Electromagnetic Studies and Subsurface Mapping of Electrical Resistivity in Mexico

Electromagnetic Studies and Subsurface
Mapping of Electrical Resistivity in the

La Bajada Constriction Area, New Mexico
By Brian D. Rodriguez, Maria DeszczPan, and David A. Sawyer
Chapter F of
The Cerrillos Uplift, the La Bajada Constriction, and Hydrogeologic
Framework of the Santo Domingo Basin, Rio Grande Rift,
New Mexico
Edited by Scott A. Minor
Professional Paper 1720F
U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................................................121
Introduction to Electromagnetic Methods.............................................................................................121
Electrical Rock Properties.........................................................................................................................121
Ground-based Electromagnetic Surveys................................................................................................123
Magnetotelluric Survey....................................................................................................................123
Resistivity Models Based on Magnetotelluric Survey................................................................126
Geologic Interpretation of Surface Electromagnetic Models....................................................131
Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys..........................................................................................................142
TimeDomain Electromagnetic Survey...........................................................................................143
Resistivity Models Based on TimeDomain Electromagnetic Survey.......................................144
Geologic Interpretation of Airborne Electromagnetic Models..................................................148
Summary......................................................................................................................................................159
References Cited........................................................................................................................................162
Figures
F1. Index map of airborne timedomain electromagnetic survey areas in middle
Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico..............................................................................................122
F2. Maps showing Cochiti Pueblo airborne timedomain electromagnetic survey
area and magnetotelluric survey stations northeast of Albuquerque,
New Mexico...............................................................................................................................124
F3. Diagrams showing data used to construct two-dimensional finiteelement
resistivity models of the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic
survey area.................................................................................................................................127
F4. Resistivity models with lithologic interpretation constructed from
audiomagnetotelluric data from Cerros del Rio volcanic field...........................................130
F5. Two-dimensional finiteelement resistivity model with lithologic
interpretation constructed from highfrequency magnetotelluric
data for Cochiti Pueblo area....................................................................................................132
F6. Two-dimensional finiteelement resistivity model constructed from
lowfrequency magnetotelluric data......................................................................................133
F7. Maps showing timedomain electromagnetic depth slices from 20 m to 200 m
depth in the Cochiti Pueblo survey area................................................................................135
F8F11. Cross sections showing:
F8. Resistivity under flight line 620 in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain
electromagnetic survey area and inductionresistivity log for well
CEPO 2 in Cochiti Pueblo......................................................................................142
electromagnetic survey area; resistivity-depth image...................................145
electromagnetic survey area; least-squares inversion..................................145
F11. Cross sections showing eastwest timedomain electromagnetic
resistivity profiles in the Cochiti Pueblo survey area......................................146
F12. Maps showing timedomain electromagnetic elevation slices from 1,750 to
1,400 m elevation in the Cochiti Pueblo survey area...........................................................149
F13. Cross sections showing northsouth profiles in the Cochiti Pueblo time-domain
electromagnetic survey area...................................................................................................156
F14. Maps showing depth to surface of >100 ohmm resistive layer and
elevation of >100 ohmm resistive layer in the Cochiti Pueblo time-domain
electromagnetic survey area...................................................................................................160
Tables
F1. Audiomagnetotelluric and magnetotelluric station coordinates and elevations
in the Cochiti Pueblo area, New Mexico...............................................................................126
F2. Range of average resistivity values in regional induction logs for stratigraphic
units encountered in wells in study region...........................................................................134
F3. Location of wells referred to in table F2................................................................................134
Electromagnetic Studies and Subsurface Mapping of
Electrical Resistivity in the La Bajada Constriction Area,
New Mexico
By Brian D. Rodriguez, Maria DeszczPan, and David A. Sawyer
Abstract basin (Bartolino and Cole, 2002). From preexisting hydrologic

models it became evident that hydrogeologic uncertainties were
Airborne and surface electromagnetic surveys were used large in the Santo Domingo Basin area, immediately upgradient
to map changes in electrical resistivity with depth in the La from the greater Albuquerque metropolitan area, and particu
Bajada constriction and Cochiti Pueblo area; these changes larly in the northeast part of the basin referred to as the La
in resistivity are related to variations in rock or deposit types Bajada constriction (see chapter A, this volume, for a geologic
that, in turn, influence aquifers in the study area. In the eastern definition of this feature as used in this report). Accordingly, a
Cerros del Rio volcanic field, the location and geometry of priority for new geologic and geophysical investigations was to
the northern boundary of the Cerrillos uplift are constrained better determine the hydrogeologic framework of the La Bajada
by our electromagnetic survey results. This boundary defines constriction area. This chapter along with the other chapters
the southeastern extent of the La Bajada constriction through of this report present the results of such investigations recently
which groundwater hydraulically connected with the Rio conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Grande flows as it passes from the Espaola Basin into the Airborne and surface electromagnetic (EM) surveys are
Santo Domingo Basin. The largely concealed Tetilla fault zone described here as part of U.S. Geological Survey investigations
is also detected by the electromagnetic surveys in this area; of the subsurface distribution of sedimentary and volcanic
it appears to form the western boundary of an eastdipping rocks in the Cochiti Pueblo and La Bajada constriction areas
block of electrically conductive Mancos Shale. In the north- (survey area D, fig. F1). An airborne timedomain electromag
central part of the La Bajada constriction, a large area of lower netic (TDEM) survey was used to map changes in electrical
resistivity coincides with a silt or clay lacustrine unit in upper resistivity with depth that are related to differences in rock
Santa Fe Group basin-fill deposits. In the central part of the type; these various rock types, in turn, affect the hydrologic
constriction, higher resistivities correspond in part with ances properties of aquifers in the region. A ground-based magneto
tral Rio Grande axial gravel deposits. On the western flank of telluric (MT) survey was used to calibrate TDEM results and
the La Bajada constriction, our electromagnetic survey results to obtain electrical resistivity information from depths greater
provide constraints on the relative position of basement and on than the limits of the TDEM survey. In this chapter we discuss
the thicknesses of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary sedimen the electrical rock property called resistivity, the surface (MT)
tary rocks on either side of the constriction-bounding Pajarito and airborne (TDEM) electromagnetic methods used in our
fault zone. study, and our approach to modeling and interpreting MT and
TDEM data. We present subsurface maps and cross sections
of resistivity and interpret the basic geologic framework of the
study area on the basis of these data.
Introduction to Electromagnetic
Methods
Electrical Rock Properties
Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey were begun in
1996 to improve understanding of the geologic framework of Electromagnetic geophysical methods detect variations
the Albuquerque composite basin and adjoining areas, in order in the electrical properties of rocksin particular electrical
that more accurate hydrogeologic parameters could be applied resistivity (or its inverse, electrical conductivity). Electri
to new hydrologic models. The ultimate goal of this multidis cal resistivity can be correlated with geologic units on the
ciplinary effort has been to better quantify estimates of future surface and at depth by using lithologic logs to provide a
water supplies for northern New Mexicos growing urban threedimensional picture of subsurface geology. The resistiv
centers, which largely subsist on aquifers in the Rio Grande rift ity of geologic units largely depends on their fluid content,
122 Hydrogeologic Framework, La Bajada Constriction Area, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico
10700 10630
Figure F1. Airborne
Ri
o
D timedomain electromagnetic
survey areas in the middle
Pu
e Rio Grande Basin north of
Sa
rc
nta Albuquerque, New Mexico,
o
Fe
River
MCKINLEY
Je modified from Bartolino (1999).

me
3530 z A+B, Rio Rancho survey area.
C, Rio Puerco survey area,
Ri
r
ve
both described in DeszczPan
C
SANTA FE
SANDOVAL and others (2000). D, Cochiti
Pueblo survey area discussed
in this chapter.
Rio Rancho
A+B
ALBUQUERQUE
ro yo
BERNALILLO Ar
ras
Ri Tije
oS
Rio Grande
3500 an J
ose
Los Lunas
Rio VALENCIA
Pu
erc
o
Belen
TORRANCE
3430
Area
of
SOCORRO figure 1
NEW MEXICO
San Acacia
0 10 20 30 MILES
0 10 20 30 KILOMETERS
EXPLANATION
Boundary of time-domain
electromagnetic survey data
Boundary of composite Albuquerque Basin
County line
SOCORRO County name
Ground-Based Electromagnetic Surveys 123
porosity, fracture density, temperature, and content of conduc The natural electric and magnetic fields are recorded in
tive minerals (Keller and Frischknecht, 1966). Fluids in the two orthogonal, horizontal directions (the vertical magnetic
pore spaces and fracture openings, especially saline fluids, field is also recorded). The resulting timeseries signals are
can reduce resistivities in what would otherwise be a resistive used to derive Earthtensor apparent resistivities and phases
rock matrix. Resistivity can also be lowered by electrically after first converting them to complex crossspectra using fast
conductive clay minerals, graphitic carbon, and deposits of Fourier transform techniques and leastsquares, crossspectral
metallic minerals. Altered volcanic rocks commonly contain analysis (Bendat and Piersol, 1971) to solve for a tensor
replacement minerals that have resistivities that are only a transfer function. If one assumes that the Earth consists of a
tenth of the resistivities of minerals in unaltered surrounding twoinput, twooutput, linear system in which the orthogonal
rocks (Nelson and Anderson, 1992). Watersaturated clayrich magnetic fields are input and the orthogonal electric fields
alluvium, marine shale, and other mudstones are normally are output, then the calculated function relates the observed
very conductivea few (13) ohms per meter to a few tens electric fields to the magnetic fields. Before it is converted to
(1020) of ohms per meter. Watersaturated, unconsolidated, apparent resistivity and phase, the tensor is normally rotated
terrestrial alluvial sediments are commonly moderately con into principal directions that usually correspond with the
ductive (1070 ohmm). Sediments containing conglomerate direction of maximum and minimum apparent resistivity. For
and coarse, clean sand possess resistivities at the higher end a twodimensional Earth, the MT fields can be decoupled
of the range, and impure sand and siltstone lie at the lower into transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. Two-
end. The resistivity of watersaturated unconsolidated sedi dimensional resistivity modeling is generally computed to fit
ment, at low temperature and measured at low frequencies, is both modes. When the geology satisfies the two-dimensional
controlled by the relative proportion of clay minerals, poros assumption, the MT data for the transverse electric mode are
ity, interconnected pore structures, and dissolved minerals assumed to represent the electric field along geologic strike,
(Keller, 1987; Palacky, 1987). and the data for the transverse magnetic mode are assumed to
Unaltered, unfractured igneous rocks are normally very represent the electric field across strike. The MT method is
resistive (typically a few hundred to thousands of ohmm). well suited for studying complicated geologic environments
Carbonate rocks are moderately to highly resistive (hundreds because the electric and magnetic relations are sensitive to
to thousands of ohms per meter) depending upon their fluid vertical and horizontal variations in resistivity. The method is
content, porosity, fracture characteristics, and impurities. capable of establishing whether the electromagnetic fields are
Metamorphic rocks (that do not contain graphite) are moder responding to subsurface rock bodies of effectively one, two,
ately to highly resistive (hundreds to thousands of ohms per or three dimensions. An introduction to the MT method and
meter). Resistivity may be low (less than 100 ohmm) along references for a more advanced understanding are contained in
fault zones that were fractured enough to have once hosted flu Dobrin and Savit (1988) and Vozoff (1991).
ids (generally water or brine) from which conductive minerals
were deposited. Higher subsurface temperatures cause greater
mobility of ions in the fluids and increase the energy level Magnetotelluric Survey
above the activation energy for electrons or ions, factors that Six highfrequency MT soundings (stations 16, table
considerably reduce rock resistivity (Keller and Frischknecht, F1) were acquired in 1997 in the Cochiti Pueblo survey area
1966). Tables of electrical resistivity for a variety of rocks, (figure F2A). Spacing between soundings ranged from 4.5 to
minerals, and geologic environments may be found in Keller 11 km. Some stations were used to calibrate the inversion of
(1987) and Palacky (1987). the airborne TDEM data. These stations were located in areas
that had a locally one-dimensional TDEM response and were
close to roads but distant from sources of electrical noise, such
Ground-Based Electromagnetic Surveys as power lines. Horizontal electric fields were sensed using
titanium electrodes placed in an Lshaped, threeelectrode
The MT method is a passive ground-based electromag array with dipole lengths of 30 m. The orthogonal, horizontal
netic geophysical technique that investigates the distribution magnetic fields in the direction of the electricfield measure
of electrical resistivity (or its inverse, electrical conductivity) ment array were sensed using high magnetic permeability,
below the surface at depths of tens of meters to tens of kilome mumetalcored (80 percent nickel, 15 percent iron, 5 percent
ters (Vozoff, 1991). It does so by measuring the Earths natural molybdenum) induction coils. Frequencies sampled ranged
electric and magnetic fields. Worldwide lightning activity at from 20,000 to 4 Hz by use of single-station recordings of
frequencies of 10,000 to 1 hertz (Hz) and geomagnetic micro both orthogonal horizontal components of the electric and
pulsations at frequencies of 1 to 0.001 Hz provide the main magnetic fields and of the vertical magnetic field. These fre
frequency bands used by the MT method. The natural electro quencies lie at the high end of the MT spectrum and are com
magnetic waves propagate vertically in the Earth because the monly referred to as audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) frequencies.
very large contrast in the resistivity of the air and the Earth Sampling these frequencies in the Cochiti Pueblo allowed
causes a vertical refraction of the electromagnetic wave at the us to probe the subsurface from depths of tens of meters to
Earths surface (Vozoff, 1972). about one kilometer (Williams, Rodriguez, and Sampson,
1062230" 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
020
010
030
040
3952000
050
060
070
080
L60
L60
L60
L60
L60
L60
L60
L60
L60101
L60101
L60201 de 10
17 ran
3950000
L60301
L60401 A Ri o G L60201
L60301
L60501 L60401
L60601 Dome Road L60501
L60701
L60601
B'
3948000
L60801 L60701
L60901 Cochiti Lake 2 Cochiti Pueblo
1 1200
L60801
L61001 6 L60901
L61101 L61001
Cam
L61201 5 L61101
La
3946000
L61301 2 L61201
ad
Ba
L61401 L61301
a fau
jad
L61501 L61401
Sou
11
L61601
af
L61501
L61701
lt
au
th P
L61601
3944000
L61801
lt
L61701
zo
L61901 Cochiti L61801
ajari
ne
L62001 Reservoir L61901
353730"
L62101 8 L62001
to fa
L62201 L62101
CEPO 2
3942000
L62301 L62201
L62401 POWER
ult
L LINE L62301
L62501 6009 L62401
0
L62601 L62501
L62701 POWER L62601
Santa Cruz
3940000
L62801 POWER L62701

