Experiment 1 Current Flow

Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment was to examine how current flows

through an SK-50 breadboarding socket to give power to an LED (Light
Emitting Diode).

Materials | Equipment
1 Breadboard
3 Wires
1 100-ohm Resistor
1 1000-ohm Resistor
1 LED
1 Battery

Experiment Procedure:

Firstly, I got the materials I needed to carry-on with the lab: one
breadboard, three wires, a 100-ohm resistor/1000-ohm resistor, 1 LED,
and 1 battery. Next, I cut the three wires into six pieces and connected
the wires to the positive and negative to allow the electricity to flow.
Next, I put in the LED with the smaller legs towards the negative side of
the breadboard. After this, I repeated this process two more times with
different ohm resistors so that I could get my results.
Results:
Ohm Resistance
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
100 Ohms 470 Ohms 1000 Ohms

Discussion:
The importance of this lab was to educate students about the significance
of having resistors in a circuit, and also how electricity flows through a
breadboard. In this lab, we can see how much the resistors limited the
flow of electricity to determine the brightness of the LED.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, this lab helped me to get a better understanding of how
ohm resistors help to constrict the flow of electricity. It has also helped
me to better understand the basic knowledge of installing a functioning
circuit.
 Experiment 2 Diodes

Introduction:

The of purpose of this lab is to investigate the properties of a diode.

Materials:

Breadboard
1 Battery
1 100-ohm Resistor
1 Diode
1 LED
4 Wires

Procedure:

Assemble the circuit

Observe the LED
Reverse the direction of the diode
Observe the LED
Observations:

POSISTIONS LED Diode

FIRST No Light White part is

POSTION away from the
LED
SECOND Lights Up White part is
POSSISTION towards LED

Discussion:

When the diode is reversed the LED does not light up this because
the diode is in the wrong position
If the LED is reversed it wont light up because it has a positive
and negative leg, unlike the resistor, the resistor will light up either
way because it doesnt have a positive or negative leg.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the diode will only work in a certain position due to the
positive and negative
 Experiment 3 Series and Parallel Resistors

Observations

Circuit LED

Series Not so bright closer to dim

parallel 2nd brightest

Series parallel Bright

 The series circuit was the 1st brightest because electricity only went
through one path. The 2 resistors side by side where 2nd brightest
and the 2 resistors on each other was the brightest because the
electricity skips the resistor.
They affect it because the two resistors side by side add more
resistance and the resistors on top of each other the electricity skips
the resistor and powers the LED thats why its the brightest.

Experiment 4a - Digital Monitor

Observations:

INPUT LED

High Bright
 Low Not Bright

The state of the LED is affected because of the positive and

negative charges. The current goes through properly only when
the positive and negative are properly plugged in.
This circuit could be used to monitor any point in a digital
circuit because the input connected to the 5 volt works using a
binary system binary systems work with 1 and 0 which means
on and off.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the input wire connected to the ground bus didnt

light up because it wasnt connected to the right path. But the
one connected tot the positive bus was lighting up

Experiment 4b A Digital Monitor

 OBSERVATIONS

Input LED

High Bright

Low Not bright

Discussion:

The state of input affects the LED because if the wires are in the
positive or negative spots the LED will not light up because it is
not in the right spot for the legs to go in.
This circuit could be used to monitor the digital state of any point
on a circuit because just like any other circuit this circuit has its
own path when the circuit is connected in a on and off pattern the
circuit works well.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the input wire connected to the low ground bus doesnt
light up and the high one does.
Pin Number Light Segment On
1 A
2 F
3 Do not connect

6 E
7 D

8 D
9 C
10 C
11 G

13 B
14 DO NOT CONNECT
 Experiment 5 7 Segment Display

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the pin numbers on 7 segment display light up in a certain

pattern because of the binary system.

Experiment 6 AND Gates

 Input A Input B Output
LED on or off
High High on

High Low on

Low High off

Low Low off

Discussion:

For the input state to have an output of 5 volts input A has to be

connected to high for the LED to light up if Input A is connected to
low the LED will not light up. This happens because the legs on
the IC go from positive to negative and the inputs must be set up
from positive to negative if they are not
To have the input state get 0 volts INPUT A should be connected to
low and so does input B or Input A has to be connected to low and
Input B connected to high. But if this is connected to 0 volts the
led will not receive current and it will not light up.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the output has to be connected to high or low in a certain

way in order for the LEDS to light up. If they are not connected in a
certain way the LEDS will not receive current and therefore they will
not light up.

Experiment 7 OR Gates

Observation:
 Input A INPUT B Output LED on or off

High High on

High Low on

Low High off

Low Low off

Discussion:

For the input state to have a output of 5 volts input A has to be

connected to high for the LED to light up if Input A is connected to
low the LED will not light up. This happens because the legs on
the IC go from positive to negative and the inputs should be set up
from positive to negative.
To have the input state get 0 volts INPUT A must be connected to
low and so does input B or Input A must be connected to low and
Input B connected to high. But if this is connected to 0 volts the
led will not receive current and it will not light up.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the output has to be connected to high or low in a certain
way for the LEDS to light up. If they are not connected in a certain way
the LEDS will not receive current and therefore they will not light up.

Experiment 8 Inverter Gates

Observations:

Input A Output (LED on-off)

High 1 Off

Low 0 On

Discussion:

A 7404-integrated chip was designed so it could invert signals

when it is put in a circuits path.
The output would be the exact same if there are 1 or 2 integrated
chips added to the circuit because when it is inverted the IC goes
from on to off then on to off again

Conclusion:

In conclusion, an inverter changes the way the LED in the circuit works
because it effects the way current flows through the Im LED.
 Experiment 9 NAND Gates

Observations:

Input A Input b Output

High High off

high low on

Low High on

Low Low on
Discussion:

For the circuit to obtain 5 volts input A needs to be on high Input B

must be low
For the circuit to have 0 volts input A should be on high
N in NAND stands for negative
NAND you need both high and AND you need both low

Conclusion:

In conclusion, since in NAND you need both high the LED will only
light up if input A is on high.

Experiment 10 NOR Gates

Observations:

Input A Input B Output

High High Off

 high low On

Low High On

Low Low On

Discussion:

For the circuit to obtain 5 volts, input A needs to be on high Input

B has to be low
For the circuit to have 0 volts input A must be on high
The N in NAND stands for negative
NAND gate you need both high and for the AND gate you need
both low

Conclusion:

In conclusion, with the NAND you need both high, the LED will only
light up if input A is on high.

Experiment 11 Exclusive OR Gates

 Input A Input b Output

High High Off

high low On

Low High On

Low Low On

Discussion:

To obtain 5 volts the input A must be connected to high low or low

because then the LED will light up. If the LED is connected to high and
high the LED will not light up For the LED to obtain 0 volts which
means it will not light up the input has to be connected to high and high
because then the LED will not receive any current and that will result it
in not lighting up.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, for the LED to obtain different voltages it must be
connected to different inputs

Experiment 16 Digital Clock Circuit

Observations:

R2: Time sec / LED Cycle:

47k 5
 100k 8

470k 3

680k 1

1m 2

Conclusion:

The number of LED cycles per second depends on the resistance in the
circuit. When the resistance is higher there will be less LED. When there
is less resistance there will be more LED cycles.