International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-3, Issue-8, August 2015
Heat Conduction Equation with Newton Type Local
and Nonlocal Internal Body Fluxes
Igor Neygebauer, Geminpeter Lyakurwa
Abstract In this work we apply the Newton type of local and
nonlocal internal body fluxes to create the constitutive law for
the internal body fluxes. We obtain the integral differential
equations of the stated heat conduction problem and consider
the steady and unsteady linear and nonlinear one dimensional
problems. The analytical solutions of the problems are obtained
using theoretical analysis, differentiation of the integral
differential equation and the method of separation of variables.
Index TermsIntegral differential equation, local and
nonlocal internal body fluxes.
I. INTRODUCTION
The statement of the problems in heat conduction usually
includes the surface heat fluxes inside the body and they do
not consider the constitutive law for internal body flux
[1]-[4].The body fluxes are considered as the internal or
external heat sources. Then the linearized theory must accept
the nonphysical singularities in temperature field. The
introduction of the internal body fluxes allows improving of
the heat problems at least in the sense of excluding the
nonphysical point singularities.
II. INTERNAL SURFACE AND BODY FLUXES
Consider a body and let us take some control volume,
which includes a fixed number of particles. The control
volume is surrounded by a control surface. The particles
which are inside the control surface are called internal
particles and they belong to the control volume. The particles
which are outside the control volume are the external particles
and they do not belong to the control volume. All other
particles belong to the boundary particles of the control
volume. There are interactions between particles for example,
according to Newtons law of cooling; the resultant of
interactions applied to all internal particles of the control
volume from the external particles is the internal body flux.
The interactions applied to the boundary particles of the
control volume from the external particles are the surface
fluxes. The Fourier law could be accepted for the internal
surface heat fluxes and the Newtons cooling law is taken to
describe the nonlocal body heat fluxes.
Igor Neygebauer, Department of Mathematics, University of Dodoma/
College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Dodoma, Tanzania, Mobile
No. +255-787906918.
Geminpeter Lyakurwa, Department of Mathematics, University of
Dodoma/ College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Dodoma,
Tanzania, Mobile No.+255-762097317
204
III. STATEMENT OF HEAT CONDUCTION PROBLEM
Consider the classical heat conduction problem with the
equation according to [1]
2u 2u 2u
k q q c u (1)
x 2 y 2 z 2 0 1 0
t
where x, y, z are the Cartesian orthogonal coordinates, t is
time, u( x, y, z, t ) is the temperature, ( x, y, z ) is the
mass-density of the body per unit volume, c 0 is the specific
heat, k is the coefficient of thermal conduction, q 0 is a rate
of internal body heat flux per unit volume, q1 is a rate of
internal heat generation per unit volume produced in the body.
The introduced in (1) term q 0 could be taken using the
Newtons law of cooling in the form of a sum of local and
nonlocal fluxes
q q loc q nloc ,
0 0 0
(2)
where
q0loc 1u (x , y , z ), (3)
(4)
1
q nloc
0
2 u ( x , y , z ,t ) u ( , , ,t )d dd
where is the volume of the body, 1 , 2 are constants in
Newtons law of cooling, which can depend in general on the
coordinates of the body. Let us take them constant, 0 is a
constant The much more general internal body flux can be
taken into account using the similar approach as in [5].
The correspondent initial and boundary conditions should
be added to create a well posed initial boundary value
problem.
It was shown in [2] that 2D and 3D heat problems have
nonphysical solution in case of a given point boundary
condition. This forces to look for a new model which could
include the physical solution into consideration.
IV. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
In this paper we consider two simple problems in the
suggested heat conduction model. The first one is a one
dimensional steady state problem and the second one is about
a time dependent solution.
Note, that the integral term in differential equations causes
difficulties in analysis. Therefore, we have to modify and
generalize classical methods. As the result the analytical
www.erpublication.org
 Heat Conduction Equation with Newton Type Local and Nonlocal Internal Body Fluxes

solutions of the problems are obtained by separation of

l l
variables and differentiation of the integral differential C 1 C 2 e k
C 3 e k
. (16)
equation. The system of linear algebraic equations (13), (15), (16)
has the following solution
V. PROBLEM 1. STEADY STATE CASE i
Consider the particular case of the problem stated in section 3. Ci , i 1,2,3,

