Ed cU dv w A xW`
ipr nW ipc``l :xn` l FxirxrW iÀ lk l zg ipa ipf` A md x a` z` iY g d oFx tr orIe
:Lz n xa w KN d iY z p iO ri pa ipirl d iY z p L l FAxW` dxr Od e Kl iYz p dc Vd
l`xyi
dY` m` K` xn` l ux` d mr ipf` A oFx trl
` xA c ie :ux` d mr ipt l md x a` EgY W Ie
n `l mdx a` z` oFxtr orIe :dOW izn z` d xAw ` e iPO n gw dc Vd sqM iYz p ipr nW
El
:xa w Lz n zè èd dn Lpia E ipiA sqMlwW z` n rA x ` ux ` ipr nW ipc` :Fl
zgipa ipf` A xAC xW` sqM d z` ox trl md x a` lw WIe oFxtrl ` m d x a` rn W Ie
:x Ql x r sqM lwW zF`n rAx `
mir AxòA wg v i id ie :wg v iz` cilFd mdx a` mdx a` oA wgv i zc lFY dNè zeclez
:dX ` l Fl iOx `d oal zFg ` mx` oC Rn iO x `d lÈzAzA dw a xz ` FY gw A dp W
mipA d Ev xz Ie :FY W` dw ax x Y e i i Fl xzr Ie èd dx wr iM FY W` g p l iil wgv i xY rIe
iel
miFb miib ipW Dl i i xnÌe :iiz` Wxc l KlY e i p ` dG dOl oM m` xn`Y e DA x
wA
zcll d ini E` ln Ie :xir v ca ri ax e un ì m` ln m`lE Ec xRi Kr On miO `l ipW E Kp h a A
ok ix
g` e :eU r FnW E` x wIe xrU zxC `M FNM ip Fnc ` oFW`xd `vIe :Dph a A mnFz dPd e
:m ` zclA dpW miX W oA wgv ie aw ri FnW ` xwIe eU r awrA zf ` Fc ie eig ` `v i
adÌe :mil ` aWi mY Wi` awrie d cU Wi` civ r i Wi` eU r id ie mixr Pd ElCbIe l`xyi
5
c
Vd on eUr à Ie cifp awri cfIe :aw riz` za` dw ax e eit A civ iM eUrz ` wgv i
oMlr i p ` sir iM dGd mc`d mc `d on `p iphirld aw ril` eU r xnÌe :sir Ède
lFd i p` dPd eU r xnÌe :il Lz xk Az` mFIk d xkn aw ri xnÌe :mFc ` FnW`x w
:aw ril Fz k Az` xMn Ie Fl raX Ie mFIM iN dr aXd aw ri xnÌe :d kA il dGdOle zEn l
t :d kAd z` eUr faIe KlIe mIe Y WI e lkÌe miW cr cifpE mgl eU r
l oz p aw rie
,dq xF`
n dx rp lr À (` .(epia` mdxa` zny) mFid FzFÀ rW x FzF` xa r zFxiar Wn g ,opgFi ia x xn ` 5.
aiz M dq xF` n dx rp lr À .dxFk A d z` hW e (d ,miz O d ziIg z A xt ke (c ,xwi
r A xt ke (b ,Wt Pd z` bxd e (a
aiz kE
'sir' :`kd aiz M ,Wt Pd z` bxd ,(fk:ak mixac) 'D`vn dcV a iM' :mz d aiz kE ' c Vd on eUr à Ie' :`kd
il-` df' :mz d aiz kE ' l dGdOle' :`kd aiz M xwi
r
A xt ke ,(`l:c dinxi) ':mib xd l iWt p dti r iM il `piF`' :mz d
r faIe' :aiz k C dxFk
U A d z` hW e ,'zEn l KlFd i p` dPd ' :aiz k C ,miz O d ziIg z A xt ke ,(a:eh zeny) 'Edep` e
(:fh `xza àa 'nb) ':d kAd z`
_______________________________________________
373
Klnia` l` wgv i KlIe mdx a` in iA did xW` oFW` xd arxd ca Nn ux` A arx id ie
:Lil` x ` xW` ux` A ok W dnix
vn cx Yl` xnÌe i i eil` `xIe :dxx B miY W lR Kln
i nw de l` d zv x `d lMz` oY ` L rxflE L
liM Jkxa ` e LOr did ` e z`Gd ux` A xEB
iY z pe min X
d ia k Fk
M Lrxfz` iz iAx
de :Lia ` mdx a` l iY A W p xW` dr a Xd z`
ilwA mdx a` rnW xW` awr :ux` d iiFB lM L rxfa Ek xA z
de l`d zvx `d lM z` L rxfl
:i xFz e izFT
g i evn iY x nW
n xnWIe
ipa ` n gTIe WnX d à iM mW olIe mFw OA rB t Ie :dpx g KlIe raW x` A n awri `vIe `vie
W`xe dvx` aS n mNq dPd e ml gIe :Èd d mFw OA aMW Ie ei W`x n m Ie mFw Od
iel
i i ip` x n Ìe eilr aS p i i dPd e :FA mic ie milr mi l ` ik ` ln dPd e dninX d ri
Bn
Lrxf did e :LrxflE dPpY ` L l d il r a W dY ` xW` ux` d wgv i i lè Lia ` md x a` i l `
:Lrxfa E dnc `d zgR W n lM L a Ekx ape dAbpe dpt ve dn w e dOi Yv xt E ux` d xt rM
L afr` `l i M z`Gd dnc `d l` Li aW de Kl Y xW` lk A LiY x nW E KO r i p` dPd e
dGd mFwOA i i Wi ok ` xnÌe FzpX n wri uwi Ie :Kl iY A Cx W` z` iziU rm ` xW ` cr
fe mi l` ziA m` i M df oi` dGd mFw Od `xFPd n xn Ìe `xi Ie :iYr ci `l i p` e
l`xyi
` mUIe ei W`x n mU xW` oa ` d z` gT Ie xA A aw ri mM W Ie :min X
d xr W
xir dmW fEl mlEè l`ziA Èdd mFw Od mW z` `xwIe :DW `xlr o W wv Ie daS n
Kl Fd i p` xW ` dGd KxCA ipx nW E ic Or mi l ` did i m` xn` l xcp awri xCIe :dpW`x l
:mi l`l il ii did e ia ` ziA l` mFlWa iY a W e :WA ll cbaE lk `l mgl ilozpe
6
:Kl EP
xVr` xVr il oYY xW ` lke mi l ` ziA did i da S n iY n U xW` z`Gd oa` d e
n`
l m ` evie :mFc ` d cU xir U dvx ` eig ` eUrl ` eip t l mik` ln aw ri gl W
Ie glyie
xFW ilidie :dYrc r xg` e iYxB oa lmr aw ri L C ar xn ` dM eUr l ipc`l oEx n`z dM
iel
mik ` lO d EaW Ie :Lipir A og`vnl ip c`l ciBd l dg lW è dgt W
e car e o`v xFn ge
:FO r Wi` zF` nrAx è L z` xwl Kd mbe eU rl ` Lig ` l` EpÀ xn` l awril`
miNn Bd e xw Ad zè o`S dzè FY `xW` mr dz` ugI e Fl xvIe c`n aw ri `xi Ie
:dh ilt l x`W Pd dpg O d did e EdMd e zg` d dpg O d l` eUr `Fa im` xnÌe :zFpg n ipW l
l`xyi
LY c lFn lE L vx `l aEW il ` x `d ii wgv i ia ` i lè md x a` ia ` i l` wri x n Ìe
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xva z `le d ig itq z` Exvw z `le Erxfz `l mkl did Y dpW miX n gd zpW èd la Fi
z`Gd laFId zpW A :Dz ` Ea Yz
` lk`Y dc Vd on mkl did Y W w èd la Fi i M :dix fpz`
:Fz
Gg` l` Wi` EaW Y
dpz pe mYr A mkinW b iY z pe :m ` mziUre Ex nW Y i evn zè EklY i T gA m` izwga
mYlk ` e rxfz` biV i xiva E xiv A z` WiC mkl biV d e :Fix R oYi dc Vd ur e Dl Eai ux` d
iel
cix gn oi` e mYa k W E ux` A mFlW iY z pe :mk v x
À g al mYa W ie raU l mk n g l
k ipt l Elt pe mkia`z
` mYt cxE :mk v x À xa r z`l age ux` d on drx dIg iY A W d e
:axgl mkipt l mkia` Elt pe EtCx i da a x mMn d`n E d` n dX n g mMn Et cx e :axg l
l`xyi
mYlk ` e :mk Y
` izix Az` i niw de mkz ` iziAx de mk z
` iz ix
td e mk il` izipt E
:mk z ` iWt p lrbz `le mkk Fz A ipM W n iY z pe :Eìv FY Wc g ipR n oW ie oWFp oWi
iz`vFd xW ` mk idl ` ii ip` :mr l ilEidY mY` e mi l`l mkl iziid e mk k Fz A iY k Nd z
de
:zEIn n Fw mkz ` KlFè mk Nr z n xAWè mic ar mdl zid n mixvn ux` n mk z `
zipX d dpX
A ipX d W g l cg` A crFn l` A ipiq xAc nA d nl` ii xA c ie xacna
m a` zia l m gRW n l l` x
UiipA zcrl
M W`xz` E` U :xn` l mx vn ux`n mz`vl
Ec wt Y l`x
UiA àv ` ilM dlr n e dpW mix Ur oA n :m lBlbl xkflM zFn W xR q n A
:Èd ei a`zial W`x Wi` dHO l Wi` Wi` Eid i mk Y è :ox d` e dY` m àv l m `
` inlW
oFr nW l :xEì cWoA xEvil` oa E`x l mkY ` Ecnri xW` miW p` d zFn W dN` e iel
:olgoA aìl` ol Eafl :xrEvo A l`pz p xk UVi l :ac piO ro
A oFWgp dcEdi l :iC WixEvo
A
ci
a` on ipa l :xEvd c RoA lìln B dX pn l cEdi Oro
A rnW il` mix t`l sq Fi ipa l
:l` ErCo A sq il` cbl :ox kro
A lìrbR xW ` l :iC WiO ro
A xfri g` oc l :iprc BoA
itl` iW`x mzFa` zFH n iìUp dc rd i` Exw iìxw dN` :opiro A rxi g` il Y t p l
l`xyi
dc rd lM z` e :zn WA EaTp xW` dN` d miW p` d z` ox d` e d n gT Ie :md l`x Ui
zFn W xR q n A m a` zia l m gRW n lr Ec liz Ie ip X d W g l cg ` A Elid w d
:ipiq xAc nA mc wt Ie d nz` ii dEv xW` M :m lBlbl dl n e dpW mix Ur oA n
_______________________________________________
386
:m gRW n l m a` zial mdmB oFWxb ipA W`xz ` Ù p :xn` N d nl` ii xAc ie `yp
a rl à v à vl À d lM mzF` cw tY dpW miX n g oA cr dlr n e dpW mi lW oAn
iel
oM W O d zri x iz` E` Up e :`V n lE carl iPWxBd zgRW n z ar z`f :crFn l` A d ar
:crFn l` g R Kq n z` e dlrnln eilrx W` WgYd dqk n E Edq k n crFn l`z è
aia q g A fO d lre oMW O d lr xW ` xv gd xrW | gzR | Kq n zè xv gd ir lw z` e
eipa E ox d` iRlr :Eca r e mdl dUri xW` lM z` e mz a r ilM lMz` e md ixzi n z` e
zxn W n A mdlr mYc wt E mz a r lklE m` V n lk l iP WxBd ipA z arl M did Y
xn z i` ciA mY x nW n E crFn l` A iPWxBd ipA zg RW n z ar z`f :m` V n lM z`
dpW mi lW oAn :m ` cw tY m a`zial m gRW n l ixxn ipA l`xyi q :o Md oxd` oA
:crFn l` z arz ` ca rl à S l À d lM m cwt Y dpW miX n g oA cr e dlr n e
:eipc è ei cEOre eigixaE oM W O d iW xw crFn l` A mz a rl kl m` V n zxn W n z`fe
Ec wt Y zn Wa E mz a r lklE md ilM lk l md ixzi n E m czie md ipc è aia q xv gd icEO re
crFn l` A mz a rl
kl ixx n ipA zgRW n z ar z`f :m` V n zxnW n ilM z`
14
.o`k zniizqn dxezd zìxw fpky` ipa bdpnl :o Md oxd` oA xn z i` ciA
:m a` zialE m gRW n l iz d T d ipA z` dcrd iìUpE ox d` e d n cw tIe mitiqen yi
:crFn l` A d arl à S l À d lM dpW miX n g oA cre dlr n e dpW miW lW oA n
iz d T d zgR W n icEw
t dN` :miX n ge zF`n raW miR l` m gRW n l mdicw t Eid Ie
:d nciA ii iR lr ox d` e d n cw R xW ` crFn
l` A c rd lM
x
Pd z` Lz lrdA eil` Y x n` e ox d` l` xA C :xn` N d nl` ii xAc ie jzlrda
d i xp dlrd dxFp Od ipR lEnl` ox d` oM Ur Ie :zFxPd zr aW
Exiì dxFp
Od ipR lEnl`
èd dW w n Dgx Rcr Dkx icr ad f dW w n d pOd dUrn dfe :d nz` ii dEv xW` M
t :d pOd z` dUr oM d nz` ii d`x d xW ` d` xOM
mdl dUr zdk e :m ` Y x dh e l`xUi ipA KFYn mIeld z` g w :xn`
N d nl` ii xAc ie iel
:Exd H d e mdic ba EqA k e mx UA lMlr xrz Exia rde z`Hg in mdilr dGd mx dh l
Ya x wd e :z`H g l gTY xw Aoa ipW xtE onXa dlElA zlq Fz gpn E xw A oA xR Egwle
l`xyi
ii ipt l Ield z` Ya x wd e :l` x
Ui ipA crl Mz` Y ld w d e crFn l` pt l mIeld z`
` n i i ipt l dt EpY mIeld z` ox d` sipd e :mIeld lr mdic iz` l`x Uiipa Ek nq e
dUre mix Rd W`x lr md ic iz` Ek nq i mIeld e :ii zarz ` carl Eid e l`x Ui ipA
xd` ipt l mIeld z` Yc nrd e :mIeld lr xRk l i il dlr cg`d zè z`H g cg `d z`
:mIeld il Eide l`x
Ui ipA KFYn mIeld z` YlC ad e :iil dtEpY m ` Yt pd e eipa ipt le
14. iyilyd zilr concludes with the words 'odkd oxdòa', in order to make a separation between the
divine command to count, and the counting itself. (zldw ixac)
_______________________________________________
387
ipa l o p ip` xW` orp M ux` z` Exz ie miW

p` L
lglW
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Ui
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rE Uiipa iW`x miW p` mNM ii iR lr ox`R
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B dXpn dH n l sqFi dHn l :icFqo A
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i oEpoA r WFdl d n `xwIe ux`d z` xEz l d n glW xW` miW p` d
:xd d z` mzilre abP A df Elr md l` xnÌe or
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dzè èd dn u` d z` mzi`xE
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oi` m` ur DAWid dfxm ` èd dpn X d ux `d dn E :mix va n A m` mipgn A d
:mia pr i
xEMA ini min Id e ux`d ix
Rn mYg w lE mY w Gg z d e
:oa E`x ipA zlRoA oF` e aìl` ipA mxi a` e oz c

e ieloA zdw oA xdv ioA g w gT Ie gxw
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ii mkFzaE mi cw mNM dcrd lk iM m klax m dl` Ex nÌe ox d` lr e d nlr El dTIe
iel
Fzcrl Ml` e g wl ` xA c ie :eipR lr lRIe d n rn W Ie :ii ldw lr E`Vpz Y rE C nE
:eil` aix wi FAxga i xW` zè eil` aix wd e WFcTd zè FlxW` z` ii r ie xA n`l
ii ipt l z h w | od ilr EniUe W` | oda EpzE :Fz crl ke g w zFY gn mklEg w EU r z`f
g wl ` d n xnÌe l`xyi :iel ipA mklax WFc Td Èd ii xga ixW` Wi` d did e xg n
k z
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Lig` lMzè L ` ax wIe :mz xW l dcrd ipt l cn rle i i oM W
n z arz ` ca rl eil`
Èdd n ox d` e iilr mic P d L z crl
ke dY ` ok l :dPdM mB mYW T a E KY` ielipa
:dlrp `l ExnÌe aìl` ipA mxi a`le ozc l `xwl d n glW Ie :eilr EpiNz epelz iM
:xx YU d mB Epilr x xYU z iM xAc OA Epzindl Wa cE alg zaf ux` n Epz ilrd iM hr nd
mW lr milB xn ,EpizFa
`n Epic iA zxFq n df xac ,wg v i ia x xn ` ':xEM
foA rE OW oa E`x dH n l mzFnW dN` e' 15.
,Èd KExA WFcT d lW eiU rn xz Q W 'xEzq' ,'l` k in oA xEzq' ,cg ` `N` Epic iA dz
lr `l Ep` e ,E`xw p mdi U rn
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aC ìA g d W 'iA g
p' 'iq t eoA iAg p' ,xn`
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i 16.
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388
n`
l ii dEv xW` dxFY d zT g z`f :xn` l oxd` l` e d nl` i i xA c ie zwg
d ilr dlr`
l xW` mEn DA oi` xW` dn inY dO c ` dx t Lil` Egw ie l` x Ui ipA l` | xA C
:eipt l D ` hgW e dp g O l uEgn l` D ` ìv Fde oMd xfr l` l` D ` mY z pE :lr
:min r R raW DnC n crFnl
` ipR g p l` dGd e Fr Av ` A DnC n oMd xfr l` gw le
ur o Md gw le :sxUi DWx Rlr Dn Cz è Dx UA zè Drz` eipir l dx Rd z` s xUe
FxUA ugx e o Md eicbA qA k e iel :dx Rd ztx U KFYl` Kil W d e zr lFz ipW E aFfè fx`
ugx e miO A eicbA qAk i D ` sVde :axr dcr oMd `nh e dpg O d l` à i xg` e miO A
mFw nA dpg O l uEgn g iPd e dx Rd xt` z ` xFd h Wi` | sq ` e :axr dcr `nh e miOA FxUA
oilet bdpnl l`xyi
s `d qAk e :èd z`Hg dC p inl zxnW n l l` x UiipA zc rl dzid e xFd h
zT gl mkFzA xBd xBle l` x Ui ipa l dz id e axr dcr `nh e eic bA z` dx Rd xt`z`
mFIA Fa` Hg z i Èd :min i zr aW `nh e m c` Wtplkl znA r bPd fpky` bdpnl l`xyi :mlFr
:xd h i `l iri aX d mFIa E iW ilX d mFIA `H g z i `lm
è xdh i iri aX d mFIa E iW ilX d
dzx kpe Ò h ii oMW n z` `H g z i `le zEn ixW` mc `d WtpA zn A rb PdlM
c
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g Ez t ilM lke :min i zr aW `nh i l` A xW ` lke l` dl` Àd lM l` A zEn iiM
zn a F` axg llg A dc Vd ipR lr rB ixW` lk e :Èd `nh eilr liz R cin v oi` xW`
eilr ozpe z`Hg d zt x U xtrn `n H l Egwle :min i zr aW `nh i xaw a F` mc ` mvr aF`
:ilM l` miIg min
`n mr d ipR n a` Fn xbI e :i n `l l`xUi dUrx W` lM z` xFR voA wlA `xIe wla

ldT d Ek gli dY r oic n ipw fl` a` Fn xnÌe :l` x Ui ipA ipR n a` Fn uwIe Èda x iM
:èd d zr A a`Fnl Kln xFR voA wla E d cVd wxi z` xFX d KglM Epi aia q lMz`
Fl`xwl FOri pA ux` xdPd lr xW` dxFz R xr AoA mrlA l` mik ` ln gl W Ie iel
`Pdkl dYr e :ilO n a i Ède ux` d oirz ` dQ k dPd mix vO n `vi mr dPd xn` l
iYr ci iM ux`d on EPWxb` e FAd Mp lkE` ilE` iPO n Èd mEvri M dGd mr dz` iN dx`
mciA minq w E oic n ipw fe a` Fn ipw f Ek lI e :x` Ei x`Y xW` e K an Kx aYx
W` z`
mk z ` i aW de dliN d dt Epil md il` xnÌe l`xyi :wla i xaC eil` Ex Acie mr lA l` Eà Ie
in xnÌe mrlA l` mi l ` à Ie :mrlA mr a`Fnix U Ea WIe il` ii xAc i xW` M xa C
:il` glW a`Fn Kln xR voA wlA mi l `d l` mrlA xnÌe :KO r dN` d miW p` d
A mgNd l lkE` ilE` F ` iNdaw dkl dY r ux`d oirz ` qkie mix vO n ` Id mr d dPd
:Èd KExa iM mr dz` x`z `l mdO r Klz `l mr lA l` mi l ` xnÌe :eiY W xbe
_______________________________________________
389
lr n iz n g z` aiW d o Md ox d` oA xfr
l` oA qg piR :xn` N d nl` ii xAc ie qgpit
ippd xn ` okl :iz ` pw A l`xUiipA z` iziNk `le mkFzA iz` pw z` F` pw A l` xUiipA
`Pw xW` zgY mlFr zPdM zix A eixg` Fr xfl E FN dzide iel :mFlW izix Az` Fl o p
x nf zip icOd z` dM d xW` dM O d l` xUi Wi` mWe :l` x Ui ipA lr xRk ie ei l`l
zFO` W`x xEvz a iA fM zipic Od dMO d dX ` d mW e :iprnX l a`zia ìU p Èlq oA
t :Èd oic nA a`ziA
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r mkl ElM pxW` mdilk pA
t dtBO d ix g` idie :xFr R xaCl
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l` x UiipA zcrl
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l` lè d nl` ii xnÌe
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d nz` ii dEv xW` M dlrne dpW mix Ur oAn :xn` l Fgx i o
Cxilr a`Fn za xr A m `
:mix
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W raXd F` i il xcp xC iiM Wi`
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W t plr d xq` xW` d ixqè d ixc
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d x
qè d ixc
p Enw e Dl Wix gde FrnW mFiA DWi` rnW e :DW t plr dx q` xW` d iz t U
d il r xW
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iel
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:dra WA DWt plr xQ` d xq` F` dx cp DWi` ziAmè :dilr mEw i DWt plr d xq` xW`
W t plr d xq` xW` xQ` lke d ixc plM Enw e D ` ìpd `l Dl Wx gde DW i` rnW e
`l DWt p xQ` lE d i xcpl d izt U `v FnlM FrnW mFiA D W i` | m ` xt i xtd mè :mEw i
EPniwi DWi` Wtp zPr l xQ` zra Wlke xcplM l`xyi :Dlglq i iie mx td DW i` mEw i
d ixcplMz` miwd e mFil ` mFIn D W i` Dl Wix gi Wx gd mè :EPx ti DWiè
` xti xtd mè :Fr nW mFiA Dl Wx gdiM m ` miw d d ilr xW ` d ix
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_______________________________________________
390
:ox
d` e d nciA m àv l mx
vn ux`n E`
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Uiipa ir
qn dN` irqn
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v lrA ipR lr xW` zxi I e mz ` n ErqIe l`xyi :xA c
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391
L Carz ` zF` x dl zFN gd dY` mi l ` ipc` :xn` l èdd zr A iil` oPg z è opgzè
:L xEa bk e LiUrn k dUrixW` ux` a E min X A lìn xW` dw fgd Lcizè L lc
Bz`
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.lew znxda `xwp ,'epgpi cca 'c' ,oexg`d weqtd
:xk p l` FOr oiè EPgpi cc
A ii
:FzFn ipt l l`x Ui ipA z` mi l `d Wi` d n K xA xW ` dk x Ad z`fe dkxad z`fe

19
Fpinin W w za ax n dz` e ox` R xd n rit Fd Fnl xirV n gxfe À ipiQn ii xn Ìe
20
:Li xAC
n `Vi Ll bxl EM Y md e L ciA ei cwlM miO r a g s ` :Fnl zC W ` zcy`
iha W c i mr iW`x sQ ` z dA Kln oExWi a id ie :aw ri zNd w dWxF n d n EpldEv d xFY
dcEd
i lFw ii rnW x n Ìe d cEdi
l z`fe q :xR q n eiz n id ie zn ilè oaE`x ig i :l` x Ui
t :did Y eix Sn xfr e Fl ax eici EPìaY FOrl è
:da ix n inlr EdaixY dQ n A FziQp xW` L ciqg Wi` l LixE` e LiOY xn ` iell E iel
Lz x n` ExnW
iM r ci `l epA zè xiM d `l eig` zè eiz i`x `l FO`l E eia ` l x `d
lilk e LR ` A dxFh
w EniU i l`x Uil Lz xFz e aw ril Lih R W n ExFi :Exv pi Lzi x
aE
on ipa l q :oEnEw ion ei`pU n E einw mipz n ug n dvx Y eic i l t E Fli g ii K
xA :LgA fn lr
21
xn ` sqFilE l`xyi q :ok W eitz M oiaE mFId lM eilr sg eilr g al oMW i i i cic i xn `
WxB cbO n E WnW zÈa Y cbO n E :zgY zv x mFdY nE lH n min W cbOn Fv x ` ii zk an
dpq ip W oFvxE D lnE ux ` cbO n E :mlFr zFr aB cbO n E mcwi x
xd W`xnE :mig x i
miO r md A eip x
w m` x ipx
we Fl xc d FxFW xFk A :eig ` xifp cwc wlE sq Fi W`xl dz `Fa Y
:dX pn itl` mde mix t` zFa ax md e uxìqt ` eC gi gBpi
.W` zC md
l oz
PY W ElNd oiiE`x ,Èd KExA WFcT d xn ` ':Fnl zC W` Fpinin ' ,l`rn W
i ia x iAc `pY 19.
(:dk dvia 'nb) .mdi pt A cFnrl oilFki oFWle dnE`
lM oi` (`l) `ln
l` W ,W` EN` lW mdi z C ,ixn ` C `Mi`
zFni oipn M ,oie`
l Wn g e miX W e zF`n WlW ,dW nl Fl Exn `p zFv n dxU r WlWE zF`n WW ,i` ln U ia x WxC 20.
d n EpldEv d xFY' ?`xw i`n ,`pEpn d ax xn ` .mc` lW eix ai` cbpM ,dU r dpFnWE mir
Ax` e miz`
nE ,dO g d
.mEprn W dxEa B d iR n (b,a:k zeny) 'L l did i`l'e 'ikp`'
,ied ixq cg e d` n ziW Ìxh ni
bA dxFY ' W xF n
(:bk zekn 'nb)
,dcEd
i lW Fwlg n d` vFi dz id drEvx (ycwnd ziaa) ,`pipg ia xA `n g ia x xn ` `n g xA iel ia x xn ` 21.
'mFId lM eilr sg' :xn
`PW ,dlhFp
l mFi lkA di lr xrh v n wiC S d oin
ip A did e ,oin
ip A lW Fwlg A dq pk
pe
(.cp migaf 'nb) .':ok W M oiaE' :xn
eitz `PW ,Èd KExA WFcT d l okfi R WE`
dU rpe wiC S d oin
ip a dkf Kkit l
_______________________________________________
398
.yceg y`xl dìxw xcq
i gip g ix iX ` l in g l ipA x
wz` mdl` Y x n` e l` x
Ui ipA z` e v :xn` N dUnl` ii xAc ie
1 iel
dpW ipA miU a M iil Eaix wY xW` dX ` d df md l Y xn` e :Fc rF
n A il aix wd l Ex nW Y
UaM d z` e xA a dU rY cg` UaMd z` o`k miiqn odk zilr :cin z dlr mFIl mipW mn inz
:oid d zri ax ziz M onWA dlElA dgpn l zlq dti`d zixi Ure :miA xrd oiA dUrY ip X d
l`xyi
cg`d U Ml oid d zri ax FMqpe :iil dX` gi p g ix l ip iq xd A diUrd cin Y zlr
dU rY FMqpk E xA d zg pn M miAxrd oiA dUrY ip X d UaM d z` e :iil xkW Kqp KQd W T A
t :iil gip g i x dX`
:FM qpe o X a dlElA dgpn zlq mipxUr ipW E mn inY dpW ipA miU a k ipW zA X d mFiaE
t :DM q pe cinY d zlrlr FY AW A zAW zlr
raW dpW ipA miU a M cg ` li` e mip W
xw aipA mix R iil dlr Eaix wY mk iWc g iW
`x aE iriax
dlElA dgpn zlq mipxUr ipW E cg`d xRl onX a dlElA dgpn zlq mipxUr d lWE :mn inY
X ` gi p g ix dlr cg`d U Ml onX a dlElA dgpn zlq oFx Vr ox Vr e :cg `d li` l onX a
W g zlr z`f oii U Ml oid d zri axE li` l oid d zW ilW E xR l did i oidd iv g md iMq pe :iil
:FM qpe dUri cin Y
d zlrlr iil z`Hg l cg` miGr xir U E :dpX d iWc gl FW c gA
.xeaiv ziprzl dìxwd xcq
,enrl zeyrl `wqt seq cr dyn lgie odkl mi`xewe `yz ik xcqa miyp` 'b mi`xew xeaiv ziprza
,èdd xdd cr jl lqt dyn l` d xnìe iell mi`xewe jl lqt zyxt cr miblcne
.jnr dyr cr zgl ipy lqtie mi`xew xihtn èdy l`xyile
mix vn ux` n z`v Fd xW` LO r A LR ` d xgi ii dnl xnÌe ei l ` ii ipR z` d n lg ie
m NklE mix dA m ` bx dl m` ivFd drx A xn` l mix vn Ex nì dOl :dw fg cia E lFcB k A
2
l` x UilE wg v il mdx a` l xk f :LO r l drxd lr mgPd e LR ` oFx gn aEW dnc `d ipR lr n
ux` d lke minX d iak Fk M mk rxfz` dA x ` md l` xA cY e K A m dl Y rA W
p xW ` Lic
ar
t :FO rl zFU rl A C xW` dr xd lr ii mgPIe :mlrl lgpe mk rxfl oY ` iYxn ` xW ` z`Gd
mix aCdz` zg Nd lr iY az k e mipW`x M mipa ` zglipW L llqR d nl` ii xnÌe iel
3
ip iq xd l` x A a zi lr e xA l oFkp did e :Y xA W xW` mipW`x d zgNd lr Eid xW`
o`S dmB xdd lkA `x il` Wi` mbe KO r dlr i`l Wiè :xd d W`xl r mW il Ya S pe
l`xyi
x A a d n mM W Ie mipW`x M mipa ` zg lipW lq tIe :Èd d xdd lEnl` Er x il` xw A d e
mW FOr aSiz Ie op rA ii cxIe :mipa ` zgl ipW Fc iA gT Ie F ` ii dEv xW` M ip iq xd l` lrIe
4
:zn è cqgax e miR ` Kx` oEPg e mEgx l` i i | ii ` x wIe eipR lr | ii xa rIe :ii mWa `xwIe
ipA lr e mipA lr zFa ` oer | c R dT pi `l dTpe d`H g e r te oer ` p mit l`l cqg x p
og iz` v n `pm` xnÌe :EgY W Ie dv ` cT Ie d n xdn ie :mir Axl
r e miWNW lr mip a
5
:EpY lg pE Epz` Hg l E Epperl Yg lq e Èd s rd Ww mr iM EpAx wA ipc` `pKli ip c` Lipir A
u` d lka E` x ap`l xW` z` lt p dU r` LO rl M cbp zi x
A zM i p` dPd xnÌe
:KO r d r ip` xW` Èd `xFpi M ii dUrn z` FA x wa dY `xW` mrdlk d` x e miFBdlka E
1. The dilr iel begins with the weqt, 'mdl zxnè'. The bdpn to to begin with the 'yakd z`' is based
on the `"xbd bdpn.
(.aq zenai 'nb) .Y xA X W LgM xWi
i dW
nl Èd KExA WFcT d Dil xn ` ,Wiw
l Wix xn ` 2.
3. 4. 5. It is fpky` bdpn for the ldw and then dìxw lra to recite these miweqt aloud, as is common
practice today.
_______________________________________________
399
.xeaiv ziprzl dxhtd
p wxt diryia
iil` aW ie ei aWg n oe` Wi` e FM xC rW x afri :aFx w FzFi
dA Ed`x w F` vO d A ii EWxC
ikxC mkikxc `le mk izFa Wg n iz FaWg n `l iM :gFlq l dAx iiM Epil `lè Edn g xi e
:mk i a Wg O n i aWg n E mk ikxC n ik xc Ed aB oM ux`n min W Eda biM :ii m` p
ci
lFd e ux` d z` dex dm` i M aEW i `l dO W e min X
d on blX d e mWB d cx i xW` M iM
mwi x il` aEWi`l iR n `v i xW` ix ac did i oM :l `l mgle r Gl rxf ozpe Dginv d e
oEla EY mFlWa E E`v z dg n U a iM :eiY g lW xW` g ilv d e iYv t g xW` z` dU rm ` iM
uEvr Pd zgY :sk E`gn i dc Vd ivrl ke dPx mk ipt l Eg vt i zFr aBd e mix dd
:zx Mi `l mlFr zF` l mW l iil did e qcd dlri cRx Qd zgze zgz WFx a dlri
WFp ` i xW` :zFlBd l z w c ve `Fa l iz rE W i daFxwiM dwc v EU re R W n ExnW i i xn ` M
xn ìlè :rxl M zFUrn Fci x We Fl Ng n zA W x W DA wifgi mc òaE z`GdUri
p` od qix Qd xn ìlè FO r lr n ii ipliC ai lC ad xn` l iil` delPd xk Pd oA
:Wa i ur
miwi fg n E iYv tg xW` A Exga E iz FzAW z` ExnW i xW` miqixQ l i i xn ` | dki M
W
` Flo Y` ml Fr mW zFpA n E mipA n aFh mW e ci i nFg aE iz iaA md l iY z pe :iz ix aA
mic arl Fl zFid l i i mW z` da d` lE Fz xW l iilr mielPd xk Pd ipa E :zx Mi `l
zia A miYg O U e iW c
w xd l` miz Fìa de :iz ix aA miwi fg n E Fl Ng n zA W x WlM
:miO r dlkl `x Ti dNt Yzi
A iz ia iM ig A fn lr oFvxl mdiga fe mdizlFr iz Nt Y
:eiv A w pl eilr uAw ` cFr l`x Ui ig c p uAw n mi l ` ipc` m` p
.dkepgl dìxwd xcq
.ebe dyn zelk meia idie on `yp xcqa oixew dkepg ly oey`xd meia
A fO d zè eil M lMzè Fz` W Cwie F ` gW n Ie oM W
O d z` miw dl d n zFN M mFiA id ie
i` iUp m d m a` ziA iW`x l` x Ui i` iUp Eaix wIe :m ` W Cwie mgW n Ie eilM lMzè
xw A xU ri
pW E av zlbrW
W i i ipt l mpA x wz` Eìa Ie :mic wR d lr mic r d md zH Od
iel
d nl` ii xnÌe :oM W O d ipt l mzF` Eaix wIe cg`l xFW e miÙ Pd ipW lr dlbr
it M Wi` mIeld l` mz F` dYz pe crFn l` z arz ` ca rl Eid e mY ` n g w :xn` N
z` e zFl brd iY W | z` :mIeld l` mzF` oYIe xw Ad zè zlbrd z` d n gT Ie :Fz a r
z p xw A d zpnW z` e zl brd rA x ` | z` e :mz a r itM oFW xb ipa l ozp xw A d zrA x `
W T d zari M ozp `l zdw ipa le :o Md oxd` oA xn z i` ciA mz a r it M ixx n ipa l
m` iUPd Eaix wIe F ` gW O d mFiA g A fO d zM pg z ` mi` U Pd Eaix wIe :E`V i sz MA md lr
Eaix wi mFIl cg ` ìU p mFIl cg ` ìU p d nl` ii xnÌe :gA fO d ipt l mpA x wz`
l`xyi
c
piO ro
A oFWg p FpA x wz` oFW`xd mFIA aix wO d id ie q :gA fO d zMpgl mp A x wz`
lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W n d ` n E mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x we :dcEd i dHn l
:z h w d`ln adf d xUr zg` sM :dg pn l o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A
:z`H g l cg` miGr xirU :dlrl FzpW oA cg` UaM cg` li` xw A oA cg ` xR
df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M dX n g micEY r dX n g mli` m ipW xw A m inlX d gafl E
:ac piO ro
A oFWgp oAx w
_______________________________________________
400
w"g ;`wqt seq cr iyilyd meia l`xyil ,xrev oa l`pzp cr iell ,zxhw d`ln cr ipyd meia odkl mi`xew a meia
.`wqt seq cr iriaxd meia l`xyil ,olg oa adil` cr iell ,zxhw d`ln cr iyilyd meia odkl b meia
eixg`ly meia l`xyile ,`wqt seq cr ielle zxhw d`ln cr meid xcqa odkl mi`xew mei lka oke
.yicw ivg eixgè .`wqt seq cr
zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x
wz` ax wd :xk UVi ìUp xrEvo A l` pz p aix wd ip X d mFIA
zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W
n d ` n E mi lW
cg` li` xw A oA cg ` xR :z h w d`ln adf d xUr zg` sM :dg pn l o X a dlElA
mli` m ipW
xw A m inlX d gafl E :z`H g l cg` miGr xirU :dlrl FzpW oA cg` UaM
t :xrEvo A l`pz p oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M dX n g micEY r dX n g
d ` n E mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x w :olgoA aìl` o lEaf ipa l ìUp iW ilX d mFIA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W
n
zpW oA cg` UaM cg` li` xw A oA cg ` xR :z h w d`ln adf d xUr zg` sM :dg pn l
dX n g micEY r dX n g mli` m ipW
xw A m inlX d gafl E :z`H g l cg` miGr xirU :dlrl
t :olgoA aìl` oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
d ` n E mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x w :xEì c
WoA xEvil` oaE`x ipa l ìUp ir iaxd mFIA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W
n
t :xEì cWoA xEvil` oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x w :iC WixEvo
A lìnlW oFr nW ipa l ìUp iW ingd mFIA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D
lw W n d ` n E
t :iC WixEvo
A lìnlW oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
D
lw W n d ` n E mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x w :l` ErCo
A sq il` cb ipa l ìUp iX X d mFIA
:dg pn l o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn
:dlrl FzpW oA cg` UaM cg` li` xw A oA cg ` xR :z h w d`ln adf d xUr zg` sM
miU a M dX n g micEY
r dX n g mli` m ipW xw A m inlX d gafl E :z`H g l cg` miGr xirU
t :l` ErCo A sq il` oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA
oey`xa .dxez ixtq a miìvene ,lld xg` lawzz yicw mixneè yceg y`x mlerl èd dkepg ly iyyd meia
iriax ,dlek yceg y`x zyxt l`xyi ,dkqpe cr iel ,oidd ziriax cr odk ,(g"k xacna) cinzd zyxt mi`xew
mè .ipinyd meiae iriayd meia mi`xew dkepg ly f meia .yicw ivg eixgè ,iyyd meia ipy dxez xtqa mi`xew
.yicw ivg eixgè ,iriayd meia ipy dxez xtqa mi`xew iriaxle ,lenz`ck ` dxez xtqa mi`xew yceg y`x èd
mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x
w :cEdi Oro
A rnW il` mix t` ipa l ìUp ir iaX d mFIA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW
A lW mir aW
sqM cg ` w xfn D
lw W n d ` n E
dX n g micEY
r dX n g mli` m ipW
t :cEdi Oro
A rnW il` oAx
w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
.eil` xacie cr ipinyd meia mi`xew dkepg ly ipiny meia
d ` n E mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x
w :xEvd c
RoA lìln B dXpn ipa l ìUp ip inX d mFIA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW miraW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W
n
dX n g micEY
r dX n g mli` m ipW
t :xEvd c RoA lìln B oAxw df dXn g dpW
ipA miU a M
_______________________________________________
401
d ` n E mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x w :iprc BoA oci a` on ipa ipa l ìUp ir iWY d mFIA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W n
dX n g micEY
r dX n g mli` m ipW xw A m inlX d gafl E :z`H g l cg` miGr xirU :dlrl
t :iprc BoA oci a` oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
d ` n E mi lW zg ` sqM zxr w FpA x w :iC WiO ro
A xfri g` o c ipa l ìUp ixi Urd mFIA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W n
dX n g micEY
t :iC WiO ro A xfri g` oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
w :ox kro
A lìrbR xW` ipa l ìUp mFi xU r iY W r mFiA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W n d ` n E
dX n g micEY
t :ox kro
A lìrbR oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
w :opiro
A rxi g` ilY t p ipa l ìUp mFi xU r mipW mFiA
o X a dlElA zlq mi` ln | mdipW W T d lwW A lW mir aW sqM cg ` w xfn D lw W n d ` n E
dX n g micEY
t :opiro A rxi g` oAx w df dXn g dpW ipA miU a M
dx Ur miY W sqM zx r w l`x Ui i` iUp z`n F ` gW O d mFiA g A fO d zM pg | z`f
sqM zg ` d dxr Td d` n E mi lW :dx Ur miYW adf zFRM xU r mipW sqk iwxfn
adf zFR M :W T d lwWA zF`nrA x è miRl` mil M d sqM lM cg`d wx fO d mir aW e
:d` n E mix Ur zFRMd adflM W T d lwW A sMd d xUr dx Ur z h w z` ln dx Urmi
YW
mzgpn E xUr mipW dpW ipA miU a M xU rmi pW mli` mix R xU r mipW dl rl xw A d lM
mi
x R d r Ax è mix Ur min lX d gaf | xw A lk e :z`H g l xUr mipW miGr i xirU E
:F ` gWO d ix g` g A fO d zM pg z`f miX W dpW ipA miU a M miX W micYr miXW mli`
z R Md lr n eil ` xA C n lFT dz` rn W Ie FY` xA c l c rFn l`l ` d n à aE
.dizepae n"ctta miniiqn o`k :eil` xAc ie mia xMd ipW oiAn zc rd ox `lr xW `
6
.jzlrda dxcqn df cr mitiqen zelidw yi
ipR lEnl` zx Pd z` Lz lrd A eil` Y x
n` e ox
d` l` xA C :xn`
N d nl` ii xAc ie
ii dEv xW` M d i xp dlrd dxFp
Od ipR lEnl` ox d` oM Ur
Ie :zFxPd zraW
Exiì dxFp
Od
d` xOM èd dW w n Dgx Rcr Dkx icr ad f dW w n d pOd dUrn dfe :d nz`
t :d pOd z` dUr oM d nz` ii d`x d xW `
6. The bdpn to continue the dxezd zìxw with the beginning of jzlrda (by the way, the last day
of dkepg, is called in fpky`, 'gafnd zkepg'), is jiixhye` bdpn and oilet bdpn, not fpky` bdpn.
_______________________________________________
402
mixetl dìxwd xcq
glya dxcq seqa miyp` dyly oixew mixeta
mgNd `ve miW p` EplxgA rWFd il` d n xnÌe :mci tx A l`x Uimr mgNIe wln r àIe
Flxn` xW` M rWFd i UrIe :ic iA mi l`d dHn E dr aBd W`xl r aS p i p` xg n wln rA
iel
xa be Fci d n mix i xW ` M did e :dr aBd W`x Elr xEg e ox
d` d nE wln rA mgNd l d n
d ilr aWIe eiYg z EniU Ie oaÈgwIe mic aM d n i cie :wln r xabe Fci g ipi xW` k e l`xUi
r
WFdi WlgIe :WnX d Àc r dpEn` ei ci id ie cg ` dGn E cg ` dGn eic
ia Ek nY xEg e ox
d` e
t :axg itl FOrz è wln rz `
xkfz` dgn ` dg niM r WFdi ipf` A miUe xtQ A oFxMf z`f az M d nl` i i xnÌe l`xyi
Di qM lr ciiM xnÌe :iQ p | ii FnW `xwIe gAfn d n oaIe :min X d z Y n wl n r
:xC xCn wln rA iil dng ln
.gqt ly crend legl dìxwd xcq
.(oqip fi) crend legc oey`x meil
.ixab bl wlgzne il ycw zyxt à dxcqa oey`xd dxez xtqa oixewe dxez ixtq ipy oiìven
l dnd A a E mc À l` x Ui ipa A mgxl M xhR xFk Alk il WC w :xn` N d nl` ii xAc ie
wfg A i M mic ar ziA n mix vO n mz`vi xW ` dGd mFId z` xFk f mr dl` d n xnÌe :Èd
iel
L
ìa iik did e :aia ` d W gA mi` i mY ` mFId :un g lkì `le dGn mkz ` ii ìv Fd ci
zaf ux` Kl zzl Li a`l rAW p xW ` iq Eaid e iEg d e i n`d e iY g d e iprpM d ux` l` i i
ir iaX d mFIaE zS n lk `Y mini zr aW :dGd W g A z`Gd dard z` Yc ar e WacE alg
:Lla BlkA xÙ L l d`x i`le un g L l d` xi`le minId zr aW z` lk ì zFSn :iil bg
zF` l Ll did e :mix vO n iz`vA il ii dUr df xEa rA xn` l Èdd mFIA L pa l Y
c
Bd e
:mix vO n ii L ` v Fd dw fg ciA i M Lit A ii z xFY did Y orn l Lip ir oiA oFxMflE L cilr
t :dnin i minIn DcrF n l z`Gd dT gd z` Yx nW e
l`xyi
:Kl Dpz pE Li a`le Ll rAW p xW` M ip rpM d ux` l` ii L à iiM did e
xng xhRlke :iil mix kGd L l did i xW ` dn d A xbW | xhRlke iil mxx hRlk Yx ard e
L
pa L l` W iiM did e :dC tY Lipa A m c` xFkA lk e FY txre dC tz `lmè dU a dC tY
dW w d iM id ie :mic ar ziAn mx vO n ii Ep` ivFd ci wfg A eil ` Y x
n` e z`Gdn xn` l xgn
oMlr dnd A xFk Acr e mc ` xkA n mix vn ux` A xFkAlM ii bx dIe EpgNW l rx t
thFh lE dk c ilr zF`l did e :dC t` ipA xFkA lke mix kGd mgx xhRlM i il g f ip`
:mixvO n ii EpìvFd ci wfg A i M Lipir oiA
.qgpit xcqa mzaxwde iriaxl mei lka mi`xew ipy dxez xtqa
n inY dp W ipA miUa k dr aW
e cg` li` e mipW
xwaipA mix R i il dlr dX` mY a x
wd e
:EU rY li` l mipxUr ipW E xR l mipxUr d lW onXa dlElA zlq mz gpn E :mkl Eid i
:mk ilr xRk l cg` z`Hg xir UE :miU a M d zraW l cg`d U Ml dU rY oFxVr oFx Vr
min i zr aW mFIl EU rY dN` M :dN` z` EUrY cin Y d zlrl xW` xA d zlr ca Nn
mkl did i W w`x wn ir iaX
d mFIaE :FM qpe dUri cin Y d zlFrlr iil gipgix dX` mgl
q :EU rz `l d ar zk`ln lM
!dltzd lkl mze` migipn `l` crend leg ly oey`x meia 'il ycw' zìxw xg` oilitzd oivleg oi`
_______________________________________________
403
.delz sqk m` zyxt mihtyn dxcqa oey`xd dxez xtqa oixew .(oqip g"i) crend legc ipy meil
:KWp eilr oEniUz` l d pM Fl did z `l KO r iprdz` iO rz ` delY | sqM m`
zln U èd DC al dzEqk èd iM :Fl EPaiWY W X d Àc r Lrx zn lU lAgY la gm`
iel
ìU pe lNw z `l mi l ` q :ip` oEPg iM iYr n W e il ` wr viiM did e aM W i dO A F rl
Lp`vl L W l dUr YoM :iloYY LipA xFkA xg` z `l Lr nc e L z ` ln :x` z `l LOr a
dt x h d cVA xU a E il oEid Y W wiWp` e :ilFpY Y ipinX d mFIA FO `mr did i mini zr aW
idl rW xm
r Lci zWYl` èW rnW `Vz `l q :F ` oEklW Y alMl Elk `z `l
`l lc e :zH dl miAx i xg` zh pl axl r dpr z`le zr xl miAxi x g` did z `l :qn g cr
d` xziM q :Fl EPaiWY aWd d Y F ng F` L a` xFW rBt z iM q :Fai xA xC dz
l`xyi
hRW n dHz `l q :FO r afrY afr Fl afrn Y lcg e F` Vn zgY u x L `pU xFn g
gTz `l c We :rW x wiCv` `l iM bx dY l` wiC ve iw pe wgxY xW xaC n :Fai xA Lpia`
xB d Wtpz` mY r c i mY ` e uglz `l xbe :miw iC v i xaC sN qie mig w R xEr i c X d iM
zr iaX d e :Dz ` Ea Yz ` Y t q ` e Lvx `z` rxfY mipW WWe :mix vn uxÀ mziid mix biM
:Lz ifl Lnx kl dUr YoM d cVd zIg lk`Y mxz ie LO r ipia` Elk` e DY W h pE dPh n W Y
Lz n ` oA WtPie L nge LxF W g Epi orn l zA WY iri aX d mFIa E LiU rn dU rY mini zWW
:LiR lr rnX i `l ExiM fz `l mix g` mi l ` mW e ExnX Y mkil` iYx n` xW` lk aE :xBd e
Lz iEv xW ` M zFS n lk `Y mini zr aW nWY zFS Od bg z` :dpX A il bgY mil bx WlW
LiU rn ixEM
A xivT d bge :mwi x ipt E` x i`le mix vO n z `v i FaiM aia ` d W g crFn l
minr R WlW :dc Vd on LiUrn z` L R q ` A dp X d z`v A sq ` d bge d cVA rxfY xW`
Bg alg oili`le ig a fmC ung lr gAfz `l :ii | oc `d ipR l` L xE k flM d` xi dpX A
t :FO ` alg A icB lXa z`
l Lil ` ii ziA ìa Y L z n c` ixEM
A ziW `x :xAc r
.crend leg ly oey`xd meia enk qgpit zyxta mzaxwde mi`xew ipy dxez xtqa
.jl lqt zyxt `yz ik xcqa '` dxez xtqa oixew .(oqip hi) crend legc b meil
mix aCdz` zg Nd lr iY a z k e mipW`x M mipa ` zglipW L llqR d nl` ii xnÌe
ip iq xd l` x A a z ilr e xA l oFkp did e :YxA W xW` mipW`x d zgNd lr Eid xW`
o`S dmB xdd lkA `x il` Wi` mbe KO r dlr i`l Wiè :xd d W`xl r mW il Ya S pe
x A a d n mM W Ie mipW`x M mipa ` zg lipW
lq tIe :Èd d xdd lEnl` Er x il` xw A d e
Or aSiz Ie op rA ii cxIe :mipa ` zgl ipW Fc
iA gT Ie F ` ii dEv xW` M ip iq xd l` lrIe
cqgax e miR ` Kx` oEPg e mEgx l` i i | ii ` x wIe eipR lr | ii xa rIe :ii mWa ` xwIe mW
mipA lr zFa ` oer | c R dT pi `l dTpe d`H g e r te oer ` p mit l`l cqg xvp :zn è
`pm` xnÌe :EgY W Ie dv ` cT Ie d n xdn ie :mir Axl
r e miWNW lr mip a ipA lr e
Epperl Yg lq e Èd s rd Ww mr iM EpAx wA ipc` `pKli ip c` Lipir A og iz`v n
xW` z` lt p dU r` LO rl M cbp zi x A zM i p` dPd xnÌe :EpY lg pE Epz`Hg lE
`xFpi
M ii dUrn z` FA x wa dY ` xW` mrdlk d` x e miFBdlka E u` d lka E` x ap`l
:KO r d r ip` xW` Èd
_______________________________________________
404
iGx
Rd e iY g d e ip rpM d e i n`d z` LipR n Wb ippd mFId L Ev n i p` xW` z` L lxn W iel
did i oR d ilr À dY` xW` ux` d aW Fil zix A zxkY oR L l xnX d :iq Eaid e iEg d e
:oE xkY eix W` zè oEx AW Y m aS n zè oE YY m gAfn z` iM :LA x wA WwFn l
ux`d aW Fil zix A zx kY oR :Èd `Pw l` Fn W `Pw ii iM xg` l` l deg Y W z `l iM
Epfe Lipa l ei pAn Yg wle :Fg aGn Y lk ` e L
l `x we md idl`
l Egafe md idl ` ix g` | Epfe
l`xyi
bg z` :KNdUrz `l dkQ n i l ` :odidl ` ix g` Lip A z` Epfd e od idl
` ixg` ei pa
aia ` d W g A i M aia ` d W g crFn l Lz iEv xW ` zFSn lk`Y min i zr aW nWY zFS Od
dU a dC tY xFng xhtE :dU e xFW x R xk GY Lpw n lk e il mx xhRlM :mix vO n z `vi
mFIa E ca rY mini zWW :mwi x ipt E` x i`le dC tY LipA xFk A lM FY txre dC tz `lmè
bg e miH g xiv w ixEM A L l dU rY zraW bge :zA WY xivT a E Wix gA zA WY iri aX
d
:l` x Ui i l ` ii | oc `d ipR z` L xE k flM d` xi dpX A minr R WlW :dpX d ztEwY siq ` d
zF`xl L z lr A L vx `z` Wi` cng i`le Lla Bz` iYa g x de Lip R n miFB WixFì M
xA l oili`le ig a fmC ung lr hgW z `l :dpX A minr R WlW Li l ` ii ipR z`
:FO
` alg A ic B lXa z` l Lil ` ii ziA ìa Y L z n c
` ixEM A ziW `x :gqR d bg g f
.crend leg ly oey`xd meia enk qgpit zyxta mzaxwde mi`xew a dxez xtqa
.ipiq xacna dyn l` d xacie zyxt jzlrda xcqa ` dxez xtqa oixew .(oqip k) crend legc c meia
:xn` l oFW`xd W g A mix vn ux`n mz `vl zipX d dpX A ipiqxAc na d nl` ii xA c ie
EUrY miAxrd oiA dGd W g A mFixU r dr Ax À :Fc rF n A g R d z` l`x Uiipa EU rie
zUrl l`x Ui ipA l` d n xAc ie :F ` EUrY eihR W n lkk E ei T glkM Fc n A F `
ipiq xA c nA miA xrd oiA W g l mFi xU r dr Ax À oFW` xA gqR d z` EU rIe :gqR d
mc ` Wtpl mi`n h Eid xW ` miW p` id ie iel :l` x Ui ipA EUr oM d nz` ii dEv xW ` lkM
:Èd d mFIA oxd` ipt le d n ipt l Ea x wIe Èd d mFIA g Rd zUrl Elk i`le
ii oAx wz` aix wd iY la l rx Bp dOl m c` Wtpl mi`n h Epgp` eil ` dO d d miW p` d ExnÌe
t :mkl ii dEv Idn dr nW ` e Ec nr d n mdl` xnÌe :l` x Ui ipA KFzA Fc n A
Wtp l | `n h did iiM Wi` Wi` xn` l l`x Ui ipA l` xAC :xn` N d nl` ii xAc ie l`xyi
mFi xUr dr AxÀ ipX d W g A :iil g t dUr e mk i cl F` mk l d gx Kxc a F`
xAc r EPO n Exi` W i`l :Edlk ì mi xnE zFSn lr F ` EU ri miA xrd oiA
did `l Kxc aE xFd h Èdx W` Wi`d e :F ` EUri g Rd zT glkM FaEx AW i `l mre
V i F` hg Fc n A aix wd `l i i oA x w | iM d iOrn èdd WtPd dzx kpe gqR d zFU rl lc ge
zg ` dT g dUri oM FhRW n k E gqRd zT gM i il gq t dUr e xB mk Y
` xEb iik e :Èd d Wi` d
q :ux` d gxf`lE xBle mk l did i
.crend leg ly oey`x meia enk qgpit zyxta mzaxwde mi`xew a dxez xtqa
_______________________________________________
405
.aà dryzl dìxwd xcq