L62901 LINE Springs
LINE 3 L62801
010
L63001 L62901
L60
de
L63101 4 L63001
Rio Gran
L63201 Sa L63101
3938000
L63301
L63401
nt
a Fe A' B L63201
L63301
L63401
L63501 L63501
020
Ri
L63601
ve
L63601
L60
L63701
3936000
L63801 POWER L63701

L63901 LINE L63801
L64001 L63901
030
L64101 L64001
L60
L64201 L64101
3934000
L64201
e
L64301
on
L64401 L64301
lt z L64401
L64501
040
L64501
fau
L64601
L64601
L60
3932000
050
lla
L64701 L64701
L64801
ti
L64801
L60
Te
L64901
L65001 L64901
L65001
060
3930000
L60090
70
L60
080
A
0
3530
L60
L60
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS
NAD83 / UTM zone 13N
EXPLANATION
Power line noise Flight line

(10 mV contour interval)
Audiomagnetotelluric
Cochiti Pueblo boundary station
FaultDashed where uncertain; Magnetotelluric station
ball on downthrown side Water well
Strike of resistivity
10630 10615
LOS ALAMOS
COUNTY
12
Saint Espaola
Peters Basin
Dome
3545
10
17
1
La Bajada 5
6
constriction
2
11
Cochiti
Reservoir
8
e
nd
ra
G
io 3
R
4
Sa
nt
a Fe
Riv
r
e
Cerrillos 25
uplift
Santo Ga
list
Domingo eo C
ree
Basin k
3530
SANDOVAL
SANTA FE
COUNTY
COUNTY
25
0 5 10 KILOMETERS
EXPLANATION
Audiomagnetotelluric station
Magnetotelluric station
BoundaryTime-domain eletromagnetic
survey area
Figure F2 (above and facing page). Cochiti Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic survey area (survey area D, fig. F1) northeast
of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Highfrequency magnetotelluric (AMT) sounding stations 16 acquired in 1997; lowfrequency
magnetotelluric (MT) sounding stations 8, 10, 11, 12, and 17 acquired in 2002. A, Flight lines flown in airborne timedomain
electromagnetic survey. B, Location of AMT and MT stations. The La Bajada constriction contains Santa Fe Group basin-fill
sedimentary aquifers linking the Espaola and Santo Domingo Basins. Cerrillos uplift constrained by gravity data (chapter D, this
volume) and by AMT stations 4 and 5 and MT stations 8, 10, and 11.
2001). Five lowfrequency MT soundings (table F1) were also Resistivity Models Based on Magnetotelluric
acquired in 2002 in the survey area (sites 8, 10, 11, 12 and 17),
fig. F2B.
Survey
The recorded timeseries data were transformed to the The AMT data were modeled by use of a two
frequency domain using Fourier analysis to determine a dimensional finiteelement resistivity algorithm (Wan
twodimensional apparent resistivity and phase tensor at each namaker, Stodt, and Rijo, 1985) called PW2D. The two-
site. The data were rotated to maximum and minimum apparent dimensional resistivity model is constructed by adjusting
resistivity directions so that propagation modes for the signals the resistivity values beneath the profile of AMT stations, so
were decoupled into transverse electric and transverse mag that for all stations the calculated two-dimensional response
netic modes. This treatment supplies the local strike of electri agrees with the measured data. From our six AMT stations,
cal sources (illustrated by doubleheaded arrows in fig. F2A). we constructed two profiles. Profile AA (fig. F2A), at a
Local reference sensors were used to help reduce bias in the bearing of N. 70 W., passes directly through AMT stations
determinations of impedance that otherwise would be caused 6 and 3. AMT stations 1 and 2 are projected more than 1 km
by noise in the instruments or the environment (Gamble, north and south, respectively, onto the line AA. The profile
Goubau, and Clarke, 1979; Clarke and others, 1983). We also BB (fig. F2A) lies between AMT stations 4 and 5 at a bear
sorted crosspower files to select optimal signaltonoise data ing of N. 15 E. The finiteelement grid used in these models
sets. Figure F3A, B shows observed data represented by digi consisted of 5126 variable-dimension cells that extended
tized values of the transverse electric and transverse magnetic 10 km horizontally beyond the profile end points and 2 km
modes from the AMT soundings after the raw data curves were
smoothed (Williams, Rodriguez, and Sampson, 2001).
The effects of nearsurface resistivity anomalies can Figure F3 (facing and following 2 pages). Observed and
cause static shifts (Sternberg, Washburne, and Pellerin, computed data used to generate two-dimensional finiteelement
1988) in the data. Such shifts are minor in most of this data resistivity models (figs. F4A, F5, F6) in the Cochiti Pueblo
set. Only at station 4 was a static shift larger than onethird of time-domain electromagnetic survey area (area D, fig. F2). A,
a log decade. At the remaining stations very minor static shifts Highfrequency magnetotelluric (AMT) observed apparent
ranged from 0.0 to less than 0.3 of a log decade. Only the large resistivity data. B, AMT observed apparent phase data. C,
static shifts were accounted for in subsequent two-dimensional Lowfrequency magnetotelluric (MT) observed apparent resistivity
modeling of the data. data. D, MT observed apparent phase data.
Table F1. Audiomagnetotelluric and magnetotelluric station coordinates and elevations in the Cochiti Pueblo area, New Mexico.
[Coordinates are referenced to the 1866 Clarke spheroid and North American 1927 Western United States datum; stations listed in order from west to east; loca
tions determined by use of a global positioning system; longitude and latitude format is in decimal degrees. AMT, audiomagnetotelluric; MT, magnetotelluric;
UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator]
UTM (m) Elevation

Station Type of sounding Longitude Latitude
North East (m) (ft)
1 AMT 106.46612 35.67263 3,948,430 13,367,310 2,063 6,768
6 AMT 106.41874 35.66382 3,947,390 13,371,585 1,760 5,774
12 MT 106.38889 35.76750 3,958,861 13,374,449 2,380 7,808

2 AMT 106.36313 35.65193 3,946,000 13,376,600 1,740 5,709
17 MT 106.36167 35.68583 3,949,770 13,376,785 1,750 5,741
3 AMT 106.26918 35.59192 3,939,230 13,385,020 1,657 5,436

4 AMT 106.20242 35.58593 3,938,490 13,391,060 1,903 6,243
8 MT 106.20222 35.62361 3,942,655 13,391,127 2,020 6627
5 AMT 106.17803 35.66128 3,946,820 13,393,370 2,045 6,709

11 MT 106.18861 35.64639 3,945,184 13,392,391 2,025 6,644
10 MT 106.16806 35.69806 3,950,901 13,394,319 2,170 7,119
A
Station 1 Station 3
APPARENT RESISTIVITY Cochiti Pueblo, NM APPARENT RESISTIVITY Cochiti Pueblo, NM

1,000
1,000
OHM METERS
OHM METERS
100
100
10
10
1
1
.1
.1
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000
FREQUENCY, IN Hz FREQUENCY, IN Hz
Station 6 Station 4
1,000
1,000
OHM METERS
OHM METERS
100
100
10
10
1
1
.1
.1
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Station 2 Station 5
1,000
1,000
OHM METERS
OHM METERS
100
100
10
10
1
1
.1
.1
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

EXPLANATION
x Observed transverse electric data [ Observed transverse magnetic error

o Observed transverse magnetic data Computed transverse electric data
] Observed transverse electric error Computed transverse magnetic data
B Station 1 Station 3
IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM
45
45
0
0
DEGREES
DEGREES
45
45
90
90
135
135
180
180
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Station 6 Station 4
45
45
0
0
DEGREES
DEGREES
45
45
90
90
135
135
180
180
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

Station 2 Station 5

45
45
0
0
DEGREES
DEGREES
45
45
90
90
135
135
180
180
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

EXPLANATION

C Station 12 Station 17
APPARENT RESISTIVITY St. Peters Dome, NM APPARENT RESISTIVITY Dome Road well, NM
1,000
1,000
OHM METERS
OHM METERS
100
100
10
10 1
1
.1
.1
.01 .1 1 10 100 1,000 .01 .1 1 10 100 1,000

D Station 12 Station 17
IMPEDANCE PHASE St. Peters Dome, NM IMPEDANCE PHASE Dome Road well, NM
45
45 0
0
DEGREES
DEGREES
45
45
90
90
135
135
180
180
.01 .1 1 10 100 1,000 .01 .1 1 10 100 1,000

EXPLANATION

vertically to minimize edge effects. In the finer part of the The MT data were also modeled with program PW2D. The
mesh, the size of the horizontal element ranged between 500 finiteelement grid used in these models consisted of 10870
and 1,000 m. The size of the vertical element ranged from 5 variable dimension cells that extend 3,000 km horizontally
m near the surface to 300m below 1 km depth. We forward beyond the profile end points and 350 km vertically to mini
modeled by perturbing each two-dimensional model (figs. mize edge effects. In the finer part of the mesh, the horizontal
F4A, F5) in an attempt to derive the best-fitting calculated element size was 140 m. The vertical element size ranged from
response to the transverse electric and transverse magnetic 2.5 m near the surface to 1 km below 5 km depth. We forward
observed responses. Most of the vertical boundaries in the modeled each two-dimensional model (fig. F6) in an attempt
resistivity model represent the minimum widths of a resis to fit the calculated response to the transverse electric- and
tive body needed by the AMT data beneath the AMT station. transverse magnetic-mode observed responses. Two stations
These vertical boundaries generally could be moved 500 m were exceptions: we did not attempt to fit the transverse electric
or more in the direction indicated by horizontal arrows in mode below 0.1 Hz at station 12 or below 0.03 Hz at station
figures F4A and F5. The deepest horizontal layer beneath 17, because the observed data indicated a three-dimensional
each station in the resistivity model represents the minimum response (Williams and Rodriguez, 2003). At these frequencies,
thickness that the layer must have to fit the lowest frequen we primarily attempted to fit the transverse magnetic mode data
cies of the AMT data. (Wannamaker, Hohmann, and Ward, 1984).
A 1200-
Foot
B 5 well B'
Cerrillos del Rio Volcanic Field
0
(100)
Feeder dike? Basalt

100 (10,000) (1,000)
?
4
Basalt
(100)
(300)
200 (2)
? (100) Dry Santa Fe (?) Group ?

(10)
300
Saturated Santa Fe (?) Group

400
Fault ?
(20)
(2)
500
Mancos Shale ?
DEPTH, IN METERS
?
600
700
Fault ?
800
900
1,000 (5) ?
(10)
1,100
Mancos Shale ? (2)

1,200
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
DISTANCE, IN KILOMETERS ?
EXPLANATION
Medium grain size
Water well
Fine grain size (10) ResistivityIn ohm-m
B Figure F4 (left and facing page). A, Two-dimensional

1200-Foot Well AMT5
Depth Depth Lithology
finiteelement resistivity model (with lithologic interpretation)
(m) (ft) constructed from highfrequency magnetotelluric (AMT) data
(20)
for the Cerros del Rio volcanic field profile B-B (fig. F2A) in
Clay the Cochiti Pueblo time-domain electromagnetic survey area.
15 50
Basalt
Arrows within the model indicate uncertainty in the placement
(100)
23
76
Clay cinders
of boundaries. Vertical exaggeration is 10. B, Comparison of the
86
resistivity model of AMT data at station 5 (fig. F4A) and lithology of
Red
alluvium + the 1200-Foot well. Locations of AMT station 5 and 1200-Foot well
basalt shown on figure F2A.
47 155 cinders
Gray hard
basalt
The calculated fits of our two-dimensional resistivity