The equation is (17)
where
d 2u 2 l (5)
k
dx 2
1
u
l 0
u(x ) u(s )ds 0
me

k
l
e

k
l
2 2 e


k
l
e

k
l
,


where 0 x l . (18)
The equation (5) can written in the form

l

l
1 (u1 u0 ) 2 e k
e k
, (19)
du 2
l
(6)
k u 2 u (s )ds 0,
dx 2
l 0 l
Where 2 e k 1 u1 u0 mu0 m(u1 u0 ),

2
1 .
l 1 (20)
2 e k 1 u1 u0 mu0 m(u1 u0 ).
l

(7)
The boundary conditions are taken as follows
(21)
u(0) u 0 , u(l ) u1 (8)
The case l can be obtained from the solution (10)
and the conditions (8) if C 0,C 0. . Then
Differentiating (6) one gets 1 3

ku u 0 (9)
1
x
u (x ) C 2e k (22)
The general solution of (9) is
Using the conditions (8) we obtain the representation of
the solution (10) of the problem (6)-(8) in the form
x x
u C2e k C3 e k C1 (10)
1
x
u (x ) u0e k (23)
where C1 , C 2 , C 3 are constants of integration. and
These constants can be obtained satisfying (6) and the u1 0. (24)
initial conditions (8).
Substituting (10) into (6) one gets Remark. If l and 0 then we have the classical
case of the problem and the continuous solution in this
2 l
s

s (11) case does not exist.
l 0 2
1C 1 C e k
C 3e k
ds 0

VI. PROBLEM 2. THE TIME DEPENDENT PROBLEM
If the length is infinite then (11) will be an identity only
if
Consider the equation
C 1 0,C 3 0.
(12) u 2u l (25)
Consider the case of finite length. If the length is finite c0 k 1u 2 u (s ,t )ds
t x 2 l 0
then the integral in (11) is zero and integrating we obtain

(13) subject to the boundary conditions

l
l
mC 1 C 2 e k
1 C 3 e k
1 0,
u(0, t ) u(l , t ) 0 (26)

where
1l (14) and to the initial condition
m .
2 k u( x,0) f ( x), (27)
Substituting (10) into the boundary conditions (8) we get
C C C 0,
1 2 3
(15)

205 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P), Volume-3, Issue-8, August 2015
where f (x) is the given distribution of the temperature C 2 cos k 1l C 3 sin k 1l C 1 0. (39)
at the time t 0 .
To obtain the solution of the problem (25)-(27) we apply Consider the determinant of the system of linear
the method of separation of variables which gives us the homogeneous equations (36), (38), (39).
representation of the solution in the form

u( x, t ) X ( x) T (t ) (28) (40)
m sin k 1l cos k 1l 1
Substituting (28) into (25) we get 1 1 0 0.
1 cos k 1l sin k 1l
2 l . (29)

c 0 XT kX T XT XTdx
l 0
and dividing (29) by XT yields The equation (40) yields

T k X 2 l kl

, (30)
Xdx sin k 1l m 2tan 1 0
(41)
T c 0 X c 0 c 0l X 0

2

where is a constant. and the roots of (41) can be found analytically
The boundary conditions (26) imply that
sin k 1l 0, k 1l n1 ,n1 0,1,2,...
X (0) 0 , X (l ) 0 (31) 2kn12 l 2
n , n1 0,1,2,...
To determine consider (30).
1
c 0l 2
(42)
and numerically
2 l

l 0
(32)
kX X Xdx c 0 X k 1l m
tan ,
2 2
Differentiating (32) we obtain (43)
kk
2

kX ( c0 ) X 0 (33) n 1
, n2 0,1,2,...
2
c0
Now we consider (33) subject to the conditions (31). (44)
The following cases are possible: Then we obtain C2 C1 and C 3 is an arbitrary
a) Let c0 0 . constant.
c0 sin k 1l
Denote k1 , then the solution of (33) is C 1 C 3 .
k cos k 1l 1
(45)
X C1 C2 cos k1 x C3 sin k1 x (34) Then the solution of the problem (31), (32) consists of
two sets of functions
Substituting the solution (34) into (32) we get
n1x
X n (x ) C n sin , n1 0,1,2,...
1 1
l
l (35)
(1 c 0 )C 1 2 C 2 cos k 1x C 3 sin k 1x dx 0 (46)
l 0 and

or 2
m
2 2

X n C n 1 cosN n x sin N n x ,
2
2

(47)
mC 1 C 2 sin k 1l C 3(cos k 1l 1) 0, (36)
where
where
c 0n
(1 0 )l k 1 (37) Nn 2
, n2 0,1,2,...
m . k
2
2