.xihtn èd iyilyde ,cilez ik zyxt opgzè dxcqa miyp` b mi`xew zixgy aà dryza
.`xwnd inrha `le avr oebipa mi`xewe
rxd mziUre lM zpEnY lqR mziUre mYg W d e ux À mYpW Fpe mipa ipa E mipA cilFziM
xdn oEca`Y caìM ux `d zè min X d z` mFId mka i cird :Fqi rk d l Lil ` iiipir A
cnX d iM d ilr mini oki x
`z `l DYW xl dOW oCxId z` mix ar mY` xW` ux `d lr n
:dOW mkz ` ii bdpi xW` miFBA xRq n izn mYx `W pe miOrA mkz ` ii uitd e :oEc nX
Y
oElkì `le oErnW i `le oE`x i`l xW` oa` e ur mc ` ic i dUrn mi l ` mWmYc are
:LW t plka E Laa llkA EPWxc z iM z `vn E Lil ` iiz` mXn mYW T a E :ogix
i `le
:F wA Y r n W e Lil ` iicr Y a W
e minId zix g` A dN` d mix aC d lM LE`vn E Ll xSA iel
rAW p xW` Li a` zix Az` gMW i `le LzigW i `le LRx i `l Lil ` ii mEgx l` iM
mc` | mi l ` `x A xW` mFIdonl Lipt l EidxW` mipW`x minil `pl`W iM :mdl
:Edn M rnW pd F` dGd lFcBd xaC M did pd min X d dvw cr e min X d dvw n lE ux `d lr
al mi l ` dQpd | F` :igIe dY` Y r n W xW` M W`d KFY n xAc n mi l ` lFw mr rn W d
diEhp rFx fa E dwfg cia E dng ln a E mizt Fn aE z À zQnA iFB ax Tn iFB Fl zgw l
ii iM zrc l z ` x
d dY` :Lipir l mixvn A mkidl ` ii mkl dUrx W` lkM milcB mi`xF n aE
L`x d ux `d lr e J x
Qil Flwz` Lri n W
d min X d on l`xyi :FC aNn cFr oi` mi l `d Èd
FrxfA xga Ie Li a`z` ad` iM zgz e :W` d KFYn Y r n W eix acE dlFcBd FX`z`
Lìa dl LipR n LOn minvre milcB miFB WixFd l :mix vO n lcBd FgkA eipt A L`v FIe eix g`
mi l `d Èd ii iM Laa ll` aW de mFId Y r cie :dGd mFIM dlgp mvx `z` Llzzl
LEv n i p` xW` ei evn zè eiTgz` Y x nW e :cFr oi` zgY n ux `d lr e lr On min X A
Ll o p Lil ` ii xW` dnc `d lr mini Kix `Y orn lE Lix g` Lipa lE Ll ahii xW` mFId
t :minId lM
.aà dryzl dxhtd

.(dki` inrha `l s`) minrh `la ika lewa
g onq dinxia
:mExari mdl oYè lap dlrde dp` Y
A mip` Y oiè otBA miapr oi` iim`p mtiq` sq`
EpOc
d Epil ` ii iM mXdnC pe xva O d ixrl
` `Fape Etq` d miaW i Epgp` dnlr
rnW p oCn :dz r
a dPd e dRx
n zr l aFh oiè mFlWl dEw :iil Ep`h g iM W`xin EpwW Ie
xir D`FlnE ux ` ElkÌe E`FaIe ux `d lM dWrx eixi A` zFldv n lFTn eiqEq zx gp
:Da iaW
ie
_______________________________________________
406
izibila n :iim` p mkz ` EkXpe Wgl mdloi` xW` miprtv miWgp mkA g NW n ippd iM
DMln m` oFIvA oi` iid miTg x n ux `n iOrz
A zr eW lFwdPd :iEc iAl ilr oFbi ilr
:EprW Fp `Fl Epgp` e uiw dlM xivw xar :xk p ila d A mdilq t A ipEqrk d rEC n DA oi`
iM mW oi` ` xm` cr lbA oi` ix vd :ipz
w
fgd dOW iYxc w iYxAW d iOrz
A xaW lr
mnFi dMa ` e dr nC xFwn ipir e min iW`x oYiin :iO rz A zkx ` dzlr `l rEC n
dkl` e iOrz
` dafr` e migx` oFln xAc Oa ippY iin :iO rz
a illg z` dlile
ExaB dpEn`l `le xwW mYW w mpFWlz` EkxcIe :mic bA zx vr mit` pn mNk iM mY` n
g`lMlr e ExnX d Edrxn Wi` :iim` p Erc i`l i è E`vi | drxl ` drxn iM ux à
l znè ENzd i Edrx A Wiè :Kldi likx rxl ke awri aFwr g`lk iM Egha Y l`
izF`zrc Ep`n dnx nA dnx n KFzA LYaW :E` lp derd xwW xAC mpFWl EcOl ExAc i
ipR n dUr` KiìM miYpg a E mtxF v ippd zFàv ii xn` dM okl :iim`p
miUi FAx wa E xAc i Edrxz ` mFlW eitA xAc dnx n mpFWl hEgW hgey ug :iO rz A
mix ddlr :iW
t p mTpz z l dfM xW` iFbA m` iim` p mAcwt ` `l dN` lrd :FA x `
dpw n lFw ErnW `le x r WiìlA n EzSp iM dpiw xAc n zF`plr e idpe ika `V`
ixrz
è miPY oFrn miNbl m lW Exiz` iYz pe :Ekld Eccp dndA cr e min X
d sFrn
eil` iiiR xAC xW` e z`fz` oaie mkg d Wi`d in :aW Fi ilA n dnn W oY` dcEd i
izxFYz
` mafrl
r ii xnÌe :x r ilA n xAc Ok dzS p ux `d dca` dnlr Dc Bie
ixg` e mAl zExx W ix g` EklIe :Da Ekld `le ilFwa ErnW `le mdipt l iYz p xW`
:mz Fa` mEcOl xW` milr Ad
miziwW d e dprl dGd mr dz` mlik` n ippd l`x Ui il ` zFàv ii xn` dM okl
cr ax gd z` mdix g` iYg NW e mzFaè dOd Erci `l xW` miFBA mizFvt de :W`xi n
:mz F` izFNM
:dp`Fa ze EglW zFnkgd lè dpi`FazE zFppFw nl E`x we EppFAz d zFàv ii xn` dM
rnW p idp lFw iM :min ElGi EpiRr tr e dr
nC Epipir dpcx ze idp Epilr dpV z e dpx dn zE

miWp dpr n W iM :EpizFpMW n EkilW d iM ux ` Epafri
M `n Ep A EpcCW Ki` oFISn
zen dlri M :dpiw DzErx dX` e idp mkizFpa dpc Ole eiRxaC mkpf` gTz e iixaC
dlt pe iim` p dM xAC :zF gxn mixEg A uEgn llFr zix kd l EpizFpnx À À EpipFNgA
ii xn` | dM :sQ ` n oiè x Td ix g` n xinr kE dc Vd ipR lr o cM mc `d zla p
:FxWr A xiWr lNd z il` FzxE a bA xFABd lNd z ilè Fznk g A mkg lNd z il`
dwc vE hRW n cqg d r ii ip` iM izF` cie lMU d lNd z Od lNd z i z`fAm` iM
:iim`p iYv t g dN` a iM ux À
_______________________________________________
407
.zekq ly crend legl dìxwd xcq

.qgpit xcqa bgd zepaxwa miyp` c ea mi`xewe cg` dxez xtq oiìven zekq ly crend lega
,iriaxd meia l`xyil ,iyilyd meia iell ,ipyd meia odkl mi`xew crend legc oey`xd meia
,`neic `witq mdy iyilyd meiae ipyd meia mi`xewe dlrnl mixfeg iriaxl
.yicw ivg eixgè .`neic `witq iriaxl mi`xew crend leg lk oke
:mn inY xUr dr Ax` dpW
ipA miU a M mipW mli` xUr mipW xw aipA mix R ipX d mFIa E
ca Nn z`Hg cg` miGr xirU E :hR W O M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mix R
l md iMq pe mz gpn E
7
q :mdiMq pe Dzgpn E cin Y d zlr
:mn inY xUr dr Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M mipW mli` xUri YW r mix R iW ilX d mFIa E
ca Nn cg` z`Hg xir UE :hR W O M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mix Rl md iMq pe mz gpn E
q :DM q pe Dzgpn E cin Y d zlr
mz gpn :mn inY xUr dr Ax ` dpW ipA miU a M mipW mli` dx Ur mix R iri axd mFIa E
ca Nn z`Hg cg` miGr xirU E :hR W O M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mix Rl md iMq pe
q :DM q pe Dzgpn cin Y d zlr
mz gpn E :mn inY xUr dr Ax` dpW ipA miU a M mipW mli` drWY mix R iW ingd mFIa E
cin Y d zlr ca Nn cg` z`Hg xir UE :hR W O M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mix R
l md iMq pe
q :DM q pe Dzgpn E
mz gpn E :mn inY xUr dr Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M mipW mli` dpnW mix R iX X d mFIa E
cin Y d zlr ca Nn cg` z`Hg xir UE :hR W O M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mix R
l md iMq pe
q :dik q pE Dzgpn
mz gpn E :mn inY xUr dr Ax` dpW ipA miU a M mipW mli` draW mix R iri aX d mFIa E
cin Y d zlr ca Nn cg` z`Hg xir UE :mh R W n M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mix R
l md M q pe
q :DM q pe Dzgpn
.iriayd meiae iyyd meiae l`xyil ,iyyd meiae iell ,iyingd meiae odkl mi`xew àx `pryeda
mz gpn E :mn inY xUr dr Ax` dpW ipA miU a M mipW
mli` drWY mix R iW ingd mFIa E
cin Y d zlr ca Nn cg` z`Hg xir UE :hR W O M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mixR
l md iMq pe
q :DM q pe Dzgpn E
mz gpn E :mn inY xUr dr Ax
` dpW ipA miU a M mipW
mli` dpnW mix R iX
X d mFIa E
cin Y d zlr ca Nn cg` z`Hg xir UE :hR W O M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mixR
l md iMq pe
q :dik q pE Dzgpn
mz gpn E :mn inY xUr dr Ax` dpW ipA miU a M mipW
mli` draW mix R iri
aX d mFIa E
cin Y d zlr ca Nn cg` z`Hg xir UE :mh R W
n M mx Rq n A miU a M le mli`l mixR
l md M q pe
q :DM q pe Dzgpn
===========
,m"n c"Ei m"n ixd ,'mh R W a X A ,'d ikq pE' iW X A ,'mdiMq pe' ipW A xn
n M ' iri `p ,xnF`
dxi z A oA dcEd i ia x 7.
(:a ziprz ,:bw zay 'nb) .dxFY d on min KEQipl fn x o`M n min
_______________________________________________
408
A Brief History of The City Of Bad Homburg And Its Jewish Residents
The city's name Homburg, which was derived from the castle "Hohenberg", appeared in 1500 for
the first time. By 1528 the city was renamed Homburg vor der Hhe (translated as "Homburg in
front of the height"). The word Bad is normally used as a prefix to denote that the town in
question is a spa town. The town is best known for its medicinally used mineral waters and spa. The
eight mineral springs which form the attraction of the town to strangers, belong to the class of
saline acidulous chalybeates and contain a considerable proportion of carbonate of lime. Their use is
beneficial for diseases of the stomach and intestines, and externally, for diseases of the skin and
rheumatism.
Homburg is located in the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau, prettily situated at the south-east
foot of the Taunus Mountain mountain range, located 12 kilometers north of Frankfort-on-Main,
with which it is connected by rail. The local population is approximately 52,000. The tallest peak
in the range is the 878 meters high Groer Feldberg. Other notable peaks are the Kleiner Feldberg
(825 meters) and the Altknig (798 meters).
Homburg consists of an old and a new town, the latter, founded by the Landgrave Frederick II of
Hessen-Homburg (d. 1708). Besides the palatial edifices erected in connection with the mineral
water-cure, there are churches of various denominations, Lutheran, Roman Catholic, Russian-Greek
and Anglican, schools and benevolent institutions. On a neighboring hill stands the palace of the
former landgraves, built in 1680 and subsequently enlarged and improved. The White Tower, 183 ft.
in height, is said to date from Roman times, and certainly existed under the lords of Eppstein, who
held the district in the twelfth century. The palace is surrounded by extensive grounds, laid out in
the manner of an English park.
Homburgs renown began when Princess Elizabeth, born in Buckingham Palace in 1770, married
Frederick of Hessen-Homburg in 1814 and used her wealth to benefit the town. The first spa was
named after her and opened in 1834. A casino was built by the brothers Franois and Louis Blanc
and owing to its gaming-tables, which were set up soon after, rapidly became one of the favorite
and most fashionable health-resorts of Europe. The brothers founded both Casino Bad Homburg
and Monte-Carlo Casino in Monaco.
Homburg was visited by such celebrities as Robert Louis Stevenson in 1850, Fyodor Dostoevsky in
1870, and Oscar Wilde together with Lord Alfred Douglas in 1892. But changes occurred,
Hessen-Homburg was allied with Austria which lost the war to and was absorbed into Prussia in
1866. Knig, later Kaiser Wilhelm I promptly ejected the Blancs, who took their gambling
know-how to Monte Carlo. Casino Bad Homburg was opened again after the World War Two
in 1948. Homburg acquired a new tourist formula based on attracting the sporty and aristocratic
Englishman. Kaiser Wilhelm II declared the Schlo an imperial summer residence in 1888, and made
the town his own with his delightful architecture. He was often in residence up to 1918, when he
actually directed the war from there.
The homburg hat is a formal felt hat characterized by a single dent running down the center of the
crown (called a "gutter crown"), a stiff brim shaped in a "kettle curl" and a bound edge trim.
The Homburg was originally founded in a Homburg hat factory in 1806. It was popularized by
Englands King Edward VII (1841-1910) after he visited Homburg, and brought back a hat of this
style. Edward VII saw the hat for the first time on his nephew, Kaiser Wilhelm II in Homburg.
Wilhelm II wore the hat in a green variant as an accessory to his hunting uniform.
The establishments connected with the springs are arranged on a scale of great magnificence,
and include the Kurhaus (built from 1841-1843), with a theatre, the Kaiser Wilhelmsbad and the
Kurhausbad. They lie grouped round a pretty park which also furnishes visitors with facilities for
various recreations, such as lawn tennis, croquet, polo and other games. The Homburg industries
embrace iron founding and the manufacture of leather and hats, but they are comparatively
unimportant, the prosperity of the town being almost entirety due to the annual influx of visitors,
which during the season from May to October averages 12,000. In a natural surrounding lies the
ancient Roman castle of Saalburg, which can be reached by an electric tramway. As the capital of
the former landgraviate of Hessen-Homburg, the town shared the vicissitudes of state.
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II
Jewish History
Homburgs First Jewish Settlement
Bad Homburgs Jewish community was one of the oldest in Germany. On August 5, 1335
permission was granted by Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV to Gottfried von Eppstein to settle
ten Jews "in the town and at the castle in Steinheim", "in the valley and the castle in Hoenburg"
(Homburg) and "in the valley and the castle in Eppinstein" (Eppstein). It remains unclear whether
Jews actually settled in Homburg. Between 1333 and 1348 transactions of Jews "from Hohenberg"
or "from Hohinburg" were entered in the Frankfurt court books. They disappeared from the town
after the Black Death plague and subsequent pogrom, presumably in July of 1348. A permanent
community was only established 350 years later.
Homburgs First Jewish Community
Evidence for the existence of a permanent Jewish community is found only at the beginning of the
sixteenth century. Until 1600 it consisted of two or three Jewish families, and by 1632 these had
increased to sixteen. The first decree regarding the Jews was issued in 1539 by the Sovereign Phillip
the Magnanimous of Hesse. Further decrees were made by Landgrave Frederick III Jacob in 1684
when the landgrave invited Jews and Huguenots to settle in Homburg and in 1737. Jewish residence
was limited to two years, this limitation was still in force in 1737 and conditional for their staying.
This made it largely impossible for the Jews to develop a sense of permanence. They were heavily
taxed as well, every Jew paying ten Gulden protection-money a year, and one Gulden on New-Year.
In addition there were special taxes such as twenty-four Thalers a year to the Lutheran
congregation. On November 6, 1803, the Jews protection-money was repealed however it took
until 1827, for the protection-money to be abolished for foreign Jews as well.
The order of May 1, 1684, has thirty seven paragraphs, confirming the animosity against Homburg
Jews. (Here are some of the more interesting ones:) The decrees are taken from the Taunusbote.
2) We, the Landgrave, expect, that all Jews, who accept our protection, promise under oath not to
use blasphemous language against Jesus and the Christian religion.
3) Jews shall not discuss Religion with Christians.
4) Jews shall never persecute a Christian or any Jew who converted to Christianity.
5) Jews will not be permitted to build another synagogue.
12) All Jews who are beggars, are not allowed to stay in the country and not even lodge overnight.
13) A Jew shall have no power over a male or female worker.
14) Foreign Jews who stay only temporarily in the country pay the usual toll.
15) Jews may not engage Christian wet-nurses, but so-called Shabbesmgden (maids who helped
Jewish families with tasks prohibited to Jews on Shabbos, such as retrieving the bonensuppe
pot from the bakers oven Shabbos morning) are permitted.
16) A Jew who rapes a Christian woman shall be arrested at once and put to death.
17) Jews shall never conceal theft, prostitution, adultery, manslaughter etc.. They must report
such crimes to the Christian authorities at once.
19) On market days Jews may buy only when Christians have finalized their purchases. They shall
never touch any of the commodities.
24) A Jew shall never stand in front of a Christian house and never exercise provocative behavior
towards a Christian, or force a Christian to allow him into his house.
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III
27) We make the leader of the Jews responsible, that the Judengae is always perfectly clean.
28) We allow the Jewish way of slaughtering.
29) Jews are not permitted to build big or small houses without special consent of the authorities.
31) If the whole Jewish community is called together, it is ordered that they keep together till the
end of the gathering, and a person, being asked something, must give the answer in a decent way.
There even was a curfew for Jews, not to be seen in the streets during church-hours.
The history of the first burials are unknown. Perhaps the deceased were buried near the village of
Niederstetten. The village was completely destroyed during the Thirty Years War, but where it
once stood is an area known as the Jewish Acre. In 1684, Jews were granted permission to
consecrate a cemetery, surrounded by a fence and to erect tombstones. In 1703 the community
purchased a section of a field for burial purposes which lies on the southern edge of the Hardtwald
which is currently almost entirely overgrown. The Seulberg Cemetery was used exclusively in 1790
until 1868, when a new cemetery was consecrated in Homburg.
Landgrave Frederick II with the silver leg, intended to enlarge his palace. He therefore issued a edict
in 1698 for Jews wishing to build in the Louisenstrae, promising protection, wood and stone
without charge and ten years of religious freedom in their Schul and other leniencies. The Jews at
first lived in whatever part of the city they chose, but when Landgrave Frederick enlarged the city
by laying out the Neustadt [New Town] in 1703, he assigned a certain street, the Judengae
[Jew Street], Juddega as the Homburgers pronounced it, to them which was closed by gates.
Although he accorded them various privileges for building up their area, the Jews were slow to
settle there. There were Jews who still lived among the Christians in the Altstadt [Old Town]. They
were compelled to sell their homes, and within a year, build on their assigned space in the
Judengae. In 1729 came an authoritarian command for the Jews again to leave the Altstadt. The
Judengaes various families usually lived altogether in one house. Three to four generations
(parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, etc.) were crammed together into very small
dwellings. This fact as well as the restrictions on the number of Jews allowed, helped keep the
Jewish community small. Despite these draconian measures and due to more enlightened
attitudes, by 1730 not more than five Jews dwelt in the Judengae. In 1816 the ordinance compelling
them to live there was repealed, though some Jews opted to live there for many years after. Many
decades ago, each Yom Tov, a very thick rope soaked in kerosene was hung across the end of
Judengae in front of synagogue. It was set alight and burned for at least two days, so that its Jewish
residents could make use of the fire for their Yom Tov needs.
On December 15, 1808 it was ordered that the head of each Jewish family had to choose a German
family name for himself and his descendents.
The philanthropic institutions were mainly the same as those in other communities. In earlier times
there was a shelter for the foreign poor, to which any one could be admitted. The expenses for
board and lodging were defrayed by individual members of the community, who received tickets
stating, that on specified days, they were each to care for one poor person in their homes or to
provide money for their support. The directors had to care for the local poor, and were compelled
by the government to do so, in case of neglect on their part. The Jews of Homburg were very poor,
as most of the trades were closed to them. They could work only as butchers, soap-makers,
cabinet-makers, tailors, and peddlers. This last occupation afforded a meager subsistence for the
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IV
majority. Commerce in groceries was entirely forbidden to them. There was a great call for
philanthropy, therefore, the community had a curious organization of ten philanthropic institutions
which emerged partly in the 18th Century. The Israelite Mens Health Insurance (est. 1780
1932-52 members) target: support in case of illness, The Israelite Women's Verein (Chevras Noshim),
later called the Israelite Womens Health Verein (est. 1810, in 1864-97 members), target: nursing
and funeral services, the charity Gemillus Chassodim Verein (1864-27, 1932-40 members), target:
nursing and funeral services, the Talmud-Thora-Verein (Chevras Talmud Torah, 1864-31 members),
the Hospital Auxiliary Verein (Chevras Bikkur Cholim 1864-49 members), the Jewish Wood Verein
(Chevras Ez Chayyim, 1864-61, 1932-100 members), target: to distribute wood to the to the poor
in the winter, The Charity Of The Jewish Community (target-based support of the needy), The
Verein For The Future Of Jewish girls (est. 1886 1932-65 members), target: to provide vocational
training for Jewish girls), and Economic Aid (est. 1918) target: helping those in need.
The Tale of Mordje Unglck (Unfortunate Mordechai) as recalled by Sophonie Yitzchok Herz
In spite of the restrictive character of Jewish life in Homburg, there were entertaining moments,
shared by Jews and Gentiles alike. The hero of one of the most remarkable incidents, the Jew
Mordje Unglck, self created a legend both in poetry and stone for eternity. Amongst the Homburg
Marketplaces mediaeval styled half timbered buildings, on top of an open arc (Fachwerkbauten),
one will find sculptures of all kinds. Faces of the Famous Homburgers of the past.
One figure is easily discernable: It is a Jewish characterized face; certainly ugly, with a bit of a
Der Strmer - touch. One might ask: Who is represented by this Jewish face on the arc of
Homburgs market-hall? Well this is Schnuckel Marx or as local history recalls him - Mordje
Unglck. The Frankfurt poet Friedrich Stoltze (1860-1868) in his book (Gedichte und
Erzhlungen, 1922 pp. 111-114) wrote in his honor the poem Mordje Unglck. He was by all
accounts, a very cunning fellow and Stoltzes story about him is definitely true.
In brief: Mordje once tricked a peasant and the farmer in question decided to go to court. The Jew,
conscious of his wrong-doing promised the peasant, that he would make a full confession before the
judge and compensate him for every penny he had lost in the deal. Mordje asked the gentile for a
favor, namely to loan him one of his good suits, otherwise he would be unable to appear in court,
the peasant agreed and Mordje, the Jew, turned up on the day of judgement, dressed in the
clothes of his accuser. When the judge asked Mordje: Are you guilty? the defendant answered: Not
a bit, your Honor! He argued, You cannot believe this man at all, not a word. He does not speak
the truth. This person - pointing at the peasant - will even tell you, that I am wearing his clothes. -
In his fury the peasant shouted: My word he does! This is my jacket and these are my trousers,
these are my shoes, this is my stick and this is my cap! Then with an emphatic voice, Mordje said:
As you have noticed, your Honor, this man - pointing at the peasant - wants not only my money,
but also my clothes. Can you trust this man? The judge - so the story goes - agreed with
Mordje Unglck, Verdict: Not guilty, case dismissed!
Jewish Printing
Jews were also occasionally employed as printers. There was no exclusive Hebrew printing
establishment in Homburg, but in 1737 Landgrave Frederick III Jacob established in the government
printing-office, a department for Hebrew books. A Hebrew printing house was run in Homburg by
Seligmann ben Hirtz Reis from 1710 until 1713 when he moved to Offenbach am Main. Among
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V
other items, he published Jacob ibn Chabib's Ein Yaakov (1712). Hebrew printing was resumed in
1724 by Samson ben Zalman Hanau but his lack of capital limited his output. The press was acquired
in 1736 by Aaron ben Levi Dessau whose publications included the Shulchan Aruch (Choshen Mishpat)
with commentary (1742). The press was sold in 1748 and transferred in 1749 to Rdelheim.
In regard to Jewish ritual custom (Minhag-HaMokom), Homburg by in large followed

Minhag Frankfurt Am Main - which was the general southern German rite. [see The Bad Homburg
Minhag pg XXII, for changes which occurred over time] The pronunciation of the Cholom vowel
as an au (like in the word cow) was adopted in the 19th century as well. Most of the melodies
for the various prayers were from the composers, Chazzonim Louis Lewandowski (1821-1894),
Salomon Sulzer (1804-1890), and Israel Meyer Japhet (1818-1892).
Synagogue
In 1684 the twelve Homburg Jews were permitted common worship and therefore, to rent a
suitable apartment, not facing the street, to utilize as a common chapel. After long decades of
prayer services being held in a private home, a synagogue was built in 1731 behind the house at 29
Wallstrae [the former Judengae] which was used until 1864. In the 1780s, Jewish children were
admitted into the citys public schools under Landgrave Louis. The first Gemeinde Haus
(Community Center) was built in 1764, from donations raised locally and from as far away as
Wiesbaden, directly behind the synagogue (Wallstrae) and was mostly used for board meetings
and educational purposes. By 1864, the Baroque house-like building, was dilapidated and too
narrow. It was sold, its outside walls left, the interior removed, and converted into a large family
home. The Jewish community decided to build a new synagogue, whose construction cost about
70,000 Gulden. The funds came not only from the voluntary donations of the Jewish parishioners
but also the casino, the city, the city funds and even the Landgrave contributed. All felt that the
proposed synagogue would attract many Jewish resort guests and would also contribute to the
adornment of the city. It was designed by Homburg master builder Christian Holler and dedicated
in 1866. The inauguration of the synagogue was held on Friday, Erev Shabbos Toldos (9 November). It
took place with great fanfare. After Minchoh was recited in the old synagogue, the sacred Torah
scrolls were taken from the Aron HaKodesh (Holy Ark). After Rabbiner Fromm held a short farewell
speech, the solemn procession moved to the new synagogue. Arriving at its doors, the buildings
builder handed over the synagogue keys to the Royal Prussian Civil Commissioner, Herr Von
Briesen who in turn, handed them over to the rabbi.
The synagogues twin-towered front, stood on 8 Elisabethenstrae. It seemed to control and join
together the narrow sides of the Wallstrae. Builder Holler chose a square church-hall-like room in
the apsidal [a vaulted semicircular or polygonal recess, especially at the east end of a church] design,
which was bright inside and had a very high dark blue ceiling adorned with gold stars, ending in the
east with the Aron HaKodesh. The Aron HaKodesh was a remarkable piece of art, framed by two
pillars, made of marble. The womens balcony contained two long galleries with a smaller section in
the west linking them together. Access to the Frauenshul (Womens Section) was attained by a spiral
staircase located in one of the four synagogues towers. In the center of the room, surrounded by
wooden benches, stood the Almemor for the reading of the Torah. The synagogue contained seating
for 320 men and 104 women. In the early 20th century electricity replaced gas lighting.
The year following its inauguration, the new ruler, Kaiser Wilhelm I (Hessen-Homburg had recently
been taken over by Prussia), assured the Jewish citizens of his protection and that he would shield
the new temple and its worshippers. The communitys Memorbuch (Yizkor Book) originated in
1790, it contained names and dates, going back to the 17th century, and some of the Torah scrolls
dated from the 18th century.
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VI
In 1877, a larger Gemeinde Haus was built for the new synagogue. It still stands on the same spot
today and currently houses a high school. In its basement there was a womens bath [mikveh] and a
small apartment for a Christian caretaker. (The caretaker wore a uniform, and swung a big elegant
staff in his right hand - a symbol of his importance and power. On his head he wore a Dreispitz
like Napoleon or Frederick the Great.) The first floor housed board rooms as well as the four
hundred book Mendelssohn Library of the congregation, which was established on the 100th
anniversary of Moses Mendelssohns death. The second floor housed three school rooms for
religious studies, utilizing their double doors, they could easily be combined into a hall for lectures
or religious services during the week. (Compulsory education was introduced in 1829. In order to
comply with this new regulation, Homburgs Jewish community appointed Sssel Anspacher as its
first primary school and religious instructor. The school consisted of two classes, however, after the
establishment of the first general primary school, Jewish children were transferred to this
educational institution.) A small staircase led to the top-floor with its small rooms right under the
roof. This was the residence of the Shammes and secondary teacher of the Jewish congregation.
The community also opened three sanatoriums and two famous kosher hotels that had an
international clientele.
Homburgs Rabbis and Kantors
In 1737, the community, with the consent of the Landgrave, united itself with the rabbinate of
Friedberg, whose chief rabbi took charge of all rabbinical functions in both cities. In 1825 the
Landgrave appointed Joseph Wormser, Unter-Vorsteher [Vice Leader of the Jewish Community].
Son of the Lengsfeld and Fulda Rabbi Solomon Wormser to Friedberg Oberrb. Schemajo-Jischai
Feuchtwangen (died 1813). From July 9, 1813, he was approved only for conducting marriages in
Homburg. He was prohibited from making arbitrary decisions of ritual questions by the new
Friedberger Oberrb. Feibisch Frankfurter (born Frankfurt/Oder 1762-1841) in 1821. His 1825
attempt to build with the help of the Landgrave civil government, a separate community, fails due
to resistance from the community, which denies him the qualifications to do so. "On the contrary,
it is known that his own brother, Rabbiner Isaac Seckel Wormser of Fulda, finds him incapable of
functioning as a rabbi". When Unter-Vorsteher Wormser died his widow turned to the
Landgrave and requested that he appoint her son Abraham Moses from Filehne, Unter-Vorsteher.
The executive board, does not recognize Abraham Mosess capabilities. At the same time in 1775,
the rabbinical candidate Callmann Lb applied for the position by putting forth two rabbinical
certificates one from a rabbi in Mainz and one in Hanau. He had moved from Hamburg to Homburg
with his brother. In 1808, when all German Jews were required to add a last name he chose the
name Rothschild and in 1827, he was appointed Unter-Vorsteher.
The succeeding rabbis, amongst whom was the later Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Anschel Stern,
acted also as teachers in the religious school. Rabbiner Stern was the son of Moreinu HoRav Meir
Stern, learned under the Talmudists Rabbis Abraham Bing, Isaac Seckel Wormser in Fulda and
Seligmann Br Bamberger in Wiesenbronn, and later in 1840 in Wrzburg. In 1844 he began the
study of Oriental Studies in Wrzburg. He was also tutored the children of the Baron Jakob von
Joel Hirsch.
In 1851 the Landgrave appointed the teacher Dr. Seligmann Fromm. Born in 1822 in
Grolangheim (Bavaria), at the age of 12 years old he assisted Rabbi Seligmann Br Bamberger,
afterwards the great Wrzburg Rav, who was still living in Wiesenbronn. (He later became his
son-in law.) After thorough preparation, he moved as a sixteen year old to the Pressburg Talmudic
College to learn at the feet of the Chassam Sofer (Rabbi Moshe Schreiber from Frankfurt am Main)
himself and he soon became his favorite student. He learned with his son and successor,
the Ksav Sofer, with whom he had a close friendship and with the Pressburger Dayan, Nathan
Binyomin Wolf whom he loved as a father. Initially he worked as a tutor in Karlsruhe. As the first
rabbi of Hessen-Homburg, he received a state subsidy of 200 Gulden, whose sum was paid by the
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VII
Prussian government. This is the only instance in which a local rabbi received a subsidy from that
government. The Jewish clergy from the year 1876, were no longer members of the community
board, but possessed the right of appeal in all religious matters. Dr. Fromm, subsequently resigned
because of this matter and became chaplain to Baron Wilhelm von Rothschild. He enjoyed the
highest reputation in Frankfurt. In January 1888 he was given the honorable task to deliver the
funeral oration on the death of Rabbiner Samson Raphael Hirsch.
He was succeeded by Dr. Auerbach who was born in 1827 in Bonn, the youngest child of the
local rabbi Abraham Auerbach. His grandfather was the eminent Kabbalist Selig Auerbach (b. 1726
Brodny). Dr. Auerbach studied after 1845 with his eldest brother, Dr. Benjamin Hirsch Auerbach,
who served as rabbi from 1835 to 1857 in Darmstadt. After his time in Darmstadt, Dr. Auerbach
studied philosophy at the University of Bonn. In the mid-1850s he became rabbi in Nordhausen. In
1876 he was appointed in Homburg, where due to a serious illness he served for only two years.
He then moved to Frankfurt, where he died in 1884.
He was followed by Dr. Appel who was born in 1851 in Jesberg. In the bourgeois society of the
late imperial period, he represented the classical ideas of humanism and the compatibility of Judaism
and Germanism. He attended the Latin school in Fritzlar and the Gymnasium in Kassel. After
graduation, He studied from 1870 to 1878 at the Jewish Theological Seminary in Breslau and studied
in parallel at the Universities of Marburg and Breslau, where he received his doctorate in 1874 on
the subject Quaestiones de rebus Samaritanorum sub imperio Romanorum peractis. In 1878 he was
rabbi in Homburg for nine years. He was committed to the equal recognition of Judaism among
other religions in the German state. In 1886 he left and became the second city rabbi in Mannheim.
From 1893 to 1919, he served and died in Karlsruhe.
In 1887 Dr. Kottek from the Prussian capital of Posnan (Posen) took over the Homburg rabbinate.
He was a student of Rabbi Israel Hildesheimer and distinguished himself in his great piety and vast
Talmudic knowledge. After twelve and a half years, he and the Chevras HaShas made a Siyum Shas
Bavli in 1912. Dr. Kottek together with Rabbis Bamberger of Hanau, Dr. Jonas Bondi of Mainz and
Dr. Solomon co-founded the "Jewish Literary Society" in Frankfurt. He formed a close relationship
with Yitzchak Eizik Halevi Rabinowitz (a close colleague of Rabbi Chayim Soloveichick in Yeshivas
Volozhin), who had relocated to Hamburg, where he was Klaus-Rabbiner. Rabbi Rabinowitz came
every year for a two month medical vacation to Homburg. He was the initiator of the so-called
'Homburger Conference' in August 1909, whose prominent rabbis and Torah scholars from Eastern
Europe participated in the founding of the world organization 'Agudath Israel'. In 1912, Dr. Kottek
celebrated 25 years in the rabbinate, unfortunately he passed away just a few months afterward.
The successor of Dr. Kottek was twenty year old Dr. Winter (till 1922), who was a Jewish
chaplain of the German Armed Forces during World War One, which meant the congregation was
orphaned for long stretches of time while he was at the front. Dr. Winter was born in 1878 in
Mnchengladbach. After his time in Homburg, he succeeded Rabbiner Dr. Joseph Carlebach as rabbi
and head teacher in Lbeck. Even after his tenure in Homburg he remained close with members
of the community. Fortunately, he left Lbeck with his family in September 1938 and emigrated
to London. He died there in 1953 and was interred in Jerusalems Sanhedria Cemetery.
The last Homburg rabbi, Dr. Wreschner, was born in 1865 in Breslau. He was the grandson of
Rabbi Abraham Abusch Wreschner, who was a disciple of Rabbi Akiva Eger, and his mother,
a descendant of the famous rabbinical family Falk. He carried on the traditions of these great
families throughout his days. He studied at the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary and the University of
Berlin. From 1889 until 1921 he was rabbi in Samter, Poznan. In the aftermath of the First World
War, he was forced to leave Samter. He then taught for a year at the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary
until he was appointed to Homburg as a rabbi. In 1933, sixty schoolchildren studied religion in
Homburg. In addition, Dr. Wreschner tutored the childrens religious instruction in the local public
schools. After the death of Dr. Wreschner in 1935, the rabbinate was no longer occupied, do to
increasing emigration and the ever increasing violence towards the Jewish community. All the
rabbinical positions functions were taken over by Kantor Herz. Long time teacher Leopold
Goldschmidt, was hired as Assistant Kantor and Shammes until his death in March 1936.
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VIII
The Chazan (Kantor) of the congregation was also a Schochet. The first person to hold the position
was Joseph Glogau. He died in 1777. He was succeeded after a three year period in 1780
by Judah Klahr, and in 1797 by Moses Loeb Lipschtz. Kantor Abraham [Adolf]
Braunschweig was born in 1825 in Habsheim, Kreis Mlhausen, which belonged
to Alsace-Lorraine. In 1855 he applied to be the Kantor and Shochet for the Jewish community and
was chosen from amongst the most capable. He retained those positions until he opened his resort
hotel in 1898. In 1895 he was bestowed with the honorary title Ha-Chover from then rabbi
Dr. Kottek. Kantor Herz received the same title in his day, as Kantor of the Homburg Kehilloh.
Kantor Herz was born in 1873 in Dornheim (Thuringia). Kantor Herz was educated at the
Teacher Seminars in Cologne and Wrzburg and at the Breuer Yeshiva in Frankfurt. When he
would read from the Torah, he would form the cantillation marks with the Torah pointer. On Tisho
BAv, he had tissues in close proximity to daub his eyes with, while he stirringly read the fast days Kinos.
Kantor Herzs father Rabbi Isaak Leiv Yehudah Herz was a noted scholar and inventor. He lived for
years in Berlin, founding his own congregation, which eventually became a branch of the famous
Adass Yisroel. Rabbi Dr. Munk, a close friend, bestowed upon him the title of Moreinu, in
appreciation of his outstanding Talmudical knowledge. He also invented and patented a snow
melting apparatus to be used on roads and tramlines. He spent the last few months of his life in
Homburg and is buried there.
While Kantor Herz worked both as a cantor and teacher in the orthodox sense, this stood in
contrast to many other Homburg Jews, who by then were either "Liberal" or were for the most part
no longer religious, "Formal Jews as opposed to Committed Jews."
"We Jews see as our ideal as Germans in the German state, to serve you with good and blood,
and to love Jews as the Eternal our God, with all your heart, all your soul and with all your assets."
The officials of the community included a Chazzan, Shochet, and a Shammes with a teaching
certificate, but the emphasis was on the term Shammes. (On Shabbos he provided
guest-worshippers with siddurim and chumoshim. On the cover of the books was a label with the
following order in print: After the service, prayer books must be returned to the Synagogendiener
i.e. the servant of the synagogue). The officials expenses were at first covered principally by taxes
levied upon new arrivals and collected at marriages and funerals. The sale of honorary rights, gifts
given upon being called to the Torah, and fees for entering the names of the dead in the
Memorbuch also constituted a source of income. The salaries of all three officiants were so modest,
that they were forced to take on boarders to supplement their income. In 1853 radical changes
were made in the board of directors. Landgrave Ferdinand decreed that the board should consist of
the rabbi as president, a director appointed by the Landgrave, and three other directors nominated
by the two former and confirmed by the Landgrave. Subsequently the method of direct taxation
was employed, the board apportioning the amount according to the circumstances of the individual.
The rabbi alone should decide religious questions. The whole board was to determine the budget
and the taxes to be levied; appoint and supervise the officials; take charge of the synagogue,
religious school, mikveh, and cemetery; and provide for the elevation and education of the
community. Final changes in the board were made by the government in 1876, when it was decreed
that it should consist of five members chosen by the community for a period of six years, and of
one deputy for each of the members, the board retaining the same functions as it had formerly.
The Jews of Homburg were fully emancipated on March 7, 1848, when Landgrave Gustav
promulgated the following ordinance: "In local and state affairs no difference shall henceforth be
made between our Christian and Jewish subjects." This ordinance was issued as a consequence of
the peoples petition.
Founding Agudath Israel and Russian Intellectuals
The decision to create an international organization led to the Agudath Israel conference on
Sunday, August 1, 1909, with the express purpose of fighting Zionism. The following leaders attended:
Mordechai Alter (The Gerrer Rebbe) Chaim Ozer Grodzensky (Vilna) Chayim Soloveichick (The Brisker Rov)
Dr. Salomon Breuer (Av Bais Din Frankfurt) Eliezer Rabinowitz (Chief Rabbi of Minsk) Meir Simcha HaKohen of Dvinsk (Ohr Somayach)
Eliezer Gordon (Telshe Rosh HaYeshivah) Reb Jacob Rosenheim (Frankfurt) Aharon Rokeach (The Belzer Rebbe)
Adolf Frankl (president of the Orthodox Communities in Budapest and Hungary) Yitzchak Eizik Halevi Rabinowitz (Hamburg)
Emmissaries of the Lubavitcher Rebbe and Karliner Rav/Dr. Heymann Kottek and Moses Herz (in whose residence this meeting occurred)
_______________________________________________
IX
Homburg was already a place where a number of eastern rabbis and laymen were accustomed to
spend their summers and come for medical treatment (from famous Eastern European rabbis -
Chayim Soloveichick and Yitzchak Eizik Halevi Rabinowitz to Martin Buber). The German
Neo-Orthodox academic educator and one of the founders of the Bais Yaakov movement, Dr.
(Shmuel) Leo Deutschlander (1888-1935) also lived there. Rabbi Yisrael Perlow, the Yanuka of Stolin,
Russian sculptor Mark Antokolski and World Zionist Organization President David Wolfsohn all
died there. Rosalia Gillelovna "Shoshana" Parsitz and Itzhak-Yosef Zelikovich-Parsitz transferred the
Omanut (Art) publishing house, after World War One, from Moscow to Homburg. Their home
served as a meeting place for the following Russian-Jewish writers and intellectuals from 1920-1925:
Moshe Zilberg Jacob Fichman Gerhard (Gershom) Scholem Shmuel Joseph (Shai) Agnon
Moshe Glickson David (Shimoni) Schimonowitz Moshe Ben-Eliezer Glembotsky Judah Gur (Grasowsky)
Avigdor Stematzky Chayim Nachman Bialik Isaak Leib Goldberg Menachem Mendel Ussischkin
Nathan Birnbaum Joshua O. Leibowitz David Yellin Alter Druyanov
Yehoshua Hana Ravnitzky Simcha Ben Zion Asher Zvi Hirsch Ginsberg (Achad Ha-am)
Antisemitism In The 1930s And Deportation in 1942
In general the Homburgers in their conduct towards Jews were polite and friendly; open
anti-semitism - except in singular cases - were unknown during the Twenties. Jews went to the
theater, the movies, cafes, concerts, lectures, and were side-by-side with the Germans until 1933.
In March 1933 the situation of the the Jews within the Third Reich took a sharp turn for the
worse. On April 1, the boycott of Jewish businesses, was not taken seriously by Homburg residents;
even the SA (Sturmabteilung, the paramilitary wing of the Nazi Party) men who blocked entry into
the Jewish stores until 6 p.m., changed into civilian clothes and re-entered the stores, this time as
customers. The community, persecuted by the Nazis, dwindled from 300 (2%) in 1933 to 70 (1938).
The isolation of Homburgs Jews from the general community was a creeping process.
Many Homburgers had relatives in countries of the Western Hemisphere. Some were able to
obtain an affidavit and emigrate abroad. Unfortunately, not all were able to do so.
The Jews had already been subjected to numerous incidents of harassment, but it would only get
worse. Both in 1934 and 1935, some the Jewish cemeterys grave stones were toppled over and
smashed. "The Volkische Beobachter (National Observer), the newspaper of the Nazi Party,
which was widely read in Homburg, contributed to ever increasing racial hatred. Antisemitic
posters were affixed to buildings throughout the city, promoting racial and religious intolerance.
Jewish citizens were assaulted on the street for no other reason than their religion.
Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass) better termed Pogrom Night.
At exactly twelve o'clock sharp on November 10, 1938 the siren sounded. There was such a huge
explosion within the synagogue, that its massive front doors flew off. Inside one could see that the
benches and other flammable objects were stacked high and were already alight. Flames were
shooting out of all four towers and the windows shattered almost all at once. This was not an act
carried out by amateurs, but a result of thorough preparation, illustrated by the amount of gasoline
poured over all areas, to cause everything to burn almost simultaneously. The gasoline used,
had been stored in a business located nearby. Nothing was done to extinguish the blaze.
On Pogrom Night, the synagogues interior was destroyed, after which the building was burned to
the ground.
Apartments of Jewish citizens were destroyed, storefronts of Jewish businessmen were smashed
and robbed of their contents. It seemed that most of the perpetrators were from other towns
perhaps in an effort to evade possible legal prosecution.
While the synagogue was engulfed in flames, the Wallstrae was closed off by the police. As the
four copper domes melted, the liquid metal ran down the sides of the building. All in all, it was an
eerie sight. Residents of the Wallstrae, workers and small businessmen, tried to salvage items from
the synagogue, but were viciously beaten back by the Nazi thugs.
At the sight of the burning synagogue the following remark was heard: They should throw the Jews
altogether into the flames! This shows, that there were Homburg residents, who had already made
up their minds in regard to the physical destruction of the Jews.
_______________________________________________
X
The riots against the Jewish population were conducted by the Homburg residents either actively
or passively. This planned pogrom was acted out all over Germany. It was designed to project,
the anger of the German people being unleashed upon the Jews, like a lightning bolt out of the blue.
In the morning of the November 11th, the male Jews (between sixteen and sixty years old) were
taken by three or four Nazis from their homes and were first penned in the local jail for thirty six
hours in sub-human conditions. The arresting police officer said: World Jewry is to blame for
everything, not you, we know you! The constable of the jail was close to tears when he saw them
individually. The Homburg Jews were then taken to Frankfurt am Main and loaded on the general
transports to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp. They were held there for three weeks with the
order that they had until the 31st of January 1939 to emigrate.
In April 1939, Germanys Jews lost their tenants rights. Jews who, were evicted from their
apartments, were relocated to so-called Jew Houses. In Homburg two houses (Salomon
Wiesenthals #12 and Kantor Herzs #14 Kisseleffstrae residences) served this purpose.
In March 1942, the apartments of Jews still living in Germany, were marked with a yellow star.
A letter was sent to the City Council of Konigstein requesting the removal of the former Homburg
Synagogue. On April 14th and 15th, the city's demolition squad, dismantled the remaining walls and
carted them away. Afterward people remarked "the view of the Wallstrae ... is no longer disturbed
by unsightly masonry". This sentiment is likewise echoed in a newspaper article "... a dark spot has
disappeared from the Elizabethenstrasse". A playground was later built on the site.
The remaining Homburg Jews assembled in the house of the Gutmann family at 11 Wallstrae, to
hold prayer services, since the Gemeinde Haus served as the home for the Homburg Hitler Youth.
After September 1939, the anti-Jewish edicts became even harsher: nightly curfews, the giving up of
radios, deprivation of clothing cards, food purchases only between 4 and 5 pm. On March 7, 1941,
there was listening in on telephone calls and forced labor. At the end of 1940, the virulently
antisemitic film Jud S, and in mid March 1941 Der Ewige Jude, were shown in Homburgs
Helipa and Thalia cinemas. In Germany, all Jews, above the age of six had, as of September 1941, to
wear a yellow Jewish star on their clothing. It took courage when master bookbinder Louis Grtner
walked with Moses Herz (reduced to working as a street cleaner) together on the street.
For almost a year Homburg Jewish community had been branded, humiliated and harassed. In the
end it was only a shadow of its former self. The first group of victims were forced to leave their
hometown of Homburg at the behest of the Nazi regime. On Wednesday, June 10, 1942, twenty six
Jews were picked up and brought to the inner yard of the Town Hall. There, men and women were
separated and transported to Frankfurt. From Frankfurt they joined a deportation to the district of
Lublin. Primarily young men, fit for work, were deported directly to the Majdanek Death Camp,
the rest were sent to their deaths in the Sobibor Death Camp, following a two-day stop in the
Izbicia Transit Camp. Two and a half months later, on Friday, August 28, the second deportation
occurred. A total of eighteen Jews (between fifty nine and seventy nine years of age) were likewise
rounded up and sent to Frankfurt. The fare was to be paid by the deportees themselves. Moreover,
each deportee should have 50 Reichsmark and travel food for two days. There they made to walk
to the Rechneigraben Jewish Old Peoples Home and forced to sleep on straw on the floor. On
September 1, the journey continued to the Theresienstadt Concentration Camp. Three of the older
abductees were dead within three weeks. Five of those Jews were transported to the Treblinka
Extermination Camp, on September 29. After being urged by some Homburg citizens, on Thursday,
May 20, 1943, six months after the second deportation, the Gestapo took into custody and
deported four women who had married Christians or had converted to Christianity.
Homburgs Second Jewish Settlement
Robert Schlesinger, one of the first Jews after 1945 came from Silesia to Homburg. He tried to
ensure the preservation of marriage documents. The JRSO documentation of 1954 - states the
existence of Jews once again in the city. According to the latest statistics (1969) 11 Jewish souls -
7 men and 4 women lived in Homburg.
Homburgs Second Jewish Community
In 2012, a new Jewish community exists in Homburg consisting of some 250 members,
who originate primarily from Eastern Europe, South America and Israel.
They are intent on building a new synagogue on the same spot as the one destroyed in 1938.
_______________________________________________
XI
Bad Homburg v. d. Hhe
Bad Homburg Historical Time Line 1335-1942 / 2012-
782 first documentary mention