93 306 models (figs. F4A, F5, F6) are shown in figure F3. Resistivity
Red and
yellow boundaries in the model are only approximate because all of
sandy silt the AMT stations are separated by more than 1 km, and the MT
+ black cinders
stations are separated by more than 8 km. Because of the wide
spacing of stations, undetected rock units or structures may exist
125 413 between stations that are not identified in the resistivity model.
Basalt
440 Clay
447 (1,000)
Geologic Interpretation of Surface
Basalt
Electromagnetic Models
Geologic interpretations are based on the resistivity
structures revealed in the modeled AMT and MT data (figs.
184 604
Clay
F4A, F5, F6) and on regional induction log resistivities of
192 630 saturated geologic units in seven wells (tables F2, F3): Dome
Road (fig. F2A), CEPO 2 (fig. F2A), Pelto Ortiz 1 (fig. A3),
Pelto Blackshare 1 (fig. A3), Black Oil Ferrill 5 (fig. A3),
Basalt
Transocean McKee 1 (fig. A3), and Shell Laguna Wilson
Trust 1 (south of our survey area). The northerly electrical
strike directions in figure F2A can be considered a function
762
Basalt of the prominent structural grain of those geologic units, the
800 Ash
approximate trend of the shallow geologic structure near the
812
Basalt AMT stations (figs. F4A, F5), and the approximate struc
256 840
tural trend in the upper few kilometers of crust near the MT
Clay + gravel
268 880 stations (fig. F6).
(100)
As described in chapter A (this volume), the Cochiti
Sand + gravel
Pueblo study area is subdivided into three principal geologic ter
ranes: the western Saint Peters Dome uplifted block, the central
Elevation = 5,718 ft
subsided La Bajada constriction, and the eastern Cerrillos uplift
301 988
SWL = 1,007 ft (fig. A4). AMT and MT stations 1 and 12 are in the western
307
part of the Saint Peters Dome block, in volcanic rocks of the
Sandy silt + gravelTop southeastern Jemez volcanic field; stations 2, 3, 6, and 17 are
1,054 of producing zone
in the northeast part of the Santo Domingo Basin in the central
332 1,090 Sandy silt, interbedded (20) part of the La Bajada constriction; and stations 4 and 5 lie along
340 1,115 cobble gravel the northern border of the Cerrillos uplift (figs. F2B, A4).
Sand The southnorth profile, BB (fig. F2A), in the eastern
354 1,163 Cerros del Rio volcanic field terrane, shows a moderately
Sandy siltBase of resistive basalt (100300 ohmm) exposed at the surface
368 1,204 producing zone
1,207
that has a thickness of 6010 m beneath station 4 (fig. F4A).
Beneath the basalt, a very conductive interval (3 ohmm) that
is 2010 m thick may be a lacustrine mudstone sequence in
A A'
2,100
1
2,000
Camada fault
(100) Vo
lca
1,900
ni
c Ro
Pajarito fault
(30)
ck
s(
Tent
?)
South
1,800 Rocks
6 2
(300) Volcanic Rocks CEPO 2 (Projected)

Cochiti Pueblo
1,700 3
Rio
Volcanic Rocks (?)
Grande
(100)
(10) (100)
1,600
?
Saturated Saturated Saturated
(10)
1,500 Santa Fe (?) Santa Fe (?) Santa Fe (?)
ELEVATION, IN METERS
Group Group Group

? (30) (30) ? (30)
1,400
(100)
1,300
(10)
1,200
Basaltic vent ?
1,100
? (10)
?
1,000
? ?
900
Mancos Shale ?
(2)
800
600
0 5 10 15
DISTANCE, IN KILOMETERS
EXPLANATION
Medium grain size
Water well
Fine grain size (10) ResistivityIn ohm-m
Figure F5. Two-dimensional finiteelement resistivity model (with lithologic interpretation) from highfrequency
magnetotelluric (AMT) data for the Cochiti Pueblo profile (AA, fig. F2A) in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain
electromagnetic survey area. Arrow near question mark within the model indicates uncertainty in placement of
boundary. Vertical exaggeration is 20.
MT12 MT17 Figure F6. Two-dimensional finiteelement resistivity model from

0
(200)
0
(20)
lowfrequency magnetotelluric (MT) data for MT sounding stations
12 and 17 (see fig. F2B for locations). Arrow near question mark
(20)
within the model indicates uncertainty in placement of boundary.
the upper part of the Santa Fe Group. This conductive inter

val is underlain by moderately conductive rocks (10 ohmm);
(50)
those rocks, which probably include a saturated, finegrained
(10) Santa Fe interval, volcaniclastic Oligocene Espinaso Forma
tion, and possibly the Eocene Galisteo Formation sedimentary
rocks, have a composite thickness of 10020 m. Some part of
the weathered Mancos Shale could be included within this 10-
ohm-m zone below the basalt. However, the very conductive
horizon (2 ohmm) beginning at a depth of 18020 m below
? the AMT station is likely clayrich Cretaceous marine deposits
of the Mancos Shale. Preliminary MT models of this sounding
1,000 1,000
show that the conductive interval is 62080 m thick. Beneath
this very conductive interval, less conductive rocks (5 ohmm)
(10) probably include units of Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic sedi
mentary rocks.
A resistive interval of basalts (1,000 ohmm) of the
Cerros del Rio at station 5 (fig. F4A) are 25025m thick.
This basalt interval ranges from 60to 250m thick between
DEPTH, IN METERS
DEPTH, IN METERS
stations 4 and 5. Approximately 140m of the 250m basalt

thickness at station 5 reflects constructional topography
resulting from the growth of basaltic volcanoes. A remark
ably detailed drillers log (fig. F4B) exists for a water well
(210) (the 1200-Foot well) 200m northwest of AMT station 5.
The thickness of the basalt (256 m) measured on a lithology
log constructed from the drillers record corresponds closely
with the thickness of basalt determined in the AMT model
(200)
(25025 m). As recorded in the drillers log, the static water
?
elevation lay at 307m depth, so our forward modeling used
2,000 2,000 a value of 100 ohmm for the unsaturated Santa Fe Group
sand and gravel above the water table. Saturated sand and
silty sand of the Santa Fe Group typically have resistivities
in the 2070 ohmm range. The modeled electrical sounding
shows that 20 ohmm material extends to a depth of 900100
m. Beneath the 20 ohmm material is a 10 ohmm interval
with a thickness of 250100 m. The 10 ohmm material may
include early Tertiary Galisteo and Espinaso Formations that
(200)
cannot be separated from Santa Fe Group solely on the basis
of their electrical signatures. Espinaso Formation is found
in the Yates La Mesa petroleum test well 2 (10 km to the
northeast, north of the Santa Fe River, pl. 2), but deposits of
the Galisteo may have been eroded or never deposited to the
north. Very conductive (2 ohmm) inferred Mancos Shale
occurs at a depth of 1,150100 m and has lower electrical
resistivity than other units in the region. Between station 4,
where the top of the Mancos is 1,700m above sea level, and
3,000 3,000 station 5, where it is 900 m, the top of the Mancos appar
ently drops 800m. Thus, these MT results provide evidence
for 800m of Tertiary structural relief at the north end of the
Cerrillos uplift. The shallow Mancos Shale located at AMT
station 4, immediately south of Tetilla Peak, provides the
Table F2. Range of average resistivity values in regional induction logs for stratigraphic units intersected in wells in study region.
[Well abbreviations: B, Black Oil Ferrill 5; C, CEPO 2; D, Dome Road; PB, Pelto Blackshare 1; PO, Pelto Ortiz 1; T, Transocean McKee 1; S, Shell Laguna
Wilson Trust 1]
Epoch or Period Stratigraphic unit or level Ohmm Thickness (m) Well

PlioceneMiocene Santa Fe Group 870 400451 D, PB, C
Oligocene Espinaso Formation 1020 533 PB
Eocene Galisteo Formation 520 5261,376 PB, PO, B
Cretaceous Upper 240 4201,526 PB, PO, B, S, T
Jurassic Upper/Middle 220 223453 PB, S, T
Triassic Upper 215 482933 S, T
Permian Upper/Lower 6200 262659 S, T
Pennsylvanian Upper/Middle/Lower 7200 585766 S, T
Table F3. Location of wells referred to in table F2.

[Coordinates listed below are referenced to the 1866 Clarke spheroid and North American 1927 datum; stations listed in order from west to east; locations
determined using a global positioning system; longitude and latitude format is decimal degrees; UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator]
UTM (m) Elevation

Well Longitude Latitude
North East (m) (ft)
B 106.041 35.386 3,916,149 13,405,451 1,787 5,889
C 106.351 35.627 3,943,183 13,377,650 1,632 5,379
D 106.365 35.683 3,949,468 13,376,462 1,765 5,818
PB 106.269 35.397 3,917,611 13,384,758 1,831 6,034
PO 106.058 35.412 3,919,049 13,403,938 1,761 5,804
T 105.990 35.390 3,916,545 13,410,088 1,801 5,935
S 106.968 35.024 3,877,277 13,320,453 1,643 5,415
farthest northwest constraint for the edge of the Cerrillos depth for the airborne TDEM data in a favorable situation
uplift. This AMT-defined northwest edge is consistent with (for example, no thick, shallow conductors). Detailed com
the subsurface extent of the uplift on the basis of gravity parison of the AMT data from station 5 with the lithologic
data (chapter D, this volume). The feeder dike shown in log from the 1200-Foot well (fig. F4B) also provides some
figure F4A may be oriented in any one of several azimuthal insight into the degree of resolution of the AMT soundings
directions with respect to station 5. It could correspond and plan-mapping techniques: Modeling of the AMT data
with dikes associated with the Cerro Colorado vent to the was able to resolve the thickness of resistive basalt only to
west (fig. F7A), the Cerrito Portrillo andesite volcano to within 10 percent. Also, in the upper 47 m, we were not able
the northeast (pl. 2), or a N. 20 E.trending linear chain of to distinguish the 24m interval of dry basalt cinders from
younger basalts and andesites to the southeast (pl. 2). The
high accuracy of the thickness of resistive basalt determined
by the sounding at AMT station 5, as compared with the Figure F7 (facing and following 5 pages). Depth slices in the
drillers log for the 1200-Foot well, suggests that electrical Cochiti Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic survey area (AF),
soundings of this type may be an accurate method of deter drawn on the basis of leastsquares inversions. Solid numbered
mining the thickness of volcanic deposits in the Cerros triangles represent highfrequency magnetotelluric sounding
del Rio volcanic field and in similar settings underlain by stations. C3, C4, C5, W4, magnetic anomalies discussed in
shallow volcanic rocks of variable thickness. The advantage chapter D (this volume); F, inferred fine grain size sediments; V,
of the ground AMT soundings is the much greater depth inferred volcanic rock. A, 20m-depth slice. B, 50m-depth slice.
of investigation, as much as 1,200m in the AMT station 5 C, 70m-depth slice. D, 100m-depth slice. E, 150m-depth slice.
example, as opposed to a maximum depth of about 300m F, 200m-depth slice.
1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
Dome block
3952000
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201
an
Gr
L60301
L60201
3950000
L60401 R io CERROS DEL RIO L60301

VOLCANIC FIELD 750.0
South Pajarito
605L60501 Dome
L60401
L60501605
L60601 Road
L60701
1
V Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
L60601 500.0
W4
L60801 Cochiti
Coch
V
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
Cerro Colorado L60801
1200 well 300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6 L60901
fault
he
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
2227m 200.0
lt
L61201
jad
L61101
lt
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
Lake
au
614 L61401 L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
COE
614
E
L61601 Tetilla Solar-TW
LIN
Santa Fe NF COE L61501
L61701
Cochiti 100.0
San
2BW L61601
ER
L61801
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
75.0
PO
L62001
CEPO 2 L61901
353730
fault
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3
Baj
C1 L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
Tetilla Peak 40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
C5
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
L62901
Santa Cruz
Springs Tract Cochiti-TW L62801
25.0
che
3-TW
630 2 E
de
L63001 4
LIN
L62901
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
3 630
INE
1 L63001
ER
L63101
La Ba
20.0
ult
San
L63201 W L63101
C3 C4
PO
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
Fra
L63301
jada
WE
L63301
E
L63401
ncis
Cochiti 15.0
600201
N
800' L63401
LI
Elementary
fault
PO

L63501
well L63501
co f
ER
Sa
L63601
W
aul
10.0
nt
L63701 L63601
PO
Fe
a
t
3936000
638 L63801 L63701

Ri L63801
L63901
1583m
180-TW
ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
COCHITI PUEBLO e L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
L64601 L64501
lla
L64601 1.0
ti
F
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
I-25 L64701
L64801
L64801
L64901
20 m depth
L65001 L64901
600601 L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 A
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
3952000
Dome block
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201
an
Gr
L60301
L60201
3950000

South Pajarito
605L60501 Dome
L60401
L60501605
L60601 Road
L60701
1
V Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
L60601 500.0
W4
L60801 Cochiti
Coch
V
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
1200 well 300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6 L60901
fault
he
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
2227m 200.0
lt
L61201
jad
L61101
lt
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
Lake
au
614 L61401 L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
COE
614
E
L61601 Tetilla
LIN
Santa Fe NF COE Solar-TW L61501
L61701
Cochiti 100.0
San
2BW L61601
ER
L61801
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
75.0
PO
L62001
CEPO 2 L61901
353730
fault
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3
Baj
C1 L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
Tetilla Peak 40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
C5
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
L62901
Santa Cruz
25.0
che
3-TW
630 L63001 de 2 4 E
LIN
L62901
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
3 630
INE
1 L63001
ER
L63101
La Ba
20.0
ult
San
L63201 W L63101
C3 C4
PO
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
Fra
L63301
jada
WE
L63301
E
L63401
ncis
Cochiti 15.0
600201
N
800' L63401
LI
Elementary
fault
PO
L63501
well L63501
co f
ER
Sa
L63601
W
aul
10.0
nt
L63701 L63601
PO
Fe
a
t
3936000
638 L63801 L63701

Ri L63801
L63901
1583m
180-TW
ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
L64601 L64501
lla
L64601 1.0
ti
F
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
I-25 L64701
L64801
L64801
L64901
50 m depth
L65001 L64901
600601
L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 B
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
Dome block
3952000
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201
an
Gr
L60301
L60201
3950000

South Pajarito
605L60501 Dome
L60401
L60501605
L60601 Road
L60701
1
V Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
L60601 500.0
W4
L60801 Cochiti
Coch
V
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
1200 well 300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6 L60901
fault
he
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
2227m 200.0
lt
L61201
jad
L61101
lt
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
Lake
au
614 L61401 L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
COE
614
E
L61601 Tetilla
LIN
L61701
Cochiti 100.0
San
2BW L61601
ER
L61801
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
75.0
PO
L62001
CEPO 2 L61901
353730
fault
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3
Baj
C1 L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
Tetilla Peak 40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
C5
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
L62901 Santa Cruz