(48)
The conditions (31) imply that
b) Let c0 0 .
Then (33) becomes X 0 and
C 1 C 2 0, (38)
X ( x) C1 C2 x C3 x 2 (49)

206 www.erpublication.org
 Heat Conduction Equation with Newton Type Local and Nonlocal Internal Body Fluxes

m
t (65)

Substituting (49) into (32) we get C n 1 cos N n x sin N n x e n2 .

n2 0
2
2 2 1

2kl
2 l
1
C3
l 0 1 2
C C x C 3x 2 dx 0 (50) The initial condition (27) should be used to obtain the
constantsC ,C . Then (27) and (65) imply that
n1 n2
or
l 2 2kl 1
n1
C 1 2 C 3
l . (51) f (x ) C n sin x
0. l

1
2 3 2
n1 0

m
(66)


The boundary conditions (31) imply
n 1 cos N n x sin N n x .
C 1 0, (52) n2 0
2
2 2 1

C 1 C 2l C 3l 2 0. (53) The Fourier coefficients are as follows
l
n1 x
f (x )sin
The solution of the linear algebraic system of equations
dx
(51), (52), (53) is l (67)
C 0,C 0,C 0 (54) Cn 0
,
1 2 3 1 l
n x
0 sin l1 dx
and only zero solution exists in this case 2

X (x ) 0. (55)
c) Let c0 0 . l

f (x ) 2 1 cosN n x sin N n x dx
m
c0 2 2

Denote k 2 , then the general solution of n 0

2
.
l
m

2
k
(33) is 0 2 1 cosN n2 x sin N n2 x dx
k2 x k2 x
X C1 C2 e C3e (56)
VII. CONCLUSION
Substituting (56) into (32) we get The main results of this work are the obtained analytical
( )l l l (57)
1 0 C 1 C 2 e k 2x dx C 3 e k 2x dx 0 explicit forms (10), (65) of the solutions of the new statements
2 0 0 of the heat conduction problem.
or
( c )k l ,. (58) REFERENCES
1 0 2 C 1 C 2(e kl 1) C 3(e kl 1) 0.
2 [1] Hetnarski R.B and Eslami, M.R. (2009) Thermal Stresses- Advanced
Theory and Applications, New-York: Springer.
The boundary conditions (31) are [2] .Neygebauer I.N. (2011) MAC model for the linear thermo elasticity.
C C C 0,
1 2 3
(59) Journal of Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 1, No 4, pp
576-585.

C 1 C 2 e C 3 ek l 0.
k 2l 2
[3] Petrovsky,I.G (1991) Lectures on partial differential equations,
(60) New-York: Dover.
The dete3rminant of the system of linear algebraic [4] Neygebauer, I. (2014) MAC models in thermoelasticity. Transactions
of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 31, No. 2,
equations (58), (59), (60) equals 2014.
kl
k 2l (1 c 0 )k 2l k2l [5] Neygebauer, I. (2015) Elastic string with decreasing influence of
D (1 e ) 2(e 1)
2
(e 1) 0. internal body forces. Journal of Basic and Applied Research International.

2
Vol. 6,[Issue 4], 2015, 13p

The solution of the linear algebraic system of equations

(58), (59), (60) is
C 0,C 0,C 0
1 2 3
(61)
and only zero solution exists in this case Igor Neygebauer, PhD, studied Mathematics and Mechanics
X (x ) 0. (62) at Moscow Lomonosov State University, currently professor at the University of
Dodoma, Tanzania. Analysis of MAC models in continuum mechanics and
Now find the correspondent functions Tn (t ) using (30) physics is his research area. List of publications consists of more than 50 journal
and conference papers.
and
, (63) Geminpeter Lyakurwa, Currently he is working at the
n1 n2 department of mathematics, university of Dodoma, teaches
according to (42), (44). graduate and undergraduate courses in the field of applied
We have Tn nTn 0 and mathematics and engineering.
He earned a Phd in Automation and Control of

Tn (t ) Ane nt .
Technological Processes and Production from Belgorod
(64) State Technological University named after Shourkov in
2008 Russia Federation. He graduated from the department of technical
Then the following formal solution of the problem (25) cybernetics of the Belgorod State Technological Academy of Building Materials
-(26) is obtained in 2002. His scientific areas of research including mathematical modeling of
n1 x n t , underground moving objects; control of moving objects, equations of

u(x ,t ) C n sin e 1
mathematical physics and simulation of the technical systems with different
parameters.
n1 0
1
l

207 www.erpublication.org