1335 ten Jewish males are given permission to settle by Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV
1348 Black Death pogroms decimate the Jewish community
1361 first mentioned as a city
1539 the first ordinance regarding the Jews is issued by Phillip The Magnanimous of Hesse
1577 interest regulation, Sunday work and protection money
1580 the Jewish cemetery in Seulberg is established
1617 Jewish meat trade begun
1622 - 1866 seat of the Landgraves of Hessen-Homburg
1625 special taxation of the Jews which had fled the Halberstadt troops
1660 - 1661 protection taxes and appealing for a reduction of the protection money to Daniel (von Seulberg)
1680 - 1895 construction of the Landgrave Palace at the site of the old castle
1681 funerals allowed on Sundays and holidays
1684 School, Cemetery, and Sabbath celebration ordinance - Jews are permitted to rent an apartment
as a synagogue provided it does not disturb their Christian neighbors
opening of the first Homburg Pharmacy
1685 settlement of Huguenots, founding of Neustadt by Landgrave Frederick II
1692 the release from the obligation to pay taxes
1695 permission to meet on the Sabbath
1702 sales ban on Sundays etc.
1703 the Judengae (Jew Street) is established
1710 - 1713 the second ordinance is issued by Landgrave Ernest Louis to establish the
Hebrew printing house run by Seligmann Reis, which is moved to Offenbach am Main
1724 Hebrew printing is resumed by Samson Hanau
1731 the First Synagogue is built and dedicated
1736 Hebrew printing house is acquired by Aaron Dessau
1737 third ordinance issued by Landgrave Frederick III Jacob
It also spoke of allowing Homburg to unite with the rabbinate of Friedberg
1745 - 1764 protection money requests
1748 - 1749 Hebrew printing house is sold and transferred to Rdelheim
1749 the enclosing of the Jewish cemetery in Seulberg
1753 Jews to pay Jew Tax
1756 prevention of the resettlement of the Jews
1764 - 1820 the obligation for Frau Wolleb (geb. Neuhof) to erect the first Gemeinde Haus (Community House)
1776 - 1771 contributions for the war
1771 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's stay in Homburg ("Pilgrim's Morning Song")
1774 - 1792 health insurance fund for Jewish women
1774 - 1791 Complaints of the citizens of Homburgs Neustadt [New Town] against Jewish settlement
1777 Chazan and Schochet Joseph Glogau dies
1780 Judah Klahr is hired as Chazan and Schochet
1794 permission is granted to live outside the Judengae (subsequently renamed the Wallstrae)
1797 Moses Loeb Lipschtz is hired as Chazan and Schochet
1808 Jews must choose and adopt German family names
1813 Landgrave appoints Joseph Wormser as Unter-Vorsteher (Vice Leader of the Jewish Community)
1827 After the death of Joseph Wormser, Callmann Rothschild is appointed Unter-Vorsteher
1834 development toward a much-frequented healing bath center
by virtue of rediscovery and new drilling of mineral springs
_______________________________________________
XII
1841 construction of the casino by the Blanc brothers and of the first Kurhaus
1848 the Jews are emancipated and Rabbiner Anschel Stern is appointed rabbi
1851 Rabbiner Stern leaves post to become Chief Rabbi of Hamburg following the untimely passing
of Chacham Isaac Bernays. The Landgrave appoints Assistant
Rabbiner Dr. Seligmann Fromm as community rabbi and teacher
1854 Peter Joseph Lenn creator of the world-famous Sanssouci Park appointed architect of the
Kurpark (45 hectare), it establishes international reputation of Homburg as spa and bath city
1855 Kantor Abraham (Adolf) Braunschweig is hired as cantor and schochet
1859 opening of the railway to Frankfurt
1863 the Homburg Cemetery is established
1864 - 1866 the New Synagogue is built and dedicated
death of the last Landgrave and transfer of land County to the Grand Duchy of
Hesse-Darmstadt. In the same year follows the incorporation into the Kingdom of Prussia
1867 Kaiser Wilhelm I of Prussia visits Homburg for the first time
1868 the last Homburg Jews are buried in the Seulberg Cemetery
1876 Rabbiner Fromm leaves his post to become the chaplain for Baron Wilhelm von Rothschild,
Rabbiner Dr. S. Hillmann Auerbach is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1877 the Second Gemeinde Haus is established
1878 Rabbiner Auerbach leaves his post due to a serious illness
Rabbiner Dr. Meier Appel is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1886 Rabbiner Appel leaves post to become rabbi of Karlsruhe
1887 Rabbiner Dr. S. Heymann Kottek is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1888 - 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II declares Homburg his summer residence
1898 Kantor Moses Herz is hired as cantor, school teacher and schochet
1904 the New Synagogue is renovated and remodeled.
1907 Kantor Braunschweig passes away
1909 the first conference of Agudas Yisroel is convened
1912 Rabbiner Kottek passes away, Rabbiner Dr. David Winter installed as community rabbi/teacher
1920 a number of Russian-Jewish writers and intellectuals settle in the resort town
1921 a memorial plaque is dedicated in the synagogue to the fallen World War Jewish soldiers
1922 Rabbiner Winter leaves his post,
Rabbiner Dr. J. Leopold Wreschner is installed as community rabbi and teacher
1925 the Russian-Jewish writers and intellectuals leave
1935 Rabbiner Wreschner passes away
the cemetery is desecrated in 1934 and in 1935
1938 the New Synagogue is burnt down and it is subsequently dismantled by April 1939
prayer services are held thereafter at the Gutmann family home in the Wallstrae
the Gemeinde Haus is closed to Jews and taken over by the Homburg Hitler Youth
about twenty male Jews (between the ages of 16 and 60) are sent
to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp after the November 9-10 Pogrom.
all Jewish passports are stamped with the letter J
1939 Homburg Jews lost their tenant rights and were evicted from their apartments.
They are therefore required to live in so called Jew Houses.
1942 the last forty five remaining Jews including Kantor Herz are deported to the East
2012 seventy years later, a new Jewish community is established. Most of its 250 members
originate from Israel, Spain, Argentina, and Brazil, most come from Russia and the Ukraine.
The new visiting rabbi is Israeli born Chabad Rabbi Shalom Dovber Rabinovitz
_______________________________________________
XIII
Name Business Residence
1) Ackermann, Sally/Mrs. Fur Dealer Louisenstrae
both died in Homburg
2 Children: Julius emigrated to the USA, Edmund killed in action in Israel
2) Ackermann, Julius/Mrs. Fur Dealer Louisenstrae
both died in Homburg
3 Children: Wilhelm married Gretel Mainzer (who still lives in Santiago, Chile)
Wilhelm, Trude, and Fritz died in Chile
3) Altschul Robert/Mrs. Frieda Grocery Store Ferdinandstrae
both murdered at Treblinka - one daughter - the family emigrated to the USA
4) Auerbach together with his sister died in Homburg Wallstrae
5) Bamberger, Felix/Mrs. - wife emigrated to Israel In der nhe von Gonzenheim
3 daughters (one now lives in Frankfurt Am Main)
6) Blum, Lola - emigrated Hlderlinweg
7) Cahn-Bronner Dr./Mrs. Annette Doctor Louisenstrae
Dr. Cahn-Bronner and a daughter emigrated to the USA the wife was murdered in Germany
8) Dinkelspler ?/Mrs.-died in Homburg Haberdashery Louisenstrae
5 daughters - 1 or 2 were murdered the others immediately emigrated to the USA
9) Dreifu, Walter Dr./Mrs. Heddy Doctor Promenade
One son Erich - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
10) Ehrlich /Mrs. Zwieback Factory Am Alter Bahnhof
Wife emigrated to the USA and died there
One son - Stephan - lives in New Jersey USA
11) Emmerich, Eugenie (Widow) - emigrated to England Kisselefstrae
12) Eppstein, Hugo/Mrs. Auguste Cigars Elisabethenstrae
Husband died in Theresienstadt, wife murdered at Treblinka
11) Mrs. Fettmann died in Homburg Obergae
One daughter Lina - murdered
14) Fuld, Jonas/Mrs. Emilie Cigars Elisabethenstrae
Three children - Alice, Julius, Eli - the family emigrated to the USA
15) Goldschmidt ?/Mrs. - died in Homburg Civil Servant Elisabethenstrae
16) Goldschmidt ?/Mrs. Sanatorium
wife died in Homburg and the husband emigrated
17) Grnhut ? Tailor Gymnasiumstrae
I believe that at 90 years old Mr. Grnhut moved to Frankfurt and died there.
One son killed himself with hydrochloric acid
18) Guttmann, Ludwig Furrier Wallstrae
Murdered in Sobibor/Majdanek
19) The married sister of L. Guttmann in Giessen murdered with her 3 children
20) The other sister of L. Guttmann emigrated
21) Haas, Julius/Mrs. Baker Wallstrae
Two sons - Edgar and Heinz - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
22) Herz, Berta nee Sommer Furniture Dealer Louisenstrae
One son Hermann - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
23) Herz, Moses/Mrs. Sarah Cantor Kisselefstrae
both murdered in Treblinka
One Daughter - Bessy - murdered in Sobibor, 3 sons - Arno, Erwin, Sophoni emigrated
25) Hirsch, Julius/Mrs. Chocolate Factory Hohenstrae
One Child - Gretel - died in Philadelphia, PA USA
26) Hirsch, Sally/Mrs. (Bella) Chocolate Factory Hohenstrae
Children: Fritz (died), Renate - the family emigrated to the USA
27) Holzmann, Adolf/Mrs. Mens Clothing Store Elisabethenstrae
Children: Otto - committed suicide in the forest before deportation
Erna - murdered in Sobibor
_______________________________________________
XIV
28) Holzmann, Adolf/Mrs. - died in Germany Kisseleffstrae

Daughter Ruth - died in New York; married Sichel
29) Holzmann, Isador/Mrs. Audenstrae
Children Ernst - died in England
Tilly - murdered with the family
youngest daughter lives in England
30) Holzmann, Isador
One daughter
31) Idstein, Isaac?/Mrs. Scrap Iron Promenade
5 out of 10 Children - Willy - emigrated to the USA
Paula - married in Switzerland
Julius, Irene, and Bella - emigrated to Philadelphia, PA USA
32) Idstein, Samuel/Mrs. Scrap Iron Promenade
Wife died in Homburg
One son Ludwig - died in Homburg wife emigrated to England
One daughter - died in Homburg
33) Kahn, Ludwig/Mrs. Butcher Wallstrae
Son Ernst emigrated to Cincinnati, Ohio USA
34) Kahn, Moritz/Mrs. Butcher
2 Sons emigrated to the USA
(one son died in Germany)
35) Kleeblatt, Paula Nurse
she died after World War One in the 1930s
36) Kleeblatt, Fritz Doctor Promenade
he died in the 1930s in Homburg
37) Lang, Adolf/Mrs. Egg Dealer Obergae
38) Lang /Mrs. Mr. Lang died at the age of 90 in Homburg
3 Children: Gustav (wife Edith and 2 children Willy & Lilo)- emigrated to St. Louis USA
Johanna - murdered in Majdanek
One son emigrated earlier to the USA
40) Lang Cattle Dealer
Daughter Recha married Leo Rothschild Cafe - Rothschild Lousienstae
41) Lang, Johanna nee Sommer Haberdashery Lousienstae
died in Homburg
Daughter Martha married Marx - both died in Brazil
their daughter Ilse (Marx) Nelken lives in San Paulo, Brazil
42) Leibowitz, Dr. Sanatorium; Dr. Goldschmidt
43) Levi, Wolfgang - probably emigrated Hedwig Sommer - Levi Louisenstrae
Rugs and Linoleum
44) Lilie, Hermann/Mrs. Cafe Rothschild Elisabethenstrae
Two sons - Walter and Gnter (who died as a child)
45) Lind, Kurt/Mrs. - both emigrated to the USA Ferdinandstrae
originally from Obereschbach
46) Liskewitz ?/Mrs. Shoemaker Promenade
Two daughters - the family deported to Poland
47) Lwenstein Moritz?/2nd wife Butcher Wallstrae
1st marriage Children - Selma and Julius emigrated to Chicago, Illinois USA
2nd marriage Daughter - I believe she emigrated on the Kindertransport to England
48) Mayer, Karl/Mrs. - boarders with I. Holzmann Louisenstrae
Children: Gretel and Paul - emigrated to England
49) Mainzer, Moritz/Mrs. Iron Dealer Louisenstrae
son emigrated to Canada, daughter Gretel married Ackermann lives in Santiago, Chile
50) Miltenberg /Mrs. Hotelier Louisenstrae
Three children - 2 sons and I daughter - the family emigrated to the USA
_______________________________________________
XV
51) Neuga, Rudolf Banker Obergae

Died in Theresienstadt - (mother of R. Neuga died in the early 1930s)
52) ttinger, Manfred Employee Elisabethenstrae
was murdered either in 1939 or 1940 by the Nazis
53) Pariser, Mrs. Dr. - suicide in Frankfurt (last address) Louisenstrae
54) Rehbock /Mrs. Ferdinandstrae
Two sons and one daughter (the entire family were murdered in Germany)
55) Reinach, Martin/Mrs. Edith Iron Dealer Louisenstrae
One son - Albert - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
56) Rosenberg, Willy/Mrs. both murdered in Sobibor
57) Rosenthal Dr./Mrs. Sanatorium Promenade
3 sons - Erich and Theo emigrated to Australia, Bertram died young in Homburg
58) Rothschild, Louis/Mrs. Banker Louisenstrae
both died in Theresienstadt Concentration Camp
2 Children: Marianne - lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan USA Eduard - murdered in Mauthausen
59) Rothschild, Richard/Mrs. Shoe Store Louisenstrae
Wife was murdered in Germany
3 Children: Fritz - a rabbi (USA), Ellen (Zimbabwe, Africa), Edith (USA)
60) Salomon, - died in Homburg? Promenade
Two sons - one married Edith (sister of Martin Reinach) - murdered in Sobibor
61) Scharatzik, Leo Cigars Louisenstrae
Four children - probably emigrated
62) Schiff, Beno - emigrated to Brazil Grain Broker Ludwigstrae
63) Schwarzschild Dr. Ludwig/Mrs. Doctor Kisselefstrae
2 Children Martin and a daughter - the family emigrated to New York, NY USA
64) Sommer, Emil/Mrs. murdered in Germany Cattle Dealer Obergae
2 Sons - Ernst and Kurt - both live in Chicago, Illinois USA
65) Sommer, Klara single - Murdered in Treblinka Wallstrae
66) Stein Moritz/Mrs. - Crippled in WWI died in Homburg (last address) Kisseleffstrae
Children: Julius and Bertel Wife and children were murdered in Sobibor
67) Stern /Mrs. Kisselefstrae
One son Rolf (adopted) - emigrated
68) Stern /Mrs. - emigrated to the USA Cattledealer Haingae
Two daughters and one son (Mr. Stern died in Homburg)
69) Strau Josef/Mrs. Bertha Furrier Kisselefstrae
2 sons - Norbert and Hermann - the family emigrated to the USA
70) Wei, Paul Dr./Mrs. emigrated to Israel Doctor Kisselefstrae
71) Wertheimer, Alfred Dr./Mrs. Lawyer Ferdinandstrae
One daughter Ruth - the family emigrated to Israel
72) Wiesenthal, Sally/Mrs. Herta Iron and Coal Dealer Kisselefstrae
3 children: Hildegard, Gisela, Gnter - the family emigrated South Africa, Zimbabwe and Chile
73) Wreschner Leopold/Mrs. Rabbi Audenstrae
one daughter emigrated
74) Wertheimer, Salo - died in Frankfurt Gymnasiumstrae
Two daughters - Hedwig married Willy Idstein and emigrated to the USA
the other daughter married outside Homburg and emigrated
75) Wiesenthal, Bernard Lawyer Louisenstrae
- murdered in Sobibor/Majdanek
Those were at that time only identified as half-Jews,

I only know their names but what became of them is mostly unknown to me.
Assmann, Escribeus, Gro, Holler-Schulemann, Dr. Kobler, Lw, Martino, Neumeier, Rechold, Sulzbach
_______________
Reference: This list was compiled in 1983 by my father from his recollections. (He left Homburg as a boy of fourteen in January 1939.)
_______________________________________________
XVI
zenyp z` midl` xekfi
Years As Homburg Officiant
dlidwd ipax
l"f xrqnxee dnly oa sqei dlidwd y`x obq
1813 - 1827 Unter-Vorsteher Joseph Wormser - 1827
l"f cliyhex aiil oa onlw axd dlidwd y`x obq

1827 - 1848 Unter-Vorsteher Callmann L. Rothschild ? -?
l"f orxhy xi`n axd epixen oa (awri) xy` axd epixen

1848 - 1851 Rabbiner Anschel M. Stern 1820 - 1888
l"f mnext yxid oa o`nbilrf qgpt axd epixen

1852 - 1875 Rabbiner Dr. P. Seligmann Fromm 1822 - 1898
l"f jàxie` mdxa` axd oa lèny axd epixen

1875 - 1877 Rabbiner Dr. S. Hillmann Auerbach 1827 - 1884
l"f lrt` awri oa xi`n axd epixen

1877 - 1886 Rabbiner Dr. Meier Appel 1851 - 1919
l"f wrhew mdxa` oa o`nlid lèny axd epixen

1887 - 1912 Rabbiner Dr. S. Heymann Kottek 1860 - 1912
l"f xrhpiee ield xcpqkl` oa cec axd epixen

1912 - 1922 Rabbiner Dr. David A. Winter 1878 - 1953
l"f xrpyrxee megp a`f axd oa dcedi awri axd epixen
1922 - 1935 Rabbiner Dr. J. J. Leopold Wreschner 1865 - 1935
dlidwd ipfg
l"f e`belb sqei
- 1777 Chazan Joseph Glogau
l"f xd`lw dcedi
1780 - 1797 Chazan Judah Klahr
l"f ueytil aiil oa dyn
1797 - 1855 Chazan Moses Loeb Lipschtz
l"f bieeypexa wgvi sqei 'x oa mdxa` awri xagd
1855 - 1898 Kantor Adolf Braunschweig 1825 - 1907
c"id uxid dcedi al wgvi axd epixen oa dyn xagd
1898 - 1942 Kantor Moses Herz 1873 - 1942
. d`l lgx dwax dxy . awrie wgvi mdxa` znyp mr `d xrc x`t bxeaned cà w"w ly
. l`xyia dxez eviaxde . mdiwqta dlidwd ipir exi`dy xeara
on` . ocr obay zeipwcve miwicv mr miigd xexva dxexv mznyp `dz df xkya

_______________________________________________
XVII
The Bad Homburg chapter of the Reich Federation of Jewish Front Soldiers,
donated an impressive marble-topped tablet crowned with a quotation
from the first chapter of the Second Book of Samuel, which states:
!dng lO d KFzA mi Ab Eltp Ki`"

":dng ln ilM EcaÌe mixFA
b Eltp Ki`
How did the mighty fall in the midst of the battle?
How have the mighty fallen and the weapons of war perished!
Name Geburtsdatum Todestag
Ackermann, Edmund 29.11.80 22.08.14

Blum, Julius 06.03.75 12.03.17
Emmerich, Gustav 19.06.92 14.03.15
Fuld, Julius 05.05.94 02.08.17, Ltnt. E. K. I
Kahn, Moritz 22.03.77 25.04.16
Neuga, Willy 29.10.80 07.09.14
Scharatzik, August 19.10.96 04.10.18
Sommer, Moritz 02.09.73 28.01.19
Wiesenthal, Hermann 28.02.77 09.10.17 (vermit)
EHRE IHREM ANDENKEN
Ackermann, Edmund, - born elqk e"k, died a` 'l Merchant 33 yrs. old in Neufchateau, Belgium, Rank Private
Blum, Julius - born xc` h"k, died oqip 'k Merchant 42 yrs. old in Frankfurt Am Main, Rank Private
Emmerich, Gustav - born oeiq c"k, died xc` g"k Bank Employee 22 yrs. old in Galicia, Rank Private
Fuld, Julius - born oqip h"k, died a` c"i Bank Employee 23 yrs. old Galicia, Rank Ltnt. Iron Cross 1st Class
Kahn, Moritz - born oqip 'g, died oqip a"k Merchant 39 yrs. old in France, Rank Militia Recruit
Neuga, Willy - born oeygxn c"k, died lel` f"h Merchant 33 yrs. old in Sermaize les-Bains, France Rank Prvt
Scharatzik, August - born ixyz a"i, died ixyz g"k Bank Employee 21 yrs old in France, Rank Infantry Private
Sommer, Moritz - born lel` 'i, died hay f"k Butcher 45 yrs, old in Bad Homburg Rank Cavalry
Wiesenthal, Hermann - born xc` e"h, died ixyz b"k Merchant 40 yrs. old in Bad Homburg
more information about his fate was unavailable.
The tablet was unveiled and affixed to the south side of the synagogue in September 1921.
Very few of the Jewish war veterans Christian comrades, attended the plaques dedication.
Rabbiner Dr. Winter and Kantor Herz officiated. This memorial plaque for the fallen Homburg
Jewish sons, was smashed and became part of a huge debris pile with the destruction of the
synagogue on Homburger Pogrom Day, 10th November 1938.
Gustav Emmerich was my grandmother Herta (Emmerich) Wiesenthals twin brother.
Hermann Wiesenthal was my grandfather Salomon Wiesenthals older brother.
_______________
References:
Weltkriegsopfer.de http://www.weltkriegsopfer.de/Opfer-Krieg-Gewalt-Datenbank Soldatenliste Suche.html
Meine Errinnerung an Bad Homburg und seine 600-Jhrige jdische Gemeinde (1335-1942) von Yitzhak Sophoni Herz
Geschichte der Juden in Bad Homburg vor der Hhe 1866-1945 von Heinz Grosche
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XVIII
[The first wave of German Reich deportations were carried out from mid October 1941. In the course of just less than three weeks, German Jews were
transported to the Lodz Ghetto in Poland. Soon afterward, more were deported to Riga, Kaunas and Minsk. Most of them were placed in the local ghettos,
but some were shot immediately upon arrival.]
The Jewish deportees in 1941 which had relocated from Bad Homburg to Frankfurt:
Rudolf Rie 20/10 66 16/01/1942 Lodz Ghetto Jenny Lwenstein 11/11 53 Minsk Ghetto
Rosa Rie 20/10 68 20/10/1942 Lodz Ghetto Edith Lwenstein 11/11 15 Minsk Ghetto
Selma Benjamin 59 20/10/1941 Lodz Ghetto Adolf Lang 22/11 71 25/11/1941 Kaunas Fort IX
Charlotte Fleischmann 69 20/10/1941 Lodz Ghetto Amalie Lwenthal 22/11 66 25/11/1941 Kaunas Fort IX
Bella Rothschild geb. Strau 57 1884 Auschwitz Ernst Reinach 23/12/1901 39 07/02/1941 Hadamar
Flora Rothschild geb. Strau 59 28/02/1882 Auschwitz
[After the Wannsee Conference, early in March 1942, most of the deportation trains from the German Reich were rerouted from the ghettos of Minsk and
Riga in Ostland to ghettos and camps in the Lublin district. This change coincided with the opening of the Belzec death camp in mid March 1942,
and the building of the Sobibor and Treblinka death camps. Jews from the German Reich arrived in the Lublin district from April 1942.]
The Jewish deportees in 1942 which had relocated from Bad Homburg to Frankfurt:
Charlotte Lang 17/01/1869 74 Deported 19/08 Theresienstadt 05/10/43 Isidor Sommer 77 17/01/1869 Deported 11/11 Theresienstadt 19/08/1942
Arthur Auerbach 80 Deported 18/08 Theresienstadt 22/09/1942 Jenny Sommer 1898 Theresienstadt, Minsk, 1943 Auschwitz
Emma Meyer 70 Deported 15/09 Theresienstadt 08/05/1943 Dora Hardt geb. Schwarz 3/10/1885 57 Deported 25/06
Ravensbrueck - Auschwitz 3/10/1942
On the 10th of June, 1942, twenty six Jews were deported, seven men, seventeen women, a girl and a boy.
Helene Adler geb. Gutmann 30/07/1888 53 Sobibor Karl Rosenberg 08/04/1882 60 Sobibor
Margot Adler 21/10/1921 20 Sobibor Willi Meier Rosenberg 15/10/1884 57 Sobibor
Leontine Blum geb. Lorch 08/05/1881 61 Sobibor Arno Salomon 16/12/1908 33 Majdanek 30/08/1942
Franziska Gutmann 1891 51 Sobibor Edith (Seppi) Salomon geb. Reinach 17/06/1917 25 Sobibor
Ludwig Gutmann 04/02/1893 49 Sobibor Emil Sommer 17/04/1877 65 Majdanek
Bessy Herz 14/10/1901 42 Sobibor Johanna Sommer geb. Karlsberg 26/08/1887 54 Sobibor
Erna Holzmann 12/02/1894 48 Sobibor Berta Stein 1927 14 Sobibor
Therese Idstein 04/09/1889 52 Sobibor Julius Stein 1928 13 Sobibor
Fanny Kahn geb. Katz 05/03/1887 55 Sobibor Minna Stein geb. Katz 14/03/1892 50 Sobibor
Johanna Lang 1883 58 Majdanek Adolf Stern 1884 57 Sobibor
Melitta Lichtenstein 1901 41 Sobibor Regina Stern geb. Wallach 02/06/1893 49 Sobibor
Blanche Neuga 15/05/1886 56 Sobibor Karoline Wei geb. Altschul 02/08/1879 62 Sobibor
Gertrud Neuga 1890 53 Sobibor Bernhard Wiesenthal 28/06/1884 57 Sobibor
On the 28th of August, 1942, eighteen Jews; seven men, eleven women, from Bad Homburg
and two from the town of Ober-Eschbach were deported. (All except Frau Rosa Lind never returned!)
Frieda Altschul geb. Bender 23/02/1881 61 Treblinka, 29/09/1942 Kantor Moses Herz 19/11/1873 69 Treblinka 29/09/1942
Robert Altschul 22/04/1876 66 Treblinka 29/09/1942 Sofie Herz geb. Haas 05/08/1866 76 Treblinka 29/09/1942
Auguste Eppstein geb. Lwenthal 01/05/ 1868 74 Treblinka 29/09/1942 Klara Sommer 13/11/1880 66 Treblinka 01/06/1943
Hugo Eppstein 20/6/1864 78 Theresienstadt 11/9/1942 Rosa Lind geb. Rei 66 Frau Lind returned
Margarethe Gro geb. Freundlich 3/08/1878 65 Auschwitz 15/05/1944 Salomon Lind 09/02/1875 70 Theresienstadt 07/01/1945
Max Gro 27/10/1872 69 Theresienstadt 16/10/1943 Rudolf Neuga 20/09/1876 65 Theresienstadt 18/11/1942
Ida Haas 15/11/1866 75 Theresienstadt 30/11/1942 Louis Rothschild 06/04/1864 78 Theresienstadt 17/09/1942
Berta Harth 24/10/1886 59 Theresienstadt 01/12/1943 Melanie Rothschild geb. Emmerich 13/12/1880 61 Theresien 15/08/1944
Franziska Idstein geb. Seckbach 1/11/ 1862 79 Theresienstadt 18/09/1942 Emma Solling geb. Mayer 06/01/1874 68 Theresienstadt 18/07/1943
On the 20th of May 1943, the Gestapo deported:

Margarete Daub geb. Daniel 1883 60 Catholic Missing Ida Martino geb. Bernheim 05/06/ 1895 47 Jewish Auschwitz 29/12/1943
Adelheid Clara Jacobi geb. Hanau 1872 71 Lutheran Frau Jacobi returned Elisabeth Mller geb. Michel 14/02/ 1893 50 Catholic E. Europe Missing
The following chose to take their own lives in Bad Homburg or in other cities rather than be taken to their deaths:
Otto Holzmann 21/02/1893 (frankfurt) 48 Suicide 08/05/1941 Annette Cahn-Bronner 1895 (in Berlin) 47 Suicide 29/04/1942
Sophie Klieneberger geb. Hamburger* 19/06/1848 91 Suicide 11/04/1941 Thekla Dinkelsphler 04/06/1901 (Frankfurt) 61 Suicide 22/05/1942
Anna Schnemann geb. Klieneberger* 24/04/1881 60 Suicide 11/04/1941 Elsbeth Pariser 1871 (in Frankfurt ) 71 Suicide 20/11/1942
* both had converted to the Protestant faith.
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XIX
Those forty nine Bad Homburg Jews which moved to a different city/country or fled their town and perished in Holocaust:
Ellen Benas geb. Rothschild 25/05/1872 70 Heinrich (Heinz) Mainzer 10/01/1908 35

Berlin to Theresienstadt 03/10/1942 Haag, The Netherlands to
Sara Bermann 01/06/1854 85 Beuthen/Bobrek, Camp 21/03/1943
Bad Homburg 09/03/1940 Klara Mainzer geb. Hirsch 09/07/1883 59
Minna Drnberg geb. Dinkelsphler 1888 55 Auschwitz
Eschwege to Theresienstadt 1943 Hans Marcus 11/10/1935 7
Emilie Fuld 26/11/1867 73 Berlin to Auschwitz 29/11/1942
Gurs, France 09/12/1940 Josef Mayer 1902
Regina Goldschmidt geb. Guggenheim 6/07/1870 72 Deported - Disappeared
Westerbork 24/02/1943 Ludwig Neumeier 23/04/1893 51
Siegfried Goldschmidt 29/05/1899 43 Auschwitz 30/10/1944
Berlin to Auschwitz 1942 ttinger, Manfred 21/8/1910 32
Josef Haas 27/04/1898 44
Frankfurt to Majdanek 7/9/1942
France to Auschwitz 1942
Eduard Rothschild 26/03/1921 21
Adele Harth geb. Block 1878 64
Mauthausen 12/11/1942
Kln to Lodz, Poland 1942
Frieda Sandberg geb. Dinkelsphler 11/10/1890 54
Dr. Joseph Harth 1887 56
Breslau to Auschwitz 12/10/1944
Kln to 22/10/1941 Lodz 24/04/1943
Berta Schwarz geb. Sommer 15/07/1871 68
Sara Herz 08/08/1864
Bad Homburg 23/07/1939
Theresienstadt to Auschwitz
Gusta Schwarz geb. Steinbach 1909 33
Sophie Hillesum geb. Kottek 25/05/1891 52
Cracow 1942
Westerbork to Auschwitz 06/03/1944
Ester Schwarz 1931 11
Emma Hirschberg geb. Fromm 1866 76
Cracow 1942
Lublin, Sobibor 15/06/1942
Moshe Schwartz 1934 8
Flora Hirschberger 24/07/1909 33
Cracow 1942
Auschwitz 12/04/1943
Salo Shlomo Schwartz
Martin Holzmann 24/03/1898 44
Cracow 1942
Berlin to Auschwitz 03/02/1943
Josefine Sichel 29/01/1855 85
Selma Holzmann 14/09/1900 41
Gurs, France 22/11/1940
Malines to Auschwitz 15/08/1942
Kurt Sommer 17/04/1877
Therese Idstein 04/09/1889 53
Presumed Dead
Frankfurt to Sobibor 11/06/1942
Moritz Moshe Stein 1897 [Disabled Veteran]
Max Kahn 06/07/1905 37
Auschwitz
Drancy to Auschwitz 10/08/1942
Rosa Steinbach 1879
Anneliese Kottek 04/06/1909 33
Cracow Bochnia, Murder Site
Westerbork 15/02/1944 to Bergen Belsen 10/04/1944
Ilse Strau 19/12/1932 10
Theresienstadt 02/05/1945 Trbitz 02/05/1945
The Netherlands Auschwitz 24/9/1943
Aron Kottek 1896 44
Sophie Strau geb. Lang 19/11/1865 77
Amsterdam The Netherlands 1940
Theresienstadt 11/01/1943
Moritz Moses Kottek 19/03/1900 42
Karoline Wei geb. Altschul 02/08/1879 62
Amsterdam The Netherlands to Auschwitz 19-8-1942
Sobibor 11/06/1942
Dr. Salomon Kottek 23/06/1894 50
Simon Werner 10/07/1903 Berlin to Theresienstadt 41
Haag,The Netherlands to Bergen Belsen to Troebitz,
17/06/1943 to Auschwitz 23/10/1944
Frankfurt, Brandenburg, Germany 30/05/1945
Siegfried Wohlfarth 26/3/1904 40
David Israel Lang 24/11/1910
The Netherlands Auschwitz 03/09/1944
Rotterdam, Netherlands, Auschwitz
to Stutthoff 12/05/1944
Henriette Lindenheim geb. Sommer 26/05/1917 24
Hans Erwin Wolf 04/12/1900 44
Berlin to Auschwitz 01/04/1942
Mittelbau (Dora) 1944
Josef Liskewitsch
Albert Moses Franz Wiesenthal 25/02/1877 65
Nache Liskewtsch geb. Kadeschewski
Frankfurt to Theresienstadt 01/09/1942
Cornelia Lwenthal geb. Feis 18/1/1879 64
to Treblinka 29/09/1942
Sobibor 28/5/1943
_______________
References:
Geschichte der Juden in Bad Homburg vor der Hhe 1866-1945 von Heinz Grosche
The Central Database of Shoah Victims Names http://db.yadvashem.org/names/search.html
Opfer der Verfolgung der Juden unter der Nazi Gewaltherrschaft in Deutschland http://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/directory.html.de
_______________________________________________
XX
The Bad Homburg Minhag
by Yitzchok Sophonie Herz
The Hebrew word bdpn can be translated as custom as it has developed in cities, outside the dkld - that
is, the original decision of the Act, as interpreted in Talmudic literature. The result: in Orthodox
synagogues that adhere strictly to the Torah tradition-bound, minor variations occur in the leadership of
worship, without coming into conflict with the basic interpretation of Jewish law. We then speak of a
mewnd bdpn, i.e. a practice that applies only to a particular community.
Thus we find today in prayer books that were printed in Germany, footnotes such as, "This paragraph is
not said in Frankfurt / Main, Frth and Strasbourg." Homburg adapted by and large the Frankfurt rite -
like many other towns in southern Germany. Small deviations nevertheless speak of a "Homburger bdpn"
or customs in the liturgy.
1) The epilr prayer ended with the yicw. (Despite the fact that it runs contrary to fpky` bdpn, either
according to HoRav Kottek l"f reasoning, because the recitation of epilr was never banned in
Homburg or maybe to take into consideration the foreign visitors, for instance, when there isnt a
Psalm after epilr.) Those who said yicw left their seats and stood next to the Kantor. They said the
yicw in chorus-form, so that the congregation could answer at the right moment: on` - èd jixa.
2) In former times - the Kantor read out portions from the Memor-book on zezay - (except on the zay
before yceg y`x - New Moon).
3) The zay on which the New-Moon was announced, (the oevx idi prayer was not recited according to
the old Southern German bdpn) the Kantor was supposed to sing 'ixy`' in the tune of the festival or
event occurring in the forthcoming month. You might notice smiling happy faces among the
worshippers, when the tune indicated the approach of mixet or zereay etc..
4) yicw of the year, called Jahreskaddish:

On zxvr ipiny at the end of dgpn the Kantor was ordered to sing the Jahreskaddish, which
presented in chronological sequence the tunes of all Jewish events of the year - commencing with
'dkepg' and ending up with 'dxez zgny'.
5) On the day of dxez zgny' (Torah Joy), about the end of September, all the Torah scrolls were taken
out of the Ark and whilst singing in a joyous procession around the synagogue (in the same manner
as circling with the alel), in a very dignified way. On dxez zgny the President and members of the
board wore silk zezilh. Only 10 men were called up on this day. Homburg had about 20 Torah
scrolls, some of which were decorated with antique silver on this day. During the Kaiser period this
impressive train was led by Homburg Jewish school youth. Each student carried a black, white and
red flag, in the days of the Weimar Republic they were replaced by black, red and gold flags. After
the service, the children received, out of the hands of two ladies of the Jewish womens club, bags
with chocolate and other sweets.
This Torah joy fest firmly marked the end of all the holidays and built its highpoint on the last
paragraph of the Torah. Only a Torah scholar, usually the Rabbi, was called up for this act like a
"groom on his wedding day". - Since Torah learning never knows an end, subsequently the first
section of the entire Bible was read from a second Torah scroll, it began with the following:
"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" until the seventh day of the creation story,
which arranges the sanctification of the day of rest, the zay.
Also, for this section, a particularly meritorious and honorable community representative was called
and also greeted with honors.
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XXI
In contrast to the serious public holidays (New Year and the Day of Atonement) was the "Torah joy
fest" expression of true spiritual openness. In today's State of Israel it can be seen far and wide until
deep into the night on all streets and squares who people dance around the dxez scroll.
6) On dpyd y`x and xetk mei and days when ci zpzn was said, only married people were called up to the
dxez. The same rules were observed for the special zezay (4) before mixet and gqt.
7) For the dgkez (Retribution), read twice a year, it was the custom to call up the Shammes, - an ugly
custom. It would have been an insult to call up a person of higher social strata to the portion
containing so many curses.
8) dlk ièa When on Friday night the Kantor sang the last stanza of the hymn 'icec dkl' (Sabbath-Hymn by
Shlomoh Alkabez) he and the congregation turned towards the entrance of the synagogue only for
the words 'dlk ièa'. It was reasoned as undignified for the congregants to turn their backs to the oex`
ycewd (Holy Ark) longer than absolutely necessary. In this connection - licadl - I may mention, that
England, in one of her ceremonial performances, shows a similar custom. When the Queen opens
the parliament the Lord - in charge leads her from the minor hall to the throne, but he walks
backward during this procedure always facing the ruler of the country. Although it is not my
intention to give the Queen of England possibly the same status as an 'ycewd oex`', the idea of
reverence is the same.
9) Seiferstellen. in other words, to put the (dxez) xtq into the right position for a special zay, when two
or even three mixtq had to be taken out. It was the strict order for the Shames to roll each scroll into
the proper position. In order to avoid and hold-up during the Reading of the Law. (Leinen).
10) People were called up by numbers. The numbers were engraved on silver plates, which the Shammes
put on the place of the person shortly before he was called up. If the man wore his zilh like a stola
(scarf) he was ordered to unfold it and put it according to oic. - In summer no person was called up
to the dxez, if he wore a straw hat. The Shammes ordered him to put on a hat kept in the office for
this purpose.
11) The dxez xtq was rolled and held tightly together with a pennon (Wimpel). This was Originally a
square piece of white cotton, used for the baby-boy during his (dlin) zixa. Some weeks before the
child was brought to the synagogue for the first time by his father, the mother cut the linen into four
equal pieces. Then she brought it to my father (Kantor Moses Herz c"id) a brilliant calligrapher who
wrote on the Wimpel in (the) most colorful letters the name of the boy and a suitable weqt (verse)
from the dyxt (chapter the boy would say on the day of his devn xa). The artist Moritz Oppenheim
took this custom as a theme for his painting Das Schulentragen. Certainly, on such occasions the
father was called up for 'dlilb', while the little child touched the dxez - Scroll. After this ceremony
the baby - about two years old - was brought to the Rabbi for Benschen (to bless the child).
12) The zekext (curtains) of the ycewd oex` (Holy Ark) as well as the oglyd zetn (covers) of the dnia or
Almemor were exchanged for all special zezay.
13) Homburg, like many communities in southern Germany held a special memorial to the memory of all
the communities that were wiped out during the Crusades or the time of the "Black Death." The
names of these communities, often those of all its members were murdered, were detailed in
so-called Memorbuchern. The Jewish community of Bad Homburg arranged - like other zelidw - these
_______________________________________________
XXII
commemorations twice a year, once in the zay before the Jewish "Feast of Weeks" (late May), then
the zay before 9 a` (about mid-July), the day of mourning in memory of the first and second temples.
Special prayers were recited by the Rabbi and Kantor from the Almemor (dxez reading table), they
mentioned the most important communities that had suffered particularly in the Middle Ages or were
exterminated. In the Homburg service the following communities were mentioned: Andernach,
Bacharach, Frankfurt, Nordlingen, Nuremberg, Speyer, Strasbourg, Trier, Worms, and Xanten. From
the end of World War I the nine Homburg Jewish soldiers that lost their lives for Germany were also
mentioned. According to Paul Arnsberg there existed a Homburg Memor-book, dating from 1790,
with entries going back to the 17th century. The word Memor comes from the Latin word memoria,
which means something like memory and remembrance. Old Homburger residents said if they
participated in such memorial hour: "Es wird gememmert". (When the Nazis in November 1938
burned down the synagogue, unfortunately, the Memor-book went up in flames as well.)
Finally it should be mentioned that most of the persecution of Jews occurred during the spring weeks
between gqt ("Easter"), and the zereay. These were once happy days in the Jewish calendar. But after
these terrible occurrences, the seven weeks between the said feasts was turned into a time of
mourning, weddings may not be celebrated during these days neither are jubilant parties celebrated.
14) The oldest of Homburgs Jewish associations was the dyicw dxag; it was still in existence in 1933. In
this connection Arnsberg informs us, that the Maariv Kippe as the evening xeriy was the so-called
Kippestub, Nr. 24 Wallstrasse. The annual foundation-festival of the association - always celebrated
on the eve of hay yceg y`x, it was the custom to eat Fietsen (?) possibly a wheel shaped pastry which
came out of vogue in later years. Not only the Fietsen disappeared, but also the organization itself,
when it was incorporated into the Talmud-Torah-Verein (Foundation).
15) zay i`ven (End of zay). Maybe, it is worthwhile to mention the dlcad - Service as it was performed in
some Homburg families (homes), also in my parents home (till the end of World War I). After the
ceremony with its different blessings my father sang a special prayer. It was pronounced in good
German, although it must have come originally from the East. I still remember the main-stanza:
Gutt von Avrohom, Yitzchok und Yaakov Behuet Dein

Volk Yisroel mit Deinem Lobe
Die sieben Tage der Woche Solln uns kommen Zu
Massel und Broche fuer alle Frommen
Der Liebe Shabes Kaudesh geht dahin
Die Woch soll bringen Gsundheit und Gewinn
Omein - Omein - Omein - Omein.
16) The "Feast of Weeks (the giving of the dxez at Sinai and the summer harvest festival) the synagogue
in Homburg - as it was the custom in many other communities, was adorned with palm trees, young
trees and flowers.
17) A rabbinical decision was made in Homburg that a man who had became a Septuagenarian (70 years
old), had the privilege to be called to the dxez from now on with the honorary title xag.
The Jews of Germany showed their gratitude to their Emperor, King and State which protected their
lives, so they followed both a command of the Jewish sages, to pray for the state and peace, and to give
expression to an inner need, their German feeling. On each zay, a prayer for the government was said.
In the imperial days it was worded as follows:
Lord of the World and King of kings, You have already received the mortal and the earth
son of Thy power, that He may turn into law and honesty on earth, peace and justice
among men handle of your glory! We pray to you for your protection and your grace, for
your blessing and support for our King and Lord, the German Emperor,
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XXIII
Wilhelm the Second.
Support him in strength and health, that he may live long and happy peace and welfare of
his people true that he, untroubled and lead them, which he manages for the good of his
nation
Give his undertakings and any start for the salvation of his kingdoms promotion,
prosperity and progress, fame and glory, make his reign prosperous for his country, that it
may shine in ever increased power and glory and dignity to rise up.
Bless our Empress and Queen Augusta Victoria
on the side of her illustrious husband.
Bless the Crown Prince and all the members of the Royal House. Bless the ministers and
councilors and all those who are called by word and advice, bloom and flourish in his
country to convey that they do their job for the good of the complete truth and insight.
Bless the fathers and representatives of the city and give all of your healing grace treasure
and peace. Holding away from this city and its inhabitants as of the entire fatherland each
doom and woe, every adversity and every error, need, want, and disease, to rule that
blessing and welfare of all varieties and propagating itself. So it was pleasing to you, O
Lord, in your mercy! Amen!
In the era of the Weimar Republic, the prayer for empire, government and welfare of the city, was kept
short and to the point.
With the beginning of the persecution of the Jews in 1933 - after the seizure of power by the Nazis - the
prayer for government and the empire was omitted.
It is seen from the aforementioned that the Homburg Jews never forgot their bdpn (custom) and that
they were connected with the German fatherland.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE MYSTERIOUS VISIT OF THE BELZER REBBE TO BAD HOMBURG
Even during his lifetime, the great Belzer Rebbe, r"if gwex oxd` axd, was considered one of the greatest
ycewd gex ilra of his time. Not everything he said or did was immediately understood, but everyone
knew there were profound meanings behind his every word or act.
In the late spring of 1929 the Rebbe was in Berlin for medical reasons. As he ended his stay there,
he mysteriously informed his gabbaim that instead of returning home he wished to go to the resort of
Bad Homburg. Reb Chaim Nota Katz, a Belzer Chassid who had lived in Frankfurt, was given the task of
arranging for an appropriate place for him to stay. He found an apartment facing a hotel frequented
by German political officials. The Belzer Rebbe was very pleased by the choice but cryptically complained
that he would liked the windows to be twice as large.
He stayed for six full weeks in that room. He did not visit any of the baths or go for any treatments.
His gabbaim could not understand why he wanted to travel to this place, nor could they fathom
his peculiar behavior during that entire period. He was extremely agitated, fasting most days
and spending much of the time in extraordinarily intense prayer. He was heard whispering repeatedly,
(ai:fk mildz) "i " - Do not deliver me to my oppressors. At the end of these six weeks
xv WtpA ippY Y l`
he abruptly decided to pack up and leave. Es iz mir nisht gelngen - I did not succeed, he exclaimed,
overcome with grief.
The Bad Homburg episode remained an enigma for many years. It wasnt until decades later
that someone took notice that for the same six weeks there was a certain politician staying at that hotel
facing the Rebbes apartment. He headed a tiny political party called the National Socialists, or Nazis.
Those same weeks he worked with his aides in Bad Homburg planning a strategy for an upcoming
referendum. That referendum did not go his way, but it was a turning point for this politician. It brought
him great acclaim and catapulted him and his party into major national prominence.
Within only four years of those fateful six weeks in Bad Homburg, the people of Germany
elected Adolf Hitler to be their fhrer. [Hamodia Magazine Invitation From A German Village 4 Elul 5775 / August 19, 2015]
_______________________________________________
XXIV
zay lil
The highlight of the Friday night service was icec dkl', which the ofg sang from the xrnrnl`, a Spanish
word for dnia. He mostly sang melodies of the composers Louis Lewandowski, Salomon Sulzer, and
Israel Meyer Yaphet. The Shammes brought the ofg an oversized silver cup, placed on a silver plate.
Some 4 or 5 boys under devn xa age were waiting for a sip of the wine after yeciw, which was served to
them by the Shammes in little yeciw cups.
zay mei
Homburgs Rabbi was supposed to deliver a dyxc on the zay before yceg y`x. If there were to be a xa
devn in the course of the month, the Rabbi had the opportunity to address the dlidw once again.
[In an effort to encourage early attendance on zay, three blue-striped zezilh were set aside in the
synagogue to be worn by the first three boys under devn xa.]
Under the guidance of the ofg a zay-Youth-Service in the early afternoon. (Keep in mind that those
Jewish students who attended German schools, had to attend on Saturday mornings as well. The more
religious students could be exempted from writing.) All students, boys and girls alike, had to turn up.
The ofg read the whole dxcq, whilst one of the boys was in charge of the sqen prayer. The whole youthful
congregation had to act as choir. The service started with a mighty '...rqpa idie' and ended with 'epicl`k oi`'.
gqt
There was a bdpn to obtain milk directly from the farmer into the persons gqtl xyk buckets.
zereay
As far as the season was concerned, zereay was the most beautiful aeh mei of the year. The Kurpark, the
area around the imperial palace and the many gardens bordering the Kur-district were luxuriantly green
and showed a lavish display of flowers. It was the time, when the flowers on the many chestnut trees
turned from white to red. The air was filled with the scent of flowers and blossoms; from the ground
you could hear the incessant concert of the insects, which managed without a conductor to create the
sounds of a breathtaking symphony. From all groups of trees the twittering and chirping of birds brought
perfection to this choir of nature. In the synagogue the dxez ixtq were decorated with flowers, and so
was the synagogue itself. Palms and coniferous (evergreen) trees were placed on the side of the Ark. In
the late evening the Lernen was held in a suitable private home; where some 50-60 people turned up.
From the zereay lil oewiz they read portions from j"pz and at the end they said mildz, taking turns in
reading.
aà dryz
In the Northern Hemisphere the fast days of fenza xyr dray and aà dryz are the longest of the year. On
aà dryz morning the service lasted till 11:30 am. People were sitting, on foot-stools between the
synagogue benches, all saying zepiw and Lamentations. It was the duty of the Shammes to tell each
member when his turn would be. After the service everybody took off his slippers and put on
leather-shoes. How could anybody have walked through a German street in light sandals. The Jews in
Germany always felt embarrassed to expose their Jewish customs to the public eye.
lel`
With the end of the Summer-holidays (July/August) the approach of lel` could be felt. On the first
Sunday of this Hebrew month, it was a custom to walk to the old Jewish cemetery. This was situated
between Homburg and the nearby village of Seulberg. About 20 people participated.
In the old tradition the xtey was blown after the morning and evening service during lel`.
dpyd y`x
The synagogue boasted a strong congregation when dpyd y`x arrived.
The Jewish business world really adhered to these two days of dpyd y`x, and xetk mei, the holiest day of
the year. Advertisements were printed in the local press containing the following wording: Due to the
High Holy-days, our shops will be closed on September (date) as well as on October (date).
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XXV
xetk mei
We draw attention to an earlier closing of our shops on the eve of the Day of Atonement (Oct.), (date.)
The local press even felt obliged to add to the editorial part some lines that Our Jewish citizens will
celebrate on September (dates) the Jewish New Year 569_ - since the creation of the world.
[There is an ancient custom, not much observed today, not to sleep on the night of xetk mei.
After prayers on ixcp lk night, an announcement would be made that women and children should go
home. The doors of the synagogue were locked, and men would learn until dawn, when the morning
prayers began. Whenever a man got tired he could go up to the womens balcony and take a nap.]
Every year Homburgs Jewish Board, called Israelitischen Kultusvorstand, printed a time-table for mei
xetk. It was expected, that each dltz lra begin and complete his dltz within the time allotted him. It was
resented, when - for instance - for dgpn - the ofg finished 10 minutes after schedule. During the various
services - dgpn ,sqen ,zixgy and dlirp - there was no dwqtd (interval). Indeed, the davenen (the German
Jews used the word Oren, derived from the Latin verb orare, to pray) went right through the day. For
many years Homburg had its own mens/boys choir and also during the year. After the end of World
War I, however, they performed only on dpyd y`x and xetk mei. At the end of the Great Day the people
wished each other all the best and Gutes Anbeissen (breaking the fast).
zekq
The congregational dkeq stood in the backyard of the synagogue. Its size was extremely small, allowing
just enough room for the Shammes, his wife and one guest. There were about 10 zekq throughout
Homburg. On zekq, most Orthodox Jews went to synagogue, with their mialel carefully wrapped in
paper, so that no one would recognize it.
dxez zgny
The spirit of dxez zgny permeated the synagogue at dgpn-time of zxvr ipiny, when the ofg sang the
Jahreskaddish after epilr. The yicw caught the spirit of all the Jewish festivals and other events, marked
in the Jewish calendar, by always singing the main-theme of the oebip, starting with the tune of 'xev fern' and
ending with dxez zgny. He intoned a new tune at each new verse of the yicw. The faces of the listeners
revealed deep happiness. There were no zetwd (processions) in the evening.
This is how the Jews of Homburg celebrated the Festival of the dxez. Accompanied by the singing of
'z`xd dz`' the miàb took out about 20 dxez ixtq. The first six mixtq were dressed completely with
crowns and plates of antique silver. Those gentlemen who were called up to receive a xtq, appeared
mostly in Top-hats and silken zezilh. The ofg then led the procession in perfect precision around the
small aisles of the Synagogue. The ofg typically was the only one, who turned around a few times with
the dxez, which may be called dancing with the xtq. He sang the well known tunes of the day, while the
other scroll-bearers walked behind. There were about 40 to 50 children, up to the age of 12, who
marched in front of the dxez parade. In the Imperial Time (till 1918) the boys carried black-white-red
flags; from 1919 on - they carried black-red-gold. Only when Hitler came to power, a few children
walked around with blue-white flags. Sometimes an apple supporting a burning candle was placed on top
of the flag-stick. In all those years the little girls never participated in this political demonstration of
colors. They always carried hoops, decorated with flowers. After the service, the children had to line up
by two. The leading ladies of the Kehilloh, appeared with two domestics wearing black dresses and white
aprons. The maids carried a big basket full of small bags of sweets. The ladies took the bags out of the
basket and handed them over to the children, who politely said Thank you, answered by the ladies
with a friendly smile.
In the twenties, when the Russian intelligentsia settled in Homburg for some years, they arranged their
own oipn and their own dxez zgny. They celebrated in the Religionsschule, adjacent to the synagogue.
From the backyard of the synagogue, one could hear their singing and drinking miigl.
dpezg
A dteg would take place in the synagogue. The Rabbi, Kantor, and members of the families took their
positions in front of the ycewd oex`, where the dteg was erected. Beginning with the Kantors àd jexa and
ending with the breaking of the glass.
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XXVI
Machon Moreshes Ashkenaz
Rabbi Binyamin Shlomo Hamburger
Translated by Rabbi Reuven Poupko
1. The Migration of Torah Tradition from the Land of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands
I hold of our tradition and that of our ancestors, the sages of Ashkenaz, whose
Torah teachings were passed down to them from their ancestors since the time
of the Churban (destruction of the Holy Temple). The Rosh, R Asher b. Yechiel.
Ashkenazic Jewry had yeshivos continuously, generation after generation, since

the time of the Churban. They put their souls into the knowledge of the Torah
and its observance, following its laws of justice and other halachos. Therefore,
it is certain that their correct knowledge of its details goes back farther [than
other traditions]. R Yakov Emden.
During the Second Temple Period, Jerusalem was the center of Jewish life. The kernel of Torah
tradition was ensconced in the Lishkas Hagazis (Chamber of Cut Stone), the basilica set into the
north wall of the Holy Temple. The Sanhedrin was situated there.1 The Sanhedrin was the
superior court and the final word in all matters of Torah law. All eyes turned to the sages of
the Sanhedrin for guidance in every area of Jewish life. From there Torah went forth to world
Jewry. As such, it was the place to which the oral tradition of the Torah legacy was entrusted.
After the destruction of the Second Temple, about ninety thousand Jews were exiled from the
Land of Israel by the evil emperor Titus (39-81 CE).2 The Torah sages continued to safeguard
the oral tradition passed down to them from earlier sages.3 This legacy was kept in its entirety
by core yeshivos and by rabbinic supervision over its precise practice in the community.
The Jews settled in Italy under the dominion of Titus toward the end of the first century and
brought their Torah heritage with them. When they migrated north to Ashkenazic lands, the
authorities entrusted with transmitting Torah remained with them, all the while retaining steady
contact with the seats of Torah in the Land of Israel and Babylon. The Jewish heritage of
Ashkenaz continued uninterrupted for almost two millennia, and in every generation, yeshivos
and Torah sages have guarded, cultivated, and glorified this ancient tradition.
1. Yoma 25a.
2. See R Yosef (Yousep) Shamash, Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (Jerusalem: Machon
Yerushalayim 1988), introduction by R Binyamin Shlomo Hamburger, p. 78, note 61.
3. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 78, 79.
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X
The nation of Ashkenaz is mentioned several times in the Scriptures. Sources indicate that
Ashkenaz was located in Asia Minor (present day Turkey, Armenia, and Iraq) and that during
the great world migration that had begun during the Second Temple Period, these
light-skinned4 Germanic tribes eventually migrated westward toward Europe from the
Mountains of Ararat5 (which were outside the boundaries of the Roman Empire) to the Alps.
These tribes had been forced out of Asia Minor by marauding barbarians who decimated
everything in their path. The Germanic tribes continued wandering until they found land
suitable for agriculture. They divided those lands among themselves and established individual
kingdoms therein. When they settled the area, each head of tribe became king of his province.
As time progressed they pushed the Romans out of central Europe.6
Interestingly, the Talmud and Midrash identify some of the biblical names mentioned in the
family of Ashkenaz, grandson of Japheth, with Germany. The names Togarma7 and Gomer,8
Ashkenazs brother and father, even sound like Germany. Gomers brother, Magog,9 is also
associated with Germany. Moreover, we know of places in Asia Minor that were called
Garmania or Caramania. This all indicates that the source of Germany is in fact the biblical
nation of Ashkenaz.10
Although sources also point to a Jewish presence in these lands during biblical times and during
the Second Temple Period, no records exist of an organic, continuous Jewish community during
the tribal migrations, nor do we have details about their Torah traditions. Thus, although
biblical Ashkenaz does seem to have a historical association with modern Germanic lands, from
a Jewish perspective it has no bearing upon the line of the Ashkenazic Torah heritage.
Some ancient Jewish communities in the diaspora claim that their traditions come directly from
the pre-Temple period. This also has no bearing upon the line of Torah tradition. An authentic
Jewish community had to be intimately associated with the sages of the Mishnah and Talmud. A
community claiming to have bypassed the Temple Period is indeed ancient, but invalid as a
conduit of Torah tradition.
Similarly, the present Jewish community of Babylonian heritage cannot claim to be the heir to
the seat of Torah legacy in classical Babylon, as its tradition has obviously been infiltrated by
Sephardic customs such as those of the Ari, a fact which indicates that its legacy is not a
consistent, direct line to ancient Babylon. Indeed, only Ashkenaz has had a continuous line of
Torah sages and yeshivos since the time of the Churban of Jerusalem until the Churban of
Europe in our day.
4. Mishnah Negaim 2:1.

5. Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) 51:27.
7. Midrash Bereishis Rabbah 37:1.
8. Yoma 10a.
9. See Yerushalmi Megillah 1:9, where Magog is identified with Gothia.
10. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 71, notes 19, 28.
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XI
Although the oral tradition came with Hillel the Elder from Babylon11 and continued there and
in the Land of Israel after the Churban, the seat of oral tradition did not remain in Babylon or in
the Land of Israel until modern times. When the communities of the Geonim began to dwindle,
the oral tradition passed to Ashkenazic Jewry. Ashkenaz had been in close contact with the
great yeshivos in Jerusalem and Babylon throughout the centuries, and its traditions reflect
those legacies without any changes based on logic, popular pressure, or peripheral influences.
As R Amram Gaon of Babylon (c.810-c.875) writes:12
In all the communities of Ashkenazic lands, they are all noted for a thousand-fold of
goodness and blessings, for they are all filled with Torah and mitzvos as the seeds of a
pomegranate, and their deeds are fine. They are strict in the laws of kosher animal
slaughter, the immersion of a niddah, and in all that it is proper to be strict about.
The Ashkenazic communities gradually spread to other parts of Europe. Torah students from
the core communities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz went on to become Torah leaders in
neighboring lands. Some examples are France (Rashi and others), Bohemia and Austria (the Or
Zarua and others), Poland (Maharam Mintz, R Yakov Falk, and others), and Italy (the Shibolei
Haleket, Mahari Mintz, and others).
In general, these communities continued to practice Ashkenazic customs in the lands they
spread to. As a result, we refer to all European Jews except the Spanish, Portuguese, and
those Jews who came under their influence as Ashkenazim. An indication of their
Ashkenazic origin is the obvious linguistic link between Yiddish and German. However, due to
oppression, migration, and a lack of insistence on rejection of any change, the heritage of those
new communities eventually lost its Ashkenazic authenticity.
It must be noted that there were cases of debate between our medieval sages and differing
customs in various Ashkenazic communities, as mentioned below. Such debate within the
tradition is not an indication of inauthenticity. In fact, the constant challenge to tradition
inherent in the debates of the Babylonian Talmud is what gives life to its tradition and has
always been the main topic of Torah study. When we speak of precision and authenticity we
mean that any opinion, custom, or law voiced by our sages is based upon teachings that had
always been accepted as part of their heritage, as opposed to being based upon those influences
mentioned above.
Thus the concept of the authentic Ashkenazic tradition is not based on the geographical region,
political district, or genealogical lineage of Germany or the German people; rather, the focus is
on an unbroken chain of precise, supervised oral tradition from the time of the Churban until
today. No other tradition can make that claim.
11. Sukkah 20a.

12. R Amram Gaon (Goldschmidt edition) (Jerusalem 1972), p. 16. See also Minhagim Dekehillas
Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 78.
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XII
Detailed information about the actual period of migration to Ashkenaz is lacking. Various
traditions go very far back in history, and although there are specific indications of a Jewish
presence in Germany at the time of the Churban and maybe even much earlier, not all details
are confirmed. Besides, even if there were such a presence, it remains unclear whether the
community was an organic, continuous one.13 What is certain is that the heritage of Torah and
halachah (Torah law) in Ashkenaz originally came from the Land of Israel and from there was
preserved for a long time in Roman Italy, where our ancestors arrived after the Churban.
Italy and the Land of Israel remained in close contact, as they were both under the dominion of
the Roman Empire. Sources indicate that this contact persisted for a very long time until the
end of the Geonic Period (about 1000 CE). The sages of Italy were also in close contact with
the Talmudic sages and the Geonim in Babylon throughout the centuries.14
From Italy, the tradition was brought north to Ashkenaz with the Torah sages who migrated
there toward the end of the Geonic Period. The first records of specifically Ashkenazic
customs appear during this period of migration from Italy to Germany.
R Elazar of Worms (1160-1237), the Rokeiach, records in his introduction to the siddur
(prayer book) the following intriguing chain of oral tradition:15
They had received the inner meanings of the prayer text and other traditions from teacher
to student back to Abu Aharon son of R Shmuel Hanasi who had left Babylon because of a
certain incident, and had been forced to wander across the continent. He reached a city
named Luka in the land of Lombardy [northern Italy], where he encountered Rabbeinu
Moshe, the poet of Eimas Noreosecha, son of Klonimus, son of Meshulam, son of
Klonimus, son of Yehuda and passed down the entire tradition to him.
R Moshe was the first to leave Lombardy. His sons R Klonimus and R Yekusiel, his relative
R Isiel, and other distinguished people came with him. King Carlo16 brought them to settle
in Mainz, where they were fruitful and multiplied exceedingly until the wrath of G-d struck
the community in the bloody year of 1096 [when the Crusaders slaughtered most of the
Jewish community. R Moshe survived and] passed his teachings on to R Elazar, the Chazzan
of Speyer, who passed the tradition to R Shmuel Hachassid, who passed it to R Yehuda
Hachassid. I, the meek one, in turn received the tradition from him.
Another source indicates that the Rokeiachs tradition was passed down generation after
generation from Yosef Maon, one of those exiled from Jerusalem to Rome by Titus toward the
end of the first century.17
13. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 73-78, with notes.
14. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 80.
15. R Elazar of Worms, Peirushei Siddur Hatefillah LaRokeiach (Jerusalem 1992), vol. 1, p. 229.
See also R Binyamin Shlomo Hamburger, Gedolei Hadoros al Mishmar Minhag Ashkenaz,
note 4; and Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 79, note 68.
16. King Carlo was one of the many Carolingian emperors of similar name, descendants of
Charlemagne (747-814), who ruled Germany and Italy during the mid-ninth century.
17. See Gedolei Hadoros al Mishmar Minhag Ashkenaz, note 5.
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XIII
At the decline of the Geonic Period, a monumental turning point occurred the confluence
of the Babylonian and Jerusalem legacies in Ashkenaz. Ashkenaz became the sole guardian of the
composite legacy which it had been following for centuries.
Since the details of the two branches did not always concur, there existed differing customs in
various Ashkenazic communities, depending upon which legacy they favored. This phenomenon
is discussed by the Tosafists18 (early medieval commentaries on the Talmud) and is evident in
the practices of earlier Rishonim, such as R Yitzchak b. Yehuda of Mainz, R Yitzchak Halevi of
Worms, and R Yakov b. Yakar of Mainz- Worms,19 teachers of Rashi (R Shlomo Yitzchaki of
Troyes 1040-1105). An examination of those traditions indicates that the Babylonian influence
was somewhat greater.20
The rise of the Rishonim at the beginning of the Middle Ages ushered in a time of growth for
the Ashkenazic legacy. The communities of Ashkenaz had become known as Torah centers of
worldwide influence. This cultural development reached its apex with the appearance of the
great earlymedieval Ashkenazic sages such as Rabbeinu Gershom Meor Hagolah of Mainz
(960-c.1028), Rashi, and the Tosafists. By anchoring the practice of true customs, weeding out
popular alterations, and creating ordinances (such as those of Rabbeinu Gershom) for the
welfare of society, these leaders became known as the founders of Minhag Ashkenaz in
Germany.
As R Moshe Sofer of Pressburg (1763-1840), the Chasam Sofer, writes:
Know that all these Ashkenazic customs were founded under the supervision of our
sages the Tosafists and Rashi and his students, residents of that land.
During the late eleventh century, renewed persecution of Ashkenazic Jewry created another
turning point which threatened to endanger the continuity of the preciously guarded heritage.
This dark period in Jewish history occurred between the times of the Crusades and the Black
Plague, notoriously known as the decrees of 1096 and 1249. Those two years made an
especially bloody imprint on medieval Jewish history, when Christian mobs wiped out entire
Jewish communities.
Our great sages realized the peril threatening the unbroken chain of Torah tradition. They
risked their lives to ensure the continuity of our heritage and the transfer of Torah to their
children and students. By valiantly dedicating themselves to passing the Torah down to
following generations, orally and in writing, they prevented the loss of Torah. They taught the
halachos and minhagim (customs) to their students in yeshivos and made their writings
accessible to the rest of the people. These writings are a repository of customs for prayer,
mitzvah performance, and an overall way of life.
18. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 85.

20. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 79-89, and especially note 76.
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XIV
During its period of prosperity, the Ashkenazic community served as a wellspring for the
spiritual lifestyle which had emanated from its deep source with vigor and intensity for many
generations. Famous Jewish communities known by the names of the cities hosting them rose
and flourished. Those vibrant communities nurtured the world with Torah, purity, mitzvos, and
tradition.
When the barbarous Crusaders gave the Jews a choice of apostasy or death, the Jews remained
faithful to their heritage and preferred a death of Kiddush Hashem (in sanctification of G-ds
name) to a life without Torah practice. In famous towns such as Speyer, Worms, Mainz, and
many other cities and settlements, the survivors continued guarding our authentic Jewish
heritage, keeping its flame burning strong.
The period of upheaval in Ashkenaz was followed by a period of stability. In the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, several factors led to a further solidification of Minhag Ashkenaz: reduced
oppression, the influence of R Yakov Molin of Mainz-Worms (1360-1427) the Maharil
and the invention of the printing press. Subsequently, when the cataclysmic sixteenth century
wreaked havoc on the German community of Worms with the expulsion of 1615, the effects of
the Thirty Years War, and the pogrom of 1689, the traditions remained uncannily accurate.
The Maharil has often been called the Founder of Minhag Ashkenaz. The term founder in
the sense of inventor is a misrepresentation; nothing can be farther from the truth. The role
of the Maharil was consolidator of Minhag Ashkenaz rendering the ancient customs firm and
secure. A study of his influence on Minhag Ashkenaz would fill volumes.21
At the end of the sixteenth century, another shining light rose in Worms R Yair Chaim
Bachrach of Worms (1628-1701), the Chavos Yair. In one rare case, the people requested the
alteration of a custom because of the situation of turmoil. The Chavos Yair refused. He had faith
that the persecution would end and that peace would return to the land.22 Thus, he stands out
as one of the valiant leaders and protectors of the Ashkenazic tradition.
2. Types of Customs
Some people erroneously define custom as trivial, peripheral matters and popular folklore.
The Hebrew word for custom, minhag, does imply these things, but when minhag is used in
the context of custom, it means something specific and much more significant. The literal
meaning of minhag is any phenomenon that is repeated habitually or at certain regularities. Even
natural and technological phenomena are referred to as minhag. For example, when Chazal
(classical sages) tell us about the mechanism of King Solomons royal throne, which Pharaoh
Nechoh, king of Egypt, wished to operate, they describe that this wicked Pharaoh Nechoh
wished to sit on Solomons throne, but he did not know its minhag (the way it worked).23
Similarly, when Chazal describe the way animals behave, they say, The minhag (way, habit, or
instinct) of nature is that wolves prey on goats.24
21. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), pp. 95-105.

22. In one case a popular custom was adopted instead of the old custom. See Minhagim
Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), p. 95, note 57.
23. Midrash Vayikra Rabbah 20.
24. Bava Basra 15b.
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XV
In human context, the word minhag has always been used to describe laws and legally binding
accepted practice that do not necessarily have a source in the Torah or Jewish tradition. For
example, the first mishnah in tractate Bava Basra teaches that when building a wall between two
properties, one must use the accepted materials. The mishnahs phraseology is, It all has to be
done in accordance with the minhag (accepted practice) of the country. Similarly, the Talmud
says, A great minhag was practiced in Jerusalem. One who supplies food for a banquet (what
we call a caterer) and spoils the food, must pay restitution for the value of the embarrassment
experienced by both the host and the guests.25
Nevertheless, when dealing with the topic of Torah tradition, the concept of minhag is generally
used only for matters relating to the performance of mitzvos. There is a hierarchy, though, of
various types of customs associated with mitzvos according to their level of importance in the
eyes of halachah. Some customs are related to biblical mitzvos and others to rabbinic mitzvos.
Some have arisen in association with post-Talmudic rabbinic ordinances, while others were
started by the people and became popular practice. Some customs must be kept always, and
others have a weak connection to halachah or even run in opposition to it and therefore may
be abolished. Some customs are practiced by all and others only by individuals.
We will try to cite examples for all these categories from our treasury of Ashkenazic customs.
Firstly, an example of a biblical custom is the mitzvah to blow the shofar on Rosh Hashanah: A
day of horn blowing (teruah) shall it be for you.26 Even during the days of Chazal, it was
unclear whether the teruah mentioned in the Torah was a staccato cry, a long sigh, or both
together. Therefore, Chazal decided to cover all bases by blowing shevarim, teruah, and
shevarim-teruah together. We do this to ensure that we are fulfilling the biblical mitzvah of
teruah in the correct and precise way.27
Over the years the issue has become more complicated because new uncertainties have arisen,
such as the actual sound of the shevarim and teruah themselves.
R Yakov Emden of Altona (1698-1776) presented the problem in the following words:28
We find that nowadays even this very day different lands have different ways of
producing the actual sound of the teruah itself. There is a distinct difference between
the Ashkenazic teruah on the one hand and the Sephardic and Polish teruah on the
other. The former blow a trembling sound (terumitin) and the latter blow a toot toot
sound.... Each fulfills the mitzvah according to its custom because in both situations the
sound is what a teruah implies. Still, I think it is preferable to make a trembling sound, as
the halachic codifiers have mentioned and as the verse says, Vahareiosem.
25. Bava Basra 93b.

26. Bemidbar (Numbers) 29:1.
27. See Rosh Hashanah 34a.
28. R Yakov Emden, Mor Uktziah 590.
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XVI
This teruah (terumitin) which R Yakov Emden preferred has been kept throughout the years as
part of the authentic Ashkenazic tradition in Germany. When R Emden mentions the halachic
codifiers, he is referring to all the Rishonim (medieval rabbinic sages). Although not all the
Rishonim agree on the sound of the shevarim, every one of them agrees on this authentic sound
of the teruah.29
We have thus examined a custom instituted to ensure the precise fulfillment of a biblical
mitzvah. Now we shall look at a custom associated with a rabbinic mitzvah. A difference of
opinion exists between the Rambam (1135-1205) and the Ramban (1194-1270) whether prayer
is a biblical obligation or a rabbinic enactment. Even the Rambam, however, who holds that it is
a biblical obligation, agrees that the nusach (prayer text) of the Shemonah Esreh prayer is
rabbinic.30 The topic of nusach is very crucial. It stands out in the field of minhag as the prime
example of the evolution of customs in different Jewish communities. Indeed, the prayer text
one uses identifies ones social circle, community, family origins, and even the type of hashkafah
(philosophy of life) one associates with.
Among the Ashkenazic Jews, two prayer texts are in common use: Nusach Ashkenaz and
Nusach Sepharad. Historically, Nusach Ashkenaz is the authentic text of European
(non-Sephardic) Jewry. Relatively recently, a new prayer text named Nusach Sepharad, due to
its heavy reliance on Sephardic nusach, became prevalent. This divergence has raised the
question whether one may change an essential custom instituted by Chazal.
Rabbinic leaders all over Europe wrote against this deviation.
For example, R Yechezkel Landau of Prague (1714-1793), the Noda Bihudah, claims adamantly:31
Our Ashkenazic text is as authentic as the Torah, but the Sephardic Jews should still
keep their minhag, as they have what to rely on, and one should not deviate from his
ancestors minhag. Recently, however, Ashkenazim have gone and changed the holy
customs of their fathers. In my opinion they are at fault and are degrading the respect of
the Tosafists and the Rosh, and will be judged accordingly. There is no love or unity
here; rather, there is just a source of scorn, as it says, He who keeps himself apart
seeks to satisfy his own vanity.32 About them I say, Those who despise me adore
death,33 and He who goes back on a commitment has the lower hand.34
29. See Hamburger, R Binyamin Shlomo, Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz (Bnei Brak: Machon
Moreshes Ashkenaz 1995), vol. 1, chap. Kol Hashevarim Vehateruah. See also vol. 4.
30. Rambam, Laws of Tefilla, chap. 1. See also R Yechiel Michel Epstein, Aruch Hashulchan, Orach
Chaim 89.
31. R Yechezkel Landau, Tziyun Lenefesh Chaya (Tzlach), Berachos 11b, s.v. Tanya nami hachi.
32. Mishlei (Proverbs) 18:1.
33. Cf. Mishlei 8:36.
34. Bava Metzia 76a.
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XVII
Still on the topic of prayer, let us look at the issue of piyyutim and selichos (poetic and penitential
prayers). These additional prayers are post- Talmudic, and therefore their level of importance is
lower than that of the established prayers of Chazal. The customs relating to piyyutim have
much more variation than those associated with the main prayer text because their
arrangement as part of the text took place at the end of the Middle Ages, and it was usually left
up to the individual communities to choose what to say. Many combinations of piyyutim and
selichos have emerged, but they remained in the possession of the individual, isolated
communities and provinces where they were recited.
Among the piyyutim that were fortunate enough to get printed are, for example, Minhag
Swabia and Switzerland and The Altnoi Shul Minhag in Prague. Since piyyutim are
post-Talmudic, and more importantly, since some Sephardic Rishonim had been opposed to
saying them at places in the prayers where interruptions are generally not allowed, a degree of
contempt for their recital has appeared. This opposition influenced other halachic sages to
encourage and emphasize the importance of their continued practice. This friction is evident in
the words of the Mishnah Berurah, who summarizes the opinions of the main proponents of the
topic:35
R Chaim Vital [1543-1620] writes that [his teacher] the Ari did not recite piyyutim and
pizmonim [poems chanted alternately by the leader and congregation], aside from those
arranged by Rishonim, such as the Kaliri [R Elazar Kalir], which are based on Kabbalah.
The Ari also did not recite the Yigdal poem. Nevertheless, R Chaim Vitals son testifies
that when his father led the congregation on the High Holidays, he would in fact recite
all the vidduyim (confessional prayers) and piyyutim. A wise person will take note of this
and use his wisdom and good sense and not change customs. The Shlah wrote a long
piece citing several Geonim who believed that it is a mitzvah to say the piyyutim. When
R Elazer Kalir wrote the poem Vechayos Asher Heinah Merubaos (in the Kedushah
prayer of Mussaf [additional services] on Rosh Hashanah), a fire blazed around him.
Even more intimidating is the warning of R Yehuda Hachassid of Mainz (c.1150-1217) in his
Sefer Chassidim: One who changes a minhag of Rishonim, such as piyyutim, has been known to
die as a result. In a place where the krovetz (poetic prayer inserted into the Amidah prayer) of
R Meshulam is usually recited, someone said a different krovetz and died within thirty days.36
R Yoel Sirkish of Cracow (1561-1640), author of the Bayis Chadash or the Bach, confirmed
the severity of the issue, testifying that someone, in our times, began to abolish the recitation
of krovetz in his community. He did not live out the year.37
35. R Yisrael Meir Kagan, Mishnah Berurah 68:4.

36. R Yehuda Hachassid, Sefer Chassidim 607.
37. R Yoel Sirkish, Bayis Chadash (Bach), Orach Chaim 68.
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XVIII
Besides the importance of reciting piyyutim per se, some sages found a basis for strictly
following the order in which they were said. They justified their opinion with reasons based on
Kabbalah. R Yedidia Tiah Weil (1722-1806), son of the Korban Nesanel and heir to his rabbinate
in Karlsruhe, writes the following in his approbation to The Order of Selichos for All Year According
to Minhag Alsace, which was printed in Karlsruhe in 1798:
Each river takes its course and follows its own channel when it comes to prayer and
selichos, especially in the province of Alsace, where the customs are organized and
unique, in distinction with such issues in other provinces of Ashkenaz. G-d forbid that
we should abolish their customs, which have been passed down from the time of the
Rishonim, for each minhag has a gate above in heaven.
An additional type of minhag is considered fully obligatory by all rabbinic authorities, but its
nature halachic versus popular is disputed. For example, on the evening before a bris
milah (circumcision), all of Jewry observe what we call a Wachnacht, the recital of Krias
Shema (Deut. 6:4-9) and a night of study in the presence of the baby. According to Minhag
Ashkenaz, a dinner including meat and wine is also arranged on this evening. The question came
up as to whether this is considered a seudas mitzvah (a meal that is a mitzvah to partake of) or
a seudas reshus (voluntary).
The ramification is that had one vowed not to eat from a voluntary meal, he may or may not be
permitted to partake of this Wachnacht dinner. The Nachalas Shivah38 holds that it is a seudas
mitzvah, while the Magen Avraham39 and the Chavos Yair40 claim that it is a seudas reshus. If it is
considered a seudas reshus, the halachah does not obligate its function; rather, it is a minhag
bealma (simply a custom) instituted to lend greater honor to the mitzvah.41
Another type of minhag is neither biblical nor rabbinic in origin, but nevertheless is considered
very important this is the minhag issur. A minhag issur is adopted either by an individual or by
a community as a safety fence around a biblical prohibition. For example, the community of
Worms adopted the minhag not to eat dried fruit at all, to avoid, G-d forbid, inadvertently
eating the bugs, which tended to infest the fruit.42 The rabbinic sages have debated about
whether these customs may be abolished and under which circumstances.43
38. R Shmuel Segal Mezeritch, Nachalas Shivah 12, subclause 1.

39. R Avraham Avli Gombiner, Magen Avraham 640:13. In his commentary he mentions the
opposing view of the Nachalas Shivah.
40. R Yair Chaim Bachrach, Chavos Yair 70.
41. R Simcha b. Shmuel, Machzor Vitri 506.
42. Chavos Yair, addendum to 126.
43. See R Yitzchak Lampronti, Pachad Yitzchak, vol. 5, pp. 137-139, and many other sources.
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XIX
3. The Boundaries of Minhag Ashkenaz
We have treated several types of customs and their respective levels of importance. This
hierarchy of customs applies to all locations. Minhag Ashkenaz is more specific and refers to
the totality of religious Ashkenazic way of life. Ashkenaz has specific historic boundaries within
which Minhag Ashkenaz was practiced.
It would seem that these boundaries should follow at least the geographic, if not the political,
borders of Germany, but that is not the case. Minhag Ashkenaz, as opposed to Minhag Poland,
has its roots in Minhag Rheinus, named after the communities along the Rhine River in
Germany. This tract of land was the cradle of Ashkenazic Jewry and the nucleus of its cell. The
ancient towns on the banks of the Rhine Speyer, Worms, and Mainz sprouted Torah
centers a thousand years ago. These communities had a vast influence on European Jewry for
many generations. This core of Rhine communities carefully tended to its heritage of customs
with great precision. On the other hand, although ancient French Jewry had absorbed its
heritage and some of its traditions from Ashkenaz, it was open to influences from the south,
from Provence and Spain, and therefore its customs do not carry the uniform stamp and
stability of its Ashkenazic sister community.
During the fourteenth century, the Jewish expulsion from France led to the fortification of
another Torah center, mainly in Austria, but also in certain areas of southeastern Germany.
Here developed a set of customs bearing the mixed influence of the Rhine and France. This
tradition is called Minhag Austreich. In the Maharils times these two traditions, Minhag Rhine
and Minhag Austreich, stood opposite each other as two sets of well-organized customs. The
details of certain customs were further differentiated in local communities.
The advent of the printing press and the codification of halachah in the Shulchan Aruch of R
Yosef Karo of Safed (1488-1575) were the next turning points in the history of Minhag
Ashkenaz. The concepts of Minhag Rheinus and Minhag Austreich fell out of use, except in
individual cases in which customs fortunate enough to remain under those titles spread beyond
their geographic borders. As the fifteenth century progressed, expulsions and migrations
brought Minhag Rheinus to large sections of Germany. Concurrently, Minhag Austreich reached
Poland and many other parts of eastern Europe. From that time on, Minhag Rheinus became
known as Minhag Ashkenaz, while Minhag Austreich became known as Minhag Poland.
During this period, Minhag Poland branched out to many surrounding countries. It was adopted
in Moravia, Bohemia, Hungary, and Lithuania. The new Jewish communities of the semi-Slavic
areas in eastern Germany accepted Minhag Poland as well, including cities such as Hamburg and
Berlin. These cities are usually identified with German minhag; however, their true history is
different. Hamburg and Berlin were settled relatively recently by Austrian and Polish Jews who
brought along Minhag Poland which they had been used to in their countries of origin.
Certainly, Minhag Ashkenaz did have a degree of influence on these communities as a result of
certain periods of migration of Jews to these cities from southern and western Germany. Two
examples of this Ashkenazic influence are the musical notes for the Torah reading and the
Hebrew pronunciation.
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XX
Meanwhile, what were the main routes of Minhag Ashkenaz, which, as we have said, had
become the successor of Minhag Rheinus? The main route traveled south to Bavaria and took
over from Minhag Austreich-Poland. Another course followed the new Jewish settlement in
northern France. Minhag Ashkenaz also penetrated northern Italy and remained there for a long
time. It reigned in Alsace, Holland, and Switzerland, and primarily in all of southern and western
Germany. The border between Minhag Ashkenaz and Minhag Poland cut through Germany
itself, roughly following course of the Elbe River, which traverses eastern Germany from north
to south.
4. The Significance of Minhag Ashkenaz
Similarly to the Chasam Sofer, many other great Torah sages recognized the significance of
Minhag Ashkenaz. Its spokesmen enthusiastically praised it for many centuries and saw in the
traditions of other lands a veering from the authentic tradition. The Rambam, who was in a
position to judge Minhag Ashkenaz objectively, as he did not live in Ashkenazic lands, wrote
that the western Europeans were unaffected by tainted practices and by the trends and paths
that the current sages take. All their ways agree with the Talmudic text.44
The sages of Europe who intimately understood the differences between Minhag Rheinus and
other European customs held Minhag Rheinus in high esteem. R Yitzchak b. Moshe of Vienna
(1180-1250), the Or Zarua, a native of Bohemia who had studied in Germany, was once asked
on what basis the fools (as the questioner calls them) make Kiddush in synagogue even when
no guests in need of Kiddush are present. Although the custom of reciting Kiddush in
synagogue was practiced by Jews all over Europe with or without guests, the Or Zarua felt that
since this had in fact also been in practice in Germany, where only authentic customs were
kept, the question posed an attack against Minhag Ashkenaz. He was angered and answered
thus:45
About that which you wrote, asking me to supply a justification for those fools who
make Kiddush in synagogue, considering that they do not fulfill any obligation with that
Kiddush [since they are going to make Kiddush at home anyway] and there being no
guests there to fulfill the mitzvah, you should be ashamed of yourself, and I have good
reason to be upset at you, for you have allowed yourself to commit a sin. I wonder how
a wise and understanding person like you could permit such words to leave his mouth.
Do you not know how many great sages and holy men were in Mainz, Worms, and
Speyer, and that from there Torah emanates to all of Jewry? Have not our fathers and
ancestors, righteous and holy, the wisest of the wise, practiced this minhag from the day
all the communities of the Rhine and elsewhere in the land of Ashkenaz and its
dominions were established? And now you come and call them fools! The halachah
states46 not to change the customs practiced by our ancestors, whose souls are at rest,
because they are not empty things, and if they seem empty, it is because of shallow
understanding and vacant minds, for our ancestors acted in accordance with the laws of
the Torah.
44. Rambam, Commentary to the Mishnah, Gittin, chap. 5, mishnah 8.

45. R Yitzchak b. Moshe, Or Zarua, vol. 1, 752.
46. See Yerushalmi Eiruvin, chap. 3, end of halachah 9; Magen Avraham 68.
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XXI
The Or Zarua goes on to explain that the original custom of making Kiddush in synagogue was
not instituted for the sake of guests; rather, it was introduced as a general public sanctification
of the day. Based on several sources in the Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud), he shed new light [a
play on the words of the name Or Zarua] on the halachah as it appears in tractate Pesachim of
the Babylonian Talmud. At the end of his letter he rebukes the questioner again, saying, As for
you, a man of wisdom and understanding, let your mind remain humble when considering the
views of your rabbinic sages, whose souls are at rest, so that you may merit length of days and
years of Torah study and mitzvah observance.
We encounter truly zealous defense of the Ashkenazic heritage in the struggle of Chassidei (the
pious of) Ashkenaz against changes introduced in the prayer text in France and England. When
compared with the Ashkenazic text, one can find additions in several places in the early
French-English text.
It seems that some Jews in Ashkenazic lands found the French-English text richer or generally
better than theirs, and they adopted it as their prayer text. This aroused the active interest of
the Chassidei Ashkenaz, and they issued a stern warning against changing the text. The Siddur
Chassidei Ashkenaz includes the following admonition regarding French changes to the Rosh
Hashanah prayers:47
One who adds or subtracts even one letter from the prayer text, his prayers are not
heard, for the whole text was formulated precisely and put in proper balance with
respect to both the letters and the words, which have a deep underlying meaning. Every
G-d-fearing person must take care not to subtract or add and not to listen to the
French and the islanders [the English] who have added several words, for the sages are
uncomfortable with what they have done, because the reasons behind the text and its
underlying meanings were not passed down to them. The Chassidim Harishonim (the
early pious ones) were known to keep the deeper meanings and the reasons behind the
text hidden until our holy rabbi, R Yehuda Hachassid, came and passed them down to
pious members of his family both in writing and orally.... And that pious rabbi wrote,
One who adds even one letter to the prayer text, about him the verse says,48
[My heritage has become to me as a lion in the forest;] it cries out against me: therefore
I have hated it.
The writings of Chassidei Ashkenaz generally do not criticize the common nusach in Ashkenaz.
They verify that it fits well with the reasons behind the text and the underlying meanings that
were passed down to them. The sages of Ashkenaz had a clear preference for their ancestors
tradition as opposed to other traditions, especially the Spanish (Sephardic) one, to which they
preferred even the French tradition.
Also in halachic decisions the ancient Ashkenazic tradition had been accepted as unreservedly
accurate. R Yosef Cologne of Italy (c.1420- 1480), the Maharik, establishes that:49
47. Siddur (prayer book) of R Shlomo of Germeiza (Worms) (Jerusalem 1972), p. 221
48. Yirmiyahu 12:8.
49. R Yosef Cologne, Maharik, shoresh 102.
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XXII
If in ancient times the custom in Ashkenaz had been to force a chalitzah, whether it was
customary everywhere or just in some places, such as Speyer, Worms, and Mainz, ...woe
unto the yavam who relates lightly to this practice of our ancestors, which has the
imprimatur of Torah. With a headstrong spirit and a rigid heart, he has gone against our
sages in Ashkenaz.
R Asher b. Yechiel (1250-1328), the Rosh, wrote in a similar vein when he was forced to flee
Germany and settle in Spain. While living in Spain, the Rosh was asked about the kashruth of
fowl which had a local tradition to be kosher.50
His response was the following:51
You should know that I would not eat something on the basis of their tradition, because
I hold of our tradition and that of our ancestors, the sages of Ashkenaz, whose Torah
teachings were passed down to them from their ancestors since the time of the
Churban (destruction), and the same is true of the tradition of our French rabbis, as
opposed to that of the land in which I am living now.
The Roshs brief but weighty words made an impression for future generations and have been
frequently quoted in the writings of the halachic sages. Among those stands out the Sephardic
codifier, R Yosef Karo, who cites these words of the Rosh in their entirety without reservation
in his Beis Yosef.52 The historical background of the Roshs approach is provided by R Yakov
Emden:53
The Ashkenazic Jews have a sturdy tradition, as the Rosh writes in his letter, more
reliable than that of the Sephardim, even considering their known roots from the time
of the exile from Jerusalem. They had their great sages in Babylonia, leaders and
teachers such as R Moshe and his son R Chanoch, and from then on they produced
more great Torah sages, but before that period they had been very empty. The Talmud
had not reached them at all. However, Ashkenazic Jewry had yeshivos continuously,
generation after generation, from the time of the Churban. They put their souls into the
knowledge of the Torah and its observance, following its laws of justice and other
halachos. Therefore, it is certain that their correct knowledge of its details goes back
farther.
The Rosh made his statement in the context of personal experience, but the Maharil endorsed
it as a general ruling and used it in deciding the halachah and teaching it to the public. In one of
his letters, the Maharil writes, Our tradition is superior, as the Rosh writes in his letter....
Therefore, let us reject other traditions in deference to ours.54
50. Fowl have no biblical kashruth indications; rather, the Oral Law requires a specific tradition
to testify to the kashruth of each species.
51. R Asher b. Yechiel, Teshuvos HaRosh, category 20, paragraph 20.
52. R Yosef Karo, Beis Yosef, Yoreh Deiah 82.
53. Siddur Amudei Shamayim (prayer book) (Altona 1745), pp. 411, 412. This piece is quoted in its
entirety in R Shimon Sofer, Michtav Sopher 2, s.v. Ukvar. Also see Minhagim Dekehillas
Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), note 41.
54. R Yakov Molin, Teshuvos Maharil 95.
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XXIII
5. Polish Customs in the Ramas Writings
Toward the end of the Middle Ages, when a new Torah center had developed in Poland, Minhag
Ashkenaz found itself faced with new competition that threatened its very existence.
Sixteenth-century Poland had suddenly become a powerful Torah center and supplanted the
older Torah center in Ashkenaz. As the Jewish population of Ashkenaz dwindled, Poland
became the new Torah metropolis, and its sages began making an impact throughout the world.
The shining light among those sages was R Moshe Isserles of Cracow (1520-1572), the Rama,
whose halachic writings rapidly became the final word in halachah for all of European Jewry.
This development is expressed clearly in the writings of one of the greatest German rabbis of
the period, R Yitzchak Mizei of Hechingen:55
I was asked if one should decide the halachah according to the code of R Moshe Isserles
(the Rama), considering that he has compiled all the stringent opinions of the later
rabbis and all the customs of our lands and countries, as he writes in his preface. My
answer is that he definitely has the proper level of authority, he is unequalled... and his
code is set up in a very reasonable way, in accordance with our rabbis whom we in
Germany rely upon for deciding the halachah.
While R Yitzchak Mizei goes on to mention more advantages of the Shulchan Aruch with the
Ramas decisions, he does not hide his reservations about its use by one who is not a
competent halachic authority. Since the Ramas style is brief and lacks deliberation of the
halachic opinions, there is a chance one may misinterpret the halachah.
By cautioning against relying upon the Ramas decisions without researching the sources, R
Mizei avoided a different problem which now challenged Ashkenaz. In addition to presenting
decisions which concur with the original Ashkenazic customs, the Rama also presents many
current customs which generally reflect Minhag Austreich-Poland. As the authority of the
Shulchan Aruch grew in Ashkenaz, so did the concern that the Ramas addenda would eventually
cause the old Minhag Ashkenaz to phase out. A competent halachic authority would have the
insight to check the provenance of each of the Ramas decisions.
Interestingly, the most prominent combatant against the infiltration of Polish customs in
Ashkenaz was actually one of the Polish sages. R Chaim b. Betzalel of Friedeburg (c.1550),
brother of the Maharal of Prague (1520-1609), had studied with the Rama in R Shalom
Shachnas yeshivah in Lublin. R Chaim was confident that he had the authority to deal with the
relationship between Minhag Ashkenaz and Minhag Poland, because he had lived and served as a
rabbi in both lands and thus knew the customs of both intimately. He wrote a critique on Toras
Chattas of the Rama, called Vikuach Mayim Chaim. In his extensive introduction he argues his
main objections to the Ramas methodology in deciding halachah. In this introduction, R Chaim
endeavors to invalidate the prevalent understanding that the Ramas writings also represent
Minhag Ashkenaz.
55. R Yitzchak Mizei, Yefeh Nof, miscellaneous 4, p. 236.

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XXIV
R Chaim begins by saying that he wishes to give warning against adopting Polish customs. He
writes that as opposed to the Jews of Poland, German Jewry did not migrate from land to land,
and that as a result, their tradition is continuous and faithful to its origins.
Then he expresses the following logic: Just like the Rama felt a necessity to differentiate his
local customs from those of the Sephardim in eastern lands, so too it is imperative to
distinguish between the true Ashkenazic heritage and the local Polish customs. Furthermore,
considering that the Rama did not opt to reject his customs in deference to those practiced in
the Land of Israel, it goes without saying that the German Jews should not reject their customs
in deference to those practiced in Poland.
R Chaim did not think that the Rama himself had presumed to impose Polish customs on
Germany. It was the printer who had presented the Ramas writings as if they reflected upon
German customs also. He did this to increase his sales throughout Europe. As R Chaim writes,
The Rama himself only mentioned his countrys customs in his introduction; he did not
mention Minhag Ashkenaz at all.... On his own accord, the printer added explicit mention of
Minhag Ashkenaz on the first page, since potential buyers always look at the beginning of the
work, and thus sales in all countries would be increased.
6. Guardians of Minhag Ashkenaz
Were the efforts of R Chaim of Friedeburg successful? Did Minhag Ashkenaz hold its own in
face of the powerful influence of the Shulchan Aruch with the Ramas addenda (figuratively called
the tablecloth upon the table that is the Shulchan Aruch)? It is hard to answer this question
conclusively. Regarding halachic decisions which do not relate to established customs, the
Ramas superior authority is virtually uncontested. When it comes to established customs,
however, the German Jews cleaved to their ancient customs, generally using as a guide the
writings of the Maharil, whom they considered the father of Minhag Ashkenaz in the Middle
Ages. They had stood up to the tremendous, constant pressure to surrender to Sephardic,
kabbalistic, and other influences of the time.
The Maharils influence on the preservation of Minhag Ashkenaz was great both during his
lifetime and after his death. During his lifetime he was personally active in the spiritual
restoration of the Ashkenazic communities destroyed during the decrees of 1349, and he
preached for the rejuvenation of the ancient customs. The Maharils student, R Zalman of
Shutigvera (St. Goar), published the Maharils customs. That work also includes a description of
the customs of the Rhineland communities.
The Maharils customs had been printed about a hundred years before the Shulchan Aruch.
Distributed as tens, if not hundreds, of handwritten manuscripts, it served German Jewry as a
buttress against the influence of the Polish customs included in the Ramas addenda customs
which even knowledgeable people today erroneously think of as ancient practice. The mainstay
of Minhag Ashkenaz, though, were the very people who practiced it. These people fell into
three groups: the simple villagers, members of prominent urban communities, and most
importantly, the Torah sages.
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XXV
Each group espoused Minhag Ashkenaz according to its own inclination. The simple villagers
cleaved to the traditions of their ancestors with a deep feeling of conservatism. The great R
Chaggai Chanoch Frankel (-1691), rabbi of Hanau (a suburb of Frankfurt) at the end of the
seventeenth century, defined their character with a truly fitting description:56
I know and recognize the best of the elder leaders in rural Germany. They would give
up their lives not to alter a custom, even one that has no logic or foundation at all, more
than they would for the actual mitzvos of the Torah, almost resulting, because of our
sins, in the Torah being wrapped up and put away in the corner with no one to get up
and teach it to his son, to increase its study and expand it. For the sake of perpetuating
a custom, they will uproot mountains in order not to alter it at all. My opinion about
this is... that one should not dissuade them from performing any custom, even one that
has no basis.... Who knows? Maybe their customs do have a solid foundation, based on
their holy ancestors of this land, from whom teachings have emanated to all Jewry.
The second group was that of members of prominent urban communities. The most renowned
community at this point in history was Frankfurt-on-Main. Here there developed what is called
in German lokal Patriotismus, or local patriotism. On an aron kodesh (holy ark) in Worms, the
verse57 I am not better than my fathers was inscribed as a warning against altering the
customs of Worms in any way.
The third group the great German Torah sages was different. They assessed each custom
in light of the Talmud and the halachic commentaries. Some of those sages had written
complete orders of customs for the purpose of perpetuating every last nuance practiced in
their communities. These Torah sages had high regard for the Ashkenazic legacy. Many said
outright that they preferred it over other traditions, arguing, like the Chavos Yair,58 that German
Jewry is healthy and strong, unplagued by mistaken and corrupted customs.
R Nesanel Weil (1687-1764),59 author of the Korban Nesanel, repeated the view of his
predecessors that German customs are firmly based and superior to Polish customs. He
clarified that even in his day this superiority persisted, because the great sages who had
disseminated Torah to Jewry, such as the Maharil and his student R Yakov Weil, the Mahariv,
set down for all generations all the stringencies and customs that we, the Ashkenazim, follow
diligently.
R Yonasan Eibschitz (1690-1764)60 also expressed this view, adding that the Torah has been
entrusted to the German sages, ...and what could we know that they had not known?
Be aware, exhorted R Moshe Sofer,61 author of the Chasam Sofer, that all German customs
were founded under the supervision of our rabbis the Tosafists and Rashi and his students, who
dwelled in that land.
56. Nachalas Shiva 77.

57. Melachim 1 (I Kings) 19:4.
58. Quoted in R Yair Chaim Bachrach, Mekor Chaim 66, paragraph 9.
59. R Nesanel Weil, Toras Nesanel 5.
60. R Yonasan Eibschitz, Kreisi Upleisi 35.
61. R Moshe Sofer, Teshuvos Chasam Sopher, Even Haezer, vol. 1, 98.
_______________________________________________
XXVI
7. The Community of Frankfurt Stronghold of Minhag Ashkenaz
While some German communities had begun abandoning the historical Minhag Ashkenaz in
later generations, whether as a result of the influence of Polish Jews who had migrated to
Germany, or because of the impact of halachic works written in other lands, Frankfurt-on-Main
stood as a valiant stronghold of the authentic Minhag Ashkenaz. This spiritual birthright, which
had once been entrusted to the communities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz (Kehilos Shum),
was passed over to the Jewish community of Frankfurt. The Jews had been expelled from Mainz
and Speyer hundreds of years earlier, and the population of Worms had diminished in body and
spirit.
The Jewish community of Frankfurt had gradually become the Jerusalem of Germany over the
past four hundred years at least. Its credentials were its antiquity, its famous and eminent
yeshivos, its great Torah sages who served in its rabbinate, and its remarkable ability to
preserve the Ashkenaz legacy without compromise. Among the ancient German communities,
Frankfurt had inherited the birthright. It served as a compass and signpost for the other
communities, big and small, in southern and western Germany.
R Klugman, in his recent monumental work on R Samson Raphael Hirsch, writes:62
The Jews of Frankfurt were fiercely proud and zealously protective of their traditions,
and changes in the services were not undertaken lightly. Entire books detail the intricate
customs known as Minhag Frankfurt, which were practiced for hundreds of years.
This distinctive status is recorded in the words of R Shabtai Sheftel Horowitz (1592-1660),
author of the Vavei Haamudim:63
The mountain summit, Frankfurt, the great city of G-d, in all Germany is the peak that
all others turn to.
Throughout all the years of turmoil and evil decrees in Germany, the Ashkenazic communities
had continued to keep almost all the customs handed down to them from the Rishonim. The
Ramas brother-in-law, R Pinchas ben Yisrael Horowitz of Cracow (1540-1618), singles out
Frankfurt as:64
A matriarchal city in Germany, in Torah and all matters of holiness, from Sinai they
have received their legacy.
62. R Eliyahu Meir Klugman, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah
Publications, 1996), p. 109.
63. R Shabtai Sheftel Horowitz, Vavei Haamudim, introduction.
64. R Pinchas b. Yisrael Horowitz, Derushim Lechol Cheftzeihem (Cracow 1609), introduction.
_______________________________________________
XXVII
In some cases this idea is evident in prayer books. On the title page of a machzor
(holiday prayer book) printed in 1625 without note of place of publication, it reads:65
See, this is new, has not been around for ages, a small machzor arranged according to
the order of customs of Frankfurt and other communities and Ashkenazic provinces,
may G-d protect them, and also according to Polish custom.
Note that Frankfurt is singled out as the leading community in Germany. Similarly, on the title
page of a machzor printed in 1712 in a Polish city under Prussian jurisdiction, the subtitle
reads:66 According to the customs of Frankfurt and the Ashkenazic countries.
R Yakov HaKohen Papris (1670-1740), author of the Shav Yakov, writes in one of his letters:67
It is unnecessary to talk about issues of custom, because I have truly seen that he has
investigated the matter in Frankfurt, and all Ashkenazic countries are dependant on the
custom there. When writing about his first rabbinate in Koblenz (on the west bank of
the Rhine, at its confluence with the tributary river Moselle), the Shav Yakov says that
the members of his community practiced the customs of Frankfurt in all matters.68
R Yakov Emden similarly asserted that:69
The community of Frankfurt ...serves as a leading community in Germany, which all

other communities diligently follow.
R Tzvi Hirsch Horowitz (-1817),70 author of the Machaneh Levi and son and heir to the
rabbinate of R Pinchas Horowitz (c.1731-1805), the Haphlaah, in Frankfurt, repeated and
confirmed this claim to Frankfurts superiority in 1815, saying that most of the German
communities follow our customs.
R Shlomo Zalman Geiger (1792-1878)71 published his Divrei Kehillos in 1862 to make known
the superior customs of prayer in Frankfurt on the Main and the rest of the German
communities that follow them.
Even the ancient communities of Worms and Friedeburg recognized the distinction of
Frankfurt, so much so that R Chaim of Friedeburg, the Maharals brother, who had served in
65. R' Naphtali Wieder, Hitgabshut Nusach Hatefillah Bemizrach Ubemaarav (Jerusalem 1998), vol.
1, p. 414.
66. Jerusalem Judaica, Sales Catalogue for 4 I Adar 5757 (11 February 1997),number 30.
67. R Yakov HaKohen Papris, Shav Yakov, vol. 2, Choshen Mishpat, end of 13.
68. Ibid., vol. 1, 14, s.v. Hinei.
69. R Yakov Emden, Toras Haknaos, Amsterdam 1752, p. 36a.
70. R Tzvi Hirsch Halevi Horowitz, Chomer Bakodesh (letters) 6.
71. R Shlomo Zalman Geiger, Divrei Kehillos (Frankfurt on the Main 1862), title page.
_______________________________________________
XXVIII
the rabbinate in both those communities, claimed that through his exposure to Frankfurt he
had been fortunate enough to identify the true German customs. He writes:72
During my twenty-six years in Worms and Friedeburg, I would continually travel to the
Kings city, Frankfurt, and I would constantly and thoroughly investigate the customs
of the country.
Likewise, R Yair Chaim Bachrach (1628-1701), author of the Chavos Yair, a third generation
rabbi in ancient Worms, deliberated with other German rabbis of his generation about a certain
wedding custom. He relates that to avoid an uncertainty:73
After all that was said, I wrote to a special member of the Frankfurt community,
requesting that he let me know the custom there.
The communities which stood under the influence of Frankfurt or had similar lifestyles and
customs were mainly those situated nearby. Earlier in this work we presented the fact that the
ancient customs of Germany fall under two categories: Minhag Rheinus and Minhag Ashkenaz.
Both terms essentially define geographical boundaries. An additional, less known geographical
region is Franconia, which refers to the territories on both sides of the Main River. From there
came the name Frankfurt, which means Gate of the Franks in Old German. The river became
familiar to anyone studying Jewish history, because of the eminent city that rests upon its banks.
The Chasam Sofer (1763-1840), writes of his native city Frankfurt,74 She is unique to her
people, in the whole world there exists not her equal. He delineates the geographical
boundaries of the uniform heritage of Franconia in his letter defending its heritage from attack.
A Hungarian rabbi had written to the Chasam Sofer in scathing terms against the German
custom to permit a mourner to take a haircut if he was to take part in a circumcision during his
thirty-day mourning period. The Chasam Sofer replied:75
What he wrote in reference to the cities of Franconia, that their practice is not in
accordance with Torah law, Heaven forbid one should say such things against G-ds
people, for this insults the honor of my teachers, rabbis, colleagues, and holy ancestors,
both living and dead.... They have the upper hand in these matters, and they are great
and virtuous, of lofty holiness....Let it be known that the cities of Franconia are
comprised of all the German communities south of the villages of Frth [a suburb of
Nuremberg], for the communities [in the vicinity of Frth] still practice the Polish
customs [that had infiltrated Germany] in most matters.... From there on, however
from the Wrzburg region on along the Main and Rhine rivers all the way to the sea,
those we count among the cities of Franconia, among them Frankfurt, Mainz, Worms,
Metz, Mannheim, etc.
72. RChaim of Friedburg, Vikuach Mayim Chaim, introduction.