25.0
che
3-TW
630 2 E
de
L63001 4
LIN
L62901
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
L63101
INE 3 1
ER
L63001 630
La Ba
20.0
ult
San
L63201 W L63101
C3 C4
PO
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
Fra
L63301
jada
WE
L63301
E
L63401
ncis
Cochiti 15.0
600201
N
800' L63401
LI
Elementary
fault
PO
L63501

well L63501
co f
ER
Sa
L63601
W
aul
10.0
nt
L63701 L63601
PO
Fe
a
t
3936000
638 L63801 L63701

Ri L63801
L63901
1583m
180-TW
ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
L64601 L64501
lla
L64601 1.0
ti
F
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
I-25 L64701
L64801
L64801
L64901
70 m depth
L65001 L64901
600601 L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 C
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
3952000 Dome block
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201
an
Gr
L60301
L60201
3950000

South Pajarito
605L60501 Dome
L60401
L60601 Road 605
V
L60501
L60701
1 L60601 500.0
Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
W4
L60801 Cochiti
Coch
V
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
1200 well 300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6 L60901
fault
he
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
2227m 200.0
lt
L61201
jad
L61101
lt
en ay
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
?
m cl
Lake
au
614
ts
L61401 L61301
125.0
di ilt/
lt
L61501 L61401
COE
se s
614
E
L61601 Tetilla
e of
LIN
L61701
Cochiti 100.0
San
rin a
2BW L61601
ER
st are
L61801
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
75.0
PO
cu e
CEPO 2
la arg
L62001 L61901
353730
fault
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
L
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3
Baj
C1 L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
Tetilla Peak 40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
C5
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
L62901 Santa Cruz

25.0
che
3-TW
630 L63001 de 2 4 E
LIN
L62901
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
3 630
INE
1 L63001
ER
L63101
La Ba
20.0
ult
San
L63201 W L63101
C3 C4
PO
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
Fra
L63301
jada
WE
L63301
E
L63401
ncis
Cochiti 15.0
600201
N
800' L63401
LI
Elementary
fault
PO
L63501
well L63501
co f
ER
Sa
L63601
W
aul
10.0
nt
L63701 L63601
PO
Fe
a
t
3936000
638 L63801 L63701

Ri L63801
L63901
1583m
180-TW
ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
L64601 L64501
lla
L64601 1.0
ti
F
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
I-25 L64701
L64801
L64801
L64901
100 m depth
L65001 L64901
600601
L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 D
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
Dome block
3952000
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201 n
L60301 ra
io G
L60201
3950000
CERROS DEL RIO

L60401 R L60301
South Pajarito
605L60501 Dome
L60401
L60601 Road 605
V
L60501
L60701
1 L60601 500.0
Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
W4
L60801 Cochiti
Coch
V
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
1200 well 300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6 L60901
fault
he
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
2227m 200.0
lt
L61201
jad
L61101
lt
en ay
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
?
m cl
Lake
ts
au
614L61401
di ilt/
L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
se s
COE
614
E
e of
L61601 Tetilla
LIN
L61701 100.0
rin a
Cochiti
San
2BW L61601
ER
st are
L61801
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
cu e
75.0
PO
CEPO 2
la arg
L62001 L61901
353730
fault
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
L
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3
Baj
C1 L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
Tetilla Peak 40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
C5
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
L62901 Santa Cruz

25.0
che
3-TW
630 2 E
de
L63001 4
LIN
L62901
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
3 630
INE
1 L63001
ER
L63101
La Ba
20.0
ult
San
L63201 W L63101
C3 C4
PO
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
Fra
L63301
jada
WE
L63301
E
L63401
ncis
Cochiti 15.0
600201
N
800' L63401
LI
Elementary

fault
PO
L63501
well L63501
co f
ER
Sa
L63601
W
aul
10.0
nt
L63701 L63601
PO
Fe
a
t
3936000
638 L63801 L63701

Ri L63801
L63901
1583m
180-TW
ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
L64601 L64501
lla
L64601 1.0
ti
F
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
I-25 L64701
L64801
L64801
L64901
150 m depth
L65001 L64901
600601 L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 E
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
3952000 Dome block
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201
an
Gr
L60301
L60201
3950000

South Pajarito
605L60501 Dome
L60401
L60601 Road 605
V
L60501
L60701
1 L60601 500.0
Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
W4
L60801 Cochiti
Coch
V
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
1200 well 300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6 L60901
fault
he
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
2227m 200.0
lt
L61201
jad
L61101
lt
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
Lake
au
614 L61401 L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
COE
614
E
L61601 Tetilla
LIN
L61701
Cochiti 100.0
San
2BW L61601
ER
L61801
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
75.0
PO
L62001
CEPO 2 L61901
353730
fault
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3
Baj
C1 L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
Tetilla Peak 40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
C5
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
L62901 Santa Cruz

25.0
che
3-TW
630 L63001 de 2 4 E
LIN
L62901
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
3 630
INE
1 L63001
ER
L63101
La Ba
20.0
ult
San
L63201 W L63101
C3 C4
PO
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
Fra
L63301
jada
WE
L63301
E
L63401
ncis
Cochiti 15.0
600201
N
800' L63401
LI
Elementary
fault
PO
L63501
well L63501
co f
ER
Sa
L63601
W
aul
10.0
nt
L63701 L63601
PO
Fe
a
t
3936000
638 L63801 L63701

Ri L63801
L63901
1583m
180-TW
ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
L64601 L64501
lla
L64601 1.0
ti
F
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
I-25 L64701
L64801
L64801
L64901
200 m depth
L65001 L64901
600601
L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 F
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

hard basalt beneath, because the resistivity of the cinders was for similar thickening of finegrained Santa Fe Group(?) sedi
intermediate between the resistivities of the dry clay and the ments (10 ohmm) beneath them.
hard basalt. AMT stations 2 and 3, in the northeast part of the Santo
The northwestsoutheast profile, AA (fig. F2A) in the Domingo Basin, reflect electrical responses of basinfill
Cochiti Pueblo area is based on four AMT stations. The profile sediments of the Santa Fe Group. A moderately conductive,
extends across the South Pajarito fault (fig. F5). The western unsaturated, finegrained Santa Fe interval (30 ohmm), and
most sounding (station 1) was made in the Saint Peters Dome the lower part of the Bandelier Tuff (Otowi Member) imme
block; the three eastern soundings on the profile (stations 6, 2, diately beneath station 2 (fig. F5) have a combined thickness
and 3) were made in the northeast part of the Santo Domingo of 6010 m. A conductive finegrained Santa Fe sedimentary
Basin. At stations 1 and 6, volcanic rocks and interstratified interval (10 ohmm) beneath has a minimum thickness of
volcaniclastic deposits are at the surface and in the upper part of 36040 m. Although relatively coarse grained Cochiti Forma
the profile. Station 1 is just outside (to the west) of the area of tion is widespread on the west side of the Rio Grande, at AMT
the geologic map compilation of the Cochiti Pueblo area shown sounding 2 we did not resolve a moderate to highresistivity
in plate 2. The geology under station 1 consists of thin Pliocene unit below the water table. We cannot determine from the AMT
gravel of Lookout Park overlying Cochiti Formation in the data the electrical characteristics beneath this thick conductive
footwall block of the Camada fault. On the basis of aeromag interval. Such are the limitations of sparse data sampled more
netic and TDEM data, it appears that station 1 is just outside than a kilometer apart. Nevertheless, nearby subsurface deposits
the area of Miocene Bearhead Rhyolite lava domes and intru of the ancient Rio Grande should be widespread. The shallow
sions and the shallow deposits consist of very proximal coarse, part of the conductor at AMT station 2, at depths of 60200m
highresistivity volcaniclastic Cochiti Formation (100 ohmm) or more, may be a different finegrained Santa Fe facies. The
from 2,060m to about 1,940m elevation. This material is well log from CEPO 2 (fig. F8B) shows a prominent conductor
underlain by a 15030-m-thick interval of moderate resistivity of less than 10 ohmm at 160260 ft (4979 m) depth.
(30 ohmm) that probably correlates with mediumgrained sand At AMT station 3 (fig. F5), east of the Rio Grande, a
and gravel of the Cochiti Formation. The bottom of the profile resistive, unsaturated, mediumgrained Santa Fe interval (100
has low resistivity (10 ohmm) and probably is silt and silty ohmm) is 455m thick. A resistive inferred basaltic vent
fine sand within the Cochiti Formation or possibly even middle (100 ohmm) at 14020 m depth has a minimum thickness
Miocene deposits of the Santa Fe Group that are locally present of 860100 m and is offset relative to the vertical sounding.
in the Saint Peters Dome block beneath upper Miocene Keres Underlying, moderately conductive, saturated Santa Fe Group
Group basalt, andesite, and rhyolite volcanic rocks. The base of sediments (30 ohmm) are likely medium to coarse (axial) sand
the 10 ohmm material is not resolved by the AMT sounding, and lesser gravel with a minimum thickness of 55060 m. A
but it has a minimum thickness of 31060 m. more conductive finegrained Santa Fe interval (10 ohmm)
AMT station 6 is located in Peralta Canyon within beneath has a minimum thickness of 10050 m. An under-
the KasheKatuwe Tent Rocks National Monument (pl. 1) lying very conductive interval (2 ohmm), at an elevation of
in thin Quaternary alluvium directly adjoining large cliff 960 m, may be Mancos Shale. If so, the elevation of the top of
exposures of Peralta Tuff Member of the Bearhead Rhyolite the Mancos Shale drops 760m between station 3 (fig. F5) and
and overlying basal Cochiti Formation (pl. 2). The upper station 4 (fig. F4A) across the La Bajada fault zone (fig. F2A).
30m of AMT sounding 6 consists of high-resistivity (300 MT station 12 is located west of Saint Peters Dome to
ohmm) (fig. F5) rhyolite lava and coarse proximal breccia the north of the area of the geologic map of the Cochiti Pueblo
or sediments derived from the extrusive dome of Bearhead area (pl. 2, fig. F2B). Upper resistive material (200 ohmm)
Rhyolite exposed in lower Peralta Canyon (Smith, 2001). directly beneath station 12 (fig. F6) has a thickness of 6010
The underlying 150m of moderately resistive material (100 m. Bandelier Tuff is exposed nearby at the surface. Moderately
ohmm) may be coarsegrained sedimentary material derived conductive material (20 ohmm) beneath, which has a mini
from the Bearhead Rhyolite, or it may be similar nearvent mum thickness of 16520 m, is probably a mediumgrained
breccias and pyroclastic deposits partially to wholly saturated sedimentary facies of the Santa Fe Group. A more conductive
by a perched water table. These volcanic or volcaniclastic interval (10 ohmm) below probably includes finegrained
materials are underlain by moderately conductive saturated, Santa Fe Group sediments, Espinaso Formation volcaniclastic
coarsegrained deposits (30 ohmm) of the Santa Fe Group rocks, and Galisteo Formation sedimentary rocks that have
(Cochiti Formation) that have a thickness of 22040 m. a composite minimum thickness of 575100 m. Poor data
Beneath it is a more conductive saturated finegrained quality prevented us from solving for its maximum thickness.
sedimentary interval (10 ohmm), probably in the middle We modeled resistive material (200 ohmm) at a minimum
part of the Santa Fe Group, whose base was not resolved but depth of 800100m that may be Paleozoic limestones. The
which has a minimum thickness of 600100 m. The similar top of this resistive interval is about 1,580m above sea level.
sequences of resistivities between stations 1 and 6 argue for Because of poor data quality and the three-dimensional MT
considerable eastward thickening of the more resistive 100 response at low frequencies, we are less certain of its true
ohmm and 30 ohmm intervals across the Camada fault and elevation and resistivity.
Ohm-m
A 750.0
Aircraft altitude POWER LINE 500.0
20. Topography 300.0
200.0
ELEVATION, IN METERS x 100
125.0
Cochiti 100.0
17.5 Reservoir 75.0
CEPO 2
POWER LINE 50.0
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Figure F8 (above and facing page). A, Resistivity under flight line 620 in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic survey area,
drawn on the basis of leastsquares inversion and showing location of CEPO 2 inductionresistivity well. Line floating above cross section
represents aircraft altitude; faint dashed line represents maximum valid depth limit used for geologic interpretations. Vertical exaggeration
is 10. B, Induction-resistivity log for well CEPO 2 in Cochiti Pueblo. Solid line is long-normal (induction) resistivity; faint dashed line is 30-ft
moving average of long-normal resistivity; open circles connected with black dashed line indicate depths of resistivity contours (15, 20, 25,
30, 40, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ohm-m values) obtained from resistivity inversion shown in figure F8A; SWL is static water level. Grain size labels
(Coarse, Medium, Fine) refer to bulk average lithology of the middle Rio Grande Basin Santa Fe Group sediments (Cole and others, 1999).
Lithologic descriptions to left of grain-size labels from figure G4.
MT station 17 is located near the Dome Road well (fig. Rio Grande rift. We modeled resistive material (200 ohmm) at a
F2A) in the La Bajada constriction. The 400m of section within minimum depth of 1,900150m (150m elevation) at station 17
the Dome Road well consists almost entirely of Cochiti Forma that may be Paleozoic limestone. As we stated at the beginning
tion sand and gravel (Chamberlin, Jackson, and Connell, 1999). of this section, these geologic interpretations were guided by
An inductionresistivity log (fig. G5) shows average resistivities induction log resistivities from several wells in the region (tables
that range from about 20 ohmm to 60 ohmm and a median F2, F3). If these inferred geologic horizons are correct, then the
resistivity of about 40 ohmm. An uppermost, moderately boundary between the 210 ohmm and the 200 ohmm layers
conductive (20 ohmm), 5010-m-thick interval at MT station represents the boundary between Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks.
17 (fig. F6) correlates with the 30 ohmm average resistivity Thus, these MT results have provided additional constraints on
logged in the upper 70m of the Dome Road well. An underlying, the relative positions of basement rocks and the thicknesses of
moderately resistive (50 ohmm) interval, 75080 m thick, corre Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary sedimentary rocks on either
lates with the induction log resistivities that averaged 30 ohmm side of the Pajarito fault zone.
between depths of 70250m and with average resistivities that
ranged from 30 to 60 ohmm at depths of 250400m (the base
of the log). Moderately conductive material (10 ohmm) below Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys
probably includes finegrained sediments of the Cochiti Forma
tion, volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks of the Espinaso Formation, The airborne timedomain electromagnetic (TDEM)
and Galisteo Formation sedimentary rocks that have a composite method is an active geophysical technique that uses artificially
thickness of 600100 m. Beneath this interval is a conductive generated electromagnetic fields to investigate the electrical
section (210 ohmm) that may contain carbonaceous shale of resistivity of the subsurface. The TDEM method probes the
the Cretaceous Menefee Formation and Mancos Shale, Jurassic electrical properties of the Earth from depths of a few meters
sandstones, and mudstones of the Triassic Chinle Formation. to depths of several hundred meters depending on the geology
The elevation of the top of this interval is about 350m above sea and the TDEM system specifications. The depth of investiga
level, which represents a drop in elevation of 610m relative to a tion can reach hundreds of meters in cases of very resistive,
similar interval at station 3. If the conductive intervals beneath dry, low-porosity rocks such as unweathered volcanic rocks but
stations 17 and 3 represent the same geologic horizons, then the only about 100 m in water-saturated clayrich sediments that
resistivity structure beneath station 17 reveals a deepening of the are markedly less resistive than unweathered volcanic rocks.
B second) at fixed time intervals. A receiver is mounted in a