73. Chavos Yair 52.
74. Teshuvos Chasam Sopher 7:9.
75. Teshuvos Chasam Sopher (new letters) 10.
_______________________________________________
XXIX
Most of their customs follow R Amram Gaon, whose grave I stood at in Mainz, and R
Yoel, R Ephraim of Bonn, the Tosafists, Rashi, the Maharam of Rothenburg, the Rosh,
and the Tur. What can I add to that? You can see, for example, Noheig Katzon Yosef and
Yosef Ometz, ...where you will find customs that differ greatly from the decisions of [the
Rama], because he spoke for Minhag Poland, whereas they [the people of Franconia] did
not alter their ancient customs because of this [the Ramas decisions].
The Chasam Sofer points out that in Frth they still practice the Polish customs in all matters.
Indeed, in Frth the machzor of Minhag Ashkenaz was used and many authentic Ashkenazic
customs were practiced. An examination of the customs of Frth shows that they were more
faithful to the Ashkenazic heritage than most German Jewish communities of today. They were
not, however, as insistent and precise as Frankfurt, the Chasam Sofers birthplace, and therefore
he branded them as being followers of Minhag Poland in most matters. Notice that he had
hopes that the situation would be temporary, as he writes, They still practice, implying that
they may go back to the authentic customs.
Some cases in which the practice in Frth was true to Minhag Ashkenaz are the prayer book
text (with the short version of Veyiten Lecha, etc.) and the order of piyyutim. Alternatively,
some signs of influence from the east, indicating a deviation to the Austrian customs, are the
following: Birkas Kohanim (priestly blessings) is said in Mussaf (late morning services), but not in
Shacharis (morning services); when a holiday falls on Sabbath there is no Birkas Kohanim at all,
and neither are maaravos (evening service piyyutim) recited; when holidays or intermediate days
of holidays fall on Sabbath, Bameh Madlikin (chapter of mishnah on the topic of Sabbath candle
lighting) is not recited; Barechi Nafshi (Psalm 104) is recited on Sabbath afternoon in the
winter; and Kiddush is recited on Sabbath night after Amar Rabbi Elazar and not before.
8. Siddurim (Prayer Book Texts)
The conservatism in Frankfurt and its suburbs applied not only to all customs related to the
four sections of the Shulchan Aruch, but also to the prayer text. The community of Frankfurt
had tenaciously guarded the ancient prayer texts over the centuries, and had scarcely been
influenced by new siddurim, notwithstanding the pressure to adopt changes such as those
suggested by grammarians or those from Sephardic sources.
The customs under discussion are based primarily on Minhag Frankfurt, for there the Jews had
kept most details of the Ashkenazic heritage, which earlier had been widespread all over
Germany. When certain elements were changed because of various influences, Minhag
Frankfurt still represented the most authentic, robust, and ancient Minhag Ashkenaz, but not in
every detail. Some customs going back to the time of the Rishonim had actually been more
faithfully kept in other communities, while in Frankfurt a newer form was adopted. Some
examples of ancient customs that were altered in Frankfurt are the recital of Yizkor (the
memorial service for the departed) only on Yom Kippur, the removal of seven Torah scrolls for
the Hoshana Rabbah circuits, and the true pronunciation of the cholam vowel. In such cases, we
would certainly opt for the authentic customs when establishing a new Ashkenazic community
today.
_______________________________________________
XXX
It should be noted that the general characteristics of the synagogue were kept almost identical
in all Ashkenazic communities. These characteristics were also preserved in central European
communities, who prayed with machzorim which followed pre-Chassidic Minhag Poland.
(During Chassidic times, Sephardic elements were intentionally added.) The most conspicuous
differences between authentic Minhag Ashkenaz and Minhag Poland appear in the order of the
piyyutim and selichos. Additional differences between Frankfurt and other communities arose as
a result of the fact that other communities had not kept the ancient legacy as tenaciously.
During the period of the Rishonim, Ashkenazic Jews had prayed with siddurim (daily prayer
books) and machzorim handwritten on parchment. In the writings of the Rishonim and in the
vernacular of Ashkenazic Jewry until later generations, the term tefillah (prayer) referred to the
siddur tefillah (prayer book), just as the term Torah refers to the Torah scroll. Even during the
past several hundred years, when printed siddurim and machzorim became available and
prevalent, the custom in ancient communities was for the leader of the services to use a special
siddur written by a scribe on parchment. One of several reasons given for this is that when a
scribe copies a manuscript there is more control over the precise transcription of the
communitys earlier text, as opposed to a printing press, which just runs off the most
commonly used texts in the country. This custom of providing a handwritten siddur for the
leader was important especially in ancient Ashkenazic communities, which took great pains to
protect the ancient legacy.
Another reason for this custom is that it is fitting for the leader to pray from a siddur that is
the property of the entire congregation. Moreover, in a handwritten siddur the names of G-d
are manually written with their holiness in mind; regarding print, however, the halachic codifiers
disagree as to whether it has the same status as handwriting.76 Alternatively, for this reason
some protested the use of handwritten siddurim, as the Talmud teaches that siddurim should
not be written.77
In any case, writing these siddurim for the prayer leader was generally considered to be a great
mitzvah. Many people would spend great sums of money to write the prayers and thereby
deplete their savings.78 The high cost of such a project led some communities to institute the
practice of using charity money for this purpose.
In practice most communities were forced to make due with printed machzorim, which came
off the presses of printers in various cities in Europe, such as Venice, Sulzbach, Amsterdam,
Metz, and others. In 1800 a new siddur began to appear the Saffah Berurah and the Seffas
Emes of R Binyamin Wolf Heidenheim of Rdelheim (1757-1832), the Ravah. His significant
contributions to the legacy of prayer texts was the correction of printing mistakes in the
piyyutim and the addition of precise, consistent vowelation. The problem is that the Ravah often
changed the prayer texts from the old Minhag Ashkenaz on the basis of recommendations from
the maskil, Yitzchak Satanov (1732-1804). He also casually interspersed Sephardic and Polish
versions, which had been rejected by the Rishonim of Ashkenaz.
76. See Minhagim Dekehillas Kodesh Vermeisa (ibid.), central text, p. 18, 13; and see also R
Moshe Isserles, Rama, Orach Chaim 53:26.
77. Shabbos 115b. See Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz, vol. 3.
78. R Yakov Yukev Weil, Toras Shabbos 284:1.
_______________________________________________
XXXI
Nowadays people do not realize that the Ravahs Rdelheim prayer texts had not been
accepted in Frankfurt because he had changed the ancient versions. He had allowed himself to
be influenced in some matters by Yitzchak Satanov (who feigned to be a believing Jew by
wearing Polish dress). The Ravah writes in his introduction to the Pesach machzor, And one
should know that in establishing the order of prayer I have followed the sage who authored
Vayetar Yitzchak, and I have printed most of the text on the basis of his view and decisions.
Furthermore, at times the Ravah mixes Sephardic and Polish versions into the authentic
Ashkenazic texts. He was definitely a great grammarian, weeding out bad vowelization from the
text, but his interest in sales in Minhag Poland communities led him to blend Ashkenaz and
Poland, with additional changes in vogue in his day.
The traditionalist community of Frankfurt refused to accept the new Rdelheim prayer texts.
An examination of the most important Frankfurt book of customs, Divrei Kehillos, by R Shlomo
Zalman Geiger (1792-1878), shows that he criticizes the Rdelheim siddur and machzor in
dozens of places!
In later generations, Frankfurters began using the Rdelheim siddur for want of a better printed
siddur, but they would write the correct versions in the margins throughout the siddur. Only a
few of those notes made it to the printing press in later editions of the Rdelheim siddur, and
even those were not always precise. Frequently they were contributed by secular members of
the community who had some affiliation with the Reform movement. Those notes seem to bear
the Reform imprint and consciousness.
Our great sage the Chasam Sofer praises the Ravah for his corrections of the piyyutim and for
their translation. He writes that if not for the Ravah, people would have ceased to recite them
in his generation. He does omit, though, praise of the actual version of the prayer text. Notice
his emphasis on piyyutim:79
The accomplished sage, our teacher R Wolf Heidenheimer ...spent much time
correcting the piyyutim and translating them into German, and if not for him the piyyutim
would have already been forgotten and omitted in these generations, something that is
clear to all.
He went to the trouble of amassing hundreds of texts necessary for such a task and
invested a great sum of money.... Our eminent sages, the Chassidei Ashkenaz, had set in
such a case the due privilege of his selling this work exclusively for twenty-five years,
and no one may encroach upon his right.
Approbations for the Ravahs project from other contemporary sages are also directed toward
his revival of the piyyutim in his machzorim, his translation of them, and his wonderful
explanations. Not one word, though, is written about his siddur text and the version of prayers
presented in his machzorim.
Had the Ravah seen all the siddurim of the Rishonim the precise versions of which have
become available to us only recently he surely would not have printed versions which
followed the myopic logic of his own generation.
79. Teshuvos Chasam Sopher, Choshen Mishpat, end of 79.

_______________________________________________
XXXII
Siddur Rdelheim served as a prototype for many siddurim in both western and eastern Europe.
Some siddurim, such as the common German Siddur Tefillas Yisrael, by R Yechiel Michel Zaksh
(nineteenth century, Berlin), were transcribed entirely from the Rdelheim text. The
widespread distribution of these siddurim brought about a change in practice in the small and
medium sized communities which relied upon those texts. Large, precision-oriented
communities such as Frankfurt, on the other hand, rejected Heidenheims additions and changes
and continued to pray according to the ancient versions preserved in old siddurim. In Frankfurt,
the leaders siddur was written according to the accepted version there, and community
members who appreciated the significance of a precise text would write corrections in their
personal Rdelheim siddurim according to the customs of Frankfurt.
A very small number of these corrections were eventually printed in later editions of the Siddur
Sefas Emes as alternate versions. Most of the distinctive characteristics of old Minhag Ashkenaz
siddurim, though, were not recorded. For example, a note indicates that in the Sabbath evening
prayers, the custom in Frankfurt was to say poreis sukkas shalom, and not haporeis... (the
Sephardic version). There is no note, however, saying that in Baruch Sheamar they said Av
Harachaman, instead of Haav... (this too the Sephardic version).
Other examples of authentic Ashkenazic prayer customs are as follows: Leolam yehei adam yerei
shamayim is not recited at all, since it is only an introduction explaining the significance of what
comes next. Birkos HaTorah are said before Parshas Tamid and not before Birkos Hashachar
(and certainly not after Asher Yatzar, which would interfere with Elokoy Neshamah). Birkas
Kohanim and Eilu Devarim, which come from eastern Europe, are not recited at all; rather,
Korbanos (the sacrifice section) serves as the customary Torah study. Mizmor Shir Chanukas
Habayis, a Sephardic custom, is omitted, as in Ashkenaz no Tehillim (Psalms) are recited before
the blessing Baruch Sheamar. The recital of Aleinu ends at timloch bechavod. The additions of
the Ari are omitted, as they cause the sum of letters to deviate from the tradition of Chassidei
Ashkenaz.
The fact that these deviations from Minhag Ashkenaz are printed in the siddur without any
mention of their being inauthentic and in some cases directly opposed to authentic custom
gave rise to the misconception that they are, in fact, part of the original nusach.
Therefore, the Nusach Ashkenaz siddurim of today are not authentic Minhag Ashkenaz texts at
all. They are based on an Ashkenazic version with additions and changes adopted in later years
in eastern Europe, just as Nusach Sepharad is based on a Sephardic version with many changes.
A Sephardic Jew would not pray from an eastern European Nusach Sepharad siddur; similarly,
an Ashkenazic Jew who wishes to follow the tradition of his ancestors will not find what he is
looking for in the standard Nusach Ashkenaz siddur.
The time has come to print a siddur suitable for those who wish to pray according to the
authentic text of ancient Minhag Ashkenaz.
Just as the sages did not allow their heritage to be lost in face of persecution and migration, so
too today, those who thirst to discover the invincible spirit of the Torah heritage of our fathers
have the opportunity to plow through the wreckage of World War II and bring our ancient
culture back to life.
Those interested in learning more about the Ashkenazic heritage, are encouraged to see
Shorshei Minhag Ashkenaz, a series by the same author.
_______________________________________________
XXXIII
yhiic - yicii
orAi
dpii ` orAi dqiF`
dxFz
xt q zq pk d e z` vFd

ortEx
btiF` Called to the dxFY
xqF`
Ironic Negation Osser Sagt Schiller!
orp
xF` ,h xF` b ,oxF`
Latin "ora" (="pray") pray, has prayed, praying
dli
k ` food (Hebrew)
xrn
rnl ` dni
A [the elevated center platform of the synagogue]
zn `
zxFY ,zn ` Truth, Really!, The Honest Truth
?xW t ` Possibly
zFtp M rA x` A Four-Cornered Undergarment
!hEb EÀ ,!hEb if oriF A A greeting conveyed on Seder night from
Èd xic ` Èd xic `, Bau Die Tempel dxi W!

lriFA
Old Wares
mixEg A ,oWxEg A ,xEgA Young Man, Little Young Man, Young Men
xEgAx hpE`
as opposed to a xEgAx AF`
Someone who has not yet finished his Talmud studies
xEgAx fg A driller of religious information
hpi g A A Charming Person
?la ` EC h qi A Are you an la ` (walking around the house without shoes)?
"!Lc`n lk aE ,LW t p lk aE
,La a l lk A"
With All My Being!
xa C lA [xfi n] [Miserable] Person In Question
dl t Y lA A man skilled in reciting the prayers
milEAl A Confusion
hl Az A W ,hl A Billet, i.e. A ticket for room and board with the
member of the community
h Wi l WpA Blessing the zA W or aFh mFi Candles
zFAl r A Boss. Many people believe that the word Boss comes
from the Hebrew contraction of the two words ziA d lr
A.

xrW rA and opposed to xrk rA
Kiddush Cup
W`x iElib A or W`x zFlw A Bareheaded or Levity
qkiFxA
Upset
orw
xA or dt` wd v n Breakfast food containing mashed dv n, sugar,
hot coffee and milk.
!mFlW lE miIg l ,mFlW A Peacefully, In Good Health And Peace!
un g drh l cA B The leavened goods gathered the evening before gq R
dxEa B Pomposity
orqi
À p ` qhEb or !o` hEb qi` A good eating - after the xEtM mFi fast day
hxF` ohEB Cemetery miIg d ziA
rAEh
W rhEb Parlor
oW p A lnFb The dk xA recited by those who have escaped danger
!daFh l Ef mB Lit. This Is Also For The Good!,
_______________________________________________
XXXIV
yhiic - yicii
"!oxh W p mixER
'pE` xwi
W xì
fp B"
Lit. All Year Drunk And mixER Sober!
(Thank God it worked out!)
spB Thief
hxnFr b To count the Omer [i.e. Hast Du GOmert?]
!hFb qExb A greeting in Gods name like !mk n r mW d
qi` C Troubles
`wee c Defiance
ql C Poverty
"!hw p rl hFb oE` hw p rc
Wp rn
xrc"
Man Calculates And God Does!
WiR C Clumsy
iÀ B Wcw d Director of the shelter for poor Jewish families
lrR nie e Made from a swaddling cloth which had been placed under
a baby during the dli n zixA,
was cut into four long strips
and sewn together. This roll was decorated and
embroidered and later to be wrapped around a dxFY xt q.

bpEldxr cie e u"W d zxfg
oi`xre e organization
on ` xn` pe End Of Discussion
Wili f Of Blessed Memory
xa g friend or member. A title given to a talmudic scholar,
who has excelled himself in learning (Austria, Germany).
dzEx a g Learning partner, Community
(mipFR) dR vEg Gall (Face)
iFBd zwEg A non-Jewish Custom
WEg Sense
xrh p g rAi g Cry Baby
qERig Preparing the dxFY
xt q so the dì xw lr
A
could easily find the place
ziWiFl g Junk
dni n g Warmth
olrh` A un g Disposing of the un g before gq R
xn g Stupid Person
dR xg Humiliation
spih Bad Goods, Cheap Quality Items
Wic wx ì The Wic w whose melodies span the year said on dxFY zg n U
icEd
i ,micEd i Jude (short form Judd sometimes had an antisemitic touch)
oxrh Wp rcEi
A six branched zA W oil lamp which was
suspended from the ceiling
_______________________________________________
XXXV
yhiic - yicii
rl
b t-aFh
mFi Lit. The Yom Tov Birdies
Students on vacation from school.
"!FnW cg i" Blessed Be His Name!
dWEx
i Inheritance
miaEW
i ,onaEW i Country Jew, Villages
zEpFxW i Honesty
caFM
A,cFa M A Syn. with Honorable, Dignified, Important, Beneficent, etc.
wic a M ,ca M[ A ` lW]
[Without] Honor, Honorable
dWEA
dpA k iC [dWEA rA k Ki`]
Lit. I Am Embarrassed, the humiliation
[Die Chabeneh Busheh Ist Zu Gross!
The shame is too great!]
W`x caFM Lit. Heavy Head, Decorum
[Lg MxW i] !"gFM W" ,g M Strength, Well Done! (i.e. after someone has read a dxh t d)
oili fx
ni
xM Shopkeepers
orpi`l Old German for reading. Refers to the public Torah reading.
h q rt
orh dAiF
l zFMq
[mip R] qik d l In Spite of, Brazen
WrciFk
l A dialect of cattle dealers and schmoozers
in the region of Franconia. A corruption of the
Hebrew words WcFw d oFWl.
orpx
rl learning i.e. the learning on the first night of zFrEaW
hiivl` n an expression used after oFfn d zM xA to conclude the meal
dxiFn
Fear
dvFn
[K`n] Reciting the dk xA of ìvFn
d
axd EpixFn
[dxFn] Titles awarded to great Rabbinical Talmudical scholars
lfn A Lucky Person
Wpi n ,bpic Wi
l t ,bpic Wli
n Dairy, Meaty, Pareve (the term Pareve
comes from the name of a room in the ycw n d ziA)
Yn l n A teacher
dcp A xfn n The worst thing to call someone
oiq xtE
lw Y `pn `pn God has counted your kingship (and terminated it for you).
You have been weighed in the scales and been found
wanting. Your kingship has been broken and given
to Media and Persia.
[Daniel 5:25-28] (ak oixcdpq)
dn W
pn A corrupted form of dn W p dpi`n
qlwd
v n dv n dumplings
dì
v n A bargain, My greatgrandmother would say,
"!qiF` hl B oi`f
o`n hAi b zì
v n hin"

With deals one gives (still) ones money away!
_______________________________________________
XXXVI
yhiic - yicii
[iEWn] rbEW
n Mad, Crazy
miz xW n ,zxFW n Farm Hands, Servants
cnEW
n Baptized Jew, Renegade
oiWl WiFn Stories
dg R W n Relatives
[KiA p] WiAp Regrets
ìpEc p Dowry
"!dl ca d xEt uWi p 'pE` Wci w xEt uWi
p"
Not For WEciw And Not For dl ca d!
miq p ,qp Miracle,Miracles What Are You Waiting For, miq p?
xp Simpleton
dxcq The weekly dxFY portion, a `xci q contains many zFiW xR
qpbx `q lhi
w (A white burial shroud worn on the mi` xFp mini
and by some leaders of the mixcq gq R)
"!ik p` ixa r" (h:` dpei xtq) I Am A ixa r [Jew]! (how Jews identified each other)
dl er Injustice
miv xn r ,zv xn r the uneducated, uneducated people
zv r ,dv r Advice
opxrl hEb ow xr He can learn well!
hWFR Simpleton
uER gq R gq R cleaning
lEWpriFx t Ladies Gallery in the synagogue
mnFxt Religious
qpxR President Of The dli d w
liee hFb Ev "With Gods help!
"!ql ` oEp qpE oW` e ql`
n qhq t mEv A Seder saying For the Festival meal all will wash (their
hands)!referring to the second washing before dv n ìvFn
oini pfFw or mipi fFw
,ofFw Rich Man, pl. Rich Ones
W`x zFlw Lit. Light Head, Irreverence
dRi w Company
dpUd pw Jealousy
oWR w Yarmulke, Kippah, Kappel
dxi xw Cold
lwi w qkiFx Hothead
hk`plrtnEx Packing the gq R dishes and pots and pans after gq R
zWi x Antisemitism
[example: Judd, mach mores! Jew, mind your manners!]
rW x "The Evil Man, Antisemite
mip A x ,ax Rabbi, Rabbis (as opposed to the term Rabbeim)
_______________________________________________
XXXVII
yhiic - yicii
lrhi`
W as opposed to lhi
W a wig, worn by Orthodox Jewish women after their marriage
"!dgEp
n A zA W"
zA W With Rest!
[Not something to do or talk about on zA W]
rcb
rnz
A W maids who carried the pot with the zA W soup
from the bakers to the homes of the Jews
oibii
cW [zev n]
Bidding on zFv n or micEAi M in the synagogue
lEW Synagogue
ot l wlEW
During the year of mourning, mil a ` the were expected
to make the rounds and wake the householders to come
to synagogue.
zxFk U Goods
lk U [Common] Sense, Understanding
hrl`
W opA ,dREq
opFA dY v fb Gruenkern (Spelt) or Navy Bean soup with smoked meat
dg n U Joy
lfn l W The Unlucky Fellow
lin l W Unfortunate One
[my father would call me that when was sick]
uEnW ,WivEn
W Dirt(y)
rnle
eW ic rn
w ipi n W The first swallows arrive when is ipi n W `xci q read.
zn W Sexton, official in charge of keeping the synagogue in order
lights the other dMEp g zFxp
ltiEd
dcp W Grammen, rhymed verses of color which wittily alluded
to happenings
xC
pW A Yiddish corruption of the Hebrew xc pW,
(Because He Vowed).
The vow or pledge of a donation to the synagogue.
olcEp
W ,lcEp W Mumble, Mumbling
dkFx
U Stench
dxxU A Genteel Person
FdA e FdY A complete mess
"!iFY ,iFY ,iFY" Thankfully! [without the Evil Eye]
zpig Y Special prayers or supplications recited by women
hiA B WiY Lit. Table Prayer, Grace After Meals
zil k Y [Kn] Be Practical (Brass Tacks)
mk g dxFY cEnl Y Scholar
dl t Y xEciq
obi
l oili t Y Lay (don) oil t Y
lcp xY Dreidel p - uWi p/none,
b - up `b/all,
d - s l d
/half, y - oii` lh W/put
in.
ziWx
A ,xrW
Y/
xrW
C Bread for zA W and aFh mFi
_______________________________________________
XXXVIII
yhiic - yicii
Many of the terms my father used have a unw or a wexey at the end of the word,
many when used in conversational Yiddish, are pronounced as a lebq:
dli
k ` dli k ` EpizFa
` zFa` qrpi
zFa ` zFa`
xnr n l ` xnr n l ` ìa
Pd (E)dil ` da pil `
xW t ` xW t `
xa c lr A xa c lA xEgA xgFA dWEA dWEA
apB apB dxEa B dxEa b dl t Y lr A dl t Y lA
dW xc dW xc `we eC `w eC dxFY
xa C dxFY dxa C
dn k g dn k g crFn
d lFg hFn lFg dxa g dxa g
dti xh dpt xh ,dt xh dR vEg dR vEg xFng xr n g
ixcp lM dxcp lM zFlM ,dl M zl M ,dl M dWEx i dWEx i
zxW d ik ` l n zxW d dk ` l n lfn lfn `xFn `xiFn
dcp A xfn n dcp A xfn n ìvFn d dvFn cn l n Yn l n
rbEW
n rbEW n dì v n dì v n dgEp n dgEp n
dq
pxR dq pxR dipEc
p dipEc p dg R W n dg R W n
qpw qpw d` p U d` p w dpU dpw dxci q dxcq
rW x rW x zEWix zWi x zEpn g x zpn g x
xkFU
xkFU Epiig d W dpig d W zA W zA W
Wn W zn W dg n U dg n U zFpn gl W zpn gl W
dl t Y dl t Y mil d Y mli Y dxxU dxxU
"?orcEi
dhxEtw
p xt dh l ` dhEb
ic h pi f `Fe" Where are the good old Frankfurt Jews?
A popular Frankfurt Am Main expression my grandfather said, being nostalgic for the old style
Frankfurt Jews.
"?oi` f hxEtwp xt ot hki

p Wpr
n oi` o`w iee ,oi` pi d RiFw oi` hki
p xin hi` b zr"

I cannot get it through my head; how can anyone not come from Frankfurt?
"!mEx iEf ?xiF` wpi l oi` C h fi ` `Fe cEi" Jew, where is your left ear? This way!
If someone said something far fetched. [the hand gesture is, to grab ones ear with ones hand
over the head.]
_______________
References:
Jewish Life in Germany, Memoirs from Three Centuries Edited by Monika Richarz, Translated by Stella Rosenfeld and Sidney Rosenfeld
Jewish Life in the Village Communities of Southern Germany by Hugo Mandelbaum
Portraits of Our Past, Jews of the German Countryside by Emily C. Rose
The Wiesenthal familys everyday conversational speech
_______________________________________________
XXXIX
On The Main Line
Website: onthemainline.blogspot.com
Vom Geistlichen Stand.

Here's an interesting excerpt from a 1754 lexicon of Hebrew terms used by Jews and translated
into German. The Hebrew is transliterated into German for the ease of readers, who may not
even know how to read Hebrew. Here's an excerpt under the category "Spiritual Terms:"
Vom Geistlichen Stand. - Spiritual Terms

Hebraisch Teutsch English Translation
Gallach ein Geschorner oder Pfarrer A shaved person, or pastor
Lamdan ein Gelehrter a learned person
Melamet ein Schulmeister a school master
Rabbiner ein Juden = Priester a Jewish priest
Rav ibid. ibid.
Rosch Jeschiwe ein Jdischer Rector. Mag. a Jewish rector, magister
Balschem ein Geister=Beschwrer an exorcist
Bochur ein Student a student
Chason ein Jdischer Vorsinger a Jewish song leader
Chosid ein frommer Mann oder Pietist a frommer man, or pietist
Zadidig ein Gerechter a righteous man
Schames der Schul = Klopffer the synagogue knocker
Bess Hackneses die Synagogue the synagogue
Tefilla das Gebet the prayer
Schir Gesang song
Orrun Hackodesch der Altar darinnen die the altar where the 10 commandments
10: Gebot stehen are contained
Omuth des Vorsingers Stelle the choirmaster's place
Allmemer darauf man die 10. Gebot liset where the 10 commandments are placed
Drosche ein Predigt the sermon
Migdol der Kirch=Thurn the church tower
Paimon die Glocken the bells
Zedocke das Ullmosen alms
Be Chaiem der Juden Begrbni the Jew's graveyard
Kewer das Grab a grave
Mazewa das Grab=Stein a grave stone
Kabron der Todten=Grber tomb of the dead
Mitta die Toden=Bahr death bed
Orren die Toden=Truhe the casket for the dead
Me ein Todter a dead body
Heureg ein Erschlagner a murder victim
Owel ein Leid=tragender the mourners
Kewura begraben burial
Kriereissen uber einem nahem Befreunden a nearby friend tears the clothes
die Kleider zureissen
From Friedrich Osterchrist "Hebrisch und Teutsches Sprach-Buch" (Regensburg 1754).
_______________________________________________
XL
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
`"hily onpiihy axd and l"vf aiyil` axe jàxie` onlf dnly axd spoke about the importance of reciting
miheit as discussed in such mixtq as fpky` ibdpn iyxy, epizyexi and fpky` bdpn lr zexecd ilecb.
miheitd zxin`
dreyie dpx lew u"aexw oeyln èdy mixne` yie ,oaxw oeyln èdy mixne` yi .zeaexw mb e`xwp miheitd
mdipy dtx 'ze 'v mixne` eid ztxvay ,zeaexw dlind ly yeaiy èd u"aexwy mixne` yie) miwicv ildà
.cala ,jyeg `xeae xe` xvei xg` cin mixne`y heitd èd xvei .(dnec dxeva
mxn`ln repnl oekpe ,miheit xnel y"w zekxaa miwiqtny zenewn yi :l"fe ,gq oniq miig gxeà r"eyd azk
lka oibdep oke (xehde `"ayxde oicner oi` t"q i"xd) xaca xeqi` oi`c mixne` yie :`"nxae .wqtd iedc meyn
ebdpy mewna xeaivdn envr yextl mc`l oi` k"re ,'eke ciqtd `l mxne` epiè lwinde ,mxn`l zenewnd
.(n"ce l"ixdn) 'i sirq 'v oniq l"re mdnr mze` xnìe ,mxn`l
.mxne`l `ly minrh dnk epivn miheitd oipra znàe
lecb lk ixac envrl gwie ìdy enk miìap ly dlitze dkxa mc` gipi ji` azk (b"rw oniq) mizrd xtqa (`
.mlerd on xwrp i`cn xzei mewn ly egaya xtqnd ,mleray
.zekxa ly rahnn dpyn èdy my azk cer (a
.df mrhn dxyr dpeny zlitz z` elit` elha zayae ,zaya mikxv zywa my yiy cere (b
.g"x oniq xecd x`t m"anxa èd oke
,opax edegxh` `l ik èd zaya g"i zlitz elhiay dn eply q"yly siqed (dpial mizr) my dxrdae (c
.miheit ieaixa xeavd lr gixhdl oi`y e"w k"è
mizrd xtqae .cegl dlitz ixace cegl dxez ixac zeidl jixve dlitzd rvnà dxez ixac miaxrny cer (d
owzp èdy dfa azk
.mxne`l `le aeyl jixv meid la` ,jzxez extd 'dl zeyrl zr meyn cnyd zrya
zindl eciay `xepe lecb jln iptl ok xnel ie`x df oi` eyexit rcei oi`y mewnay siqed `xfr oaà (e
.zeigdle
.zepey`x 'ba md miheitdn daxde ,zepey`x zekxa 'ba eikxv ywal mc`l xeq` (f
exizd gxehay `"t 'iq oycd znexz 'r) y"wc zekxaay miheit xzei xeng dfae .wqtd mrhn oecl yi (g
daeyza ,oicnr ax m`hypreel mdxa` axdl) miigd xexv xtqae ,(zekxaa wiqtdl miheit xnel mipe`bd
wiqtdl xeq`y y"w zekxaa `weec md ciqtd `l mxn` epiè lwindy `"nxd ixac lky azk (dnkg miyiyia
.`"nxd lwid `l u"yde xeaivd elltzd xaky u"yd zxfga la` ,my
:z`f zexnl la`
.zepey`x zekxa 'ba u"yd zxfga oiae ,rny zìxwa oia ,miheita wiqtdl mibdep mlek meid
_______________________________________________
XLI
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
zenewn aexa `nlr ebdp :l"fe ,(arw oniq) eixac zligza ligzd miheitd zxin` cbpk xacny mizird xtqay
iriayd meia miyrnd lkn zay xy` '`l ycewd ipte` mr mitxy cr jegayi lkde jecei lkd zezaya xninl
azk oikd `zlin `de mei lka enk dkxad z` xnebe jci dyrn gay lk lre lrnn minya cr 'eke ayie dlrzp
mdipal zezay lgpde dvx mixne` zay ly dxyr dpenyay mb azk oe`b mxnr ax ,ab` zxrda) mxnr ax xn
dl`y mixne` xaky oeikn èd ok mixne` `l epgp`y dny g"aa 're ,'eke xfer jln ,dadà jny ornl dgepnl
xwir el oi` `bdpn i`dc ol ifg ozrc zeiprl opè ,oixzà `nlr bedp ikde (epzgepna dvx `"e` rvnà z`f
f"ndxaae ziriax dkxaa cegla dlitza `l` zay ly ixekc`l opax oewiza mlera ogky` `lc ìd `zerhe
minkg erahy rahnd on dpyn èdy iptn g"i `vi `le dreh zekxa x`ya zay ly xikfnd lke milyexi dpeaa
d`n depwzy jxck rexib `lae ztqez `la dcal dlitzd lltzne zebdpn ozeà hrnnd lke ,'eke zekxaa
`ly dn dkxaa oitiqeny `cg (xveia zetqezae) 'eke mewnd iptl xeny exky miìap dnk mdae mipwf mixyre
dnewna oitiqene mei lka dxecq ìdy enk dkxad oixiqny cere .zay ly [minkg epwz `ly] ,minkg epwz
dl`y jxev da oiè ìd zay ly dkxa `lde lega oia zaya oia dzepyl ef dkxaa oipr dn oke .mixg` mixac
.minkg depwizy enk lega oia zaya oia dze` xnel ep` oiaiige dxyr dpenya enk
xveia gztiy mcew ekxa xg`l dze` xnì dixninl irac o`n jecei lkda zeyrl ie`xy dn jkld :my miiqe
gzet k"gè ycew zay meia l`xyi enrl dgepn ligpne cr miyrnd lkn zay xyè jecei lkd miiqne xe`
,rexb `lae ztqez `la minkg depwzy jxck lega enk dlek zekxad xcqne jyeg `xeae xe` xvei d"n` i"à
.bdep èd jky azke
oiipra oc ,(a"p oniq z"ecdn ,yh`yhean) mdxa` lyày ,heitl oec` lw z` eaiygdy d`xp dkldl znàe
lwly azk la`) dlitzd ixg` epxnè blcl oekp ile` oec` lwy hwpe ,u"yd mr witqdl ick y"w zekxaa blcl
zqpk iyp`n dkxa gqep xwir èd ileè ,blci `l ,dlitzd xg` `picn exnè xfeg eblc m`y epicy zay xy`
.(dlecbd
oe`b ii`d epiaxl ogkyè azky mizrd xtqa y"r jenk ine miigl epxkf mixne` dxyr dpeny ly zepey`x 'bae
dyr ok qp mdl ziyry myk mixete dkepga oebk oedlk ilin oild xninl daiyia opax ilibx `lc xn`wc l"f
eda ibidpe edpip miax ikxvc ilin oild mè miigl aezke jenk ine miigl epixkf k"deie d"xa oebke miqpe `lt epnr
`ly eprh dfa mby ìad (onwl) meyxb epiaxn daeyzae ,ixekc`l daiyia irpnin oepixninl l`xyi aex
ly miheitd z` xne` didy azk c"qw oniq ax dyrna znàe .(dkxad oprn mpi`y itl mrhd mye) wiqtdl
miwiqtn ikd e`lay oeikny ,dfa xeìa ìad dnly ixacae ,(wqtd md miheitd ezhiyly zexnl) k"eie d"x
.mixac x`ya wiqtdl xyt` aey ,miigl epixkfa dlitzd z`
.(b"dke xetik meia dceard xcq heit z` mixne` micxtqd mby) miwiqtn i`cea dxyr dpeny rvnàe
.da ol zil zeirvnà xvwnde jix`nd azky g"xd mya (g"k oniq) hwld ilaya 'r
:dkldl ewqt jk znàe
oniq) dlebd xe`n meyxb epiax ,(d"ky oniq) ixhie xefgn ,(g"k 'iq) hwld ilay ,(c"rw oniq) qcxtd xtqa i"yx
oecl oey`xd oniqd z` `weec exgay oiivl yi] ('` oniq) dad`n daeyzae ,(g"p oniq) minyd on z"ey ,('`
.dligzkl ievxe ie`x èdy mlek ewiqde miheitd zxin` oica epcy ,[df xaca
_______________________________________________
XLII
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
miheit
dtya ald zpekae dgnya miheitd xnel mc` lk lr aeige ,u"aexw ly miheit zxinà jipira lw didi `l"
zvr it lr exagzp miheitd ik `ynk jilr oinec miheitd eidi `le ,oi`ltp zeceq yi heite heit laa ia ,dxexa
oigayne oixnfn ok ik w"xyz it lre zia sl` it lr miheitd xciqy ixilwd xfril` 'xl elbpy dlrn ik`ln
epi` mxne`l jk lk aeig epi`y xneè u"aexw zxinà lwny in .miciqg itne mipwf itn icia dlawe ,dlrnl
miqp dnk mdl dyrp xy` dyrn iypè xecd ilecb eid miheitd exagy micigid lk ik ,melye qg eini jix`n
(et wxt xyid aw xtq) xaepciew yxid iav 'x ".ozzinae odiiga
Let the recitation of poetry (miheit) not be light in your eyes. it is an obligation upon every
person to say miheit with joy, concentration of the heart, and clear enunciation, because in every
single heit there are wondrous secrets. The miheit should not appear to you as a burden, because
they were composed according to the counsel of angels on high that were revealed to xfril` 'x
xilwd who arranged them in alphabetical order and reverse alphabetical order, since that is how
they sing and praise on high..
Upon attending a synagogue which omits miheit, they should not be said in the midst of
the dlitz but after synagogue, since they may be considered a wqtd. Likewise, one should not
add the introductory phrases (i.e. 'eke mler xe`), since they are only recited when miheit are
actually recited. However, l"vf xpfee axd ruled that if one is inspired by reciting miheit and
it invigorates ones dlitz, one may recite miheit individually as they occur in dlitz along with
the introductory phrases, even if the congregation does not recite them.
Q: When should the xeav only recite the stated responses to the ofg during the recital of miheit
and when should the xeav recite the entire heit. What if the ofg is going too fast to say the
entire heit, what should one do?
A: Any heit which is not said aloud by the ofg, one should say on ones own. If the ofg says it
aloud, one may rely on his recital (but even in this case it is better to say on ones own).
It is that it is better to recite miheit in a language one understands, than not to say them at all
or say them and not understanding what one is saying. [Response from xbxeand ax]
zewqtd zezaya zexvei zxin`

Q: For what purpose and special character do the zewqtd zezay have, that zexvei are recited?
A: Since there are many consecutive zezay during which zexvei are recited (from milwy zay until
gqt ly iriay), it would be considered an "insult" to skip a zay and not say zexvei, therefore
they are said during the zewqtd as well. There is similar logic in regard to oeiq 'a - oeiq '` is y`x
yceg, days 'd ,'c ,'b are dlabd ini zyly and therefore no oepgz is said. Actually there is no reason
to refrain from saying oepgz on oeiq 'a. oepgz is not said in order not to "insult" it, since it is
occurs between days without oepgz, (therefore it is called euphemistically 'zeiepnd mei', a day of
distinction).
_______________________________________________
XLIII
Piyut Curiosities
Website: rabbikaganoff.com
By BaltimoreJewishLife.com/Rabbi Yirmiyohu Kaganoff

Question 1:
"Many people tell me that the lengthy recital of zepiw on aà dryz does not inspire them because
they do not understand the passages. Is the mourning of aà dryz intended to be simply a day of
much tedium?"
Question 2:
"I once heard a ax give a running commentary to the zepiw of aà dryz, and he mentioned that
the first dpiw is a continuation of the heit recited during the repetition of the dxyr dpeny. But I
never saw anyone recite miheit during the repetition of dxyr dpeny aà dryz and do not even
know where to look for them."
Question 3:
"As a child I remember that all the shullen recited miheit during aixrn on miaeh mini, and many
did during dyecw on special zezay. Now, I see miheit recited only on dpyd y`x and xetk mei.
What has changed?"
Although these questions seem unrelated, they all focus on a central subject: the additions of
miheit and other special passages in our davening, of which the zepiw we recite on aà dryz are
one example. After an introduction explaining the background to the miheit, I will return to
answer the first two questions.
What are miheit?

During the period of the mipey`x, the mipe`b, and even earlier, great Torah scholars wrote prayers
and other liturgical works that were inserted into many different places in the davening,
particularly during the rny zìxw zekxa (between ekxa and dxyr dpeny) and during the repetition
of the dxyr dpeny. Standard synagogue practice, particularly among Ashkenazic Jewry, was to
recite these miheit on all special occasions, including miaeh mini, mourning and fast days, and
special zezay (see a:aiw ;`:gq miig gxe` `"nx). These miheit express the mood and the theme of
the day, often recall the history of the day, and sometimes even provide the halachic background
for the day's observance. At times, they served as a means for teaching people the zekld germane
to the day or season. Studying these miheit not only gives us tremendous appreciation for these
days, but sometimes provides us with certain aspects of mystery, as I will explain.
There is also a humbling side to the study of miheit. All the miheit predate the printing press and
bring us back to the era when all works had to be painstakingly hand copied. Most communities
could not afford hand-written manuscripts of all the miheit, and therefore part of the job of every
ofg was to commit all the miheit to memory.
Some of the more common miheit

We are all aware of the zegilq recited on Fast Days and during lel` and daeyz ini zxyr, which
are a type of miheit. Another famous part of davening that qualifies as heit is zencw`, recited
prior to dxezd zìxw on zereay. This introduction to the dxezd zìxw for zereay was written by
wgvi oa xi`n epiax of Worms, Germany, who was one of the great leaders of Ashkenazic Jewry,
_______________________________________________
XLIV
Piyut Curiosities
pre-i"yx. Other examples of miheit that are commonly recited include lh zlitz and myb zlitz,
the poem xqd iec -- authored by hxA
l oA ` WpEc, an early poet-grammarian cited by i"yx in several
places, which is recited before bensching when one will be reciting zekxa ray -- and jnyl dcep,
which takes the same slot at a dlin zixa.
Double Duty
Some miheit are used in two different contexts. For example, the song frequently chanted at a
zixa, dycg dxiy, originated as a heit recited immediately before the close of the dkxa of l`b
l`xyi in rny zìxw zekxa on the Seventh Day of gqt. This heit, written by ield dcedi iax, refers
both to the splitting of the seq mi and to dlin zixa and is therefore appropriate on both occasions.
Teaching dxez through miheit

Many times, the rabbis used poetry as a means of teaching Torah. For example, a very extensive
literature of miheit lists and explains the zevn b"ixz. Most of these pieces date back to the times of
the mipe`b; indeed, the famous count of zevn by oe`b dicrq ax is actually a poem.
Other examples include miheit that instruct us in different special observances throughout the
Jewish calendar. Among the most famous is the dcear xcq of xetk mei, which is already referred
to in the `xnb, although the text they used is long lost. Dozens of different miheit were written in
the period of the mipe`b and mipey`x describing the dcear xcq in detail. The mipey`x devote much
halachic discussion to the technical accuracy of several of the versions they received from earlier
generations, often taking issue and making corrections to the text of the heit.
epizty mixt dnlype

Reciting the dcear xcq also fulfills the concept of "epizty mixt dnlype", And let our lips replace
the (sacrificial) bulls (b:ci ryed). The yxcn teaches that when we are unable to offer zepaxw, God
accepts our recital of the procedure as a substitute for the zepaxw (b:c mixiyd xiy ,dax yxcn). This
implies that we can achieve dxtk (atonement) by reciting these miheit with dpeek. Therefore, a
person who recites the iecie of the dcear xcq and truly regrets his sins can accomplish atonement
similar to that achieved through the iecie recited by the lecb odk.
Other "Substitute" Prayers

The same idea of epizty mixt dnlype is followed when we recite miheit that describe other zepaxw,
such as, for example, the xnr oaxw, the water libation (mind jeqip) of zekq, or the gqt oaxw. We
can achieve the drawing close to God that zepaxw achieve by discussing them and by longing for
their return. This broadens the rationale for reciting miheit.
Educating in Observing zevn

Some miheit serve not only to teach dxez, but also to educate people how to correctly observe
zevn. For example, the 'zegexd icl`' heit, recited on lecbd zay contains a lengthy halachic
description of all the preparations for gqt, including detailed instructions for koshering and
preparing the house. This halachic-liturgical classic was authored by ml`-aEh
sqei ax, the
halachic leader of French Jewry prior to i"yx's birth. zetqez and other mipey`x devote much
_______________________________________________
XLV
Piyut Curiosities
debate to the halachic positions taken by ml`-aeh sqei ax in this poem, and later mipey`x, such as
mz epiax, edited 'zegexd icl`' to reflect their opinion of what is the correct dkld. Since this heit
serves to teach people the correct way to observe gqt, the mipey`x felt it vital that the text be
halachically accurate. It is obvious that this heit was meant to be read, studied, and understood.
Who Authored Them?

You might ask how we know who wrote the different miheit, particularly when many are over a
thousand years old?
In general, most miheit follow an zia sl` acrostic in order to facilitate their memorization.
(Remember that they were written with the assumption that the ofg would recite them for the
community from memory.) In many, if not most, instances, the author completed the work by
weaving his name into the acrostic pattern he used for the particular heit. Thus, zegexd icl`
begins with stanzas following an zia sl` pattern, but closes with stanzas that spell xa ohwd sqei
wfg lèny, which is the way ml`-aeh sqei ax chose to "sign" this heit.
An Old Controversy
Early controversy surrounded the practice of interrupting rny zìxw zekxa or the repetition of
dxyr dpeny to recite the zexvei, the word frequently used as a generic word for all miheit inserted
into the regular davening. (The word 'zexvei' originally referred only to those miheit inserted after
ekxa, shortly after the words 'jyeg `xeae xe` xvei'. However, in standard use, the word zexvei refers
to all miheit inserted into rny zìxw zekxa or the repetition of dxyr dpeny). The jxer ogly,
reflecting accepted Sefardic practice, rules: "There are places that interrupt the rny zìxw zekxa
to recite miheit, but it is correct not to say them, for they constitute an interruption" (miig gxe`
`:gq). On this point, the `"nx, reflecting early Ashkenazic practice, adds: "Others say that this is
not prohibited, and the practice in all places is to recite them." Each country and community had
its own special customs concerning what was said and when; often, this was recorded in a
community ledger.
mipeape minkg ceqn
To acknowledge that these miheit interrupt the regular repetition of the dxyr dpeny, an
introductory request, beginning with the words mipeape minkg ceqn (Based on the tradition of the
wise and understanding) is recited prior to beginning the miheit of the repetition of the dpeny
dxyr. These words mention that early great Torah leaders advised the introduction of these
praises.
Why miheit have recently fallen into disuse

The oe`b `plie, in his commentary to jexr ogly (ibid.), explains both the position of those who
encouraged the recital of zexvei and those who discouraged them.
For the most part, the Lithuanian zeaiyi followed the personal practice of the `"xb not to
recite miheit during rny zìxw zekxa, and did not recite zexvei during the repetition of dpeny
dxyr (f"p ax iyrn). (The zeaiyi recite zexvei during the repetition of dxyr dpeny on dpyd y`x
and xetk mei.) With the tremendous spreading of shullen that follow the practices of the
zeaiyi rather than what was previously followed by the Ashkenazic communities, it is
increasingly difficult to find a synagogue catering to yeshivah alumni that recites the miheit.
_______________________________________________
XLVI
Piyut Curiosities
This answers the question asked above: "As a child I remember that all the shullen recited miheit
during aixrn on miaeh mini, and many did during dyecw on special zezay. Now, I see miheit
recited only on dpyd y`x and xetk mei. What has changed?"
Unfortunately, due to this change in custom, this vast, treasured literature of the Jewish
people is quickly becoming forgotten.
Who was the First ohiit?

The title of being the earliest ohiit may belong to xilwd xfrl` iax, often referred to as the y`x
miphitd, who authored the lion's share of the zepiw we recite on aà dryz as well as a huge
amount of our other miheit, including lh zlitz and myb zlitz, the miheit for the four special
zezay (ycegd ,dxt ,xekf ,milwy), and many of the zexvei we recite on miaeh mini. We know
virtually nothing about him personally we cannot even date when he lived with any accuracy.
Indeed, some mipey`x place him in the era of the mi`pz shortly after the destruction of the zia
ycwnd, identifying him either as jxr oa xfrl` 'x (hqz:` `"ayx z"ey), a disciple of i`kf oa opgei 'x, or
as i`gei oa oerny 'x's son xfrl`, who hid in the cave with his father (ilbxe d"c bi dbibg ,'qez; y"`x
`k:d zekxa); others date xilwd xfrl` 'x much later and even during the time of the mipe`b.
We do not know for certain what the name 'xilw' means. Since there are several places where he
used the acronym'xilw iaxa xfrl`' , it seems that his father's name was xilw. However, the jexr
explains that 'xilw' means a type of cookie, and that he was called 'xilwd' because he ate a cookie
upon which had been written a special formula that blessed him with tremendous erudition (III
xlw jxr ,jexr).
Kalirian Curiosities
xilw xfrl` 'x's miheit and zepiw require studying rather than reading. They are often extremely
difficult pieces to read, relying on allusions to miyxcn and historical events. Many commentators
elucidated his works, attempting to illuminate the depths of his words. Also, he sometimes
employs extremely complicated acrostics. This is sometimes cited as proof that he lived later,
when such poetic writing became stylish, but, of course, this does not prove his lack of antiquity.
It is universally assumed that xilwd xfrl` 'x lived in l`xyi ux`, based on the fact that we have no
miheit written by him for the second day of aeh mei (ilbxe d"c bi dbibg ,'qez; `k:d zekxa y"`x).
zetqez [op. cit.] uses this evidence to prove that he lived at the time that the oic zia determined
yceg y`x on the basis of visual evidence.). However, the zexvei recited immediately following
ekxa on the second day of zekq clearly include his signature and follow his style. This, of course,
would imply that xilwd xfrl` 'x lived in a time and place that the second day of aeh mei was
observed. If that is true, why would he have written special miheit only for the second day of
zekq and not for any other aeh mei?
Perhaps xilwd xfrl` 'x indeed wrote this particular heit for the first day of zekq, but subsequently
Diaspora Jews moved the zexvei the he wrote for the first day of aeh mei to the second day! This
approach creates another question, since the zexvei recited on the first day of aeh mei were also
written by him: Would he have written two sets of zexvei for zixgy on zekq? There are other
indications that, indeed, he did sometimes write more than one set of miheit for the same day.
_______________________________________________
XLVII
Piyut Curiosities
Why is cec gnv z` Ignored?
There is another mysterious practice in some of his writings. The miheit he wrote for the
weekday dxyr dpeny (such as for mixet) include a paragraph for every dkxa of dxyr dpeny except
one, the 'cec gnv z`' zkxa that precedes 'eplew rny'.
Why would xilw ax omit this dkxa? Perhaps the answer to this mystery can help us understand
more about when he lived.
Answering the Mystery

Our use of the words dxyr dpeny to identify the focal part of our daily prayer is actually a
misnomer, dating back to when this dkxa indeed included only eighteen dkxa. In the times of the
dpyn, a nineteenth dkxa, micnynl, was added, and the ilaa cenlz notes that this increases the
zekxa of the 'dxyr dpeny' to nineteen.
However, there is evidence that even after micnynl was added, not everyone recited nineteen
zekxa. A `ztqez implies that they still recited eighteen zekxa in dxyr dpeny, and that two zekxa,
mlyexi dpae and cec gnv z`, were combined. This would explain why someone would not write a
heit for the 'cec gnv z`' zkxa, since it was no longer an independent dkxa. Thus, if we can
identify a place and time when these two zekxa were combined, we might identify more precisely
when xilwd xfrl` 'x lived. It would seem that this would be sometime between the introduction
of the 'micnynl' zkxa and the ilaa cenlz's practice of a nineteen dkxa 'dxyr dpeny' became
accepted.
Kalirian Controversies
The antiquity of xfrl` iax's writing did not save him from controversy. No less a lecb than the
`xfr oa` stridently opposes using xilw 'x's works, arguing that prayers and miheit should be
written very clearly and be readily understood (Commentary to `:d zldw). After all, the goal of
prayer is to understand what one is saying. `xfr oa` recommends reciting miheit written by ax
oe`b dicrq, which are easy to understand, rather than those of xilw.
None of these criticisms should be taken as casting aspersion on xilwd xfrl` 'x's greatness. The
hwl ileay records that he heard that when xfrl` ax wrote his miheit, the angels surrounded him
with fire (quoted by the mdxa` obn at the beginning of g"q oniq.)
xilw ax's miheit in general, and his zepiw in particular, are written in an extremely difficult poetic
Hebrew. Often his ideas are left as allusions, and the story or yxcn to which he alludes is unclear
or obscure. They certainly cannot be understood without careful scrutiny and study. Someone
who takes the trouble to do this will be awed by the beauty of the thoughts and allusions. The
l"fix` recited all of the xilw's miheit, because he perceived their deep kabbalistic allusions (obn
mdxa` at the beginning of g"q oniq).
The zepiw
Having completed my general introduction to the role of miheit in Judaism, I want to paraphrase
the first question mentioned above: Why are the zepiw so difficult to comprehend?
Most of the zepiw we recite on aà dryz are authored by xilwd xfrl` 'x, whose works are
typically written in a very poetic and difficult Hebrew. Many commentaries have been written on
the zepiw, and the only way to understand his zepiw is either to study them in advance, to read
_______________________________________________
XLVIII
Piyut Curiosities
them together with a translation, or to hear a xeriy from someone who understands them.
Furthermore, I recommend reading each dpiw slowly so that one can understand what the author
meant. This may entail someone reciting only a few zepiw for the entire morning of aà dryz, but
he will understand and experience the meaning of what he read.
Other parts of zepiw

zepiw include several pieces that describe specific historical events, including the death in battle
of the great king ediyì jln, the personal tragedy of the children of lecb odk l`rnyi iax, the
burning of the twenty-four wagons of manuscript cenlz and commentaries in Paris, and the
destruction of Jewish communities during the Crusades. These zepiw are not as difficult to
understand as xilw ax's are, but, still, they are deeply appreciated by those who prepare them, or
attend a zepiw presented by someone who understands them.
Conclusion
We see that liturgical poems enhance our appreciation of the day and provide a background for
our mourning. This is borne out even more with the several zepiw that begin with the word oeiv,
which all bemoan our missing the sanctity of l`xyi ux` and our desire for the return of dpiky.
Another dpiw that stands out, jelda f` dpiw describes how ìapd 'dinxi gathered the zea` and the
zedn` to pray on the behalf of the exiled Jewish people. This story is described greater in the
moving yxcn which quotes how epin` lgx beseeched God on behalf of the Jewish people. lgx
points out the extent of sacrifice that she underwent to save her sister from humiliation. In the
yxcn, lgx closes her prayer: "If I, who am flesh and blood, dust and ashes, felt no jealousy
towards another woman married to my own husband, and went out of my way to guarantee that
she would not be embarrassed, You, the living King, All-merciful why were You zealous
against idolatry, which has no basis, and why did You exile my children allowing the enemies
to do with them as they desired?" As a result, God responded with great mercy, replying: "For
your sake, lgx, I will return the Jews to their home" (dax dki`, end of ck `zwiqt).
---------------------------
The leaders of a certain city set out to recruit a rabbi to lead their community.
They approached a qualified and notable scholar and appealed to him to accept the position,
explaining to him how fitting it would be for him to serve as the spiritual guide to their city,
where the f"h, the mdxa` obn and xbi` àiwr iax were all buried. They felt that it would be
only appropriate for a man of his stature to assume the role as rabbi of their town.
A little while later, after having accepted the position, the rabbi learned that the f"h
was in fact buried in Lvov, the mdxa` obn in Kalish and xbi` àiwr iax in Posen. He called
the leaders of the community to his home and confronted them with the news. Why did you
fool me?, he asked.
We did not mean to trick you at all, they answered. In Lvov, the teachings of the f"h
are learned and studied daily. His legacy is alive and well, as if he himself lives eternally.
In Kalish, the mdxa` obn lives on by means of his writings. His lips continue to quiver in
the grave as the education which he provided, serves to guide and direct the daily life of the town
until this very moment. Furthermore, xbi` àiwr iaxs lessons are the talk of the town in Posen,
the issues that he taught are still discussed as current events. In our city, however, no one
is studying these books. The words of Torah which they disseminated are not heard here, and
for all intents and purposes they are dead and buried in our town. (miax za xry xtq)
_______________________________________________
XLIX
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
mkg cin lY lM igFi oA oFrn W mEWn opgFi ia x xn ` mkg cin lY lM ,xn ` wg v i ia x mW A `xi fp oFrn W
zFaaFC eizFz t U ,dGd mlFrA eiR n drEnW xa C mixnF` W eiz
tU ,dGd mlFrA eiR n dkld xa C mixnF` W
,`xi
fp oFrn W `ni zi
` e `xi r f oA wg v i ia x xn ` .xa w A 'ebe aFH d oiiM KM g e" :xn
`PW .xa w A FOr zFWgFx
a FC mixWinl icFc
l KlFd aFH d oiiM KM g e" ?d` xw i`n lW xnFM dn (i:f mixiyd xiy) ":mipW i izt U aaFC
xnFM
dn ,mia pr lW xnFk M (i:f mixiyd xiy) ":mipW i izt U
,aa FC cIn ,eilr FrAv ` mc` gi pO W oeiM ,df mia pr
,aa FC cIn eilr FrAv ` mc` gi PO W oeiM ,mia pr lW dkld xa C oixnF`
W oeiM ,miwi C v lW mdi zFz
t U s`
mdi R n drEnW xa C mixnF` W oeiM ,min kg ici n
lY s` od O r zFygxn odi zFz
t U ,miwi C v lW mdi R n
(.fv zenai 'nb) :xa w A zFaaFC mdi zFz
t U ,dfd mlFrA (:f milwy 'nb) :xa w A
iepikd sk
Q: Amongst the manuscripts of fpky` we find two mibdpn regarding the iepikd sk. In some
manuscripts it is in its pure Hebrew form (dvenw sk k"gè l"ebq e` `"ey) while in others it is in
its Aramaic/Mishnaic Hebrew form (sk zgz `"ey k"gè u"nw). In the l"ixdn ixtq (zelitz xcq
dpyd y`x Section 6) says, 'l"ebqa exn` oz jl on jl zniiqny daiz lk'. As HoRav Hamburger
mentions in his introduction to the `yinxee ibdpn xtq by yny `tfei iax, the l"ixdn was not a
mibdpn ìvnn e` oycg, and on the contrary he only collected and recorded the authentic customs
of fpky` of antiquity. However, since so many manuscripts are in opposition to his custom as
cited in dpyd y`x zekld, including `yinxee xefgn, which was used by the dltz lra in Worms
until World War II, is it fair to say that this was the l"ixdn's own innovation, or is he merely
recording the authentic custom of fpky`?
A: The l"ixdn did not innovate new mibdpn, but he would decide which bdpn to chose if there were
some different mibdpn before him. In this case, he may have chosen the gqep with l"ebq before
the sk, because this was one of the ze`gqep he saw, and for his own reasons he decided to
accept this gqep more than other ze`gqep. The xiì zeg in his commentary on miig gxe` (xewn
miig) in dpyd y`x zekld a"twz oniq quotes the l"ixdn giving credence to the notion that this
was his practice on mi`xep mini/dpyd y`x only. The q"yxdn (xteq izay 'x) in the zillk dncwd to
his xeciq in c"ei ze` 'e wxt quotes the l"ixdn as well. He also quotes the l"yxdnd ly xeciq, as
using the Hebrew form of the iepikd sk and cites an example from the dpyd y`x zelitz.
The q"yxdn himself precedes to apply this concept to all zelitz, because the
Aramaic/Mishnaic Hebrew form of the iepikd sk is a ok xacl ie`x oiè dawple xkfl dey xy` cewp'.
'dawpl ezeeydl i"yd cbp
ziaexrn siew
Q: In Jdisch Deutsch we find the word Kauf written as: siew. How was this pronounced by Jews
of fpky`. Kauf or Koyf as it is written phonetically? Did this change over time. Is there any
connection between the spelling of this word (and others) and the fact that in modern German
when the diphthong 'au' has an umlaut over the letter '' it is pronounced 'oy'? Is there any
connection between any of the above and the corruption of the pronunciation of the vowel
m"leg in Hebrew?
A: The letter c"ei was added to strengthen the pronunciation, as we have a c"ei in jil`, even
though one is not expected to pronounce a w"ixig there (we don't say Eleycho, just Elecho, with
an emphasis on the "le"). Therefore, when one wanted to write se`w, he would write it as siew,
in order that the reader would make the "o" of the m"leg not just a regular long "o", but an au.
In '` fpky` ibdpn iyxy (pg 249-250), HoRav Hamburger discusses this issue. He states there,
that in Eastern Europe, the Jews read books in Yiddish Deutsch, and therefore siew was
mistaken to read Koyf instead of Kauf.
_______________________________________________
L
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
y"ixd zgz gzt shg
Q: What are the rules that determine when, according to the cewip of ezriqe miidpciid slee 'x, a y"ix
that otherwise would get a `p èy gets a gzt shg instead? A y"ix must be preceded by a vowel,
so (with the possible exception of a y"ix preceded by another y"ix that has a gp èy), any y"ix
preceded by (a consonant with a gp èy beneath it), or that begins a word (like the y"ix in
oae`x), will have a `p èy and not a gzt shg.
A: Regarding the gzt shg under the y"ix I'm not sure if this is miidpciid slee 'x's dhiy or not. If you
look in the miidlcex printings which were printed during his lifetime you'll find that the only
(to my knowledge) word with a gzt shg under a y"ix is the word ekxa when it appears in mildz
d"lw xenfn, which is said on zay and aeh mei. When it appears in all other places, it simply has
a `p èy. And in (zixgy) xvei zkxa and the word mizxyn has a regular `p èy. miidlcex printings
published after his lifetime, all have a gzt shg. And in the notes to his xeciq l`xyi zcear on
the word ekxa, Dr. Seligmann Baer wrote:
gp èya y"ixd z"iad lr oebpd didi m` dkxa oeyl lky ,zxqnd it lr xnel jixv ok gzt shga y"ixd ekxa
iweqta dlrnly d"eex lr dnze (`l:'c lìpc) zkxa d`lrle cg` on ueg gzt shga y"ixd s"kd lr oebpd mè
(llkd gky o`ke ,epick 'd z` (gzt shga y"ix ekxa l`xyi zia cwp dxnfc
Regarding the words eizxyn and mizxyn he wrote:
oeyle yxb oeyl lk oke e"iza oebp xy` zxy oeyl lk oke xnel jixv ok eizxyn oke gzt shga y"ixd mizxyn
xyòa ìcda azk oke ,a"i ziy`xal azky dn ixace ekxa zlna dlrnl d`xe ,y"ixd ze` xeara ède jxa
eizexeqn
In the foreword titled dibnd ixac to the 1855 printing of the zegilq miidlcex, Dr. Seligmann Baer
writes:
xecq it lr dben zegilq xcq xrbxraxdrl oec`d qetc yakn zgzn `vie c"vwz zpya .dix` oa wgvi xne`
j` .daxd minrt df xcq qtcp aey dzr cre f`ne ,zenewn zvwa exà s` edibdy l"f d"eex dkxa eixgd gipdy
ex`yp xy` zenewn dnka ea xcbzdl il mewn cer gped exdhn lka ik iz`vne wc oeira eizwcae eizi`x
t"re wecwcd illk t"r xcqd lk z` mrtd cer izdbde izaxw k"re .ogqep oiprl m` ocewp oiprl m` zerhen
eid xy` lkn wwefne oaeln dfd zegilq xcq `viy iznbn lk iznye ,iptl mìade 'd ippg xy` i"ik mixecq
w"tl e"hxz xc` ycg ,miidlrcrx .eiptl
owf / zeìt
Q: Were "big zeìt" (which many place behind their ears) worn in fpky`? How about
shaving/growing a beard? Was it common among mipax/regular population, only married etc.
Was it reflective of the times? Even among mipax which had beards, many had the typical
German Rabbi type beard like xriexa axd and jàvxrn dpei axd, which would obviously
require one to shave.
A. There are many pictures of people (especially mipax) in fpky` with zeìt, some behind their
ears and some in front (usually those who had a beard wore their zeìt in front and those who
did not have a beard had their zeìt behind their ears). It was commonly accepted in fpky` to
have big zeìt, as opposed to a beard which was not deemed as important. In pictures of axd
yxid, his zeìt are visible behind his ears, miidpciid slèe axd had big zeìt as well. Shaving
ones beard was commonplace in fpky` dating back to the Middle Ages (many generations
before the advent of Reform). Various types of beards were likewise sported. The oycd znexz
states he was insistent on leaving 40 beard hairs on his chin, clearly therefore, he did not have
a full beard.
yxid axd in his dxezd lr yexit suggests that zeìt form a symbolic separation between the
front part and the rear part of the brain. The side of the head which is located in front of the
ears, is the intellectual part, from the ears themselves and around the back of the head, is the
more physical, the more sensual part. One may therefore, even shave the hair on the back
of ones head down to the scalp, however, one should let the hair in front the ears, which
includes the whole side of the head, grow until it reaches the bottom of the ears.
_______________________________________________
LI
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
dlitza mireprp
Q: During dlitz, may one pace the floor? Also, is it the custom to sway or stand stationary?
A: fpky` bdpn is not to pace during dlitz. In recent generations many places made a dpwz that one
should not leave ones place, from the beginning of dlitz until the end, except for receiving
an dilr or similar ceaik. Swaying is fpky` bdpn. Some were against swaying for Kabbalistic
reasons. By the nineteenth century swaying became very rare, (because of strict miàb). axd
xriixa, in an essay entitled Our Way, describes what he does and does not consider being
indigenous to the Yekkish way of life. On the topic of swaying during dlitz, he writes as
follows. The same holds true for our posture during the dlitz. dkld is silent on the
preference of stationary versus a moving positions in regard to the intensity of dpeek during the
dlitz. The sainted l"fix`, and with him many of our Torah Greats, assumed stationary
positions during the dlitz and they were certainly not German Jews.
The dyn dhn, a well known source of fpky` ibdpn wrote the following:
exzi zyxt xend xexvd k"ke ''ebe 'd dpxn`z izenvr lk' xn`py dltzd zrya envr rprpl mc` jixv"
"ezltz zra rrepzn 'idy l"ixdn dyr oke d`xid xtqa dpei x"xd azk oke
(The dyn dhn many times cites fpky` ibdpn, even though he lived in Poland.
The reason being that the old oilet bdpn was very similar to fpky` bdpn, and the dyn dhn was a
staunch supporter of the old bdpn.)
fpky` zxeqn
Q: Why is it that hxetwpxt bdpn is purported to be the most correct bdpn? I would think that since
the Jews first settled in Italy after the second oaxeg, that the mibdpn practiced there are the most
authentic.
A: Our xeciq is based upon two mibdpn - laa bdpn (Babylonia) and l`xyi ux` bdpn. l`xyi ux` bdpn
was transmitted through Italy, and laa bdpn may have come through Italy as well, or maybe it
came to Europe only later on, directly to fpky`.
At the time of the mipe`b in Italy, there were few dxez centers, and its possible that there were
a few different zexeqn (very little is known to us about European mibdpn from that time as
opposed to Babylonia).
At the time of the mipey`x, the dxez centers were already established in fpky` and people
from Italy came to learn dxez in fpky`. Therefore the most proper and well kept dkld
and mibdpn were kept in fpky` from that period on. The y"`x (k llk) remarks he relies on
fpky` bdpn, since the dxez has been kept by the fpky` ipa since the days of ipy zia oaxeg.
(See HoRav Hamburgers "fpky` bdpn xnyn lr zexecd ilecb"). hxetwpxt became an important
dxez center in fpky`, and the mibdpn practised there, were most authentic (historically).
cxtq bdpn is based fully on laa bdpn, and fpky` bdpn has more elements of l`xyi ux` bdpn in it.
Q: How did it occur that `hil / oilet igqep are referred to as fpky` gqep?
A: Early on, the bdpn of those in fpky` zevx`, contained slight variations between jiixhye` bdpn
(Austria) and qepiix bdpn (Rhine). (By the way, in Northern Italy, qepiix bdpn was followed.)
jiixhye` bdpn spread to Poland, Hungary, Russia and Lithuania, and every place east of the
River Elbe.
_______________________________________________
LII
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
jiixhye` bdpn received its name 'oilet bdpn', since the printers wanted to sell their books of
miheit, zegilq etc., so they wrote on the title page, the places these miheit or zegilq were said.
oilet was mentioned first because it had the largest population, and therefore, the name became
'oilet bdpn'.
Eventually two types of mixefgn evolved. If printers wanted to sell mixefgn qepiix bdpn they
called them 'fpky`' since this was the bdpn used in fpky` zevx` (Germany, Switzerland and
France).
When the miciqg began using the Chassidic gqep (which at first was called i"x`d gqep, then gqep
cxtq), they referred to oilet gqep as fpky` gqep as well, since it wasn't cxtq gqep, but in reality
was indeed jiixhye` gqep. By the nineteenth century, one finds Polands non-Chassidic gqep
referred to as 'fpky` gqep'.
Q: Is one always permitted to change back to the Ashkenazic mibdpn of ones ancestors?
A: The yi` oefg and oiihypiit dyn ax and a majority of miwqet maintain that the miciqg should
revert to fpky` gqep.
oiihypiit dyn ax, addresses a variation of this question;
elltzd zeciqgd zhiy dhytzpy cre miciqgd s` fpky` ipa md...cp`lqexe ox`bpeè oilet iyp` lky reci dpd
epiy md... .miepiy dfià xg` gqepa lltzdl bidpdl miciqgd iy`x eligzd k"g` j` fpky` gqepa mlek
reawd gqep zepyl exizdy dna xexa mrh reci oiè .fpkyè ztxv inkg mler ixic` epizeaxe mdizea` bdpn
ehay rcei epi`y inl illk gqep èd cxtq gqepy mixne` yiy dn ik ?g"q q"x `"bnd ìady inlyexid cbp
m"anxd wizrdy cxtq gqep epi` oilltzny gqepd `d df cal mbe .ef `xaq lhay f"h oniq g"e` q"zga oiir
.cxtq gqepk `le fpky` gqepk `l gqepd oi`y `vnpe epiy zenewn dfià wxe fpky` gqepk èd mixacd aexac
.ezencwl xfeg ixdy i`yx i`ce epizeaxe epizea` gqep èdy fpky` gqep lltzdle xefgl dvex cg`yk...
(ck:a ,miig gxe` dyn zexb`)
[For example; Rav Dushinski said that miciqg who perform ddabd before dxezd zìxw
for several generations (like the micxtq), should change back to the fpky` bdpn and perform
ddabd following dxezd zìxw.]
hk`p lhip
`pxih wifii` epiax (Oberlander) says that epilr is recited aloud that night. The xteq mzg cites from
xlc` ozp ax that the reason for hk`p lhip is zelia`, but he disagrees with him. He remarks that the
Hungarian Jews would go to sleep early, wake up at midnight and learn the rest of the night.
Since the mieb go to midnight ceremonies, this could cause a bexhw on l`xyi llk, since they are
going to their worshiping in the middle of the night, and we are going to sleep. Therefore there
should have been a dpwz that one should learn at midnight, in order that there won't be such a
bexhw. But the mipax did not want to make such a dpwz to learn on this date, since it would seem
that we are copying the miebd bdpn, therefore the dpwz was not to learn until midnight, which
would cause the minkgd icinlz to go to sleep at the beginning of the night, and then begin
learning at midnight.
_______________________________________________
LIII
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
The following is the daeyz of the xteq mzg:
dlild dzeà zeida ,bxhwl ohyle welgl c"ral mewn ozil `ly meyn ok epipencw ebdp xyt` ,il d`xpd
maex dxez icnel elit` ,mdizehn lr mipyi el` 'd mre ,recik jliè zevgn mdidl` ziaa micrep minrd lk
jliè zevgn mkyd micner l`xyi lk eidiy xefbl evx `le ,zevg xg` mipyie dlild zligz mixerp mlekk
z` ewgi `ly dpyd y`x axr zxenyà lek`l ebdp dfn dlecbe ,mdizeweg xg` mixxbp ep` el`k dlild dzeà
mcew cenild erpn lkyda k"r ,ìdd zra dpiyd zecicp xefbl oi`y y"kn [a"q `"twz 'iq g"e` r"ey] mipind
mizr miraewd ozne `yn ilra y"kne ,zevg xg` mewie dlild zligz oyi mkg cinlz lk `linne ,ixnbl zevg
mzaeg mlyl zevg xg` ecnri k"r ,bdpnd iptn mirpnp dlild dzeè dlild zligza `nzqn mei lka dxezl
oebd df mrhe ,dkky jlnd znge dtn elè dtn el` 'd zceara miwqer dnke dnk eidi `linne ,eneia mei xac
:ipira
Some German zelidw abstained from learning dxez on the night of December 24th until
midnight, while others did not have this bdpn. A difference between the German and Chassidish
bdpn is that Germans will learn if the night of December 24th is Friday or Saturday, while
Chassidim are not universal about this. xriexa axd cancelled a regular Friday night xeriy due to it
occurring on hk`p lhip.
The titles xag and epixen.

Beginning in the fourteenth century, individuals received the title 'xag' and 'epixen'. Originally,
the title xag was given to an individual who learned a few years in daiyi and was able to
continue learning by himself (more than the mr oend). The person would receive handwritten
notice from the ax stating he had received the title xag, and was called to the dxez the next zay.
Unfortunately, by the nineteenth century the big zeaiyi in Germany were closed, and not many
deserved the title xag, so it was given to whoever would help and contribute to the community.
It was bestowed voluntarily, for a special occasion; if his ax is the oiyeciw xcqn, and ascribes the
xag title within the daezk, or for the persons sixtieth birthday. According to fpky` bdpn, a ax
receives dkinq and the title epixen. It is given to one who is d`xed dxen and can zeli`y oiwqt. The
latest the title of 'xag' is granted, is before an individuals dxeaw, (when the body is still present).
----------------------------------
In 1603, Germany rabbis held a synod in Frankfurt, which enacted various zepwz. The fifth dpwz,
by uiaexed qekxn axd, deals with the manner in which rabbis could be ordained in Germany.
millg miax ik mzi`xa dlebd icenr l"f epizea`n 'cqiizp xy` 'pyi 'nbhixt xtq lr zelrl jxevd wner epi`x
llgzi `l ornle fpkyà daiyi iqtez mixen 'b 'nkqna k"`` epixenl ax mey fpky` lka jenqi `ly epiidc .dlitd
`l ,fpky` 'picnl ueg èd xy` mkg dfi`n ozipd xag zkinq it` mb ,dycg jk lr xefbl epnkqd dyecwd epizxez
xegadyk 'weece dpezgd xg` mipy izy zelk ixg` wx xega meyl eknqi `le dxrn in einin z"ql xag mya dpeki
.ecia miiwzn ecenlze miny z`xia dxeyk bdep èd m` ,mlera erah rceeiy ick daiyi mewna `ly xecl ài èdd
Yekke or Jecke - German Jew
In l`xyi ux` many people believe the term is an abbreviation for "fpky` zelidw i`vei". There are
many theories as to its origin. Most historians are of the opinion that it was a derogatory term
used by the Slavic nations, A name they gave the Germans out of jealousy, in an effort to
ridicule them, since they were much more sophisticated and more well off. Later the Eastern
European Jews used this term for the same reason trying to make fun of the Western European
Jews. Having lost its negative meaning, it became just a nickname for Western Jews, referring to
their jacket, and today the word Yekke is used with pride.
The o"anx in igie `xciq ('i :h"n ziy`xa) explains the words "miO
r zdT i Fle" by saying:
":devnd leawe zernyn oeyl ea eyxite ,dwi eyxyy zdwia exn` wecwcd ilra"
Free Translation: A Yekke is someone with the proper discipline who follows and fulfills zevn.
jàvxrn dpei axd was fond of pointing out this o"anx.
_______________________________________________
LIV
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
Two of the rebbes of the Gerrer Chassidim stated the following about German Jews. The zty
zn`, xhl` aiil dix` dcedi axd (18471905), stated that they are wealthy since they recite zkxa
oefnd aloud. The zn` ixn`, xhl` ikcxn mdxa` axd (18661948), commented, that in the
Holocaust 90% of the Polish and Lithuanian Jews were killed, whereas almost 66% of German
Jews escaped. We may assume this to be a result of their concern for zqpkd zia ceak and their
refraining from talking during dlitz.
It is noteworthy that aèey oerny axd related that the zn` ixn` once told him that The Tzaddik
of Frankfurt [Rav Hirsch] was a liebidige mussar sefer [a living mussar sefer]. The Gerrer
Rebbes assessment and awe of Rav Hirsch should now come as no wonder.
The zn` ixn` was not the only rebbe to hold Rav Hirsch is high esteem.
On one occasion, while he was attending the shiurim of Rabbi Simcha Bunim Schreiber (1843 -
1907), a grandson of the Chasam Sofer and author of Shevet Sofer, Reb Shraga Feivel found
himself the object of criticism when he was seen studying Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirschs
works. Because Rabbi Hirsch wrote in German vernacular, his works still occasioned suspicion
within the deeply conservative Hungarian yeshiva world of the day. Reb Shraga Feivel was
summoned to appear before the yeshivah administration. At his trial he enlisted the assistance
of an old Jew living in Pressburg, who testified that thirty years earlier, when his first wifes
mental disability forced him to seek permission from one hundred rabbis to take a second wife,
the Divrei Chaim of Sanz had advised him to travel to Frankfurt-am-Main to obtain the signature
for Rabbi Hirsch, telling him, What I am to Galicia, he is to Germany.
Placement of the cenr and the xrnrnl` (dnia).

The cenr has been located in the front of the synagogue as far back as the tenth century!
The reason being that the dltz lra represents and therefore stands, in the front of the
congregation. We have many pictures and illustrations of synagogues, in which the cenr directly
faces the ycewd oex`. This includes the xpl jexr Synagogue in Altona, the `"nx Synagogue in
Cracow, the ryedi ipt's Synagogue in Berlin, and yxid l`tx oeyny axd's Synagogue in n"ctt. [In
the heit recited during mi`xep mini sqen we say: 'dnià ycewd oex` len miyb'] micxtq have a similar
bdpn, however, Hungarian mipax of the nineteenth century, learned from the miciqg xtq, that the
cenr should not be face the ycewd oex` directly, for the reason that we may not request from
God mipt len mipt (face towards face). Therefore they said the cenr should be to the right ofoex`
ycewd.
The Reform Movement wanted to have the xrnrnl` in the same area as the cenr,
with both in front and up high, similar to churches. This was one of the first things the Reform
changed (although there were two Orthodox synagogues that followed suit, as a compromise
with those congregants who were influenced by the Reform). There are many zeaeyz concerning
this issue, and many reasons were put forward for placing the xrnrnl` in the center of the
synagogue; a) in order for dxezd zìxw to be heard better since it is likened to dxez ozn, where mr
l`xyi were encamped around ipiq xd, b) in order for the zepryed procession to proceed around
the xrnrnl`, which is compared to the gafn (Altar).
_______________________________________________
LV
legl ziaxr ziaxr
Collecting dwcv
In one particular Yekkish synagogue, the Pushka sits at the entrance to the synagogue and people
are supposed to give dwcv upon entering or exiting. No collection is made in middle of orenen.
This was the custom in Berlin as well. The custom of collecting during orenen is a very
disturbing one which distracts the xeav from u"yd zxfg, yicw, epilr, etc.
dlitzd iptl zeywae zelitz
The zeywa icxtq (jywa` xgy, jiz`xw ip`, and lcbi) are not part of xeaiva dlitz, and may be said in
private. mler oec` and lcbi were accepted in all fpky` zelidw (except for `yinxee). jywa` xgy is
rarely seen, and although it is printed in the hxetwpxt xeciq (5416), it was not included in other
mixeciq ifpky` before the miidlcex.
ziaxre dgpn ipnf
According to the l"ixdn ibdpn, one may oren dgpn and ziaxr very early, if circumstances warrant
it (e.g. a wedding). Since ziaxr is a zeyx zlitz which has been accepted as a aeig, one may be
lwin with the onf. For this reason, it is acceptable to oren ziaxr earlier than the time considered
night (one can oren dgpn and ziaxr after dgpnd blt, even though they are 'ixzqc izxz'). Possibly,
the same wqt applies to making early zay. (2 zedbd 'w 'q `yinxee ibdpn xtq). zeynyd oia was not
considered to begin from driwy, therefore the bdpn was to oren dgpn later than driwy. l`xyi ux`
which is closer to the equator, one has to oren closer to the driwy, and the more one is located in
the north - the later one could oren (therefore Washington Heights orens dgpn ten minutes after
the driwy). It appears to me that relying on the zeynyd oia of the mipe`b was done primarily just
for dgpn, when many mipey`x and mipexg` held that you may oren until ynn miakekd z`v.
However, for hundreds of years, the zeynyd oia of the mipe`b was accepted in Frankfurt, even for
purposes of delaying the date of dlin, in which one cannot just be 'xingn' like the mipe`b because
this leads to a dlin being performed on the ninth day, according to those who have a later
zeynyd oia. When controversy struck in Frankfurt in 5495 regarding this issue, uw awri 'x's daeyz
to rule like the mipe`b, was the accepted position. So this would seem to indicate that, in fpky` for
questions of a `ziixe`c zevn, the bdpn was to be yyeg for the dhiy of the mipe`b as a real wtq,
as already ruled dkldl according to the j"y (long before the `"xb) on the basis of the m"xdn
xwyl`. For further information, see Chapter 46 of "dklda mipnfd" by yipra miig (in ycewd oeyl).
xriixa axd preferred to oren dgpn as late as possible because he said that it is better to recite
rny zìxw in its proper time as it is `ziixe`c. In opaxc issues - they were not yyeg for that dhiy.
While it is true that in many countries, mostly in Eastern Europe, mz epiax ipnf were followed. In
fpky` in particular, they were not accepted, and the mipnf stayed in accordance with the mipe`b. In
general, mz epiax ibdpn were not accepted by fpky` ipa. The only mz epiax bdpn which was generally
accepted in fpky`, was the textual change to ixcp lk, in which we mention the mixcp from this year
to next (not the mixcp from last year to this year).
Oren - oxe`
A word formed by the addition of the German infinitive suffix to the Latin "ora" (="pray") which
was very familiar to every one in the Middle Ages, as it still is in Catholic countries, from its
repeated use in the frequent litanies of the Church. "Oren" is used by Jews of German descent
not so much to signify "to pray" as "to say one's prayers"; that is, to recite a set form of
devotions, whether with the congregation or in domestic privacy. Among Jews resident in
Slavonic lands, "oren" is replaced by "dawenen"; in England and America, more generally
_______________________________________________
LVI
legl ziaxr ziaxr
"daven." This word has been supposed (by I. B. Lewisohn originally) to be a varied
pronunciation of the Middle English "dawen" in its lengthened form "dawenen," identical with
the modern English "dawn," and referring especially to the prayer of early morning. But much
more probably it is to be derived from the Arabic "da'wah" = invocation, although this word is
not used in Arabic for "prayer," since "du'a" (from the same root, "da'a")denotes prayer. In some
manner, however, perhaps through the Turkish, "da'wah" became known to the Jews of eastern
Europe in the sense of "prayer," the verbs "da'wenen," "dawenen" being formed from it.
The woman who recites prayers aloud to companions unable to read the square Hebrew or
rabbinic characters, or unprovided with books, is, on the other hand, called a Sagerin, from the
German word "sagen" (= "to say"), because while all the men "said" their prayers in Hebrew, the
women as a rule "said" themespecially the less frequent piyutim and other passages reserved
for festivals and the likein "Tchines-Teutsch" or "Siddur-Teutsch" (i.e., "prayer German").
Both "oren" and "dawenen" are sometimes specifically used to connote the artistic and
devotional elements in the musical intonation of the prayers according to the traditional Jewish
manner; but this is only when one who publicly officiates as cantor is spoken of, and in the same
sense an officiant is termed a "ba'al tefillah" (lit. "master of prayer," i.e., "competent leader of the
devotions"). When a private worshiper is alluded to, the terms are applied to the monotonous
wailing chant in which the prayers were crooned in an undertone by congregants or private
worshipers of a past generation in northeastern Europe. The melody of this intonation was a form
of the plaintive strain which prevails in the recital of the Kinah and much other medieval Hebrew
verse, and which, closely reproduces the melancholy that is so noticeable in much of the
folk-song of the Slavonic peoples.
Jewish Encyclopedia
uledpity zay
In regard to the possible origins of the term uledpity zay, the following is by iexhpx` jepg axd,
miyp" e`xy micirn m`y `"r h"t oihiba `xnbd zxne` okle dpezgd meil zeehl minid mzeà ebdp mb miyp
zay" dpezgd iptly zayl fpkyà e`xw mipiad inia .dpezg my meidy zei`xd zg` z`f "xpd xe`l zeeh
'e w"q `"pwz mdxa` obn oiir ,"uledpity
But there are some other explanations. This is what Hermann Schwab, "A World in Ruins"
wrote:
The first festive harbinger of a wedding was the preceding Sabbath called Spinholz. The origin
of the word is disputed. One explanation, according to which it found its way to the German
ghetto from the Italian Jews, traces it back to the Italian 'spinalzare' (to make merry). Others link
the word with spinning, an activity which in the Middle Ages constituted a large part of a
housewife's work. It may be a reference to the new home awaiting the young wife. Be that as it
may, the Spinholz Sabbath was a round of gaiety focused on the betrothed pair. The programme
varied in different communities. The Friday evening as well as the Sabbath was taken up with
visits to the homes of bride and bridegroom, and merry-making at the dance-house; which no
community lacked. The bridegroom would already be wearing his ceremonial Sarbal (festive
coat) and Mitron (cap), and the bride, too, would be dressed in festive garments. The ensuing
days before the wedding also found the betrothed pair in this attire. The celebrations on the
Spinholz Sabbath were not confined to the home. They were no less manifest in the synagogue,
where the bridegroom was the object of special honors and Spinholz-melodies rang out.
------------
.''oipTEz
nE miaFh
e mikEx
` miIg Ll oY
i miIg dIg n' - ik d ixn ` ,`zi
c A nEt
A icc
dn opA x ixh Ri
n iM' ,dAx xn `
Rabboh said: When the Rabbis would take leave of one another in Pumbediso, they would say the following:
The One Who gives life to the living should give you a long, good, and well-provided life. (.`r `nei 'nb)
_______________________________________________
LVII
Treasures of Ashkenaz
Website: treasuresofashkenaz.wordpress.com
Four Methods Of Reciting mildz

Comparison And Contrast of The Different Methods
In general, after various distractions, it seems that speeding, or excessive speed, is perhaps the
greatest enemy of proper dpeek, and spirituality. (See bdpn iyxy' xtqa "zepiznae zgpa dltz" wxt
''c wlg fpky`).
1) The u"y says/chants/sings the opening weqt of the xenfn aloud, the ldw says the entire
xenfn on their own until its conclusion, the u"y says/chants/sings the last weqt aloud.
There is a significant probability and temptation for people to speed through mixenfn, since they
are recited at their own pace.
2) The u"y and ldw says/chants/sings the xenfn together (jailxw ipipn ,migxfn ,micxtq).
The recitation is usually quite slow and deliberate, which is an improvement in terms of battling
the scourge of speed, and creating more dpeek.
3) The u"y says/sings/chants a weqt, followed by the repetition of the weqt by the ldw.
(Widely used when mildz are said for a dleg or in an dxv zr.
It may feel needlessly slow, since it is essentially repeating each weqt twice, once hearing, and
once saying it.
4) The u"y opens with the first weqt, followed by the ldw responding with the next weqt, and
so on, until the end of the xenfn, when the u"y chants the last weqt aloud. (i.e. zexinf mirp`)
It has an alternating interaction between the u"y and the ldw, being active and passive,
alternating between reading/speaking and listening/hearing.
Alternating Way Of Reciting mildz (4 above) Background

While many are familiar with the first three methods, the fourth is less known. According to axd
xbxeand dnly oinipa, in his notes (3 dxrd ,ai cenr ,'h oniq ,'` wlg) on `yinxee w"wc mibdpn, it is a
very ancient method of mildz recitation, and also a xètn bdpn (glorious, beautiful custom), with
origins in j"pz. It is further described in the ancient xecq attributed to `fiinxbn dnly x, as being
xiy jxck , dnirpa, a pleasing recitation, song-like. In fpky` bdpn it is employed on certain
occasions, for example on zay lil, when a number of mixenfn are said as part of zay zlaw. In the
Middle Ages dxnfc iweqt were read responsively by u"y and ldw in a similar fashion. Therefore
is a great deal of ldw - u"y interaction, which leads to more active involvement than there might
otherwise be, and necessitates paying more attention. The ldw is more empowered, by not just
following the u"y's recitation, but rather being almost equal partners, or co-leaders.
_______________________________________________
LVIII
:op ei iax xn` s ei xA wgv i ax xn`
(.fnw zay) :'z`hg aiIg zAW A etizM lr el zgpEn zlREwn zilh A ` eid'
sqei xa wgvi ax stated in the name of opgei iax, one who goes outs into the public domain
with a folded cloak resting on his shoulder on zay, is liable for a z`hg:
Commentary:
The `xnb understands zilh to be a large four-cornered garment similar in size and
dimension to the zilh used during dlitz today (`"t w"q `"y 'q oglyd jexr); see also (`"l
w"q `"y 'q oglyd jexr). In Talmudic times, this garment was a normal part of daily attire
(`"ahix). It was generally worn draped over the head and shoulders in such a way that
most of ones body would be covered by it; the sides of the cloak would flow down ones
arms, and the end of the cloak would extend down ones back towards the floor (see i"yx
and oglyd jexr ad loc.). Here, though, the `xnb discusses a case where the cloak was not
worn in this manner. Instead of allowing the cloak to drape behind him, the person lifted
the back end of the garment onto his shoulders, in effect folding the cloak in half
width-size (i"yx). His purpose in doing so was presumably to guard against the end of the
cloak touching the ground and becoming soiled or ripped (see oglyd jexr ad loc.). Since
this is not the normal way the cloak is worn, the person is deemed to be carrying the
garment rather than wearing it (see i"yx here and above, z`hg aiig d"c ,d"p sc), and
carrying from a private to a public domain is prohibited on zay. [Since the cloak is not
usually worn in this manner, the person cannot be said to be wearing the garment (see
'l ,h"k w"q `"y 'q miig gxe`).]
fpky` ipa were citwn not to fold the zilh over their shoulders, but to wrap their bodies in it,
to wear it like a blanket. The zilh is considered clothing, not just something resting on
ones shoulders. The ofg would wear it the same way as mipfg wear it today in fpky` zelidw.
This is discussed at length by gwex xfril` iax. The gwexs opinion is as follows, a) one
should have two zeiviv in the front and two in the back, (Those who wished to follow his
opinion, would wrap two zeiviv back around their neck!) According to the ancient bdpn
this was not done, as most people were not citwn. People by not folding the zezilh over
their shoulders, might cause their zeiviv to drag on the floor, this does not pose a halachic
problem. (Those who wish to wear their zilh in a similar way to the ancient bdpn, and
don't want to have the zeiviv on the floor, should tuck in the bottom zeiviv through their
belt, in this way they fulfill all mibdpn.) The gwexs opinion is quoted by the melye miig ikxc
(Munkaczer mibdpn Paragraph 35 of the footnotes). This was also the bdpn of many miciqg in
the Ukraine and surrounding regions, including those of Chernobyl, Skver, Karlin-Stolin,
and Belz.
-------------
As mentioned in '` wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy according to fpky` bdpn, a lecb zilh is neither only
for davening, nor only for daytime use. Rather it is appropriate garment for communal
functionaries (ofg / ax) performing certain functions, xeavd ceak iptn, both during the day
and at night. (for example: Droshos, Hespeidim, Weddings, and Kerias HaMegilloh)
:i`r i iax lW Fbdpn did KM' ax xn` dcEd
l` xA dcEd i ax xn` C"
(:dk zay) "':zFàv 'c K`ln l d
nFce oiviiEvnd oipic
qA aWFie sHrz
nE ... zAW
axr
,zivivA ' Dil xn` '?ith xidf i`nA KEa`' :dAxc Dix
A sqFi axl sqFi ax dil xn` "
(:giw zay) "':Din x `lC dOM d z` e zigp `Ne ,`hEg Dil wiqR i` ,`Bxc
A wilq `w ded cg `nFi
_______________________________________________
LIX
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
dlitzd zrya y`xd lr raeke zilh
y`xd lr zilh
ipy miraep oipn .zilh ieqik `ll j` my`xl raek miyaegy yie ,zilhd my`x z` miqknd yi dlitzd zra
?dl` mibdpn
.zilha mithrzn eid day dlitz lka devn ly zilha y`xd z` zeqkl did bedp miipiad inia dipnxba
zilhd miyi ,zixgya zilha shern ayeid" : (f"rwzz 'c-) 'miciqg xtq' 1lra ciqgd dcedi iax ixacn dler jk
df oi` .y`xd z` dqkn zilhd xy`k zixyt` mipird lrp zilhd zniy ."dpè dp` lkzqi `ly ick ,eipir iptl
.y`xd ieqik `la zilha mipird z` jexkl lltzndn yexcl ipeibd
o"aaixd mieprd zgtynl `texd oinipa x"a dlri dcedi iax iwlhi` mkg ixaca xzei cer dxexa ef dcaer
`l` ,dpde dpd lkzqi `ly ,gth eipt lr zilhd cixedl d`xp ile" :'hwl ilay' lra ly ecec oae eax (-'k 'd-)
dpzip ìde 3.ezlitza oiekl dvexy cg` lkl `l` ,xeaiv igilyl e` minkgl dxn`p `l ef dvr 2."dltza oiekzi
.my`x z` dqkn dzid zilhy milltznd llkl wtq `ll
z`vnp ,'bxeaphexn m"xdn iac mibdpn xtq' ,dipnxba oiixd lagn e`veny ,dtewz dze`n sqep xeaiga
zilha oy`x sehir ligzdl mixegad mipzgd ebdp zenewn yia" :zilha y`xd ieqikl zyxetn zecr
eid mvra dl` zenewn ipa m` epl xexa `l ik m` ,zilha my`x miqkn eidy i`ce mzpezg xg`l 4."mzpezga
zenewn ipa ly zilha zethrzdd lk `ny e` ,y`xd mb z` eqik mzpezg zrne mzpezg iptl zilha mithrzn
.oièyipd xg` wx dlgd dl`
jezn milltznd ipy `le zilha ey`x sher u"yd wx ea ,miipiad ini idlyn xefgn jezn xeiv epicia
md oi`y d`xp ,xida mege mec` ,ixewnd xeiva mitqepd milltznd ipy ly yeald rav itl mle` .xeaivd
e` dgpn dlitza èti` xaecne ,oal rava zilha shern u"yd wx ,xg` yeala `l` ,llk zilhn mithern
.u"yd caln ,zilha shrzn xeaivd oi` da ziaxr
onf lk ey`x lr zilhd gipn" did ik eilr cird (j"x-o"w) 'oycd znexz' lra oilxqi` l`xyi iax ly cinlz
xeaivd aex ly `l` mipaxd bdpn wx èti` df did `l 5."jixhye` ipa aex eyr oke ,ey`xa oilitzdy
.dixhqeà
`tfei sqei iax z`f xikfde ,zilha y`xd z` zeqkl dipnxb zelidwa ekiynd oiicr xzei zxge`n dtewza
6
."ey`x lr ldw ly zilh miyn" u"ydy eazka (g"lz-c"qy) '`yiinxee w"wc mibdpn' lra yny
ly ezenyxzd dzid ef .ztpvnd lrn zilha my`x miqkn eid milltznd x`y mb `l` u"yd wx `l
zqpkd ziaa ...icedil" :c"rz zpya exeìzn dlery itk hxetwp`xt zlidwa hcey o`dei awri dipnxbd cnelnd
7
."zilhd z` el yi ey`x lr ...
raekd lrn zilh
lrn zilhd z` gipdl ,mipiad ini idly f`n zegtl ,bdpnd ce`n uetp .ztqep daeyg dcewpl miribn ep` o`k
cxei l"f mely epayk epxekf" :epa zilh lr l"pd 'oycd znexz' lra ly ezaebzn xxazn jk .y`xd lry raekd
it lr s` ,ey`x lr zilhd diabdl il xnè ,etxer lr eixeg`l ey`x lrn ezilh ltepyk ,lltzdl daizd iptl
8
."`tw oixewy ey`x lr oexhn dedc
mexca zexiir dnka zepaxa yniyy l"z zpya dpiee iyxebnn ,ykeprd sqei x"a xra daiwr oerny iax
jixv" :dxeziz agx èd zilhl zgzny raekd xy`k ,zaya lde` ziiyr iptn milltznd z` xidfd ,dipnxb
zilhd zeqkl xeq` zaya la` .oilitzd dqki mby ick ,ztpvnd lr ey`xn dlrnl gth enk zilhd shrzdl
9
."ld` meyn ,y`xn dlrnl gth ztpvnd lr
lrn mdiy`x lr zezilhyk milltznd aex mi`xp oiicr ,dipnxba zqpk iza ly 18-d d`ndn mihixgza
eyag zeiqpk izaa ,hrn ycwna mb jk ,mzcear zrya 'zerabn ix`t' eyag ycwnd ziaa mipdkd .mdiraek
dti ikcxn iax .dpiky `xenl minxez mdy wenipa ,miraekd zyiag z` eccer miwqetd .miraek milltznd
.c"tyzzz 'iq ,`nx`t i"zk ,miciqg xtq 1.

.22 'rd hnz 'inr ,f"pyz oilwexa ,a"g ,`pieen wgvi x"a miig epiaxl 'rexf xe` iwqt'a eàed eixac 2.
.dqw 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,mixac ,mlyd dyn zxez ,m"zgd epiax ,'c xà ,dlebd xà ,l"xdn 'ir 3.
.83 'nr ,i"gxtz wxì ep ,bxeaphexn m"xdn iac mibdpn xtq 4.
.13 'nr ,`"g ,xyei hwl 5.
.ep 'nr ,g"pyz milyexi ,`"g ,yny i"xl `yiinxee w"wc mibdpn xtq 6.
J. J. Schudt - E. Frisch, Von der Frankfurter Juden Vergangenheit, Berlin 1934 ,p. 50 7.
.20 'nr ,g"e` ,xyei hwl 8.
.`"r hl sc ,f"qz jàvlef ,`xead zcear ly `xza `xecdn 9.
_______________________________________________
LX
fpky` ibdpn iyxy
edfy mixyd iptl ok zkll mibdepy mewna elit` qpki `l dlebn y`xa ...zqpkd ziaa" .(a"ry u"x) 'yeal'd lra
iptl y`x caeke dni` el yi ey`xa raek el yiyke ,eilry dpiky `xen el oi` el`k ,c`n y`x zelw jxc
iig' lra bivp`c mdxa` iax dilr riavdy daiq dze` zngn ,`nlra 'y`x ieqik' `le 'raek' oiiv èd 10."jxazi
11
."raekd zgzy ohwd raeka `le aegxa jledy jxck ey`xa raek miyi" :(`"twz-g"wz) 'mc`
miydl jixv" :(b"vxz-g"vwz) 'dxexa dpyn' lra odkd xi`n l`xyi iax mb rinyd raekd zyiagl df wenip
miyp` iptl ok cenrl jxc oi` ik ,raekd zgzy ohwd raeka `le ,aegxa jledy jxck ey`xa raek dltzd zra
12
."miaeyg
y`xdn zilhd zxqd
iax `yiinxee zlidw ly dax .mipfgd lv` zilha y`xd ieqik lr dctwd-i` ly dnbn dlgd 17-d d`nd seqa
:zilha my`x eqik `ly mipfgd z` gikede oeitxk z`f d`x ,(a"qz-g"vy) 'xiì zeg' lra jxka miig xiì
lk meib xg` zilh ly dxhrd milihny mizigynd cbp dl` ixac eidie ...zilha ey`x dqkiy oekp ...u"y"
dn lr ope`zd cer 13."meeib xg` zilhd mikilyny mipfgl xqen" edfe ,"y`x zelw wx df oiè ,dlitzd
mdl yiy mze` elitè ,devn ly zilhe ztpvn gwiln mpir rxi zleki ilra s` ,zephw zexiire mixtka"y
.zilh sehir ipipr lka oeitx lr zecr 14."oicd mein mdl ie` ,gxehl mdle myealn milvrzn ,mdiptl migpene
,minkg icinlz ly zicrla dbdpdl aygpy cr ,zilha y`xd ieqik lr miwcwcnd wx ecitwd onfd jyna
c"a` uiaexed ield yxid iav iax giked ,e"qwz zpya hxetwp`xta dyxca .milibx miza ilra epnn ewngzdy
mrl zqpkd ziaa miza ilrad zeyrl rxd xvid jxc" :zilha y`xd sehira mrd oend ly leflfd z` ,n"ctt
repnl eziqne ,mkg cinlzd bdpzny jxck ,ey`x lr zilhd shrzdl `ly mb ,dlitza jix`dl `ly ,ux`d
15
."ciqg ux`d mr `l :zeixad eilr exnì `ly ,dl`k mixacn
xnel ozip miillk miewa .miraekd zxev zepzyd iptn ,rwzyp - zilhd sehrl eilrne raek yeagl ,oyid bdpnd
zrya raek zyiag lr ecitwd el`y ,dtexi` gxfn ipan daxrne dtexi` fkxn ipa mipexg`d zexeca elvtzp ik
`hil ixra s` e`vnp mpn` .raek zyiag `la y`xd lrn zilhd sehir lr elè ,y`xd lr zilh `la dltzd
16
.zilha ey`x dqkn did xeaivd gily wx wqixa enk dreci xirae ,zilha my`x z` eqik `ly miax micedi
c"a` cltpxdr lèny iax enk ,raekd zxqde zilha y`xd ieqikl etihdy yi dtexi` fkxna jci`n
oilitzd z` miwgec einiay miyicg miraekdy ,yyg dlrdy ,(b"nxz-d"vwz) 'xteq ozg' lra sxecqxh`n
minlye mi`xi [dixbped-exhqe`] epizpicna dpd" :ixnbl raekd zxqd z` ccerl eziihp dzid okle ,gvnd oeeikl
my`x lr zilhd miniyn ...zepicn lka la` ,mkg cinlzc `pna yalzdl `ly ,my`x lr zilh zzln mirpen
iptn eyeai `le ,'d i`xi eyri oke ,mdl ixyè ,zenilya oilitz zevn miiwl ick ,ard raekd mixiqne
17
."mibirlnd
rited xy`ke ,zilha my`x eqik mipaxd wx zxge`nd ztewza ziaxrnd dtexià zenewnd aexa
rwxw mb zeid xacd .xacay qenipd xqeg lr el mixirn eid ,zilha shern ey`xe axk reci did `ly edc-o`n
elek sehr ey`xe lltzn bxeavxiee ly zqpkd ziaa d`xp cg` xirv ik xteqn .zepipye micecig zgixtl dixet
x`tzdl ux`d mrl xeq`y ahid rcei mkg cinlzk dz` !xega" :el xnè xe`k`h edilcb axd eil` dpt .zilh
18
."dfk oteà
lka l`xyi ibdpn z` zepwcwca xwg b"vxz-a"qxz mipyd oiay ipnxb cneln ,hcx`dxb jixle` xeqtext
z` sehrl .[oàxehd] y`xd ieqik lrn zilhd z` jeynl gep gxfnd zevxà" :df opira oiiv ,laz zevx`
zelidwa mihrn lv` wx cer miiw df bdpne ,xzè xz` lka hrnk lhazd ,i`texi` raek lrn zilhd
lrn zilhd mr daizd iptl zaya lltzdy icedi `w`xwa cg` zqpkd ziaa `vn ik xtiq cer 19."dipnxb mexc
20
!lniixhyd
.zilhd ieqik eilrne raek miyaeg oiicr gxfnd zecr ipa ipwfn micigi meik
.'e sirq `"pw 'iq ,zlkzd yeal 10.