CEPO 2 WELL cigarshaped unit, commonly called a bird, that is towed on a
Long (64") normal resistivity (ohm-m) cable below and behind the aircraft. The receiver measures the
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Grain size
electromagnetic impulses as a function of time. The shape of
00
the impulses measured by the receiver and their decay rates
after the cessation of the transmitter current are affected by
the presence of the Earth. In general (assuming that all system
and survey parameters remain constant), a stronger signal and
50-50 slower rate of decay indicate lower resistivity in the subsur
face, whereas a weaker signal and faster rate of decay indicate
higher resistivity. Signals recorded at earlier times (microsec
Coarse sand
& gravel onds after current turnoff) provide information on shallower
depths, whereas signals recorded at later times (milliseconds
-100
100 after current turnoff) provide information on deeper depths
Fine sand (Palacky and West, 1991). Lower rates at which transmitted
SWL = 123 pulses are repeated allow longer measurements of signal decay
between pulses; resistivity information is thus obtained from
deeper subsurface regions. The tradeoff for deeper penetration
-150
150 Silt
is lower horizontal resolution along the flight lines. The hori
zontal resolution also depends on the TDEM system dimen
DEPTH, IN FEET
Medium sions and the survey parameters such as flight elevation and
flight-line spacing. The signal received is affected by many
200
factors, but ideally the strength of the signal recorded at a
-200
Clay Fine
given time reflects the resistivity distribution in the subsurface.
The measured voltages can be modeled as electrical resistivity
distribution with depth.
Several factors dictated the decision to use the airborne
250
-250 TDEM method for this investigation. First, airborne methods
efficiently collect large amounts of information over a wide
Silt area. Spatial sampling of the subsurface is determined by the
Medium
line spacing and by the sampling rate along the flight lines.
Second, airborne TDEM can be used to infer the general
Coarse sand Coarse
300
-300 & gravel distribution of electrical resistivity to depths greater than is
typically possible in frequencydomain airborne electromag
Clay Fine
netic surveys. Third, the method can be applied in difficult
terrain that is not readily accessible by road for groundbased
Coarse sand Coarse electromagnetic methods. Access was a controlling factor
350
-350 & gravel for much of the survey area, because of sparse roads in and
around Cochiti Pueblo.
Clay Fine
One drawback of the method is that cultural features,
because of their wide bandwidth, strongly affect the responses
Coarse sand Coarse of the TDEM system. Fences, pipelines, communication lines,
400
-400
railways, and other manmade conductors can contaminate the
responses. The areas affected by such cultural noise cannot be
used for interpretation. The majority of cultural anomalies can
be easily identified, but sometimes the cultural noise response
Furthermore, the resistivity of the upper few meters may not be is subtle and can be mistaken for the Earths response. Cultural
well resolved in the case of conductive nearsurface rocks, and noise in this survey severely affected only a very limited part of
the upper tens of meters may not be well resolved in the case the TDEM data, mainly near a few large power lines (fig. F2A).
of resistive rocks. The depth of penetration and the resolution
of the model can be modified by the choice of TDEM system
and by incorporating survey parameters designed to target a TimeDomain Electromagnetic Survey
particular geologic problem.
In a typical TDEM system, a loop of current-carrying Airborne TDEM data were collected on March 37, 1997,
wire (the transmitter) is mounted on an aircraft and sends by Geoterrex, Inc., which used a GEOTEM system (DeszczPan
pulses of electromagnetic energy (usually 3090 times per and others, 2000). The survey area is in the vicinity of Cochiti
Pueblo (pl. 1; survey area D, fig. F1). The purpose of the survey is approximated by a stack of horizontal layers, each having a
was to delineate facies changes within the basin fill that may certain resistivity and thickness. In this algorithm (Ellis, 1998),
control local and regional groundwater flow and to help define for each survey point, the fields measured at 16 timechannels
the three-dimensional extent of the principal axialriver gravel after the transmitter current turnoff were simultaneously
aquifer in the subsurface of the Santa Fe Group basin fill. In the compared with calculated responses. The leastsquares error
GEOTEM system, a transmitter mounted on an airplane pulses between measured and calculated data was minimized by itera
an electromagnetic signal 30 times per second. In the receiver, tively adjusting the resistivity model until the error diminished
towed about 50m below and 125m behind the airplane, the to a specified value. The inversion model consists of 24 layers
electromagnetic signal is recorded as a voltage at specific times of fixed thickness over a halfspace (thick homogeneous bot
during and after each pulse. tom model layer). The layer thicknesses are initially specified
The receiver measures three spatial components of the and remain constant along the flight line. The layer thicknesses
transmitter signal: x, y, and z. Our interpretations are based increase from 5m on the surface to 110m for the deepest
primarily on the zcomponent (vertical) of the received signal. layer in proportion to the decrease in resolution with depth of
The xcomponent (inline) was processed but was used only electromagnetic methods. The basement resistivity was fixed at
to check consistency between the x and zcomponents. The 50 ohmm. The depth of this artificial basement (780 m) is well
ycomponent (transverse) was ignored because this compo below the signal-penetration depth, but experience shows that
nent should be zero in the onedimensional geometry that was the presence of a deep basement of fixed resistivity stabilizes
assumed for the processing of the data. the inversion algorithm. The model calculations are quite com
The Cochiti Pueblo survey covered approximately a plicated and time consuming.
1520 km area. The aircraft was flown at 120m above ground The second model assumes that measured responses at
level using a 400m flightline spacing (fig. F2A). Above two measurement times can be modeled by a thin, conductive
the small urban area in the Cochiti Pueblo, the flight height sheet floating in free space. An assembly of sheets whose cal
reached about 250m above ground level. During the five days culated responses matches the responses measured at two sub
of the Cochiti survey, about 100,000 soundings were recorded. sequent times, moving from the earliest to the latest, represent
The sounding spacing along the flight lines was about 13 m. subsurface resistivity as a function of increasing depth. In this
At each of the sounding points, 60 channels of timedomain algorithm (Liu and Asten, 1993) a conductive, horizontal, thin
data were recorded, 20 in each of the x, y, and z spatial direc sheet in free space is used to approximate Earth resistivity dis
tions. Of the 20 channels, 4 channels recorded a signal when tribution with depth. The measured responses at the two earli
the transmitter pulse was on, and 16 channels were designated est times after the transmitter current is turned off are used to
to record the signal received after the transmitter signal ended. uniquely determine conductance and the distance between the
The transmitter signal was a halfsinusoidal wave that was on thin sheet and the receiver. Then the position and conductance
for 4.166 ms and off for 13.371 ms. of the sheet matching the responses at the next pair of later
times is found. The process is continued for all later pairs. The
model resulting from this transformation is called a resistivity
Resistivity Models Based on TimeDomain depth image (DeszczPan and others, 2000). The calculated
Electromagnetic Survey response for the thin sheet is analytic so the algebraic transfor
mation calculations are very fast and simple.
Inversion of recorded signal to resistivities does not pro Both model algorithms have their merits; however, we
duce a single, unique result; the result depends on the algo found that the layered model resistivities better matched
rithms used. All algorithms are based on the assumption that induction log resistivities and MT models. When we com
the calculated response from a given Earth model must match pared results obtained by three geophysical methodsresis
the measured fields within some specified error. All models tivity models calculated from AMT soundings, bulk average
are approximations and not a true resistivity distribution in resistivities calculated from induction logs, and resistivity
the Earth. In the inversion of this TDEM data we assumed a cross sections calculated by leastsquares inversionwe
onedimensional model such that under each survey point the found that the maximum depth provided by the resistivity-
resistivity changes only in one dimension: depth. By stitching depth-image cross sections (for example, fig. F9) could be
together the resistivity models for each point along the flight used as the maximum valid depth limit for the leastsquares
lines we obtained a resistivity cross section along each flight resistivity inversion. We plotted this maximum depth on each
line. Maps of resistivity at given depths below the surface, or leastsquares resistivity inversion cross section at any given
at given elevations above sea level, were obtained by combin point along the flight line. This maximum resistivity-depth-
ing resistivity cross sections from the flight lines. image depth is shown as a dashed line on the inversion cross
Inversion results for the survey were provided courtesy section (for example, fig. F10). AMT and TDEM models cor
of BHP World Minerals. Two proprietary one-dimensional relate well, as shown by a comparison of AMT soundings and
Earth resistivity algorithms were used in inverting the TDEM one of the leastsquares inversion cross sections (fig. F11D).
data: one based on a layered Earth model and a second based Some exceptions occurred near the maximum resistivity-
on a thin-sheet Earth model. In the first model the subsurface depth-image depth limit (especially when a conductor at
Ohm-m
750.0
500.0
20. 300.0
Aircraft altitude 200.0
125.0
Topography 100.0
17.5 75.0
50.0
Rio Grande 40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
Figure F9. Resistivity under flight line 630 in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic survey area, drawn on the basis of
resistivity-depth image algorithm. Solid horizontal lines represent subsurface elevations 1,400, 1,450, 1,500, and 1,550 m. Line floating
above cross section represents aircraft altitude. Vertical exaggeration is 10.
Ohm-m
750.0
500.0
20. 300.0
Aircraft altitude 200.0
125.0
100.0
17.5 75.0
50.0
Topography
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
Figure F10. Resistivity under flight line 630 in the Cochiti Pueblo time-domain electromagnetic survey area, drawn on the basis of
leastsquares inversion. Line floating above cross section represents aircraft altitude; faint dashed line represents maximum depth
estimated from resistivity-depth image (fig. F9). Vertical exaggeration is 10.
Figure F11 (following 3 pages). Eastwest resistivity profiles in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic survey area
(cross sections F14AG), drawn on the basis of leastsquares inversions. Faint dashed line in each section represents maximum
depth estimated from resistivity-depth image; numbers below magnetotelluric (MT) or audiomagnetotellurid (AMT) stations refer
to modeled resistivities. Vertical exaggeration is 10. A, Flight line 605 showing Dome Road well and MT station 17. B, Flight line
609 showing AMT stations 1, 6, and 5 and Cochiti Lake 2 and 1200-Foot wells. C, Flight line 614 showing AMT station 2. D, Flight
line 630 showing AMT stations 3 and 4, magnetic anomalies C3 and C4, and Santa Cruz Springs well. E, Flight line 638 showing
Mancos Shale in footwall block of La Bajada fault zone. F, Flight line 643 showing Cerrillos uplift in footwall block of La Bajada
fault zone. G, Flight line 626 showing magnetic anomaly C5.
Ohm-m
POWER LINE 750.0

Camada South Pajarito 500.0
20. fault ? fault zone Aircraft altitude 300.0
La Bajada
200.0
Dome fault
Cochiti Rio 125.0

Road 17 fault Grande ?? 100.0
17.5 ?? 75.0
20
? ? ?? 50 50.0
40.0
??
? 30.0
?
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
A Line 605 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Cerro POWER LINE Ohm-m

Camada Colorado
1 Aircraft altitude 1200-Foot 750.0
fault zone 5 500.0
South Pajarito 100
20. 100 300.0
fault zone Cochiti La Bajada
1000 200.0
fault fault
30 125.0
Cochiti
Rio 100.0
?? 6 Lake 2
17.5 Grande 75.0
10 300 100
? W4 ?? 30 50.0
100
?? 40.0
? 30.0
15. 30 25.0
?? 20.0
15.0
10 10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
B Line 609 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Ohm-m
Camada POWER LINE Tetilla 750.0

fault fault zone? 500.0
Aircraft altitude La Bajada
20. fault 300.0
200.0
South Pajarito Cochiti
fault zone Sanchez 125.0

fault
2 fault 100.0
POWER LINE Rio ?
17.5 ? 75.0
? ?
30 Grande 50.0
? 10 ?
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
30 10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
C Line 614 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Ohm-m
Cerros del Rio volcanic field 750.0