.'g 'irq a"k llk mc` iig 11.
.a"i q"q `"v oniq ,dxexa dpyn 12.
.'` sirq b"p 'iq ,miig xewn 13.
.'` sirq `"pw 'iq ,my 14.
.c xeh f sc ,e"rwz jàite` ,dcez ingl ,uieexed d"vx 15.
.wqixa xira cili ,`"hily o`npiihy aiil oxd` x"bd itn 16.
.xteq ozg z"eya xagnd zeclez seqa ,'oilitz zyecw oipra zexdf`' qxhpew 17.
.cp 'rn ,e"nyz m-i ,cria` xtq ,invr ly mixac ,cria`-bxaqtlee ediryi 18.
U. Gerhardt, Jdisches Leben im Jdischen Ritual, Heidelberg 1980. p. 48 19.
.180 'nr ,my 20.
_______________________________________________
LXI
cxtq ibdpn COMMONLY PRACTICED BY mifpky`
1) ip` dcen - xikn oa dyn 'x, who lived in ztv with the l"fix`.
2) mildz at meals before oefnd zkxa - xikn oa dyn 'x.
3) zay zlaw
4) àx `pryede zereay lil oewiz
5) opaxc yicw by the mdxcea` and the m"anx.
fpky` ibdpn COMMONLY PRACTICED BY micxtq

1) Answering eny jexae èd jexa upon hearing zekxa, from the fpky` iciqg, promoted by the y"`x.
2) Saying jl ozie on zay i`ven.
3) jilyz first mentioned in the l"ixdn.
4) zextk on xetik mei axr. Although the xagn opposed it, other milecb icxtq accepted it.
5) Moroccan micxtq have more fpky` ibdpn, due to the influence of the y"`x.
mibdpn SHARED BY fpky` ipa AND micxtq

1) Boys wear zezilh. If you see a xega with a zilh, is either a icxtq or fpky` oa.
2) The dteg at a dpezg. The original dteg, which was widely prevalent in ancient days, was a
zilh (meaning a zilh draped over the ozg and dlk). As per the ancient expression DzF` dtFg

Fzilh A.
dtFg
means to cover. micxtq and fpky` ipa practice this ancient bdpn.
3) oilitz with small miza. Both fpky` ipa and micxtq had small oilitz.
4) Reading zexhtd from a `zxht` xtq (a collection of zexhtd written dyecwa on a slw).
___________________________________________________________________
(k:` dicaer) :abPd
ixr z` EW xi cxtq A xW
` mlW
Exi zlbe zt xv cr mipr
pM xW
` l`x
Ui ipa l dGdl
gd zlbe
And this first exile of the ten tribes of Israel [i"yx] who dwell from Germany [miprpk - `xfr oa`] / [Holland],
even unto France [ztxv - mixteq zrc ,l`paxa` ,w"cx ,`xfr oa` ,i"yx] / England [ztxv - l`paxa`] and the captivity
of the Jews of Jerusalem in Spain [cxtq - ozpei mebxz] shall possess the cities of the South.
_______________________________________________
LXII
xnrd zxitq ibdpn
,cg ` wxt A Ezn olEke ,qxRi
h
p` cr zaB n ,àiw r ia xl Fl Eid mici n
lY mibEf sl` xU
r mipW ,Exn `
,md
l D` pWE
mFxcA W EpizFA x lv` àiw r ia x ÀW cr ,mn W mlFrd did e ,dfl df cFaM Ebdp `NW ipR n
.drW dzF` dxFY Ecin rd md md e ,rEn
W oA xfr l ` ia xE oFrn W ia xE iqFi
ia xE dcEd
i ia xE xi` n ia x
(:aq zenai 'nb) .zxv rd cr e gq R n Ezn mlEM ,`pY
Some of the reasons for the dxitq ibdpn are the following: 1) the àiwr iax icinlz died during this time
period, because the didnt respect each other, 2) the xnr could no longer be brought to the ycwnd zia,
3) the massacres by Crusades, especially for German Jews, which took place at this time of year.
This is a brief summary of the different customs,
as to which days between gqt and zereay have the xnr period restrictions.
A- The lfix`, as per the daeyz ixry 493:8, who is quoted by xrci` oerny 'x, "Halachos of gqt"
vol II, pp 330-331. It's also mentioned by qpxwpnela x, "The Laws of gqt - A Digest",
5753/1993 edition, pp 17-2, 17-3, as custom 4a. - The lixdn personally followed this practice,
no haircuts from gqt until zereay axr including xnra bl.
(All of these use the phrase "zereay axr cr" implying that one may get a haircut zereay axr
during the day. They make no mention of not having to observe xnra bl.)
B- Same as A, but ends the morning of the first day of the dlabd ini zyly.
C- `nx 493:2, as per dxexa dpyn 493:6 and dkld xeria "mibdep yi". In the da, it is the second
custom listed under the first opinion. It's mentioned in the dyn zexb` (2nd custom) and oerny 'x
xrci` (ibid; B), quoting this `nx, qpxwpnela x (ibid; custom 1) and xrclrt oxd` x in "icren
oexeyi". In the last two sentences of the daeyz, dyn x says that the `nx was giving this opinion
for micxtq, disagreeing with the xagn (next).
D- oglyd jexr 493:2, as explained in the dxexa dpyn (ibid) and ahid xà (ibid; 1st custom in the
1st opinion), the oglyd jexr 493:4, dyn zexb` (ibid; 1st custom), xrci` oerny 'x (A) and
qpxwpnela x (custom 2). The lixdn taught his mixgea from gqt until after xnra bl.
E- ahid xà (ibid; 2nd opinion). He takes this as an explanation of K, and not a separate custom.
dyn zexb` (6th bdpn), quoting the mdxa` obn (no reference), however, dyn x holds no one
follows this bdpn. Of the thirty nine days, six are going to be zezay, leaving thirty three.
F- dyn zexb` (5th minhag), quoting n 493:15 from miigd jxc xeciq. This is the custom of
hxetwpxt. - [This was true not only ctt, but Germany before the oaxeg in general. The
rationale is simple: all days from gqt to zereay except for days on which oepgz isn't said.
(NB: On ipy gqt, it is said.)]
G - mdxa` obn, as per ahid xra 493:8, MB 493:15 (who also quotes mc` iig), oglyd jexr 493:6,
dyn zexb` (4th minhag), xrci` oerny 'x (C, "The is..."), qpxwpnela x (custom 3b), xrclrt oxd` x
and is the custom in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
H- ahid xra 493:3, quoting rexf xe`
I- qpxwpnela x (custom 3a)
J- dyn zexb` (3rd bdpn) quoting the `nx 3 and mdxa` obn 5, and xrclrt oxd` x.
K- nx 493:3, first opinion, as explained by dxexa dpyn 493:14 (2nd half) and 493:15
(1st sentence), ahid xra 493:7 (quoting the a), dkld xeìa (ibid; 2nd opinion), xrci` oerny 'x
_______________________________________________
LXIII
xnrd zxitq ibdpn
(C: first 2 paragraphs).
L - The usual custom at the time of the lixdn was - from xii` gx until after xnra bl.
M - ... or, according to the mdxa` obn's understanding, from after xii` gx until after xnra bl.
N and O - are variations on L and M, respectively, according to those miwqet (aixdn) who allow
shaving on zay axr in case of xnra bl being on Sunday.
O - has only fourteen days, and something between this and nineteen (L) was common
specifically in those areas that had a local and fresh memory of the Crusades.
P - The longest dhiy in comparison observes fifty days (including the afternoon of gqt axr and
zereay axr until daytime), or in theory, 51.5 days, even if zereay axr is a zay shaving is not
allowed on this zay axr.
dyn x lists six customs, given here as: D, C, J, G, F, and E. dyn x says that the `nx ruled
against the first of these (i.e. D), and that in practice, no one follows the last (E). He shows that
the other four are variations of the same bdpn, and therefore one can switch among them without
mixcp zxzd.
The two most common mibdpn, are probably C and either J or K.
The following days are observed with the restrictions of the xnr according to the mibdpn listed:
[All methods include xii` 'd, and the afternoon before xnra b"l.]
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
x x x x x gqt
x x x x x bg exq`
x x x x x oqip h"k - c"k
x x x x x x x x x xii` ycg y`x '`
x x x x x x x x x x xii` ycg y`x 'a
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xii` f"i - 'a
x x n x n n n n n n n n x xnra b"l
x x n x x x x x x x x xii` h"i
x x x x x x x x xii` h"k - 'k
x x x x x x oeiq yceg y`x
x x x x x x x oeiq 'a
x n x x x x x dlabd mei '`
x x x x x x dlabd mei 'b ,'a
n n n x x zereay axr
_______________________________________________
LXIV
fpky` bdpn and Recent xnera b"l Innovations
By Treasures of Ashkenaz fpky` zecdi zexve`
fpky` bdpn And The Traditional Way Of Enjoying The Day

1) One does not observe a aeh mei not mentioned in q"y and miwqet (b"lx drc dxei xteq mzg).
Making a holiday out of the day a wicv passed away (aka dlelid) runs contrary to the `xnb
which mentions such a day as a day of fasting. In fpky` zxeqn the term used for such a day
is hiivxdì, a day of fasting and introspection. We dont make a small village in northern
l`xyi ux` the focus of a giant pilgrimage, greater than w"dir mlyexi.
fpky` ipa are gnyn because the àiwr 'x icinlz ceased dying.
2) A number of Chassidic groups Satmar, Belz, Bobov and Lubavitch, as well as others, did not
light bonfires in the past (as evidenced by the lack of proof of such bonfires in prewar
Europe). Another interesting development is the development of new practices by some
adding a Litvish-Yeshivish twist to their adoption of this new Chasidic practice, auctioning
off the lighting of the fire to bochurim who bid for it with pledges to learn various amounts of
gemara. Some Ashkenaz shuls and yeshivous jump on the Chasidic bandwagon and have
bonfires as well, even without such modifying touches, but one cannot do so. To mix customs
from differing traditions is problematic, fraught with danger, and introduces confusion into
the minds of their followers. Such mixed messages are confusing and dangerous. The bonfires
themselves which are part of the celebration create giant clouds of smoke. Pollution and
smoke inhalation can be dangerous to people and the environment. In l`xyi ux`, some people
suffer from the smoke, have to stay inside all day and night and keep their windows closed.
Contractors complain of significant losses from wood disappearing from building sites.
It is a day when fpky` ipa students are given leisure.
3) What are the origins in our tradition of bonfires in connection with such a day? There are
those who do so, all over the world as well, something which was not done in the past.
fpky` ipa enjoy music and conduct weddings.
4) Upsherin is not fpky` bdpn at all. This topic has been well covered by 'b wlg fpky` bdpn iyxy .
fpky` ipa take the first haircut since xii` yceg y`x.
5) dwyn lhex i"g is a Chassidic dlebq, connected to the oexin event. Interestingly though, in the
`yinxee ibdpn xtq, (yny `tfei x), it does mention that micnln gave y"ii to micinlz, presumably
within reason of course, probably for making a miigl. fpky` ipa believe there is a place
for dgnye dzyn.
We see here a great example of the common practice and outlook of paramount gedolim, at the
pinnacle of Torah leadership in our time. Both Sepharadic and Ashkenazic recognized the
problematic aspects of the Meron pilgrimage and stayed away.
According to fpky` bdpn one does not recite oepgz only at zixgy zltz.
Many milecb, not only fpky` ilecb, but also great Chassidishe mipax and milecb icxtq, deliberately
do not participate in this event. l"vf jy ax told his micinlz not to go to oexin. l"vf aiyil` ax, never
went to oexin in his life (at any time of the year) as was reported in the Jerusalem Post. dicaer mkg
l"vf sqei, also never went to oexin on xnera b"l, in his ninety three plus years of life!
If the xteq mzg voiced reservations about the oexin pilgrimage close to two hundred years ago,
when the attendance there was presumably much smaller than it is nowadays, would his
reservations not be much greater today?
Without getting into the question of possible zay lelig caused by preparations for xnera b"l,
when it occurs on Sunday like this year, and whether it is actually the hiivxdì of i`gei oa oerny 'x.
_______________________________________________
LXV
.ekxae yicw rny `ly ine rny zqixt ipic
cg` cner ,ekxae yicw rny `le k"dial èal exg`y e` cigia r"ta '` lk elltzdy `"a yi m`
dkizg 'l dpyna xkfpy rny lr qxet `xwp edfe ,cala xe` xvei ly dpey`x dkxae ,ekxae yicw xneè
'd ekxa mr acpzda l`xyia zerxt rexta `xw` deknqè dpnn zvw `l` `"`y (ìvend dqext enk)
zeyrl 'dilr lheny dn eyr `le elhayk xnelk ,èd liha ix` `"ze ,èd rext ik 'ln rexta t"d
zexeabe zea` oixneè oiblcn xveic dpey`x dkxa miiqy xg`l cer oitiqen yie ,'d jxal mrd eacpzi f`
eze` oixneè dxyra `l` elld mixac oiyer oiè dpyna iepyd daizd iptl xaer `xwp dfe ,myd zyecwe
'd jexa oipere ekxae yicw xne` `l` y"r qextl oibdep oi` elld zepicnae ,rny `ly cg` liaya 'it`
,jxeand 'd jexa dpryk ,xveil ribd `l oiicry t"rè eic dxezd zexwl dlern itn ekxa rnyy ine mdl oiklede
miweqta epexqg milydl ,owzl eciay dn owzi dxyr oipn uawl lkei `ly ine .mewnd lkn g"i `vi
.mixtqa mixecq mdy o`k mbivpe ,el` mipiprn zexacnd zeziixae
.df xnì zixgya ekxa mcew yicw ivg rny `le zqpkd zial àl xg`ny in
.zixgy ly ekxa mcewe yicw ivg mewna ip` xne` df
iY W
C
wz
de iY lC
Bz
de bk:gl l`wfgi :xn` l Y A C xW` M ipc` M `plC bi dY re fi:c"i xacna
xcde cFd c` O Y lc
B i l` ii iiz` iW t p ik xA `:cw mildz :ii ip` iM Ercie miA x miFB ipir
l iY r cF
pe
:ìd Dl iC `zxEa bE `zn k g iC `nlr cr e `nlr on Kx an `dl` iC DnW èdl :YW a l
Fl oirxFw FgM lkA Ìn lr inlr lE mlrl Kx an Àx DinW `di on` dpFrd lM iel oA rWFd i iax xn`
z` Ekx aC mEXn zFrx R rFx
tA mr H dn ,ii Ekx A mr aC pz
dA l`x UiA zFrx R rFx
tA xn`PW FpiC xfb
gzR a:ek diryi xn`PW ocr ob ixr W Fl oigzFR FgFM lkA on` dpFrd lM Wiwl oA oFrnW iax xn` ,ii
:mipn ` mix nF`W `N` mipEn ` xnFW ixwY l` :mipn ` x W wiC viFb à ie mixr
W
.df xnì zixgyc ekxa rny `ly in
.zixgyk ekxa mewna ip` xne` df
mk idl
` iiz` EkxA d:h dingp :ii Ekx A mr aC pz
dA l` x
UiA zFrx R xtA a:d mihtey
Kan ii mW id i ca:biw :dNd zE dkx AlMlr mnFxnE L aM mW Ekxa ie mlFrd cr mlFrd on
mlFr l FcFa
M mW | KEx aE :FC
al zF` lt p d r l`x Ui i l
` mi l` ii | KEx
A higi:ar :mlFrcr e dY rn
ri
wx d rvn ` A cnFr cg` K`ln mFilkA àiwr iax xn` :on ` e | on` ux` d lMz` FcFak `lO ie
zg` dIg Ekx al ri
bO W
M cr :cre mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny Kln ii `:bv Kl ii fh:i xnFè zix gW A
,KxFa
nd ii z` Ekx A mx lFwA zx nFè ri wx
d rvn ` A zc nFr l`x Ui Dgv n lr wEwge l`x Ui DnW W
:cre mlFrl KxFa
nd ii jExA oipFr dlr n icEc
B lke
.df xnì zixgyc dyecw mewna
.zixgyk dyecw mewna ip` xne` df
:mkW C
wn ii ip` l`x Ui ipA KFzA iY W C wp e iW
c
w mW z` ElNg z `le al:ak `xwie
:stFri miY W a E eilbx dQk i miY W a E eipt dQk i miY W A cg`l mit pM WW Fl lr On mic nFr mitx U
g Ex ip` U Y e :FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii WFcw WFc w | WFc w xn ` e dfl` df `x we b:e diryi
oFIv Ki l` ml Frl | ii Klni i:enw mildz :FnFw On iicFaM KEx A ai:b l`wfgi lFcB Wrx lFw ix g` rnW ` e
zF` av ii WFcw WFc w | WFc w zx nF` zg` zk `vn mFxOl d n dlr WM :DiElld xc e xc l
mixnFè cg` dtA mipFr mNk e :FnFw On iicFaM KEx A zx nF` zg` zke :FcFa M u` d lk `ln
:DiElld xc
e xc l oFIv Ki l
` ml Frl | ii Klni
_______________________________________________
LXVI
.ekxae yicw rny `ly ine rny zqixt ipic
.df xnì k"gè ii z` ekxa cr lirl aezkk 'eke lcbi dzre xnì mly yicw mewna
.mly yicw mewna ip` xne` df
Àd mlFrl on` dpFre dkFf dGd mlFrA on` dpFrW in lM ìc B oA rWFd i iax xn`
:Àd mlFrl on` e dGd mlFrA :on ` e | on` ml Frl ii KExA bp:ht mildz xn`PW

.df xnì k"gè ìd dl ic cr lirl aezkk 'eke lcbi dzre xnì yicw ivg mewna dgpnl
.dgpn mcew yicw ivg mewna ip` xne` df
zg` dax gl iYq pk pe dgpn zNt Y onf ri
Bd e KxCA KNd n iziid zg` mrR iqFi iax xn` ìpY
Ef dAx gA z r n W lFT dn il xn` gzRd lr xnW e aFHl xEkf EdIl` À llR z dl milW
Exi zAx
gn
z` izlbd e ilk id z` iYt x Ue iziA z` iYa x gdW iF` zx nFè dpFiM zndpn W
lFw zA iYr n W iYx
n`
zFWxc n iYa lE zFiqpk iYa l oiqpk p l`x UiW k E KM zx nF` mFie mFilkA il xn` ,mEMr d oial ipA
ix
W` xnFè FW`xA r pr
pn Èd KExA WFcTd Ìn lr inlr lE mlrl Kxan Àx DinW `di on` mixnFè
:mdia` oglW lr n ElBW mipa l mdl iFè eipA z` dlbd W a`l FN dn KM FziaA FzF` oiqlw n W KlOd
xn`PW
ocr ob ixr
W Fl oigzFR
FgFM lkA on` dpFrd lM Wiwl oA oFrnW
iax xn`
:mipn ` mix
nF`W `N` mipEn
` xnFW ix
wY l` :mipn
` x W wiC
viFb à
ie mixr
W EgzR a:ek diryi
.df xnì k"gè dlrnl aezky enk 'eke ellgz `le xnì dyecw mewna dgpnl
.dgpn ly dyecw mewna ip` xne` df
daM x
n ixFg
` cnFre dpW zF`n Wng Kld n eix ag n xzFi D FaB ÈdW oFtlC pq lr eilr Exn`
mFxn ilig lM xzMd `vFIW drWa E FpFc` W`xA aWFie dlFre xzMd z` ri AW n E FpFwl mix zM xWFwe
WFcw WFc w | WFc
w b:e diryi oixnFè oipFr dr W DzFÀ ix `M zFndpn E zFnnFC zFIge oirfr Cfn E oizY x
p
sx
txW ipc
` oiWrx
znE `QM d iNBlB oilBlBz n `QM l rI
BO W
drWa E :FcFa
M u` d lk `ln zF` av ii
mdiR oigzFR
FNW cFaMd xzke mFxn ilig lM F`qM lr xaFr ÈdW dr Wa E dlg lg ozfg F` oiriwx lke
Èd KExA WFcwd lW FgaW
E FzlEcb dOM d`xE À :FnFw
On iicFaM KEx
A ai:b l`wfgi mix
nFè
daM x
Od ilBlbe mitx
UE zFIg lke eic
ar
n xzMd lAw l Fnvr wifg n FW`xl xzMd ri BO W drWA W

cg` dtA mNM mikiln n E xc
de cFd mipzFp
e oi`Bz
nE oix
ABz
nE oilC
Bz
n dHn E dlr n ilig e cFaMd `Qk e
:cr
e mlrl Klni | ii gi:eh zeny mixn`
e
.megx ède xg` xnì ekxa mewna ziaxrl

.ziaxr ly ekxa mewna ip` xne` df
oircFi
e Dgv n A dpEn
` axr le mFi ÈdW mik` lO d oircFi
e Dgv n A zn` zF` mFi ÈdWM ri
wx A zg` dIg
:cr
e mlFrl K and ii jExA oipFr dlr n icEc
B lke K and ii z` Ekx A zx
nF` mrR lka E dlil ÈdW
_______________________________________________
LXVII
The Development of mezi yicw Fundamentals and History From
ancient times to the modern era.
(Based on a comprehensive xeriy delivered in l`xyi ux` by `"hily xbxeand dnly oinipa ax, edited
and arranged by Treasures of Ashkenaz)
We all know that if someone is an la`, or if has hiivxdì, then one attempts to recite yicw, or
even better, to daven in front of the cenr. Often, there is competition to get the cenr, and in the
past, there was also competition to be able to recite a yicw. Why? Because the yicw was never
established as a group yicw, rather as a single yicw.which leads to the development of how
the single yicw turned (among some) into a group yicw, which we will discuss this later on in
this xeriy. But first, some basics.
HOW DOES THE RECITAL OF yicw HELP THE xhtp?

The first question which I would like to address, is how can an action or a deed that is performed
after dxiht of a xhtp, after a person is already deceased, help after the deceased has gone to the
zn`d mler? We find the miciqg xtq (1171) explains it very clearly. We find an expression in
l"fg, 'à` ikfn `xa' (cw oixcdpq) - a son adds mizekf, adds merits to his father. How so? If the
father has not acted properly in his lifetime, yet he sends his son to a Talmudic school, cenll
miaeh miyrne dxez, he sent him to cheder, sent him to a Jewish school.and there the son
learns Torah, he learns how to behave himself properly, and perform good deeds, ici lre lièd'
'oad dkf a`d. The sons good behavior is a result of the education which the father saw to,
whatever the son does now as a result of this education, is 'à` ikfn `xa' the son therefore adds
mizekf to his father. And furthermore, if the father commanded his son, he left a dèev to do this
and that, to do something after his dxiht, 'zea`d eyri eli`k mipad eyryk ixd', what the son does is
as if the father did it (even though the father is not living anymore). From this concept comes the
bdpn that people give zenypd ielirl dwcv. Similarly, davening for mixhtp, is also a zlrez it does
give help to them, because '?dwcv il dn dltz il dn'. What difference does it make to jexa yecwd
èd if it is this devn or that devn, so long as it is done as a result of the fathers jepig.
yicw IS NOT THE ONLY THING ONE CAN DO FOR THE xhtp
So far havent mentioned anything about miyicw. We have plenty of miyxcn which point out the
special gk of yicw. We have to keep in mind that yicw is only one of many means to help a xhtp.
There are plenty of others. obpilcxp o`d sqei ax of Frankfurt, a member of the d"lys oic zia when
the d"ly was a ax in Frankfurt, who wrote a xtq called une` sqei. It is at the same time both a
mibdpn xtq and dkld xtq. He writes a very important comment. The idea of zkxa ,ekxa ,yicw
gvpnle ,zelrnd xiy ,oefnd for mila`, (going to the cenr for oeivl àe ,gvpnl ,ixy`), going to cenr for
ekxa (ekxa is an expression for davening before the cenr). also oefnd zkxa, meaning the la`
leading the oenif, which is also a zekf for the xhtp, not common nowadays.ici lr dnd oilrn'
'mpdibn md (raises the xhtp from mpdib). Of course, he says, davening the whole dltz is better
_______________________________________________
LI
than bits of it. And of course yicw is also very important. But the most important thing, which
people overlook he says, the biggest zekf, is dxez cenil, learning Torah! Another point he
makes is, ...ekxa miyicw zeltz are mainly for ux`d inr (unlearned people) but if you can learn,
and you learn, 'mizray liren dxez cenil' (dxez cenil helps seven fold), more than all these
zeltz. Through that, not only mpdibn oilrn, but ocr obl oiqipkn (they take the xhtp to ocr ob),
which is a greater level. And if the son goes further and he is dxez iyecig ycgn, hes a ocnl and is
on a level that he creates his own miyecig? Then the ceak his father gets in ocr ob is even greater
yet. He cites the xdef, that in such a case èd jexa yecwd calls everyone in dlrn ly ìlnt, and
says come in and assemble, to hear the beautiful dxez iyecig of this person, the son of oa ipelt
ipelt (true miyecig, [not just made up ones]), the son of this dnyp. This is the greatest honor that
one can give, to say dxez iyecig
DEVELOPMENT OF yicwd gqep

However, yicw nevertheless is well known by all as a great tool and most people try to have an
opportunity to recite it.... Where does the text of yicw come from? Is it in ilaa cenlz? cenlz
inlyexi? No!
(ilaa) zay zkqn makes mention of a critical phrase, i"yx) 'egk lka jxan x"yi` dperd lk' l"aix xn`"
"'epic xfb el oirxew' (ezpeek lka , if one answers yicw, which can mean dpeekd gk, according to i"yx
and zetqez, or with all his strength, according to a second hyt brought in zetqez, his bad oic xfb
is torn up, those inscribed for bad in the miigd xtq. We find in the yxcn, that àiwr iax attempted
to help a dnyp he found in trouble in the zn`d mler, by teaching his son to say ekxa and yicw,
and in that way to get his father out of mpdib. The ability of yicw to bring people out of mpdib, is
mentioned by both the `xnb, and the yxcn.
The yicwd gqep is not mentioned either in yxcn or in `xnb. The first source in which find a text is
in the oe`b mxnr ax xecq, the oldest siddur we have there we find the yicw gqep, but without
'digiyn axwie dpwxet gnvie', like fpky` gqep. That is the very first yicw we find in Jewish literature.
The phrase 'dpwxet gnvie' we find in a later Babylonian siddur, that of oe`b dicrq ax. But just
'dpwxet gnvie', not 'digiyn axwie', so that must have been a later development.
THE PURPOSE OF yicw IN THE MIDST OF THE zelitz

So what is the purpose of yicw? We find miyicw besides mezi yicw. mezi yicw is a very specific
yicw that is said after a dltz. But we have miyicw within dlitz as well. The leky`d xtq, says
that we have the yicw for the purpose of separation. He says that the first yicw is to separate
between dxnfc iweqt (gazyi) and xe` xvei zkxa in zixgy. (The yicw said nowadays after zepaxw is
very recent, we will come back to that later). The second yicw is after we finish dxyr dpny. After
dxyr dpny we have oepgz, which is attached to it. If there is oepgz we say yicw after it, and that
yicw acts as a separation between the dxyr dpny part of dlitz and dxezd zìxw. If there is zìxw
dxezd, a yicw separates dxezd zìxw from oeivl àe ixy`, which is a new section. The final yicw
after oeivl àe ixy`, lawzz yicw, which ends all miyicw. Such is the structure which yicw imposes
on the service.
_______________________________________________
LII
THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF mezi yicw
mezi yicw, which has little to do with davening before the cenr, which was instituted later,
perhaps in the beginning of the second millenium. We do find it in the ixhie xefgn already. It was
introduced for miphw minezi who are not allowed to go before the cenr. The son is a minor and
therefore cant help his father with yicw, so they instituted mezi yicw for him. But how many
times does a mezi have a chance to say yicw? Initially, not at all. After epilr? No, epilr was not
said daily in the ancient times. After the xenfn, sq`l xenfn xiy? Some shuls say it, you may know
it from there, some after zixgy, some have it even after aixrn. This too did not exist in the time
of the mipe`b. So they instituted a non-specific xenfn after dltz, and they enacted a yicw to be
said by miphw. In the beginning, mezi yicw was not said during the week, but only on zay. On
zay we recite oiwilcn dna after aixrn, This is still done in in ux`l ueg as it used to be in
European countries. oiwilcn dna, '... `pipg iax xn` xfrl` iax xn`' which is `zcb`, then mezi yicw.
Nowadays, people say opaxc yicw, which is a later development. Initially this yicw was for
minezi, yicw for miphw who couldnt recite yicw during dlitz. The second opportunity for yicw
mezi was on zay morning, after zxhwd meht, '... `pipg iax xn` xfrl` iax xn`'. The third mezi yicw,
on zay i`ven after jl ozie, after 'd `xi lk ixy` zelrnd xiy. These were the only miyicw at the time
of the mipey`x.they eventually introduced mezi yicw on weekdays as wellbut that was a
much later development. Eventually they began reciting sq`l xenfn xiy, after epilr. mei ly xiy
developed even later. So the principle is, that one can only say mezi yicw after sections of j"pz or
at least miweqt we never find that after a shiur yicw is recited right away, rather the pesukim,
'l`xyi z` zekfl dawd dvx xne` ìywr oa ìppg iax'or '`pipg iax xn` xfrl` iax xn`'. (however
not after a dpyn). The yicw said nowadays after the l`rnyi iaxc zecn dxyr yly, before jexa
xn`y, is a disputed bdpn which does not fit with ancient the dkld, but only with the l"fix`d ibdpn.
IS IT PROPER TO LIMIT/MINIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF miyicw

Reciting yicw is a wonderful thing! u"yd zxfg is also a wonderful thing. What would you say
however, if someone thought u"yd zxfg is a wonderful thing, I will say it twice. I want to repeat
dxyr dpeny twice. How would we look at such a person? Is he doing something good? He has
repeated dxyr dpeny twice. What if a person before a person drinks Coca Cola, says didp lkdy'
'exaca, then takes another sip and says it again and again, and again, after each sip. Is he more
frum? Or if he says three times 'zeytp `xea' is he more religious? Or is it a case of dpi`y dkxa
dlhal dkxa/dkixv? Many miwqet bring down, including the dxexa dpyn, that just as we dont
repeat the same dkxa again and again, because the more you repeat them, the more difficult it is
halachically (dlhal dkxa/dkixv dpi`y dkxa), the same way, one should not say yicw more than
needed. According to the plain dkld in the dxexa dpyn and earlier miwqet, saying extra miyicw is
wrong. And he says, '... yicw xnel oihrnny myk'. The oglyd jexr uses very sharp terms against this
practice. He says (b ,dp miig gxe`) There are common people who believe that the more miyicw
one says, the better, how wrong they are! One doesnt use the scepter of èd jexa yecwd more
than He allows us to use it. There is a limit to the amount of usage! By saying yicw you are
crowning èd jexa yecwd. And if you repeat it again and again, it is a leflf, youre degrading the
divine. And we find miwqet that say, those who increase the number of miyicw are weakening the
divine dyecw of the great sacred name of d"awd, melye qg.
_______________________________________________
LIII
yicw IS RECITED BY AN INDIVIDUAL, NOT A GROUP
Nevertheless there is a great desire to say yicw. It has increased so much, that people recite more
miyicw, not only the number of times, but also in terms of the number of people saying it at one
time. What we call nowadays a group yicw", which didnt exist in the past. Just as a group zxfg
u"yd (two dltz ilra saying u"yd zxfg together) would not be tolerated, the same should be true
of the group yicw. It was created for miphw, a ohw who cant daven before the cenr, so he may
recite a yicw after davening. Nowadays people join him! Its like joining the dltz lra! We have
a rule that irnzyn `l ilw ixz (two simultaneous voices are not heard). Imagine if a number of
people would stand up here talking at the same time. One would get confused. The same holds
true with a yicw. This is the conception of the classical miwqet.
SEPHARDIC ATTITUDES TOWARD yicw, ADOPTION OF GROUP yicw

We do find that micxtq believed so much in the power of yicw that they found all kinds of
mixzid to say a group yicw". They invented the idea of group yicw. It went so far in some
places of the micxtq, that in Iraq, we find the ig yi` oa recording (fh sirq ,ybie 't ,` dpy ,ig yi` oa)
that in his city of Baghdad, the bdpn was, that everybody would say every yicw possible during
davening. When they finished gazyi what happened after gazyi? (even in those places that
recite group yicw", only the dltz lra says this yicw and then ekxa.) In Baghdad, the whole
congregation stood up and everyone said yicw. Not only that yicw, every yicw! After dxyr dpny,
everyone stood up and said yicw. The ig yi` oa was very disgusted by it. mezi yicw, might still be
tolerated, but every yicw? He said, These people think that when they say yicw they cause ziigz
miznd. They believe so much in yicw, they view it out of proportion and in that they err. We
find that yicw at one time, was only for the dltz lra. The yicw after dxezd zìxw likewise,
became a mezi yicw amongst micxtq. This became widespread in some Ashkenaz communities as
well ([dkwbiw ,` epzyexi xtq] xbxeand ax shows conclusively that this yicw properly belongs to
the dìxw lra/dltz lra, not an la`).
fpky` ibdpn RELATED TO RECITATION OF yicw

In fpky` zeldw they give the one saying mezi yicw the ceak he deserves. The la` is treated as a
dltz lra. Firstly, the primary rule of a dltz lra is, that he goes to the cenr. He doesnt stand
wherever he finds himself in synagogue says yicw, he goes forward to the cenr. Since the lra
dltz is still at the cenr, having more mixenfn to say, the person saying yicw stands nearby, as
close to the cenr as possible. This is brought down in several miwqet, including the dxexa dpyn.
Secondly, one who recites yicw dons a zilh, because like a dltz lra, and this is likewise
brought down in the miwqet.
_______________________________________________
LIV
GROUP yicw HISTORICALLY NOT DONE IN fpky` zevx` IN THE PAST
The conception of group yicw did not (historically) exist in Europe, not even in Eastern Europe,
or even in Chassidishe circles.
If you open a jexr ogly, with the mdxa` obn ,`"nx. etc., or if you look in miwqet, like the xe`
l`wfgi zqpk ,miigdand many others, you will find something called dnicw xcq. It delineates
in great detail who has the right to say yicw. If you have several people in synagogue required to
say yicw, it lays out in what order and who has priority. We know that a dray oa (someone
within dray) has priority over a miyely oa, (someone within miyely) miyely oa over yceg 'ai oa
(someone within the twelve months of zela`), and a hiivxì (Yahrzeit marking the anniversary
of a passing) has priority over all of them. All these priorities? All these discussions among
miwqet about who has priority? Someone may even have to wait a day, week, or month to say
yicw. Why? If there is a group yicw, there is no need for all these priorities, since everybody
has the right to say yicw.
I remember once I came to Manhattan, as a tourist from Israel. I had to daven dgpn. We went into
a modern synagogue. Im not used to this, living in l`xyi ux`. People came in without zetik for
an ordinary dgpn. It was very heart warming for me to see so many people at a regular weekday
dgpn. They all stood around and at the end of the dlitz, the penny dropped. I realized what was
going on. Everyone said yicw! I was the only one to answer this yicw. Women said it as well
everyone, except and my wife and myself. This is something that did not exist in the past.
miciqg ADOPT THE GROUP yicw, WITH SOME DISSENT

As I mentioned already, micxtq accepted the group yicw first. Then miciqg, who adopted gqep
cxtq, and certain cxtq ibdpn, were the next ones to accept it. And yet, even in the Chassidishe
world, we find those who were not happy about it. The sharpest is the Komarna Rebbe. In his
xtq, (c dkld ,alw oniq ,blyz ,aia` lz) xedhd ogly, p.194), he writes that if two people say yicw
together, 'lecb `hge mbt èd' it is a flaw and a great sin! Not only does he not do a favor for the
xhtp, but it could be that it even harms him, bringing him down to a lower stage in mepdib, or ob
ocr, melye qg. He remarks that it comes from the micxtq, and therefore is not part of our heritage,
and we should reject it. Unfortunately, hardly anyone in Chassidic world follows him.
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE COMPELS GROUP yicw IN fpky` zevx`

How did group yicw come to the non-Chassidic world, which follows the dxexa dpyn and the
fpky` iwqet?
We have a number of historical factors, beginning in the nineteenth century. One was Napoleon
Bonaparte. To some extent he is the one responsible for this change in our religious history.
Now thats puzzling! What does Napoleon have to do with our miyicw?
Well, Napoleon was a tremendous conqueror, he conquered almost every part of Europe and he
established new states, one of which was the Kingdom of Westphalia. He let his brother,
Jerome-Napoleon, rule it. Jerome-Napoleon had new ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity
(equality, freedom, brotherhood). He wanted to make the Jews equal to everyone else, and make
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LV
their religion equal as well. So he established the Consistories, which meddled in the religious
lives of Catholics, Protestants, and Jews. He opened churches for all three. The Consistories,
ruling Jewish life instituted reforms, appointing reform motivated individuals to introduce all
types of (relatively) mild reforms, in Jewish life. Amongst them was the group yicw.
The group yicw was a way of democratization, and equality. Ideas of equality, of rights which
led to the forbidding of calling up people by name (t"a"t cenri) for zeilr to the dxez. The reason
being, some people are called up by titles (e.g. axd epxen cenri)Inequality! Cant fit in with
the regime of Napolean Bonaparte! So they didnt call up anybody by name they gave out
cards instead (there are remnants of this practice in some synagogues today). Another thing the
Consistories didnt like were priorities in yicw. Why should there be priorities for yicw? We
want everyone to have the right to say yicw! They abolished the priorities for yicw and forced
the group yicw on the German - Jewish communities which they governed. Obviously, as soon
as this regime collapsed, after a few years, it was rejected strongly by all the fpky` ipax though
it slowly made its way into Eastern Europe (`cxeita dnxd daiyid, V.II, pg. 410-417).
xbi` daiwr axd AND THE GROUP yicw

We find an interesting role played by the great master xbi` daiwr ax in this development. What
happened? How did xbi` daiwr ax become involved?
In the year 1831 there was a great Cholera Epidemic in Europe, which cost the lives of thousands
upon thousands of people. It hit Jewish communities hard as well, including xbi` daiwr axs city
of Posen. xbi` daiwr ax was confronted by immense pressure from people desiring to say yicw
for their loved ones, and therefore he gave them a xzid for group yicw". The great daiwr ax
xbi`?! He writes in his own handwriting, In a` yceg y`x 5591/1831 when cholera started here in
our city, there were so many mila`, that needed to recite yicw. I made a dpwz allowing group
yicw", for one year only.. He gave a xzid for one year only and after that year (by the
following a` yceg y`x), d"a, the epidemic had stopped, people stopped dying, and when the
trouble was over it was stopped. It was a dry z`xed (strictly temporary enactment) not allowed
from then on except for one yicw a day which was still allowed as a group yicw.
People extrapolated that if the great xbi` daiwr ax could allow a group yicw in his city, in his
time, so we can allow it in our time, unlimited, anytime we need a yicw. If its good enough for
xbi` daiwr ax, its good enough for us! This is a misconception, many people go around and say,
xbi` daiwr ax allowed it, he allowed a group yicw..
I have a recent discovery, a manuscript of his son, xbi` dnly ax, his successor in the zepax of
Posen, and he refers to this d`xed of his father, regarding the group yicw. I will now read from
this newly discovered manuscript, which has not yet been published -
Its clear in my mind that what my late father dkxal epexkf, the great xbi` daiwr ax, instituted for
everyone to say yicw together, was not his wish at all, rather it was against his will. He found a
xzid to be xizn an xeqi` note that he refers to it as an xeqi` (prohibition). There was a terrible
need for the common people. oendd jxev he calls it a psychological need. At the time of the
Cholera Epidemic, people were panicking trying to do anything which could help the deceased.
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LVI
He says that we find a similar xzid in regard to a hiivxdì xp that goes out zeynyd oia. One may
have a non-Jew light it again, because of a psychological need. But those minkg icinlz who say a
group opaxc yicw after a xeriy? What is their xzid to say such a group yicw? This xzid was
not meant for minkg icinlz! It is meant for the common people who have psychological need.
Am Haaratzim, mr oend. Dont lean on my father xbi` daiwr ax (for a general blanket xzid of a
group yicw)! This is a discovery, which I must say, is an eye opener in the whole notion of ax
xbi` daiwr and the group yicw.
oicnr awri axd AND THE GROUP yicw

When the Consistoire in Westphalia introduced the group yicw, as well as other mixzid that
had not existed, they tried to give it a halachic image, or to find halachic grounds to support
them For example, they instituted that all mifpky` should consume zeiphiw on gqt. Not only
the Consistoire allowed them to, they forced mipax by a decree to eat it, as non-Ashkenazim do.
The Consistoire put forward opinions, which served their purposes that the zeiphiw xeqi` did not
apply to their times, and they claimed that in times of war or shortage of food, it was perfectly
acceptable. They found the iav mkg and oicnr awri ax, his son, both expressing the view that now
as opposed ancient times, the zeiphiw xeqi` doesnt make sense. The grains we buy today are not
mixed together as they were in days of old. However, these mipax themselves only brought up the
notion, that there is no room for zeiphiw xeqi` in our times. They didnt introduce it practically,
and did not rely on it.
Similarly, the comments of these two great milecb, were applied to group yicw". They lived in
Portuguese/Spanish exiled communities in Hamburg, Amsterdam, and London.
Portuguese/Spanish Jews which had fled a hundred years after the great exile of Spanish Jews in
1492, and established beautiful flourishing communities in Western Europe. These Sephardic
communities, observed Sephardic practices. The iav mkg and oicnr awri ax, observed and
admired what was worthy to learn from them. But again, they never practically introduced it,
never said that it was proper for an Ashkenazi to rely on a Sephardic heter.
WHAT oicnr awri axdS POSITION REALLY WAS

The Rabbis that were engaged in the Consistories of Westphalia took advantage of the
expression of oicnr awri ax in this matter as the model for a Rabbi who was trying to institute it
(dyrnl).
Therefore it is worthwhile to quote the exact quotation of oicnr awri ax regarding this matter, and
see if he actually wanted to institute it. He writes in his very famous oicnr awri ax xeciq, perhaps
the most important siddur of an oexg`. We find no oexg` on his level who compiled his own
siddur. The two volume (miny icenr and miny ixry) siddur itself, and commentary, which he
published in his own lifetime, in his own home.
When it comes to miyicw, he says that he will not mete out zenicw (priorities) in miyicw, which
are discussed elsewhere '... mipexg`d ilecb witqn ea exac xak' (it has already been sufficiently
discussed by the great later authorities)anyway, 'micxtq bdpn èd xyi dne aeh dn', that
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LVII
more than one person says it. Therefore there is no reason for zwelgn, no competition. you
dont have to go into all those mipic of who goes first. If you really want to know the zenicw, see
yeal ,jexr ogly, other miyxtn etc..
This is the passage proponents of group yicw" like to quote but they miss two points. Firstly,
people forget that he says go look it up (the zenicw).he doesnt say you do not have to do it
he says look elsewhere for the information. He says I admire it (the Sephardic way), but he
does not say I am a Sephardi. Secondly, he says, you know mifpky` have a bdpn that the last day
of saying yicw in the year of zelia` (called dwqtd mei- the day people stop saying yicw), he gets
top priority, to recite all the miyicw of that day, everyone else is pushed aside.
These rules would only apply according to one person reciting yicw. oicnr awri ax says, I want
to warn you.When you finish the last day of the eleventh month, you should stop (saying
yicw) then, and not go by the practice of the micxtq who have a wqt that you can continue for
another week and stop after eleven and a quarter months, a week later. So we see that awri ax
oicnr didnt actually follow the cxtq bdpn. He himself says that he stopped immediately after the
eleventh month, like mifpky`. This is the same oicnr awri ax who wrote that though he admired
Sephardic practice, never attempted to introduce the same among mifpky`.
THE xteq mzg RESPONDS TO oicnr awri axd, DEFENDS THE SINGULAR yicw
What is particularly interesting is that there was a citation of what the xteq mzg wrote in a
daeyz, defending the old fpky` bdpn, that only one person says yicw at a time, and taking issue
with oicnr awri ax about it.
The analysis of the xteq mzg, contrasting the fpky` bdpn singular yicw with the group yicw
practice, is quite enlightening.
He says as follows "That which oicnr awri ax wrote regarding yicw, that the cxtq bdpn in which
everyone recites yicw together is easier, and many, e.g. a group, who do a devn, are better than
individuals who do so. can we, blithely assume, that the fpky` ilecb clung to an inferior
practice without justification? So it is a wonder, astounding, that our ancestors, the great
dxez icinlz of fpky`, to whom the dxez was an inheritance, as is stated in the xy` epiax zeaeyz ,
the y"`x (which is quoted by the great Sephardic Rav, the sqei zia, in his commentary on ogly
drc dxei jexr as well), didnt follow such a practice. Can we lightly assume that they had an
inferior and defective stance in this matter? And furthermore, how can we understand the xcq
dnicw, the bdpn that an la` in dray has precedence over one in miyely, who has precedence over
a hiivxdì lra, who has precedence over an la` in yceg a"i? After all, if there are partners who
find profitable merchandise, can one of them say, I need it more, give it all to me, and the others
have no share in it? No, the partners divide it. So too, with yicw, if several people need to say
yicw, they should not share it and say it all together, but rather than only one should recite it.
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LVIII
So the xteq mzg explains that the main benefit to the xhtp (deceased) that comes from
saying yicw is not from the mere recitation of it, but rather from the many responses of on`,
and especially dax diny `di on`, that it elicits from the xeav (congregation). Since those come
about via the la`, the benefit accrues to the xhtp.
(We could view this in terms of a multiplying effect. If one person saying yicw causing a xeaiv of
fifty people, for example, to answer four on`s, one dax diny `di on`, and one èd jixa, he has
done so much more than just say yicw with six responses of on`, x"yi`, èd jixae. He has brought
about three hundred such responses)
Therefore, explains the xteq mzg, fpky` bdpn which requires that only one person says yicw at a
time, is beautiful and most potent. Because where many say yicw at the same time, the bringing
about of the responses of on` which comes about through just one of them, causes the others to
be in the category of riiqn, those who extend a hand, the act of which is considered by dkld, as
'ynn ea oi`', lacking in substance compared to one who is the clear cause of an action.
WHY THESE INNOVATIONS WERE REJECTED IN fpky`

The reason why in the German communities, they did not follow these new mixzid, is because
they knew exactly what their origins were. It did not come from the mipax like xbi` daiwr ax, it
definitely did not come from the xteq mzg. It was one of the early Reform inroads, from the
Consistoire.
xbpilhr awri ax a German Rav, the xpl jexr, his mixtq are learned in all zeaiyi. He was once
asked about the group yicw. Would it be acceptable for a community to adopt this new
Sfardishe bdpn. To support their view they cited the words of oicnr awri ax. His response was the
following. You refer to it as a great dpwz to go along with the group yicw? To change a bdpn
l`xyi which has prevailed in fpky`, prevailed in Europe, not only in Western Europe, but also in
Eastern Europe, for hundreds and hundreds of years. Ever since mezi yicw was established, we
have had only one person reciting a yicw, and you want to follow these miycgzn, the reformers
who instituted this, and have changed so many other things of dltz as well? No, no, no, one
should not do it! (akw ,oeiv oipa zeaeyz).
OTHERS WHO REJECT THE GROUP yicw