Tetilla 500.0
fault zone? 300.0
20. Aircraft altitude La Bajada POWER LINES
fault 4 200.0
San Francisco
Camada POWER LINE 100 125.0

fault fault Santa Fe 300
Sile River Santa Cruz 10 100.0
POWER LINE
17.5 fault Unit Sanchez Springs ? 75.0
fault 3 ?
Tsa Rio POWER LINE 2 50.0
Grande ? 100 40.0
C4 C4
30
? 30.0
15. ? ? ? C3 100 25.0
? Flat-lying
? 20.0
? ? conductor
basaltic vent ?
15.0
?
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
5 1.0
10
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
D Line 630 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Ohm-m
750.0
POWER LINE 500.0
20. 300.0
POWER LINE 200.0
La Bajada
Aircraft altitude fault 125.0

100.0
17.5 POWER LINE Santa Fe 75.0
POWER LINE Rio River 50.0
le
Sha
Grande ? ? 40.0
?
30.0
cos
? ? ?
15. Man 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 POWER LINE 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
E Line 638 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Ohm-m
750.0
500.0
POWER LINE 300.0
20.
Tetilla 200.0
fault 125.0
Aircraft altitude
100.0
La Bajada
17.5 M 75.0
POWER LINE fault an
co 50.0
s
Sh 40.0
? al
e 30.0
15. ? 25.0
20.0
Cerrillos
15.0
uplift
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
F Line 643 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Tetilla Ohm-m
POWER LINE Peak
750.0
Tetilla
La Bajada fault zone? 500.0
20. fault 300.0
Peralta Camada 200.0
Aircraft altitude
fault fault Cochiti
Sile ? 125.0
Pueblo Rio
fault Pajarito 100.0
Grande ?
17.5 fault Sanchez 75.0
POWER LINE fault
? 50.0
POWER LINE
40.0
? ? ? C5 30.0
?
15. ? ? ? 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
370. 375. 380. 385. 390. 395.
G Line 626 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
least 100m thick lay above the resistivity-depth-image limit) thin, horizontal lines on fig. F9). Figure F7AF shows resistiv
and also in the upper 50m (where the leastsquares inver ity maps (also generated from the same leastsquares inver
sion close to the surface generally yields resistivities higher sion results) at constant depths below the surface (20, 50, 70,
than the shallowest AMT resistivities). AMT data suggest 100, 150 and 200 m) draped on topography. We did not use
that some inversion resistivities below the resistivity-depth- the resistivity-depth image results to produce the depthslice
image limit are still valid (especially when a thick section of maps because the resistivities derived from the resistivity-depth
resistive material lies above the resistivity-depth-image depth image algorithm generally did not extend to the surface and did
limit). Rather than plotting as a blank area the resistivity not correlate very well with the AMT soundings in the upper
values below the resistivity-depth-image depth limit on the 50 to 100m (for example, fig. F11D). Vertical cross sections
resistivity cross sections, we included all values of the inver from the leastsquares inversions were generated along each of
sion. So doing allowed us to view those cases where a con the 50 eastwest flight lines and for 8 northsouth flight lines.
ductor exists beneath a thick section of resistive materials but Selected profiles are depicted in figures F11 and F13.
below the resistivity-depth image-depth limit (for example,
below the magnetic anomaly labeled C5 in fig. F11G; refer to Geologic Interpretation of Airborne
fig. D7). We are of the opinion that in these cases the TDEM
response is sensitive to the conductor at depth below the thick
Electromagnetic Models
resistor, even though that conductor is below the resistivity- The TDEM survey objectives, defined in the preceding
depth-image depth limit. However, the basement resistivity TimeDomain Electromagnetic Survey section, were based on
was fixed at 50 ohmm, so interpretations should not use the the assumption that the axialriver gravel deposits, which are the
last resistivity gradient between the basement resistivity of 50
ohmm and the shallower resistivity feature in question.
By using the linebyline leastsquares inversions found
by the above procedures, plan maps of resistivity were gener
ated for the survey area by combining the leastsquares inver Figure F12 (followin 6 pages). Elevation slices in the Cochiti
sion cross sections into a three-dimensional grid of resistivity. Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic survey area (AF), drawn on
Resistivities below the maximum resistivity-depth-image the basis of leastsquares inversions. Solid numbered triangles
depth limit were set to plot a blank area. Areas that were either are highfrequency magnetotelluric (AMT) sounding stations.
outside the survey region or were at elevations above the Labels C, M, and F are inferred sedimentary grain size: coarse,
ground surface were also plotted as blank areas. Horizontal medium, and fine, respectively. V marks inferred volcanic rock.
depth-slice maps of resistivity (fig. F12AF) at 50m eleva Inferred grain size labels appear only on elevation slices below
tion intervals were generated from the leastsquares inversion the water table (CF); approximate boundaries are shown
results along each of the flight lines. Elevations mapped were by lighter dashed lines. A, 1,750m elevation slice. B, 1,700m
1,750, 1,700, 1,550, 1,500, 1,450 and 1,400m above sea level elevation slice. C, 1,550m elevation slice. D, 1,500m elevation
(elevations 1,550, 1,500, 1,450, and 1,400m are marked by slice. E, 1,450m elevation slice. F, 1,400m elevation slice.
1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
Dome block
3952000
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201 n
L60301 ra
io G
V
L60201
3950000
CERROS DEL RIO

L60401 R L60301
Dome VOLCANIC FIELD 750.0
South Pajarito
605L60501 L60401
Road 605
V
L60601
L60501
L60701 Tent 500.0
1 L60601
L60801 Rocks Cochiti COCHITI PUEBLO
Coch
L60701
3948000
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
L60801
300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6 L60901
fault
he
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
1200 well 5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
2227m 200.0
lt
L61201
jad
L61101
lt
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
Lake
au
614L61401 L61301
125.0
F
lt
L61501 L61401
COE
614
E
L61601 Tetilla
LIN
L61701
2BW Cochiti 100.0
San
L61601
ER
L61801
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
75.0
PO
CEPO 2
L62001 L61901
353730
fault
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3 C1
Baj
L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW E Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
LIN
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
L62901 Santa Cruz

3-TW 25.0
che
ER
630 2 E
de
L63001 4
LIN
L62901
W
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
3 1 630
INE L63001
ER
L63101
PO
La Ba
20.0
ult
L63201 W L63101
San
PO
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
L63301
jada
WE
Fra
L63301
E
L63401
15.0
600201
Cochiti
N
L63401
ncis
800'
LI

fault
Elementary
PO
L63501
well L63501
ER
Sa
co f
L63601
W
10.0
nt
L63601
aul
L63701
PO
Fe
a
3936000
638
t
L63801 L63701
180-TW Ri L63801
L63901
1583m ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
ale
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
Sh
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
os
L64601 L64501
lla
1.0
nc
L64601
ti
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
L64701
Ma
L64801
L64801
L64901
1750 m elevation
L65001 L64901
600601 L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 A
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
3952000 Dome block
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
de
L60201
an
Gr
L60301
V
L60201
3950000

Dome VOLCANIC FIELD 750.0
South Pajarito
605L60501 L60401
L60601 Road 605
L60501
V
L60701 500.0
1 Tent L60601
L60801 Cochiti COCHITI PUEBLO
Coch
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
Sa
L60801
1200 well 300.0
nc
iti fau
L61001 6
he
L60901
fault
609
La
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
zf
L61101 L61001
Ba
au
200.0
lt
L61201
jad
lt
L61101
L61301
2 Cochiti
af
L61201
3946000
Lake
au
614 L61401 L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
COE
614
E
L61601 Tetilla Solar-TW
LIN
Santa Fe NF COE L61501
L61701
Cochiti up 100.0
San
2BW L61601
ro
ER
L61801
G
3944000
L61701
Reservoir
(?)
COCHITI PUEBLO
chez
W
L61901 L61801
e 75.0
PO
CEPO 2
aF L61901
nt
L62001
353730
fault
Sa
L62101
Camada
L62001
Blow-TW
Pe
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
ra
L62301 CEPO 3 C1
Baj
L62201
3942000
lta
L62401 (Peralta)
fa
fault
ada
L62301
40.0
ul
L62501 C2 L62401
t
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
E
CEPO 1 LIN L62701
3940000
L62801
San
(Landfill)
600101
Santa Cruz
L62901 Springs Tract
3-TW Cochiti-TW L62801
25.0
che
ER
630 L63001 de 2 4 L62901

W
z fa
Gran
Sile fa
3 630
INE
L63101 1 L63001
PO
La Ba
20.0
ult
L63201 L63101
San
RL
3938000
L63201
Rio
ult
L63301
jada
WE
Fra
L63301
E
L63401 Cochiti 15.0
600201
N
L63401
ncis
Elementary 800'
LI
fault
PO
L63501
well L63501
ER
Sa
co f
L63601
W
E 10.0
nt
L63601
aul
L63701
LIN
PO
Fe
a
3936000
638
t
L63801
ER
L63701
180-TW Ri W L63801
L63901
1583m ve PO L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
lt
L64401
600401
L64501
fau
L64601 L64501
lla
L64601 1.0
ti
L64701
3932000
Te
600501
L64701
L64801
L64801
L64901
1700 m elevation
L65001 L64901
600601
L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 B
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
Dome block
3952000
1609m
Ohm-m
M
L60101
L60101
Sanche
Cochiti fault
C
L60201
L60301
C
L60201
3950000
de
n CERROS DEL RIO
L60401 a L60301
Gr VOLCANIC FIELD 750.0
South Pajarito
z fault
605L60501 Dome
Rio
F
L60401
C M
Road 605
C
L60601
L60501
L60701 POWER LINE 500.0
M
L60601
F
L60801
1 Tent Cochiti COCHITI PUEBLO L60701
3948000
609 L60901 Rocks Lake 2

L60801
1200 well 300.0
fault
L61001 6 L60901
609
COCHITI PUEBLO
La
POWER LINE 5
V F M
L61001
C
L61101
Ba
M
L61201 200.0
jad
COE L61101
L61301
2 Tetilla
C
L61201
3946000
af
614L61401 Cochiti
F
au
L61301
Lake 125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
614
M
E
L61601 Solar-TW
Santa Fe NF COE
LIN
L61501
C
L61701 100.0
Per
Cochiti
San
L61601
C M
ER
L61801
COCHITI PUEBLO
3944000
L61701
alta
Reservoir
F
chez
L61801
W
L61901
2BW CEPO 2 75.0
fau
PO
L62001 L61901
353730
fault
lt
L62101 L62001
Blow-TW
Camada
F
L62201 50.0
M
La
C C
CEPO 3 L62101
L62301 (Peralta) C1
Baj
L62201
3942000
L62401
ada
L62301
40.0
V
fault
C2
M M
L62501 L62401
fau
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW E Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
San
LIN
C
3940000
L62801
600101
L62901 (Landfill) Santa Cruz
che
25.0
ER
3-TW 3 2 E
630 L63001 4
LIN
L62901
z
M C C C
W
F
Sile fa
630
V
de
INE
1 L63001
ER
L63101
PO
faul
20.0
Gran
L63201 W L63101
PO
M
RL
San
t
3938000
L63201
ult
La Bajada fau
L63301
nt
WE
Sa
F
L63301
E
Fra
R io
L63401 Cochiti a 15.0

600201
N
L63401
Elementary

LI
PO
800'
ncis
L63501
L63501
ER
well
L63601
co f
W
L63701 Fe L63601 10.0
PO
M
aul
3936000
638 L63801
lt
L63701
Ri
t
L63901 180-TW L63801