The bottom line is, we think that, okay, some Yekkes still obey this dkld, they dont say group
yicw, that even some Litvaks still obey this rule, they follow the Chazon Ish, for example,but
all micxtq do say it. However, we find that that even some micxtq, like those of the Tunisian
Jewish capital, Djerba, according to their mipax down to the present day, are very citwn that only
one person should say yicw.
I trust I have shown the historical development of yicw, that initially everyone recited a single
yicw, the micxtq started the concept of a group yicw, then miciqg adopted it, and eventually
some mifpky` followed.... There are still some pockets which do not follow oicnr awri axs idea,
but oicnr awri axs wqt, not to change, and they therefore still say a single yicw.
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LIX
The Contemporary Confusion about the yicw after dxezd zìxw
jiiy inl dxezd zìxw xg`l yicw ?xab mil`c lk m`d
By Treasures of Ashkenaz
xbxeand ax was asked, in light of the statement in jexa ipt xtq (a popular contemporary work on
zelia`, translated into English under the title Mourning In Halachah (Artscroll)), the the yicw
after dxezd zìxw belongs to mila`, what basis is there for the contrary fpky` bdpn requirement
that the dìxw lra - not an la` - says this yicw?
He responded that the bdpn is a continuation of the ancient practice been passed down to us from
the mipe`b and mipey`x (while the practice cited by the jexa ipt is a later distortion of bdpn
micxtqd, which some mifpky` have adopted).
xbxeand ax then makes a very trenchant observation. In various halachic literature, there is
discussion concerning when there are multiple mourners, which gets preference. In those
discussions, the different miyicw available for such are delineated. However, notes xbxeand ax, in
all those discussions, not once is the yicw after dxezd zìxw included in such a framework!
The reason simply being, because it was known that that yicw belonged to the xeaiv igily (ilra
dìxw), and not mila`.
As was discussed previously, in some icxtq circles, due to the great desire of the masses to say
yicw, people engaged in questionable practices, such as saying yicw together with the u"y,
something the ig yi` oa, complained about and tried to address. Until today though, in zelidw
micxtqd, such practices continue.
The purpose of the yicw after dxezd zìxw is explained by the leky`d xtq, xeb`d, and the zia
sqei. The sqei zia states, dltza mixne`y zeyicwd lr mrh..dxezd zìxw xg` yicwe, ipta devn ìd ik"
".dnvr. The yicw is to make a separation between different segments of dlitz, distinguishing
between various segments thereof. It was not instituted to serve mila` by giving them a
chance/place to say it, unlike other miyicw.
xbxeand ax quotes from over thirty authorities, from the mipe`bd onf to the present day, which
show that this yicw belongs to the dltz lra (dìxw lra). These authorities cover a very great
spectrum of mler ilecb, such as oe`b mxnr ax, the ixhie xefgn, the m"anx, c"a`x, d"ia`x, gwex, xe`
rexf, mdxcea`, bxeaphexn m"xdn ,hwld ilay, ixi`n, ikcxn, mixehd lra, l"ixdn, sqei zia, u"ari, lra
ìpzd, oilx`wn oxd` x, miidpciid slee 'x, wqixa m"xdn, lèi ixac(x`nh`q), dyn zexb`, dnly zgpn
(jàxrie` onlf dnly x).
As time went on, some micxtq began granting this yicw to mourners, mainly in parts of North
Africa, and in l`xyi ux`, while other micxtqd ipax opposed this change. oieb`b aeh my ax
(Gaguine) writes in aeh my xzk, that in London and Amsterdam that yicw was always said by the
dltz lra). As time passed, it became more widespread among micxtq, to the point that it was
seen as a trademark micxtqd bdpn, which mifpky` did not practice, as sqei dicaer ax wrote in his
xner riai z"ey, 'c ze` e"k iq c"ei bg. It spread to some ifpky` immigrants to l`xyi ux` as well, some
of them having adopted certain cxtq ibdpn. Others, such as the family of xwqixa miig ax, held fast
to the old fpky` bdpn that this yicw belongs specifically to the u"y, (c"n axd ipiptn-dn).
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LX
yicw ibdpne ipic
In some Chassidic circles, where there already existed an inclination for micxtqd ibdpn, they
accepted to a limited degree this change, to transfer the yicw after dxezd zìxw to an la`.
However, this was limited to an la` that received the last dilr, not a mourner that was not
involved with the dìxw, who just came over afterward to say yicw. Over time though, that
stipulation was forgotten and/or discarded (as sometimes happens when a limited xzid is given,
which may not be understood by the masses), with the great demand by mila` for opportunities
to say yicw, and in some of these circles mila` took over that yicw. However, even in the
Chassidic camp, important and powerful figures, such as the x`nh`qn lèi ixac for one, were
insistent that only the u"y (dìxw lra) should say this yicw, and this insistence among
some miciqg continues to this day.
There is still a very pressing question. Why does only one person (e.g. la`) say that yicw, even
though there are several people saying yicw at other points where mezi yicw is said, e.g. after
epilr? If these people claim that the yicw after dxezd zìxw is a mezi yicw, not the yicw of the lra
dltz, why is it only said by one la` and not by all mila` (although according to fpky` bdpn only
one person at a time says yicw, in these places they follow the modern micxtqd bdpn that
multiple people recite it simultaneously.) So why not here as well? The answer must be that
somehow, under the surface, it is known that this yicw is really not just a regular mezi yicw, but
that it is different.
Further Comments About the Form and Function of the yicw.
The xeh states that the miweqt, 'lcbi dzre' and 'jingx xkf' are recited before every yicw. Very few
people have the bdpn to say them, possibly because of issue of wqtd. Practically, the miweqt are
only recited before a lawzz yicw.
The cenlz does not require standing for yicw at all. fpky` iciqg accustomed themselves to stand
just for ...àx diny `di on`. The l"ixdn comments, that those already standing, should not sit until
after ...àx diny `di on`, otherwise it belittles the yicw. (i.e. since one is already standing for gazyi
one should remain standing for the yicw before ekxa.) The xiì zeg was surprised to find out that
the l"ixdn didn't stand for yicw. yny dtqei ax and une` sqei are of the opinion, that one should
stand for every yicw.
These are the words of the dceb`d lra to (b sc) zekxa zkqn :
''di my rnyn iedc DnW
'd witn `le dinW
`di xnel yiy rnyn o`kn jxean lecbd eny `di'.
Until the early seventeenth century the first two words of yicw were not pronounced with a ixiv
(WC
wz ie lC i). The first to do so was the dnly oipa (`p`d onlf dnly 'x Frankfort a. d. Oder 1723).
Bz
This work was highly controversial; in fact, he was forced to print an apology which was
appended to the end of the book. Numerous works came out that took issue with many of his
textual changes. oicnr awri 'x and many of the others that disagreed with `p`d onlf dnly 'x here
as well as in other parts of dlitz. xteq izay 'xs understanding is that the first two words are
Hebrew, and therefore he rejects pronouncing them with a ixiv. `p`d onlf dnly 'xs changes
were accepted by a) the wgvi xzrie, who advocates for pronouncing it with ixiv. b) the micbn ixt
and the `"xb (cp 'q ax dyrn).
The original gqep of yicw did not include Dpw x R gnv ie, since the whole prayer of the yicw is for ielib
miny zekln ceak which will be at the time of the dle`b. The oglyd jexr (g"e` 56:2), explains that
the explicit dlitz for giyn, 'DgiWn ax R gnv ie', which was added by cxtq gqep, is alluded to
wie Dpw x
by the words, DzEkln Kiln ie, meaning d"awds kingdom should rule, in order for the weqt of ii did e'
'ux` d lMlr Klnl to be fulfilled, with the coming of giyn. cxtq gqep added the phrase whereas
fpky` gqep did not for reasons of hyt and ceq. In general, the preference in fpky` gqep is a more
concise gqep, understanding that brevity is an advantage. In general, where there is a shorter and
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LXI
yicw ibdpne ipic
longer gqep, the shorter one is the original and the longer a later addition, since words were
added in certain places, but not taken away. gwex xfrl` epiax of Worms (4936-4998) makes it
quite clear, that the first part of yicw contains only twenty words corresponding to the zxyr
zexacd plus the ten instances of the word ip` in miyecw zxcq. The twenty words also correspond
to the twenty times it says micl` 'c in ziy`xa and the twenty kinds of zepeek that lìpc recited in
his dlitz. Additionally, according to cxtq gqep which does say 'DgiWn ax R gnv ie' should
wie Dpw x
on` be said in response? Since the m"anx makes no mention of on` following ax R gnv ie'
wie Dpw x
'DgiWn - even those who do add this phase, should not answer on` (wiviiaeleq f"ixb).
It is appropriate for the ofg to wait until the xeaiv has also completed reciting the word jxazi.
There is no doubt that one should answer on` after 'àx dny ...lcbzi'. This is discussed by the gwex
and the m"anx.
There is a miwqetd zwelgn as to whether one should respond on` following the phrase èd jixa. In
order to alleviate a doubtful situation, fpky` iwqet ruled, that both u"y and ldw should recite jixa
èd together.
According to fpky` bdpn, the miweqt, jzxeza aezkk' and 'xn`pe' are not considered part of epilr, and
need not be said, even in a non-fpky` bdpn synagogue. The miweqt should be said however, if one
wishes to recite yicw after epilr. (Notwithstanding the fact that reciting yicw after epilr is quite
problematic according to fpky` bdpn).
opaxc yicw originated from cxtq gqep. Later it was accepted in fpky` - but not recited during dlitz
(after the recital of zxehwd meht, zea` iwxt, oiwilcn dna), but only outside the dlitzd gqep. There
are no sources for adding '`yicw' `xzà to opaxc yicw. The Steipler Gaon expressed opposition to
saying '`yicw'. The xteq mzg did say '`rxè ìnya ic'.
The recital of (...`zcgz`l cizr èdc) by some at a meiq is a relatively recent development.
Originally, it was only recited at a diel. fpky` bdpn is to recite a regular opaxc yicw at a e` zkqn meiq
zeipyn xcq. Ancient editions of q"y do not have (...`zcgz`l cizr èdc) in the text of opaxc yicw of
the oxcd. The reason for saying it at a diel is understandable, since it mentions miznd zigz, which
has no relevance to a meiq. Perhaps since people often make mixhtpd zenyp xkfl mineiq, to coincide
with a miyely or hiivxdì, some began reciting `zcgz`l cizr èdc as well.
The miweqt in the middle of yicw ('c mrn ixfr ,'c my idi ,mingxa law) are not mentioned by the
mipey`x, but were added in the first printed mixeciq. The source for their recital is unclear,
therefore, some are accustomed to say them while others are not.
melyd dyer is said by those who do not change to melyd dyer 'c dz` jexa at the end of dcinr
(during daeyz ini zxyr), so instead they say melyd dyer at the end of yicw.
The usual custom of a dlidw is to give each aeig an opportunity to recite one yicw. If an
individual fails to receive a yicw by himself, it is still a greater dnyp ielir for him to attend
synagogue and answer àx diny `di on`, then to oren at home. Many miwqet maintain that
reciting multiple miyicw is tantamount to a dkixv dpi`y dkxa! Not only is it not beneficial to the
zn, but may be melye qg detrimental. In `vpbn, mezi yicw was recited only once a week, namely on
zay (after the recital of jl ozie, zxehwd meht, oiwilcn dna). This was still the prevailing bdpn at the
time of the l"ixdn. Although today, it is the view of most people, that the most important thing is
to say as many miyicw as possible, this does not seem to be the way the mipey`x viewed it.
If a xhtp has no sons, a) a grandson or son-in-law may recite yicw b) brother(s) say yicw or c)
someone is hired to say yicw. In Prague the bdpn was that a woman would say yicw in such an
instance, standing in a separate room where she could be heard in the synagogue, however, this
was not a widespread bdpn.
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LXII
yicwd - l wxt miigd xyb
exeìaa .e
mixacd yexit oiadl mikixv ixd - eny jxazi lecbd eny ycwzn f"iry èd yicwd zekf mver lky zeide
: yicwd ixac z` dxvwa z"idfra o`k xàpe .gayd ly
eny lcbzi f"g`y bebne beb znglna xen`d "izycwzde izlcbzde" `xwnd it lr cqed - ycwzie lcbzi (`
(e"p g"e` xehd oeyl) cg` enye cg` 'd idi èdd meia aizkck ,d"awd ly
eny oi` wlnr zhily onf lkc ,wlnra dnwple dle`bd onfl ribnyk ,mly eny zeidl xefgiy - àx 'iny
eny oiè mly `qkd oi`y "d-i qk lr ci ik" aizkck ,(mipt xzqda lekiake) mly e`qk oiè mly d"awd ly
htynl opek ayi mlerl 'de 'ek gvpl zeaxg enz aie`d" miewi fè ,(l`xyi ly ephy) wlnr zltnl cr mly
.(cere xehd oeyln) mly e`qke mly myd ,"e`qk
`ln mler] mc` ipa oevx zbyd itk llk `le ,èd epevx wner itk e`xay dfd mlera - 'izerxk `xac `nlra (a
zeyrle exvei z` qipkdl ezeyxay ,zipktktd ezti`ye ezpekza mc`d mlek lre eixevi oenda zeìlte ze`lt
`xea 'idy cnln (b"t x"a) eda` iax ixacl mb fnxne .[qlwle dlrle epevx zeyrl ezeyxae epevxn jtidd
.(mlyexin oecxeb l"`x xad xecqa qtcpd "mely xaec" 'itke) il oiipd `l oedzi oiipd oic xnè 'ek zenler
.(l"fpd xecqay dltz oeir 'ita àene) epevxk eny ycwzie lcbzi lr i`wy d"dlf `"xbd 'it mb d`xe
- l`xyi zia lkc iigae .mieykrd oekineia mb `l` l"zrl 'gza micizrd oekiiga wx `l - oekineiae oekiiga (b
.dcizrd 'igzl enewiy dl` lkle meik miigd dl`l
l"fkgn miaxy cr ,l"x l`xyia zegivxde ze`lzd eaxzi dle`bd mcewy itl : miyxtn - cere mdxceaàe
.miigl mix`ypdn zeidl ekfzy oekineiae oekiiga mixne` okl (: g"v oixcdpq) 'iping` `le izii exn`
,(xengd lr akexe iprk `le ìny ipprk drtezd 'izye) aixw onfae (dpyig`l dkfpy) dxdna- `lbra (c
.[.g"v oixcdpqa l"aix ly l"fpd ze`xnnd ipyl xyt` fnxn oeyld ltek]
(.b zekxa) 'qezae .(e"p my `"nxa àene miwqetd y"nk) jxanl àx oia wiqti `l - jxan àx 'iny `di (d
dze` dper xeaivd mby `"f ,mly 'idie eny `lniy dltz ìd "àx 'iny `di" ik ixhie xefgn mya eìad
'nbd oeylny 'qezd eazk f"re ,(xeha df 'it mb àene) zxg` dltz ìd mlrl jxane .('` ze` lirln) dl`ynd
izkec lkac xdefd ixac lkn n"ke ,(`"nxd y"nke) jxan àx diny `di ,dlrnl xaegn jxan i`dy gken
x"yi `l` jxan xcde x"yi ypi` `nil `l àx xn` .h"l dkeqae] ,"jxan àx 'iny `di" xn`p x"yi oixikfny
.['nba zwelgnd idefy rnyn ,'ek `kde mzd `l` 'ek `xtq ax l"` jxan
_______________________________________________
LXIII
yicwd - l wxt miigd xyb
epeeki mixcdndy ievx (mipexgè xehd) miwqet dnk eìad ixhie xefgn ly ipyd 'itd mby zeide
(àxd) 'iny `diye (a .(ecaln oi`y lkd exikie mly eny `diy `"f) ,àx 'iny `diy (` : miyextd ipyl
.(ìnlr inlrle mlrl) jxan
.(cer mipexgè a"wq `"bn y"yn d`x) jxanl àx oia `le ,àxl 'iny oia `l oiwiqtn oi` okae
i"qq r"eyd oeyl zehytk) jxazi zaiz mb xnel t"ie .ìnlr cr x"yi` zeprl iazk cere `"xbd dpde
.(d"lyd k"ke ,`"bnd eixacn oiad xy`ke i"ad ixac zernynke) `nlra oxin`c cr u"yd mr miiql `"ie .(e"p
wx mixne` i`ce x"yi`l y"w rvnà e` dkxad rvnà oiwiqtnyk okl - dfa zwelgn yiy ixgè
,ìnlr cr èd gayd xwir t"kre] ,`nlra opixn`c cr xnel mileki (rvnà dper epi`yk) mzqa lre ,ìnlr cr
.[`nlra opixn`c cr ofgd mr dyigla xne` x`yde egek lka xne` (ìnlr cr epiid) elld zeaiz 'fe
,x"yil on` oia oiwiqtne ,'iny `dil on` zaiz mixagn oi` - 'ek àx 'iny `di on` miperyk
.xg` gay èd x"yie ,'ek ycwzie lcbzi lr ,lirl` i`w on` ziiprc
ddbda mye 'd sirq lirl eìad xy` z` d`x - ezpek lka i"yxte "egek lka x"yi` dperd" l"f`c `da]
.[miigd ytp lra l`xyi oe`b 'it
`lirl èd jixa .d`ldl xaegn èd jixa i`d t"dex y"ntl - 'ek `z k x
AlMn `lirl èd jixa `ycewc 'iny (e
lirll xaegn èd jixa i`d zepekd 'q mya z"ry y"ntl la` .(f"e` mya my `"nxe n"c) `zkxa lk on
.`"xbd xeàn n"ke ,'ek `zkxa lk on `lirl xg` gay ligzn k"gè "èd jixa `ycewc 'iny"
èd wizr iaxr oeylay dlawde azkd y"ntk) llde zx`tz "`zngpe" mixàn yi- `zngpe `zgayez (f
,zegayza lledn ycg gaye xiy el xyei f`y ,deewnd dngpd onfl oeekndy miyxetn miaxe ,(zx`tz oeyl
dle`bde dngpd onfa xn`zy efn 'it` xnelk - `zngpe `zgayez `zxiye `z
kxAl
Mn `lirl mixne` ep` f"re
xecqa dltz oeir 'ita àenk ,zeyiyà ipeknq t"dr y"dy yxcne ,'` h"n ziy`xa inlyexi mebxzn n"ke)
.(l"f oecxb l"`x axd
,xcdzie - ,`ypzie - ,mnexzie - ,x`tzie - ,gazyie - ,jxazi - ,ycwzie - ,lcbzi - : zegayz xyr opyi yicwda (g
,zexacd xyr cbp mdy - (mdxcea` mya i"ad y"nk) w"dla mixn`p (elld zegayd) ode .lldzie - ,dlrzie
.mlerd `xap mday zexn`nd zxyre
.(d"wq n"c d`xe) cenrl ievx x"yi` zxin`l (h
jxazi (b .aixw onfae `lbra (a .ycwzie lcbzi (` zxinà : zerixk 'd yicwd zxinà rexkl oibdep maex (i
ealkd mya y"n ,a"p xeh d`x) xg` oteà zerixkd eazky yie .on` zixnàe (d d"aewc 'iny (c .gazyie
.zeyx ziyingde daeg odn 'c zerixkd zyngn ik eazke .(yeale g"ae e"p g"e` r"ey d`xe qcxtd myae
_______________________________________________
LXIV
The Pronunciation of the mleg Vowel
Four pronunciations of the mleg prevailed among Ashkenazic Jews in recent generations
up to the time of the Holocaust: two in Eastern Europe and two in Western Europe. The
table below illustrates these four pronunciations in both English and German as well as in
the Ashkenazic pronunciation of ycewd oeyl.
Accent in
Accent in Ashkenazi Accent in
Region of Diaspora German
pronunciations English
diacritic
Poland, Austria-Hungary komatz chirik i` ` Oi [t]oy
Lithuania, Russia segol chirik i` ` Aei [p]ay
Northern Germany, Holland patach shuruk E`` Au [h]ow
Southern Germany,
Switzerland, France, Latvia, komatz shuruk E`` Ou [g]o
England, North America
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME PROOFS AND OBSERVATIONS

THAT THE 'mleg' IS NOT PRONOUNCED Oy.
Written by Rabbi Y. Kramer - Jerusalem Israel
FIRST PROOF (The pronunciation of various milecb)
In the `"xbd zpyn xtq, the `"xb writes that the pronunciation of the mleg is a diphthong - a
blending of two vowels - the oh w un w and the wxEy
- the sounds of which issue from the lips
(which excludes the O sounds completely - since the Y sound comes from the palate).
y
(Regarding the above mentioned blending of vowels, specifically the oh w un w which is a dclez of the mleg and is
sounded from the lips - and not the lecb un w which is the a` of the gz R and is sounded from the throat). The
(`"hily xbxand dnly oinipa axd) fpky` bdpn iyxy writes - according to the testimony of oe`bd axd
`"hily àlee dnly - the Kelm Talmud Torah, as a matter of principal, pronounced the mleg as
'Ou'. Ullman mely axd testified that his iax, xrlqrc edil` axd, the edil`n azkn, who was a cinlz
in the Kelm Talmud Torah, was citwn until the end of his days to pronounce the mleg as Ou
both in davening and in reading dxez. oxrhy ozp axd of Monsey, N.Y. testified that his
grandfather, l"vf iwvrpin`w awri oe`bd axd, was citwn to pronounce every mlFg in rny zìxw as
Ou and not Oy. This was corroborated by his son iwvrpin`w mdxa` axd and his daughter
Rebbetzin Rivka Diskind. A xega daiyi once asked l"vf oiihypit dyn oe`bd axd the following
question - his father (daeyz lra) pronounces the mleg as Ou and he attends a daiyi where they
all pronounce it as Oy, how should he conduct himself - should he follow his fathers bdpn or
pronounce it the daiyi way? dyn ax answered he should follow his fathers bdpn and then added
the following words the pronunciation of the mleg as Ou is probably the correct one. a`f axd
srl, the ax of edizzn ayen in l`xyi ux`, testified that his iax the l"vf xrhtib oe`bd axd, the y`x
daiyid of Telz Yeshiva, was very citwn to pronounce the mleg AS Ouand not Oy, at all times
and not just in rny zìxw. He was citwn as well in all other 'miwecwc' such as proper accents, etc..
_______________________________________________
LXV
SECOND PROOF (Pronunciation during rny zìxw)

The pronunciation of the mleg as Oy seems to be a relatively recent phenomenon - the last 150
to 200 years or so - and was due to the influence of the migrating Jews from country to country
in Europe during the upheavals that occurred in the nineteenth century!! - From mixtq before
that time we see that the sound of Oy for a mleg was unknown. - for example the xecq of axd
xteq izay, dceard yxeye ceqi, the miig min xà and others - point out how to be careful in the
pronunciation of rny zìxw - one of the points they make is to be careful to separate the attached
- that is not to blend two words together (where the last letter of the first word is the same as the
first letter of the 2nd word) such as j a al | lkA (one should make a very slight pause between the
two words) so that the two mic" n l should be heard - and not as one c"n l (if the 2 words would
be said together). Likewise, one should make a pause between xW ` | iz ev n - so that the c"ei at the
end of iz ev n (Which is a y sound) should not make the word xW `, which follows it, sound like
'xy
i'. - Likewise, every conceivable combination of words in rny zìxw, which if read without
pause, would make them sound otherwise is pointed out. If the mleg were pronounced Oy - then
one ought to be careful separating like sounding letters for example did i `le and dxei ezr A.
If
ezr A were pronounced as Beetoy and `le were pronounced as Vloy - because of the Y
sounds at the end of those two words - they certainly would have pointed out to be careful to
separate them from the words that follow them - namely did i and dxei - so as not to make the two
Ys sound as one Y, (as they pointed out by all the other words where the last letters of one
word would be blended with the with the first letters of the next word, and the letters would
sound like one letter.) b) mz xk fE and ezF` which if ezF` were pronounced Oysoy the Y sound
at the end would blend with the next word mz xk fE and sound like mz xk fEi but since its not
y
mentioned - it is clear that the mleg was not pronounced as O .
OBSERVATION!
It is strange that those who pronounce Gods name (ipc` ) as Adoynoy, have not realized a
contradiction diaE dipn - that the mleg over the zlc in Gods name has the same sound as the
c"Fi-un w at the of the word - that is the sound of the mleg which comes from the lips, should have
the same sound as c"Fi-un w which comes from the throat and palate respectively? and are two
different vowels entirely! Why should or could they sound the same?
OBSERVATION!
The usage of certain terms today should also be an indication of the sound of Ou being retained
even by those who say Oy! For example; we wish each other a Gut Yom Tov - no one says
Gut Yoym Toyv. likewise there are; miy xei, dpy d y`x, mih gey, mig v ex ,aFh lfn, and others.
THIRD PROOF (FROM j"pz)
STEP 1 - We find in all of j"pz that when a word begins with one of the zt k cba letters, if the
word right before it ends with an open syllable - that is, the last sound the word makes is a vowel
- then there is no Wbc in the zt k cba letter. - i.e. in rny zìxw- j xca j Y k
laE.
The last sound one
hears in the first word is the un w- therefore an open syllable - there is no Wbc in the a in the next
word. Another example - oz z `l - since the last sound of `l is a vowel (the Ou sound) there is
no Wbc in the a in the next word and instead of oY Y it becomes oY z.[If the `l is pronounced loy
the Wbc should appear in oY Y ]. This is true throughout all of j"pz.
(By the way the above rule is NOT applied when there is a pause [like a comma or period]
between two words, i.e. lkA Fca rlE, since both first words have ta-amim that are considered a
stop (like a comma) so in spite of them ending with an open syllable, the word following retains
theWbc.- The reason for the Wbc, is for ease of pronunciation - it is easier to blend an open
_______________________________________________
LXVI
syllable with one of the above six letters when the Wbc is removed than with theWbc. Therefore,
if there were a pause between the two words, blending them could not be done, and the rule
doesnt apply. Another case where it does not apply is, where it would cause a problem in
pronunciation - i.e. Lzi aA LY a W A - to change the a to a A in the second word and have to read the
word - Lzi aA is too problematic and not easy to pronounce, therefore the Wbc is retained and the
rule is not applied. )
STEP 2 - When a word begins with one of the zt k cba letters and the word right before it ends
with a closed syllable - the last sound the word makes is a consonant - then the zt k cba letters of
the following word retains the Wbc, i.e. Lzi
A zFfEfn.

STEP 3 - The letter c"Fi ( Y in english) functions most times as a consonant and sometimes as
a vowel. It functions as a consonant for example in the words didi ,cli ,ci etc.. It functions as a
vowel - only when it follows one or two vowels - the wixi g or the ix v - i.e. in or ipa.
The reason
being, since the c"Fi comes from that organ of speech called the Palate (according to the dxivi xtq),
and the two vowels - the wixi g and the ix v also come from the Palate - they blend together, and
the 'c"Fi' takes on the property of a vowel. That is why in all of j"pz whenever a word ends with a
c"Fi the vowel before it is a wixi g or a ix v, it is considered an open syllable (the last sound heard is
ee or ay) - if the following word begins with one of the zt k cba letters, the Wbc is removed
from those letters. i.e. mdi cb a it
pM ,mkipa ini
e and xw a idi
e (`l,bk,hi,bi,g,d:` wxt ziy`xa) and in
mka iY k
lW d e (ak:ek `xwie).
STEP 4 - When a word ends with a c"Fi and the vowel proceeding it - is not a wixi g or a ix v - but
it is either a, un w, mleg, or wxEW - then the c"Fi is considered a consonant. (because the sound of
the gY R theun w comes from the throat - and the sound of the mleg and the wxEW come from the
lips - there is no blending with the c"Fi which comes from the palate - it is therefore considered a
consonant in these cases.). Throughout all of j"pz whenever a words ends with a c"Fi preceded by
one of the vowels that is not a wixi g or a ix v and the next word begins with one of the zt k cba
letters, the Wbc in the zt k cba letter is retained. - (where thec"Fi is proceeded by a gY R)iz ev n
Exn W z (b:ek `xwie) and eq` n z iz wga (fh:ek `xwie) and gz t z iz t y (fi:`p mildz). i.e. (Where thec"Fi
is proceeded by a un w) (k:f diryi)xrz a ipc`, and in (a:` lìpc) ecia ipc`. (i.e. where the c"Fi is
proceeded by a wxEW as in W` a iElw (eh:a `xwie).)
In these instances the c"Fi closes the syllable, as it is a consonant, the Wbc is retained in thecba
zt
k letters that follow it.
STEP 5 - In all of j"pz we find - that when a c"Fi at the end of a word is proceeded by a mleg as
in the word ieb - and if followed by a word that begins with a zt k cba letter - the zt k cba letter
retains the Wbc - i.e. miz xk ieb (d:a diptv) and iebA ieb (e:fh a minid ixac) and everywhere it is written
lecB ieb (numerous places - one example - (f:d mixac), the l"n b in lecB always has a Wbc. Other
examples - lk ied (`:dp diryi), and ied mipa (`:l diryi).
Whereas - in all of j"pz we find - any word that ends with just a mleg and is followed by a word
that begins with a zt k cba letter then the Wbc is always removed from that zt k cba letter. This
shows that a word ending in a mleg is an Open Syllable and a vowel. - In d:bi mixac there are
four words that end with a mleg followed by four words that begin with a zt k cba letter z not Y
the Wbc was removed - because it followed an Open Syllable word. We see clearly that a mleg
at the end of a word is an Open Syllable. We see from above that a word that ends with a c"Fi
following a mleg closes the syllable. This is in all of j"pz!
_______________________________________________
LXVII
CONCLUSION!
It is therefore clear, from above, that whenever one pronounces a mleg as an Oy he is adding
a c"Fi, l"x, to a word which does not belong. Therefore when one pronounces Gods name as
A-DOY-NOY, he is adding a c"Fi - no different from adding any another letter for instance
A-DO-B-NOY or A-DO-G-NOY which has no dWEc w whatsoever. (It is no different from
the dlgn [sickness] which is frequently heard, people saying Gods name as adEE-noy
[changing the mleg to an ee] or adnoy [omitting the mleg completely] or adono [omitting
the c"Fi at the end of Gods name] all of which also have no dWEc w whatsoever) Therefore it
would seem that any dkxa said with A-DOY-NOY (or a-dee-noy or ad-noy) has no dWEc w
and no on ` should be answered. (It would probably be an dnezi on`.) Furthermore, it would
seem that one who pronounces Gods name with an Oy has never made a dkxa, nor has been
rny zìxw zevn `vei.
In the yxcnd zia of the yi` oefg, if a u"y (in dxyr dpeny) ended the dkxa of epihtey daiyd
with "htyne dwcv aie` jln" (aie` instead of ad e`) - it is well known, (and brought in a number
of mixtq) that the yi` oefg would not answer on`.
Some people wish to be zekf cnln quote the yxcn in dax mixiyd xiy on the weqt, "dad` ilr elbce"
- the yxcn seems to indicate that any mistake in wording or pronunciation is acceptable to God. -
`"hily o`nted i mdxa` axd) zeyecwd miln znrhd xtq states, After a lengthy discussion
regarding the above yxcn concludes (with the corroborating testimony from o`nrpixb .y axd - that
the yi` oefg agrees) that the yxcn is only discussing a case of (1) an ux`d mr, (2) a wepiz, (3)
an qpe`, and (4) there is no one to learn from, - only in such cases is there a special Love from
God for their efforts and intentions - but the devn is still not considered fulfilled.
But why look for mixY d? In a yxcn (mixiyd xiy), one can see the seriousness of proper
pronunciation. In (:ck sc) dlibn `xnb (ìypd dcedi iax) ycwd epiax castigated ìig iax telling him
that whenever he comes to the weqt (fi:g diryi) 'cl izi k g e
(And I will wait for God) he is being
sc
bn and sxg n (He has reviled and blasphemed God). i"yx explains that ìig iax pronounced a d
instead of a g (not unlike our difficulty in America with this sound -since there is no g in
English), - instead of saying the word izi k g e with a g (And I will wait for God), he said izi k d e
with a d (And I will smite God). zetqez point out - it was not impossible for ìig iax to vocalize a
g, but if he concentrated with difficulty, he could pronounce it. Now we can be sure that ìig iax
had the proper dpeM when he said the word izi k g e - still ycwd epiax castigated him in the strongest
terms. (In spite of the fact that it was ìig iaxs dxeqn).
How careful must one be in pronunciation - it may lead to secib & sexig, melye qg. (Like sayinglA
zexeab (no powers) instead of zFxEaB lr A (Master of mighty acts), or in [mid zxiy] mrd Exie (the
nation shot at ...) instead of mrd E`xi Ie (the nation feared God). etc., etc..
Some people point out that it is unnecessary to be careful in the pronunciation of the words or
letters in rny zìxw since we rule in accordance iqei iax in ('b dpyn 'a wxt) zekxa, which states if
one reads (rny zìxw) and is not meticulous in its letters - iqei iax says one has fulfilled ones
obligation. The (` ,aq oniq) dxexa dpyn, explains iqei iax differently way. (After seeing the above
dxexa dpyn, one should be careful to pronounce the d in the word DlEai in order to fulfill ones
obligation).
It would be appropriate at this time to point out that the ('a oniq d` ev)
'dceard yxye ceqi' states
that the long and bitter zelb is due to the fact that Jews do not pronounce the letters, vowels and
miW
bc correctly during davening, and that such flawed prayers do not accomplish anything in the
upper worlds.
_______________________________________________
LXVIII
ipc`
:'a ohw sirq 'd oniq miig gxe` dxexa dpyn
mlega 'cde cal `"aya e` cal gzta `l la` gzt shga sl`n epiidc ipc` zcewpa
.diied myl oieki dpeka wx dti zxkip `dzy c"eid yibcie unwa oepde
There are various mibdpn, how to pronounce the myd my.

American / Sephardic Pronunciation British / German Pronunciation
Ahdonoy/Adonai [Short O Sound] Ahdaunoy/Ahdounoy [Long O Sound]
1
Rav Shimon Schwab l"vf writes, the most important word in all of our
zelitz is the Name of èd jexa yecwd. In place of the Ineffable Name, which is
written dedi, we use ipc` (my Master), the plural of word oec` with the first
person singular pronominal suffix. This word is written with a mleg, which can
be pronounced differently, depending on individual mibdpn. However, it is
certainly not pronounced EE. Consequently, the often mispronounced word
ahdeenoy 'ipc
`' (or ahdnoy 'ipc
`') are not the Name of jexa yecwd
èd and are totally meaningless. The use of this word for yecwd my is
a travesty, and those who pronounce it this way should be corrected.
The gzt under the ` is a gzt shg. shg comes from the word sFhgl to cut
off. Therefore the accent is not on the first syllable ( xd` ). To accent
,zn`
the second syllable in oicnr awri axds opinion may be considered 'secibe sexig'
and moreover according to the dcedia rcep it is simply incorrect. It is
deplorable that there are mipfg who insist upon accenting the second syllable,
and feel that the melody demands this pronunciation, as if the melody rather
than the dkld were the standard.
The accent is therefore on the last syllable.

gpe b"za dcewp o"epd `ld ehtynk mrhd ea èaln epia` my rxbi dnl cakpd mya la`"
epi` dpynd lke df xaca wetwt mey mlern eprny `le rxln mrhdy `witq o`k zile d`xp
".dpezgzd lr ecie rxln envr èd lirln zexwl ezrc lr cnere zwelgna wifgnde dreh `l`
('a 'q ,`nw `xecdn g"e`) ,dcedia rcep z"ey
.:gl `nei 'nb oiire (f:i ilyn) dkx v xkf zeaiz iy`x 1.
al wiC
_______________________________________________
LXIX
aei` ,ilyn ,mildz ixtqa minrhd
from The PSALMS with commentary by l"vf yxid l`tx oeyny axd epixen
The accents used in the Book of mildz deserve to be given just as much
consideration with respect to their relevance in its interpretation as the accents which
are employed in the other books of the Scriptures. However, it must be understood that
in part they have a different value and are designated by other names in the Books
of mildz, ilyn and aei` (z n ` ixtq) than in the remaining books. We therefore present
here a list of the accents occuring in the z n ` ixtq, which is based on the one included
in the edition of 1825 by Heidenheim.
THE TWELVE SEPARATING ACCENTS
` xft, as in: edita

oi` ik (i:d mildz).
| a dinxbl jtdn, as in: l` `l | ik (d:d mildz).

| b dinxbl `lf`, as in: iphty | cecl (`:ek mildz).
c lecb riax, is distinquished from the ohw riax by its greater separating effect
and sometimes also transforms èy into a vowel, as in: ecaì
miryx ik (k:fl mildz), or
in: Lzreyia
dppxp (e:k mildz).
d ohw riax, has a lesser separating effect and is always followed by a cxeie dler, as in:
wg l` dxtq` (f:a mildz).
e xepiv, is a `wxf which is always placed at the end of a word when the stress is on
the next to the last syllable, as in: c xtk qeqk (h:al mildz), or as in: c gt ecgt (e:bp mildz).
It must be distinguished from the joining zixepiv, which occurs together with `kxn or
jtdn and precedes the stressed syllable, as in: j iew ia eyeai l` (f:hq mildz). In this weqt
eyeai is zixepiv and j iew is xepiv. In monosyllabic words xepiv is placed at the end and
zixepiv at the beginning of the word. jln df in (g:ck mildz) is accented with a zixepiv.
f cxeie dler, is the accent which has the greatest effect in separating parts of sentences
from each other. Its value in this respect is the same as that of the gpz` in the other
books of j"pz. In fact, the gpz` in the z n ` ixtq is weakened in its effect when
preceded by an cxeie dler, e.g., in b,`:` mildz. The cxeie dler consists of a `kxn
underneath the stressed syllable and of a jtdn above the preceding syllable, as in:
dxdn (b:`l mildz), j
eplivd cqga (bk:dp mildz). In case of a monosyllabic
(ibid. 8), jlklki
word, or when in a two syllable word the `kxn is placed underneath the first letter,
then the jtdn is placed at the end of the preceding word, as in: wg l` dxta` (mildz
f:a), min iblt (b:` mildz). When such a word itself takes no accent, as in the examples
just cited, then the jtdn takes the place of a swn.
g igc, is a `gth which appears always at the beginning of a word in front of the initial
vowel, even if the latter is not stressed. It must be distinguished from the `gth,
which is always found on the stressed syllable, is called `li`n `gth and serves in a
connecting function. The accent in leai `l edlre (b:` mildz) is a igc, whereas
dyri xy` lke (ibid.) is accented with a `li`n `gth. In all monosyllabic words
containing the vowels mleg or wxey the igc must always be placed in front of the first
letter, as underneath it, it would be a `li`n `gth. In enrl fr (ì:hk mildz) it is igc, but in
aeh j` (`:br mildz) it is `li`n `gth.
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LXX
aei` ,ilyn ,mildz ixtqa minrhd
from The PSALMS with commentary by l"vf yxid l`tx oeyny axd epixen
h gpz`, has a separating effect only (as in the other books of j"pz) if it is not preceded
by an cxeie dler in the same sentence, e.g., in e,d,c:` mildz (Cf. f above).
i yxben riax, the riax is always placed on the stressed syllable and the yxb on the first
letter, as in: miryx eyeai (gi:`l mildz), or as in: dizewevnn (e:fw mildz). However,
if the first letter is also stressed, then riax and yxb are placed together above it, as
in: xzi lr (dk:`l mildz).
| ì
dlecb zlyly, is always followed by a vertical line, which is similar to a wqt, in order
to distinguish it from the dphw zlyly, which belongs to the group of joining accents.
xcl (a:ht mildz) it is a dlecb 'ly, whereas in 'c j`ln (g:cl mildz) it is a dphw 'ly.
In | xce
ai
weliq, is a weqt seq which which closes a sentence as in the other books.
THE NINE JOINING ACCENTS
` jtdn, is sometimes found in connection with zixepiv in order to distinguish it from

dinxbl jtdn, as in: ipri yed new (g:b mildz).
| d
a `kxn, is sometimes found in connection with zixepiv in order to distinguish it from dler
cxeie, as in: u`
b (b:i mildz).
b `lf`. -
c gpen, is found underneath a letter and is called dhnln jled xtey.
d ielir, is found above a letter and is also called dlrnln jled xtey.
e enei oa gxi, is also called lblb.
f `li`n `gth (Cf. igc).
g zixepiv, occurs only in connection with jtdn and `kxn and always precedes them so
as to mark them as joining accents (Cf. ` and a). It may be distinguished from the
separating xepiv by its position (Cf. ibid.). When a zixepiv occurs with two
monosyllabic words, which by rights should be connected with a swn, a zixepiv is
always placed above the beginning of the word which precedes the one accented
with a jtdn or `kxn and thus takes over the function of a swn, as in: epicl` èd
ik
(f:dv mildz).
h dphw zlyly, is never followed by a vertical line.
All the remaining accents which occur in the other books of j"pz, but are not
enumerated in the foregoing, are not found in the z n ` ixtq, except in the
introductory and concluding miweqt of the Book of aei`.
_______________________________________________
LXXI
A Brief History Of German Jews In Chicago
1832
The first Jew, Morris Baumgarten, arrives in Chicago.
1837
The City of Chicago, with its five thousand inhabitants, is incorporated
as a city.
1840
Morris Baumgarten is followed by Isaac Ziegler, the brothers Benedict
and Jacob Shubert and Phillip Newburgh. The following settle in Chicago
between the years 1840 and 1844: H. Fuller, Jacob Fuller, Marx L.
Mayer, Rosbach, Isaac Engle, B. Stern, A. Frank, Marcus Peisser,
Levi Rosenfeld, Jacob Rosenberg, Morris Einstein, the brothers
Julius, Abraham and Moses Kohn, James Marks, the two brothers
Benjamin and Henry Meyer, and Mayer Klein the first Chazzan in Illinois.
1845
Religious services are held for the first time in the Jewish settlement of
Chicago, on Yom Kippur, in a small room above a store on Wells and Lake
streets. The following persons are present: Benedict Shubert,
Jacob Rosenberg, S. Friedheim, who live at Pigeon Woods, west of Elgin,
Illinois, the Bavarian brothers Julius, Abraham, Morris and Mayer Kohn,
who had come to Chicago from New York City. Harry Benjamin,
Philip Newburgh and Mayer Klein. The last two officiate as chazzonim.
Jewish Burial Ground Society founded - the first Jewish organization in
Chicago.
1846
The second public services are held on Yom Kippur, also in a private room,
above the store of Messrs. Rosenfeld & Rosenberg, 155 Lake Street.
The chazzonim this time were Philip Newburgh and Abraham Kohn.
Not many more persons are present at this service than at the first.
A Jewish cemetery is established near Lake Michigan just north of
North Avenue, within what is now known as Lincoln Park.
1847
Kehillas Anshe Mayriv - Congregation of The Men Of The West - the first
Jewish congregation in Chicago and possibly the Midwestern United States,
is founded. The Kohn brothers, they had left their widowed mother Dila
in New York. Mrs. Kohn would come only if she could be provided
with kosher meat. Her sons hire a schochet from New York City,
Rabbi (Reverend) Ignatz Kunreuther.
Rabbi Kunreuther (1811-1884), was born in Gelnhausen near
Frankfort-on-the-Main. The son of Rabbiner [Naftoli] Hirsch Levi Kunreuther,
the last rabbi of Gelnhausen and head of the towns large yeshiva. While he
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LXXII
was not an ordained rabbi, he was a chacham, a learned man. He was the
schochet, chazzan, Torah reader, teacher and Minister of congregation. He is
an upright and kindly character, well-versed in Talmud and Hebrew lore.
He conducts the services at K.A.M. in accordance with the strict observances
of Orthodoxy. Rabbi Kunreuther assembles the first Beth Din in the city.
The rabbis residence and the K.A.M. synagogue are spared from destruction
by the Chicago Fire of 1871, while on the other side of the street, and north
of it are completely burnt. Rabbi Kunreuther insists that his prayers
(in accordance with Minhag Ashkenaz) saves that side of the street.
Abraham Kohn (1819-1871) born in Moenichsroth, Bavaria, Germany,
becomes the leader of the Chicago Jewish community and serves as
K.A.M.s vice president and third President of from 1853 to 1856. He is an
enthusiastic advocate of establishing a Rabbinical College in the United
States. Abraham fights the battle of conservative Judaism against modern
Reform. Not less attractive is the other side, the gentler side of his
character: his detestation of human slavery. These two qualities are
complimentary.
1849
The lot on Clark Street, between Adams and Quincy, is leased by K.A.M.
for the erection of a permanent synagogue.
The first Jewish wedding in Chicago occurs, between Jacob Rosenberg and
Hannah Reese (of the Michael Reese family).
1850
Chicago obtains its first Jewish Teacher, Lehrer Leopold Mayer. His first
position is in Chicago as a private teacher of German and Hebrew.
Mr. Mayer at once becomes a power force, and uses his influence to reform
Judaism in Chicago. He makes it possible for later friends of reform,
to establish the Jdischer Reformverein. It was this influence, which
induces K.A.M. to entrust the instruction of its children to a progressive man
like teacher Godfrey Snydacker (Gottfried Schneidacker). Born in
Westphalia, Germany. Mr. Snydacker receives an excellent education in the
national schools. It is expected that he will teach the children in his new way
and imbue them with his new thoughts of Judaism. He is a man of modern
education and progressive ideas. His engagement is quite a step for a
congregation, which is until now has been strictly Orthodox. For three years
he is preacher of K.A.M., and also teaches the day school in connection with
the Congregation. When Sinai Congregation is formed in 1858, Mr. Snydacker
becomes a member and is on several occasions, its presiding officer.
1851
Kehillas Anshe Mayriv builds its first Jewish house of worship, on Clark
Street between Adams and Quincy, now the site of the Kluczynski Federal
Building. The synagogue also houses the first mikveh (ritual bath) in Chicago.
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LXXIII
At K.A.M. from the start, Minhag Frankfurt, the rituals of the Jews from
Frankfurt Am Main, is adopted, "but it doesnt take long before demands
are made for a more reformed ritual and more modern services for the
synagogue. The leaders of the congregation gradually yield, and grant a few
concessions from time to time. Piyutim and Selichos are first abolished,
then prayers are sung in the vernacular of the country, the organ
is introduced and then a few more such slight reforms are adopted.
The kosher dietary laws though, are still strictly adhered to by most of the
members of the congregation, and they therefore still require the services of
a Schochet."
1852
Twenty Jews from Posen, Germany have become discontented enough to
break off from K.A.M. (partly because of the majority of its members
originating from Bavaria it has become known as the Bayerische Shul) and
found Chicagos second Jewish congregation, Kehillath Bnai Shalom which
is more Orthodox and practices Minhag Polin as well as cultural differences
between Eastern European and German immigrants, leads to creation of this
new congregation.
1853
Rabbi Kunreuther sits on a Bais Din with a lay person Samuel Straus, as
well as Rabbi Isador Kalisch (1816-1886), who journeys from
Cleveland, Ohio to be the necessary third. The rabbinical court on which they
sit had been convened to perform the conversion of Caroline Hamlin
of Ohio, who marries (Colonel) Marcus Spiegel, a young Chicago Jew
whose father Moses Spiegel, teaches in K.A.M.s religious school. Colonel
Spiegel one of the highest ranking Jewish officers in the Union Army during
the American Civil War is mortally wounded during the Red River Campaign
on May 4, 1864. His brother Joseph Spiegel founds the famous Spiegel
Catalog in 1865.
Rabbi Kunreuther severes his connection with K.A.M. when his extreme
Orthodox views compel him to resign rather than to submit to innovations in
the ritual. However, according to one document, he is actually expelled.
Later in life, Rabbi Kunreuther engages in real estate and loans, in which
he is very successful. Mr. Snydacker is then appointed president of the
congregation and engaged by the congregation as Torah reader and teacher.
1859
K.A.M. establishes an all-day school and also Sunday school.
1861
The question or ritual is still agitating the minds of the members. Resolutions
are adopted in one meeting and reconsidered in another. Minhag Hamburg
is proposed by one group, the Merzbacher Reform Prayer-Book by another.
As a compromise Minhag Frankfort is briefly reintroduced, and again
discarded. The reform element of the congregation is by now restless and
dissatisfied, and the conservative element unyielding and persistent.
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LXXIV
Towards the close of 1861 twenty-six members secede K.A.M. and form a
new organization under the name Sinai Congregation. Rabbi Kunreuther
is succeeded in the pulpit by Rabbi Liebman Adler (1812-1892), born in
Lengsfeld, near Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, Germany, a position he occupies
continuously, with the exception of 1872-1876, until his retirement in 1882.
Rabbi Adler was educated by prominent Hebrew scholars, including his
father and the father of Rabbi Kunreuther. Rabbi Adler is an exceedingly
modest and unassuming man. His congregation soon learns that he is a
staunch abolitionist, but also equally strong on the need for reconciliation
after the Civil War. He abhors every kind of polemic, every expression of
unkindness. In his religious views he is conservative: yet his conservatism
does not prevent him from feeling the necessity to introduce, to a moderate
extent, some reform in the liturgy of his congregation and in the ceremonial
life of his people.
1864
Kehillath Bnai Shaloms first synagogue is built on Harrison Street
and Fourth Avenue. (In 1906, Kehillath Bnai Shalom, Chicagos second
Jewish congregation, merges with Temple Isaiah Israel.)
1870
Rabbi Aaron J. Messing (1840-1916) born in Argenau, Germany becomes
Kehillath Bnai Shaloms first rabbi. He is the son of a well-known Hebrew
author, Rabbi Joseph Messing. He leaves the congregation for three years,
assuming the pulpit of Congregation Sherith Israel in San Francisco.
His understanding is that the synagogue is Orthodox. Rabbi Messing does
not know that there are important elements within the congregation that
favor modest reforms in the practices of the Congregation. One of those
reforms concerns mixed seating. Some time before, they have abolished
separate seating. To what extent Rabbi Messing knew of the situation is
indicated in a letter: I will have a lot of work to do in order to lead them on
the right track back to Torah Judaism. He returns to Chicago in 1873,
and remains until 1876, when the second Chicago fire leaves the
Congregation without a rabbi or a home. He then returns to San Francisco
and serves Congregation Beth Israel with grand success from 1877 to 1890.
The congregation is at this time more in tune with his Orthodoxy. In 1890,
Rabbi Messing returns to Chicago for the third time, and resumes his
ministry here. He is Chicagos first brilliant Jewish public orator.
1871
A fledgling minyan of Austro-Hungarian Jews rents space in an assembly hall
at the corner of Peoria and Ohio Streets. Gemeinde Rodef Sholomthe
first to meet in Chicago after the Great Fireis born.
1872
Gemeinde Rodef Sholom purchases the wood frame of an old Norwegian
Lutheran church on the corner of Huron and May Streets. The synagogue
then moves the structure to land it has purchased, on the corner of Huron
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LXXV
and Peoria Streets. Shabbos morning services are held in the Orthodox
tradition with leadership largely provided by the Rabbi Ignatz Kunreuther
who walks a considerable distance from his home on Harrison Street and
Fourth Avenue, to officiate at the minyan. Rabbi Kunreuther officiates
there for approximately one year. At this time, the congregation is
composed entirely of German-speaking immigrants from Central Europe,
mainly from Bohemia, Silesia (a region comprising parts of Germany, Poland
and Czechoslovakia), and Austria-Hungary, with several additional members
from central Germany. The liturgy and ritual practice are derived in large
part from the services at older Central European synagogues, and the Divrei
Torah are delivered in either Hebrew or German.
1873
Rabbi Dr. Herman Eliassof (1849-1918) born in Vilna, Lithuania, arrives
in Chicago. With a highly favorable recommendation from K.A.M.s German
Reform Rabbi Reverend Dr. Michaelis Machol (1845-1912), Dr. Eliassof
is hired and installed as the first official rabbi of Rodef Sholom.
He possesses a good Rabbinic training, and has mastered the Hebrew,
English, and German languages. He goes on to teach both Hebrew and
German. He does not occupy the pulpit for long. He also becomes the
Principal of the Sabbath School of K.A.M. in 1897. Early in the Twentieth
Century, the congregation changes its name to Temple Beth-El and
becomes a Reform congregation.
Congregation Anshe Emet is founded. It is the first synagogue since 1852
begun by German Jews, which is not established as a Reform but a
Conservative congregation.
1895-1896
Isaiah Temple is organized, and Temple Israel is organized in 1896.
1874
K.A.M. officially becomes a Reform congregation.
1906
Temple Israel merges with Kehillath B'nai Sholom, the second oldest
Jewish congregation in Illinois. Temple Isaiah merges with B'nai Sholom
Temple Israel; the merged congregation takes the name Temple Isaiah
Israel.
1936
[North Side] The Sport Center of Jewish Youth is established a sports and
social club on Chicagos North Side by Jewish refugees of Nazi persecution,
who come to Chicago from Germany and Austria in the mid 1930s. They are
followed by Holocaust survivors from Europe, Australia, China, Cuba and
Latin America. The Sport Center of Jewish Youth later evolves as the
North Center of Jewish Youth. In 1946, The first full time rabbi, Rabbi
Davin Schoenberger (who performed the marriage of Anne Frank's
parents) suggests, the North Center of Jewish Youths name be changed
to Temple Ezra. In 1962, Temple Ezra joins the United Synagogue of
America and in 1967, the congregation changes its name to Ezra
Congregation in order to formally identify with the Conservative Movement.
--------------------------
_______________________________________________
LXXVI
[South Side] The Jewish Center also begins with the arrival of refugees of
Nazi persecution, young and old, who come to Chicago from Germany and
Austria in the mid 1930s and by Holocaust survivors who arrive from
Europe, Australia, China, Cuba and Latin America after World War II. The
Jewish Center negotiates with Sinai Congregation to conduct a separate
services for the High Holy Days. In 1939, another group of unaffiliated
newcomers forms Conservative Friday evening services. The group is
incorporated by the State of Illinois in 1945 under the new name of
Habonim. In 1946, both south side groups merge under the name
Habonim Jewish Center and Rabbi Bernard Wechsberg is appointed its
spiritual leader. In 1960, Habonim joins the United Synagogue of America.
1971
K.A.M. and Temple Isaiah Israel merge.
1973
Ezra and Habonim merge and become Congregation Ezra-Habonim.
1997
Congregation Ezra-Habonim splits into two segments, One segment of
the congregation, merges with Niles Township Jewish Congregation and
the synagogue building is sold. Those who remained members form
Congregation Ezra-Habonim, the Rogers Park Conservative
Synagogue which shares the facilities of Temple Menorah. They remain
an independent synagogue until their merger with Ner Tamid
Congregation. In 2007, Ner Tamid - Ezra Habonim Congregation
merges with the Egalitarian Minyan of Rogers Park. The congregation
currently rents space within the Chedar Lubavitch Girls School building.
2010
Kehillas Ashkenaz Chicago is founded by Rabbi Rallis Wiesenthal.
Kehillas Ashkenaz Chicago holds monthly prayers services, in the
Temple Menorah building. It is founded as a vehicle for Jews of German
ancestry, to explore their rich traditions and customs.
2012
Kehillas Ashkenaz Chicago becomes the Minhag Ashkenaz Minyan and
now meets on a monthly basis in Congregation Knesset Israel Nusach
Sefard of West Rogers Parks Beis HaMedrash. The first minyan occurs on
January 6, 2012 at K.I.N.S., where the following people are in attendance:
Mara DAsra, Rabbi Leonard Matanky Mr. Mitchell Goldberg
Rabbi Rallis Wiesenthal Mr. Barry Goldberg
Rabbi Moshe Kahn Mr. Mark Lebovitz
Rabbi Aaron Jacoby Mr. Neil Harris
Dr. Jordan Pollack Mr. Mattan Meital
Dr. Edward Loew Mr. James Mainzer
Mr. David Bier Mr. Yitzi Cohen
_______________________________________________
LXXVII
Exk f
Remember The Teaching Of Moses My Servant (ak:b ik`ln) !iCa r dW n zxFY
Above the entrance of the Bad Homburg Community House was inscribed with these words:
My Family Customs, Memoirs and Traditions

Many years ago `"hily xbxeand axd epixen gave me the following sage advice;
Write down your family traditions! In this way, you will create a
written record to pass down to the coming generations. No matter at
what observance level you currently find yourself or how limited your
recollection of your traditions are, time will only make those memories
all the fainter! I encourage you to utilize these last few pages of the
siddur to begin the process. (I categorized my family customs and
traditions in the following manner; leg ini, zay, aeh mei, mi`xep mini etc.)
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LXXVIII
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LXXIX
Exk f
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LXXXI
:midl` lk lr del` zxfra :xecqd mlyp
:w"tl LC ` dY ` zF`lt p d re dY
al mi l ` lFcbiM hxtle xcql
dpenà ycewd zk`lna wnerd lretd ici lr
:e"vi l`hprfiee dyn 'x oa uxid dnly axd
Rabbi Rallis Hermann Wiesenthal
:fpky` zepicna 'd 'c 't bxeaned cà w"w epizea` xir
:zixad zevxà iepili` ebwiy w"wa ycewd zk`ln dzr zrl
:xn
`PW ,oir n W
p eix
aC min W z` xi FA WiW mc` lM ,`pEd ax xn ` FAlg ia x xn ` (:e zekxa 'nb)
':mc`dlk
dfik xeny
eizevnzè
`xi midl`dz`
rnyp
xac seq '
lkd
(bi:ai zldw)
:mler `xea l`l dldz mlype mz
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Sidur Ashkenaz - Tefiloh-Sefas-Yisroel-Sidur Yis - Rabbi Rallis Wiesenthal

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dpyd zenil dltz

mifpky` w"w bdpnk

zenyp ielirle xkfl

Herta Emmerich Sally [Rallis] Wiesenthal

:mipey zexewnn hwln xeciqd

miwdaene miwiecn miixewnd mifpky` mixecqe mixefgnn gqep

Bad Homburg Historical Time Line 1335-1942 / 2012 - XII

Memorial For Bad Homburg Rabbonim And Chazzonim XVIII

A Memorial to Bad Homburg Jews Deported From The City In 1942-1943 XX

The Bad Homburg Minhag XXII

The Torah Legacy From The Land Of Israel to Ashkenazic Lands

3. The Boundaries Of Minhag Ashkenaz XX

4. The Significance Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXI

5. Polish Customs In The Ramos Writings XXIV

6. Guardians Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXV

7. The Community Of Frankfurt - Stronghold Of Minhag Ashkenaz XXVII

8. Siddurim (Prayer Book Texts) XXX

Vom Geistlichen Stand - Spiritual Terms XL

Piyut Curiosities by Rabbi Yirmiyahu Kaganoff XLIV

Various Ashkenazic Customs

y"ixd zgz gzt shg LI

Ashkenazic Tradition LII

Nitel Nacht LIII

The Titles Chover and Moreinu LIV

Yekke or Jecke - The German Jew LIV

Placement Of The Omud And The Almemor (Bimoh) LV

Collecting Tzedokoh LVI

dltzd iptl zeywae zelitz LVI

ziaxre dgpn ipnf LVI

The Definition of Oren LVI

The Spinholz Sabbath LVII

Four Methods Of Reciting Tehillim LVIII

The Proper Way To Wear A Tallis LIX

A Tallis And Hat On Ones Head During Tefilloh LX

The Sharing of Sephardic And Ashkenazic Customs LXII

Various Sefiroh Customs

Minhag Ashkenaz And Recent Lag BOmer Innovations LXV

yicwd - l wxt miigd xyb xtq LXIII

The Pronunciation Of The ChOulom Vowel LXV

MY Family Customs, Memoirs and Traditions LXXVIII

iciqg oebip edyfi` mye dt `evnl ozip i`ce

:miO d lr ux` d rwFx mlFrd Kln Epi l

:iMx W 26 mlFrd Kln Epi l

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