638
1583m ve L63901 7.5
r
600301
L64001
COCHITI PUEBLO
F
e L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
M
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401
POWER
L64301 643 2.5
L64401
LINE ?
600401
L64501
L64501
lt
L64601
fau
L64601 1.0
lla
L64701
3932000
600501
L64701
L64801
ti
L64801
Te
L64901
1550 m elevation
L65001 L64901
600601 L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 C
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
3952000 Dome block
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
M
L60101
Sanche
L60201
L60301
L60201
3950000
de
n CERROS DEL RIO
L60401 a L60301
South Pajarito
z fault
605L60501 Dome
Rio
F F
L60401
Road
L60501605
L60601
L60701 POWER LINE L60601 500.0
1 Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
L60801 Cochiti
Cochiti
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609
M
L60901 Lake 2
L60801
1200 well 300.0
fault
L61001 6 L60901
F M
La
609
COCHITI PUEBLO
POWER LINE 5
fault
L61101 L61001
Ba
M
200.0
V
COE
jad
L61201 L61101
L61301 Cochiti Tetilla
af
2 L61201
3946000
Lake
au
614 L61401
F
L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
Solar-TW
614
San
M
E
L61601
C
Santa Fe NF COE
LIN
L61501
L61701 100.0
chez
2BW L61601
ER
L61801
3944000
L61701
COCHITI PUEBLO
Cochiti
fault
L61801
W
L61901
Reservoir 75.0
PO
L62001 CEPO 2 L61901
353730
F F
L62101 L62001
M
Camada
L62201 Blow-TW 50.0
La
C
L62101
Pe
CEPO 3
M
L62301
C1
ra
Baj
L62201
3942000
(Peralta)
lta
L62401
ada
L62301
M
40.0
fault
M
fau
L62501 C2 L62401
fau
lt
626 L62601 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
E
C
CEPO 1 L62701
San
LIN
3940000
L62801
C
600101
L62901 (Landfill)
C
Cochiti-TW
che
L62801
25.0
ER
V
630 L63001 2 4 L62901
z
W
F
Sile fa
630
de
3-TW
INE
L63101 1 L63001
PO
E
M
Santa Cruz
faul
Cochiti LIN 20.0
Gran
L63201 L63101
Springs Tract
RL
San
M
Elementary
ER
C
t
3938000
L63201
ult
La Bajada fau
M
L63301
C C nt OW
WE
Sa
E
L63301
Fra
R io
L63401 a P 15.0
N
600201
L63401
LI
800'
PO
ncis
L63501
L63501
ER
well
L63601
W
co f
L63701 Fe L63601 10.0
PO
aul
3936000
638 L63801
lt
L63701
M
Ri
t
L63801
L63901
638
M
1583m ve L63901 7.5
180-TW r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
M 643
L64401 L64301
POWER 2.5
L64401
LINE ?
600401
L64501
L64501
lt
L64601
fau
L64601 1.0
lla
L64701
3932000
600501
L64701
L64801
ti
L64801
Te
L64901
1500 m elevation
L65001 L64901
600601
L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 D
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
Dome block
3952000
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
Sanche
L60201
L60301
L60201
3950000
de
n CERROS DEL RIO
L60401 a L60301
South Pajarito
z fault
605L60501 Dome
Rio
F
L60401
L60601 Road 605
L60501
POWER LINE
F
L60701 500.0
M
L60601
1 Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
L60801 Cochiti
Cochiti
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
L60801
1200 well 300.0
fault
L61001 6 L60901
La
609
COCHITI PUEBLO
POWER LINE 5
fault
F
L61101 L61001
Ba
200.0
M
COE
jad
L61201
V
L61301
Cochiti Tetilla
L61101
af
2 Lake L61201
3946000
au
M
614L61401 L61301
125.0
lt
F
L61501 L61401
Solar-TW
614
San
E
L61601
Santa Fe NF COE
LIN
L61501
C
L61701 100.0
chez
2BW L61601
ER
L61801
3944000
L61701
COCHITI PUEBLO
fault
L61801
W
L61901
CEPO 2 75.0
PO
L62001 Cochiti L61901
353730 L62101
C
Reservoir
M L62001
Camada fa
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
Pe
L62301 CEPO 3 Blow-TW

C1
ra
Baj
(Peralta) L62201
3942000
V
lta
L62401
ada
L62301
40.0
M M
fau
L62501 C2 L62401
ult
fau
lt
170TW
C
626 L62601 L62501
lt
V
L62701 4-TW E Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
CEPO 1 L62701
San
C
LIN
3940000
L62801
600101
L62901 (Landfill)
Cochiti-TW
che
L62801
25.0
ER
3 2
630 L63001 4 L62901
z
V
W
Sile fa
630
de
3-TW
INE
1 L63001
C
L63101
F
PO
Santa Cruz NE
faul
Cochiti LI 20.0
Gran
L63201 L63101
Springs Tract
M
RL
F
San
Elementary
ER
t
3938000
L63201
ult
La Bajada fau
L63301
C nt W
WE
Sa
E
PO
L63301
Fra
R io
L63401 a 15.0
N
600201
L63401
LI

800'
PO
M
ncis
L63501
L63501
ER
well
C
L63601
W
co f
L63701 Fe L63601 10.0
PO
M
aul
3936000
638 L63801
lt
L63701
Ri
t
180-TW L63801
L63901
1583m ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
POWER LINE ? Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
L64401
600401
L64501
M
L64501
lt
L64601
fau
L64601 1.0
lla
L64701
3932000
600501
L64701
L64801
ti
L64801
Te
L64901
1450 m elevation
L65001 L64901
600601 L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 E
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

1062230 10615
366000 368000 370000 372000 374000 376000 378000 380000 382000 384000 386000 388000 390000 392000 394000 396000
600101
600301
600801
600401
600501
600601
600701
600201
Saint Peters
3952000 Dome block
1609m
L60101 Ohm-m
L60101
Sanche
L60201
L60301
L60201
3950000
de
n CERROS DEL RIO
L60401 a L60301
South Pajarito
z fault
605 Dome
L60501
Rio
F
L60401
Road
L60501605
L60601
POWER LINE
F
L60701 500.0
L60601
1 Tent
COCHITI PUEBLO
L60801 Cochiti
Cochiti
L60701
3948000
Rocks
609 L60901 Lake 2
L60801
1200 well 300.0
fault
L61001 6 L60901
La
609
COCHITI PUEBLO
5
fault
F
L61101 L61001
Ba
M
COE 200.0
jad
L61201
V
L61301
Cochiti Tetilla
L61101
af
2 Lake L61201
3946000
au
614 L61401
C
L61301
125.0
lt
L61501 L61401
Solar-TW
614
San
E
L61601
Santa Fe NF COE
LIN
L61501
L61701 100.0
chez
2BW L61601
Cochiti
ER
M
L61801
3944000
L61701
COCHITI PUEBLO
fault
L61801
W
Reservoir
C
L61901
CEPO 2 75.0
PO
L62001 L61901
C
353730 L62101 L62001
Blow-TW
Camada fa
L62201 50.0
La
L62101
Pe
L62301 CEPO 3
M
C1
ra
Baj
(Peralta) L62201
3942000
lta
L62401
ada
L62301
40.0
fau
L62501 C2 L62401
ult
fau
lt
626 L62601
CEPO 1 170TW L62501
lt
L62701 4-TW (Landfill) Cochiti L62601 626 30.0
E
L62701
San
C
LIN
3940000
L62801
V
600101
L62901 3-TW Cochiti-TW
che
L62801
3 25.0
ER
630
M C
L63001 4 L62901
z
W
C
Sile fa
2 1 630
de
INE F
L63101 L63001
PO
Santa Cruz E
Cochiti LIN 20.0
Gran
L63201
faul
Springs Tract L63101
M
RL
Elementary
ER
3938000
L63201
ult
La Bajada fau
San
L63301
t
C OW
nt
WE
Sa
E
L63301
R io
L63401 a P
C
15.0
N
600201
L63401
Fra ult
LI
800'
PO
L63501
L63501
fa
ER
well
ncis
L63601
W
Fe 10.0
M
L63701 L63601
PO
co
3936000
638 L63801
lt
L63701
180-TW Ri L63801
L63901
1583m ve L63901
638 7.5
r
600301
L64001
Caada d
L64101
L64201 L64101 5.0
POWER LINE Santa Fe
3934000
L64201
643 L64301
L64401 L64301 643 2.5
L64401
600401
L64501
L64501
lt
M
L64601
fau
L64601 1.0
lla
L64701
3932000
600501
L64701
L64801
ti
L64801
Te
L64901
1400 m elevation
L65001 L64901
600601
L65001
600701
600801
3930000
3530 F
2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

main aquifers in the middle Rio Grande Basin (Bartolino, 1999), The resistivity models obtained by the airborne TDEM
will have a higher electrical resistivity than surrounding finer survey correlate with the three principal geologic terranes in
grained materials (Hearst, Nelson, and Paillet, 2000). However, the La Bajada constriction area depicted in figure A4. Basaltic
the resistivities obtained from TDEM are only indirectly related rocks of the Cerros del Rio volcanic field, in the footwall of
to the water content and the sediment grain size at depth, and the La Bajada fault zone (fig. F7), are characterized by very
they must be correlated with other geologic information. high resistivities (>500750 ohmm). Higher resistivity areas
The correlation of TDEM inversion resistivities with generally correspond with vent areas of individual volcanoes.
grain size within the Santa Fe Group sediments was possible The tapering edges of unsaturated thin basalts generally have
with the help of induction and lithologic logs from wells in resistivities of 30100 ohmm. The southern boundary of
the survey area. To make the correlation reliable, the well the resistive basalts dips north and is bounded by conductive
had to meet three criteria: be within 200m of the nearest sedimentary rocks. However, the increase in thickness of the
flight line, have both induction and lithologic logs in the >100 ohmm resistive section (fig. F14A) correlates with higher
same depth range as the TDEM survey, and be at least 200m elevation cones and vents within the Cerros del Rio volcanic
away from cultural noise (using a cutoff value of 10,000 field. Comparison of the thickness diagram with a map of
microvolts) owing to power lines, pipelines, or other man the calculated base of the resistive section (fig. F14B) clearly
made electrical power sources. Only four logged wells lay shows that most of the thickening pattern is due to increasing
within areas covered by airborne surveys (DeszczPan and constructional topography of the Cerros del Rio volcanoes. As
others, 2000) met criteria for reliability. Three wells are in determined by results from AMT station 5 and the 1200-Foot
Rio Rancho (survey area A+B, fig. F1); one well (CEPO 2, well (fig. F4B), both the volcanic lavas and the Santa Fe Group
fig. F2A; induction log, fig. F8B) was in Cochiti Pueblo (sur sediments thicken to the north (see also geologic cross sec
vey area D, fig. F1). DeszczPan and others (2000) showed tions, pl. 6). The eastdipping Mancos Shale is distinctive in
that onedimensional inversion algorithms, developed and the depth slices at 70 and 100 ohmm (fig. F7C, D) just east of
owned by BHP World Minerals, provided resistivity cross the Tetilla fault zone, where resistivity for this very conductive
sections that closely correlate with the Rio Rancho well marine shale is below 7.5 ohmm. The eastdipping Mancos
logs. The resistivity inversion also closely correlates with the Shale can also be seen in cross section in the 643 TDEM resis
one Cochiti Pueblo well log (CEPO 2, fig. F2A) below the tivity profile (fig. F11F) east of the Tetilla fault zone. On the
static water level (SWL, fig. F8B). Above the static water TDEM 1,750-m elevation-slice map (fig. F12A), south of the
level (upper 37m (120 ft)), the inversion resistivity under northeasttrending power line and south of flight line 638, the
estimated the induction log resistivity. The underestimation Tetilla fault zone appears to form the western boundary of the
probably reflects the influence of an adjacent shallow con eastdipping conductive Mancos Shale. The resistivity charac
ductor (20 ohmm) just south of CEPO 2 (fig. F7A) that dips ter of the Cerros del Rio area north of the two northeast
underneath CEPO 2 at 50m (165 ft) depth (fig. F7B). Also, trending power lines, near AMT station 4, appears to differ
at 84102m (275335 ft) depth, the inversion did not resolve from that south of the power lines. North of the power lines, the
the interval, 912 m (3040 ft) thick, of moderately resis eastdipping conductive material on the 630 TDEM resistiv
tive coarsegrained sediments (60 ohmm) (fig. F8B). This ity profile (fig. F11D) is gone, and minor breaks disrupt what
failure indicates that TDEM inversion for this survey was otherwise appear to be fairly flatlying conductive layers. The
able to resolve only those resistive units whose thickness is 1,700-m-elevation TDEM slice map (fig. F12B) depicts mod
greater than about 15 percent of their burial depth. Except for erately resistive material surrounded by moderately conduc
this resolution limitation and the underestimated resistivity tive material, which suggests a structural block between AMT
in the upper 37m (120 ft), the inversion correlates well with stations 4 and 5 at a bearing of about N. 60 E. The structure
lithologic grain size below the water table. of this block can also be seen north of AMT station 4 in the
Resistivities were correlated with grain size only in the northsouth 600701 TDEM resistivity profile (fig. F13G) and
saturated zone (DeszczPan and others, 2000), owing to the south of AMT station 5 in the northsouth 600801 TDEM resis
lack of information about partial saturation in the vadose zone. tivity profile (fig. F13H). The moderately resistive character
DeszczPan and others (2000) correlated resistivity and grain of this section is similar to that of sediments in the Santa Fe
size in the saturated zone as follows: coarse grain size (4070 Group.
ohmm), medium grain size (2040 ohmm), and fine grain size The western terrane, Saint Peters Dome block (figs. F12,
(1020 ohmm). We also observed changes in TDEM response F7), also displays high resistivity values in the footwall block
at several faults mapped at the surface (figs. F7, F12) and at of the Pajarito fault zone, and those higher resistivities con
faults inferred from a highresolution airborne magnetic survey tinue south into the Santo Domingo Basin between the Pajarito
(Grauch, 1999; chapter D, this volume), delineating pronounced and Sile faults. In the west, an exposed rhyolite dome and
changes in lithology in Santa Fe Group sediments owing to fault related pyroclastic deposits near Tent Rocks (V, figs. F12, F7)
juxtapositions. Variations in the pattern of resistivity can thus have high resistivities. The dome and pyroclastic deposits have
be linked to hydrostratigraphic changes across faults, including peak resistivities greater than 500750 ohmm in the depth
growthfaultrelated facies variations in sediments of the Santa range of 100150m below the surface, so their highest values
Fe Group and contemporaneous volcanic deposits. are more limited here than in the basaltic rocks of the Cerros
Figure F13 (below and following 2 pages). Northsouth profiles in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain
electromagnetic survey area (cross sections AH), drawn on the basis of leastsquares inversions.
Dashed line in each section is maximum depth estimated from resistivity-depth image; numbers below
wells or stations represent modeled resistivities. Vertical exaggeration is 10. A, Flight line 600101 showing
audiomagnetotelluric (AMT) station 1. B, Flight line 600201 showing AMT station 6. C, Flight line 600301
showing Dome Road well. D, Flight line 600401 showing Sanchez fault. E, Flight line 600501 showing La
Bajada fault zone. F, Flight line 600601 showing La Bajada fault zone. G, Flight line 600701 showing AMT
station 4. H, Flight line 600801 showing AMT station 5 and 1200-Foot well.
Ohm-m
A Peralta 1 750.0
fault zone 500.0
20. 100 300.0
200.0
30 125.0
100.0
17.5 10 75.0
50.0
40.0
? ?
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
Line 600101 NAD83/UTM ZONE 13N, IN METERS x 1,000
Ohm-m
B 750.0
500.0
20. 300.0
200.0
Sile fault 125.0

6 100.0
17.5 300 75.0
50.0
100 40.0
30.0
15. 30 25.0
20.0
15.0
10 10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
Ohm-m
C 750.0
500.0
20. 300.0
ELEVATION, IN METERS x 100 200.0
125.0
South Dome Road
100.0
17.5 Pajarito 75.0
fault
50.0
Power line 40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
Ohm-m
D 750.0
500.0
20. 300.0
200.0
125.0
Sanchez 100.0
fault
17.5 75.0
POWER LINE 50.0
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
Ohm-m
E 750.0
500.0
20. 300.0
La Bajada
200.0
fault
125.0
100.0
17.5 Santa Fe 75.0
POWER LINE
River 50.0
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
Ohm-m
F POWER LINE Cerro Colorado 750.0

500.0
20. 300.0
200.0
125.0
La Bajada 100.0
17.5 POWER LINE fault 75.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
Ohm-m
G Caada de Tetilla Peak Tetilla

POWER LINES 750.0
Santa Fe 500.0
fault ?
20. 300.0
4
POWER LINES 200.0
100
125.0
300
10 100.0
17.5 75.0
2 50.0
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
Moderately
conductive 20.0
material 15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
5 1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
Ohm-m
H Caada de 750.0
Santa Fe 1200-Foot 5 500.0
100 300.0
20. POWER LINE
1000 200.0
125.0
100.0
17.5 100 75.0
30 50.0
40.0
30.0
15. 25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
12.5 7.5
5.0
2.5
1.0
10.
3930. 3935. 3940. 3945. 3950.
del Rio volcanic field. Resistivity values in the adjoining strained by magnetotelluric data reported in this chapter.
Cochiti Formation volcaniclastic sediments and axial gravels Magnetotelluric soundings (figs. F4, F5) indicate that along
are also moderately high, in the range of 40200 ohmm. a northsouth line between audio-magnetotelluric stations 4
The central La Bajada constriction area (that is, within and 5, a 2 ohmm conductor inferred to be the Cretaceous
the Santo Domingo Valley, fig. A4) has the lowest resistivi Mancos Shale is downdropped from a depth of 180m
ties overall, and deposits in this area are generally less than at audio-magnetotelluric station 4 to a depth of 1,150m
50 ohmm resistivity. In the northern part of this area, a large beneath the surface at audio-magnetotelluric station This
area of lower resistivity coincides with a silt or clay lacustrine offset is evidence for 800m of Tertiary structural relief at
unit (F, near station AMT2, figs. F12, F7) concealed within the north end of the Cerrillos uplift. The shallow Mancos
deposits of the upper Santa Fe Group. In the central part of the Shale located at audio-magnetotelluric station 4, immedi
map area, higher resistivities correspond in part with ances ately south of Tetilla Peak, provides the farthest northwest
tral Rio Grande axialgravel deposits (C,M, fig. F12CF). In constraint for the edge of the Cerrillos uplift and is consis
areas lacking other subsurface information, boundaries within tent with the subsurface extent of the uplift based on gravity
these deposits were inferred on the basis of grain size (fig. data.
F12CF); grain size, in turn, was established primarily on the
basis of resistivity calibration (as previously described), but it 2. Also in the area of the eastern Cerros del Rio volcanic field,
was also constrained by local AMT soundings and lithologic the partly concealed Tetilla fault zone appears to form the
well logs (DeszczPan and others, 2000). The AMT sound western boundary of the eastdipping conductive Mancos
ings also helped us interpret the northern part of the survey Shale, based on time-domain electromagnetic results south
area where thin (3050 m) but strongly conductive, clayrich of two northeasttrending power lines (fig. F11F). We do
sediments (<10 ohmm) or rocks effectively blocked out those not see the same eastdipping conductive material in the
portions of the elevationslice maps (fig. F12CF) derived terrane north of the power lines, near audio-magnetotelluric
from the TDEM resistivity inversions. The TDEM data station 4 (fig. F11D), but rather we see minor breaks in
west of the La Bajada fault zone show that relatively lower what otherwise look like fairly flatlying conductive layers.
resistivity values correspond with Santa Fe Group piedmont Moderately resistive material surrounded by moderately
alluvium deposits, whereas relatively higher resistivity values conductive material suggests some kind of structural block
correspond with axial gravel deposits of the ancestral Rio between audiomagnetotelluric stations 4 and 5 at a bearing
Grande. A large region of buried volcanic rock (V, fig. F12) of about N. 60 E. (fig. F12B). The structure of this block
in the subsurface of the Santo Domingo Basin is imaged by can also be seen north of audiomagnetotelluric station 4
the modeled TDEM data. For example, aeromagnetic data (fig. F13G) and south of audiomagnetotelluric station 5
(chapter D, this volume) indicate that a basaltic vent is buried (fig. F13H). This moderately resistive block has resistivities
just to the west of the Sanchez fault (magnetic anomaly C3, similar to those of Santa Fe Group sediments.
figs. F7, F11D), that abundant volcanic clasts contribute to the 3. In the northern part of the central La Bajada constriction,
moderate resistivities just west of the Santa Cruz Springs well a large area of lower resistivity, defined by the time-
(magnetic anomaly C4, figs. F7, F11D), and that the rhyolite domain electromagnetic survey results, coincides with
at the core of the W4 magnetic high (figs. F7, F11B) is at least a silt or clay lacustrine unit (region F, near audiomag
250m thick and has resistivities well above 200 ohmm. The netotelluric station 2, figs. F12, F7) in the upper Santa
apparent reduction in spatial size of the displayed resistivities Fe Group deposits. In the central part of the map, higher
for the deeper elevation slices (fig. F12DF) is in part due to resistivities correspond in part with ancestral Rio Grande
the depthofpenetration limits of the TDEM survey. More axialgravel deposits (regions C andM, fig. F12).
detailed geologic interpretation and comparison of features
seen in the TDEM models with geology and other geophysical 4. The Saint Peters Dome block, in the footwall of the Pajarito
data sets are discussed in chapter G (this volume). fault zone, has a more complex stratigraphy than expected
on the basis of the magnetotelluric results. Magnetotelluric
soundings (fig. F6, magnetotelluric stations 12 and 17) pro
Summary vide additional constraints on the relative position of base
ment and thickness of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary
Time-domain electromagnetic and magnetotelluric data sedimentary rocks across the Pajarito fault zone.
were used to map changes in electrical resistivity with depth;
these changes in resistivity are related to variations in rock
types at depth; these variations in turn influence aquifers in the Figure F14 (following 2 pages). A, Depth to surface of
study area. These aquifers are part of the groundwater system resistive layer (>100 ohmm) in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain
hydraulically connected with the Rio Grande as it passes from electromagnetic survey area, drawn on the basis of leastsquares
the Espaola Basin into the Santo Domingo Basin. inversion. B, Elevation to base of surface resistive layer (>100
1. In the area of the eastern Cerros del Rio volcanic field, ohmm) in the Cochiti Pueblo timedomain electromagnetic survey
the northern boundary of the Cerrillos uplift is con area, drawn on the basis of leastsquares inversion.
A 370
1062230
375 380 385
10615
390 395
1062230 1609m 10615'
de
G ran
3950
Rio
Dome CERROS DEL RIO
South P
Road VOLCANIC FIELD
Cochit
Cochiti Cerro
La
AMT-1
ajarito fa
AMT-6 Lake 2 Colorado
Ba
i fault
1200 well
jad
a fa
COCHITI COE 2227m AMT-5
ult
ult
AMT-2 LAKE Tetilla
Solar-TW
3945
Santa Fe NF 2BW COE
COCHITI
COCHITI PUEBLO
CEPO2
353730
RESERVOIR
Pe
Camada fa
ral
La
ta
Baj
Sile
e
fau
Blow-TW
nd
CEPO3 C1
ada
o Gra
lt
faul
(Peralta) C2 Tetilla Peak
fau
ult
Ri
Cochiti 170TW
lt
4-TW CEPO1 Pueblo
3940
3-TW (Landfill) Cochiti-TW

AMT-3
AMT-4
2 1
Santa Cruz NE
Cochiti Springs tract LI
E
Sa
N
Elementary ER
La Bajada fault
nt
LI
aF W
PO
ER
W
eR
PO
ive
Pea blanca 800' well
r
basalt 180-TW
1583m
3935
COCHITI PUEBLO Fe
Santa
De
Caada
10
25
50
100
150
200
250
3930
300
3530
Depth to
100 ohm-m boundary
0 3 6 KILOMETERS
NAD27/UTM ZONE 13N

B 370
1062230
375 380 385
10615
390 395
1062230 1609m 10615'
de
an
Gr
3950
Rio
Dome CERROS DEL RIO
South P
Road VOLCANIC FIELD 2250
Cochit
2166
Cochiti Cerro
La
AMT-1 2120
ajarito fa
AMT-6 Lake 2 Colorado
Ba
i fault
1200 well 2090
jad
2071
a fa
COCHITI COE 2227m AMT-5 2054
ult
ult
AMT-2 LAKE Tetilla 2039
Solar-TW 2026
3945
COE 2012
Santa Fe NF 2BW
1996
COCHITI 1976
COCHITI PUEBLO
CEPO2
353730
RESERVOIR 1957
Pe
Camada fa
ral
La
1938
ta
Baj
Sile
1920
e
fau
Blow-TW
nd
CEPO3 C1
ada
1902
o Gra
lt
faul
(Peralta) C2 Tetilla Peak

1888
fau
ult
Cochiti Ri 170TW 1876
lt
4-TW CEPO1 Pueblo 1864
3940
3-TW (Landfill) Cochiti-TW 1851

AMT-3
AMT-4 1838
2 1
Santa Cruz 1819
NE
Cochiti Springs tract LI 1798
E
Sa
N
Elementary ER
La Bajada fault
nt
LI
aF W 1776

PO
ER
1757
W
eR
PO
1740
ive
Pea blanca 800' well
r
1724
basalt 180-TW
1583m 1709
3935
1697
COCHITI PUEBLO Fe
Santa 1687
De 1679
Caada
1671
1662
1660
1645
1629
1616
1596
3930
1583
3530
Depth in m of
100 ohm-m boundary
0 3 6 KILOMETERS
NAD27/UTM ZONE 13N

References Cited Keller, G.V., 1987, Rock and mineral properties, in Nabighian,
M.N., ed., Electromagnetic methods in applied geophysics,
v. 1, Theory: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, p. 1351.
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Palacky, G.J., 1987, Resistivity characteristics of geologic
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Manuscript approved for publication February 10, 2006
Graphics by authors
Photocomposition by Mari L. Kauffmann (Contractor, ATA Services)
Edited by Mary-Margaret Coates (Contractor, ATA Services)

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Electromagnetic Studies and Subsurface

Mapping of Electrical Resistivity in the

By Brian D. Rodriguez, Maria DeszczPan, and David A. Sawyer

Professional Paper 1720F

U.S. Department of the Interior

By Brian D. Rodriguez, Maria DeszczPan, and David A. Sawyer

Abstract basin (Bartolino and Cole, 2002). From preexisting hydrologic

Figure F1. Airborne

Je modified from Bartolino (1999).

L62801 POWER L62701

L63801 POWER L63701

2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

NAD83 / UTM zone 13N

Power line noise Flight line

UTM (m) Elevation

12 MT 106.38889 35.76750 3,958,861 13,374,449 2,380 7,808

3 AMT 106.26918 35.59192 3,939,230 13,385,020 1,657 5,436

5 AMT 106.17803 35.66128 3,946,820 13,393,370 2,045 6,709

APPARENT RESISTIVITY Cochiti Pueblo, NM APPARENT RESISTIVITY Cochiti Pueblo, NM

APPARENT RESISTIVITY Cochiti Pueblo, NM APPARENT RESISTIVITY Cochiti Pueblo, NM

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

x Observed transverse electric data [ Observed transverse magnetic error

IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM IMPEDANCE PHASE Cochiti Pueblo, NM

10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000

x Observed transverse electric data [ Observed transverse magnetic error

.01 .1 1 10 100 1,000 .01 .1 1 10 100 1,000

.01 .1 1 10 100 1,000 .01 .1 1 10 100 1,000

x Observed transverse electric data [ Observed transverse magnetic error

Feeder dike? Basalt

? (100) Dry Santa Fe (?) Group ?

Saturated Santa Fe (?) Group

Mancos Shale ? (2)

B Figure F4 (left and facing page). A, Two-dimensional

The calculated fits of our two-dimensional resistivity

(300) Volcanic Rocks CEPO 2 (Projected)

Group Group Group

MT12 MT17 Figure F6. Two-dimensional finiteelement resistivity model from

the upper part of the Santa Fe Group. This conductive inter

stations 4 and 5. Approximately 140m of the 250m basalt

Epoch or Period Stratigraphic unit or level Ohmm Thickness (m) Well

Table F3. Location of wells referred to in table F2.

UTM (m) Elevation

L60401 R io CERROS DEL RIO L60301

Ground-Based Electromagnetic Surveys 135

638 L63801 L63701

2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

NAD83 / UTM zone 13N

L60401 R io CERROS DEL RIO L60301

638 L63801 L63701

2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

NAD83 / UTM zone 13N

L60401 R io CERROS DEL RIO L60301

L62901 Santa Cruz

Ground-Based Electromagnetic Surveys 137

638 L63801 L63701

2,000 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 METERS

NAD83 / UTM zone 13N

L60401 R io CERROS DEL RIO L60301

L62901 Santa Cruz