Technovation 25 (2005) 381393

www.elsevier.com/locate/technovation

Technology management methodologies and applications

A literature review from 1995 to 2003
Shu-hsien Liao*
Department of Management Sciences and Decision Making, Tamkang University, No. 151, Yingjuan Road, Danshuei Jen, Taipei 251, Taiwan, ROC

Abstract
Technology management is a process, which includes planning, directing, control and coordination of the development and
implementation of technological capabilities to shape and accomplish the strategic and operational objectives of an organization. This
paper surveys technology management (TM) development using a literature review and classification of articles from 1995 to 2003
with keyword index in order to explore how TM methodologies and applications have developed in this period. Based on the scope of 546
articles of technology management methodologies, this paper surveys and classifies TM methodologies using the eight categories of:
TM framework, General and policy research, Information systems, Information and communication technology, Artificial
intelligence/expert systems, Database technology, Modeling, and Statistics methodology, together with their applications for different
research and problem domains. Discussion is presented indicating future development for technology management methodologies and
applications as follows: (1) TM methodologies tend to develop towards expert orientation, and TM applications development is a problem-
oriented domain. (2) Integration of qualitative and quantitative methods, and integration of TM technologies studies may broaden our
horizons on this subject. (3) The ability to continually change and obtain new understanding is the power of TM methodologies and will be
the subject of future work.
q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Technology management; Technology management methodology; Technology management application; Literature survey

1. Introduction and inter-domain relationship, but it should also develop the

Technology management is a process, which includes
planning, directing, control and coordination of the devel-
opment and implementation of technological capabilities to
shape and accomplish the strategic and operational
objectives of an organization (Task Force on Management
of Technology, 1987). On the other hand, technology
management includes: (1) planning for the development of
technology capabilities; (2) identifying key technology and
its related fields for development; (3) determining whether
to buy or to make, i.e. whether importation or self-
development should be pursued; and (4) establishing
institutional mechanisms for directing and coordinating
the development of technology capabilities, and the design
of policy measures for controls (Wang, 1993). Clearly,
technology management should not only fulfill the manage-
ment needs of a specific set of technologies within a domain
* Tel: 886-2-29472044; fax: 886-2-29453007.
E-mail address: Michael@mail.tku.edu.tw
implementation strategies according to the available
resources, current technologies, future markets, and socio-
economic environment (Linn et al., 2000). Therefore, how
to manage technology has become an important issue in the
past few decades, and the technology management (TM)
community has developed a wide range of methodologies
and applications for both academic research and practical
applications. In addition, TM has attracted much effort to
explore its nature, concepts, frameworks, architectures,
theories, systems, models, tools, functions, and real world
implementations in order to demonstrate TM methodologies
and their applications.
As a part of TM research, this paper focuses on
surveying technology management development through a
literature review and classification of articles from 1995 to
2002 in order to explore the TM methodologies and
applications from that period. The reason for choosing this
period is that the Internet was opened to general users in
1994 and this new era of information and communication

0166-4972/$ - see front matter q 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2003.08.002
382 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393
technology has played an important role not only in
electronic commerce, but also in technology management.
The literature survey is based on a search for the keyword
index technology management on the Elsevier SDOS
online database, from which 9253 articles were found on
31 July 2003. After topic filtering, there were 1626 articles
related to the keyword technology management appli-
cation and 546 of these were connected to the keyword
technology management methodology. Based on the
scope of 546 articles on technology management method-
ology, this paper surveys and classifies TM methodologies
using eight categories: TM framework, General and policy
research, Information systems, Information and communi-
cation technology, Artificial intelligence/expert systems,
Database technology, Modeling, and Statistics method-
ology, together with their applications on different research
and problem domains.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Sections 2
to 9, present the survey results of TM methodologies and
applications based on the above eight categories. Section 10
presents discussion, with suggestions for future develop-
ment of technology methodologies and applications.
Finally, Section 11 contains a brief conclusion.
2. Technology management framework
and its applications
Since the 1980s, technology and the academic discipline
management of technology, has received widespread
attention from both practitioners of management and
academics (Drejer, 1997). Researchers have developed
a set of management definitions, concepts, activities,
stages, circulations, and procedures, all directed
towards dealing with objects in order to describe the
framework of technology management as the TM method-
ology. Different TM working definitions, paradigms, frame-
works, concepts, objects, propositions, perspectives,
measurements, and impacts have been described for
investigating the questions of: What is technology manage-
ment? What are its methods and techniques? And what are
its functions for supporting individual and organizations in
managing the technology (Sarkis et al., 1995; Dey et al.,
1996; Chan and Choi, 1997; Lopes and Flavell, 1998; Haas
and Kleingeld, 1999; Garshnek et al., 2000; Pretorius and
Wet, 2000; Sharratt and Choong, 2002; Wu, 2002; Hicks
et al., 2002)?
For example, the methodology of enterprise engineering
methodology is an integrated socio-technical framework
that addresses organizational, cultural, process, and
technological issues (Sarkis et al., 1995). In 1996, Dey
et al., proposed a conceptual framework for project control
through risk analysis, contingency allocation and hierarch-
ical planning models. In their article, risk analysis has been
carried out through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)
due to the subjective nature of risks in construction projects
(Dey et al., 1996). From the business process reengineering
perspective, the reasons for BPR failure have been
categorized as the lack of understanding of and the
inability to perform BPR; and new key concepts of BPR,
such as fundamental, radical, dramatic, and process have
been proposed as a conceptual and analytical framework
(Chan and Choi, 1997). In addition, the methodology of
project appraisal based on non-financial aspects of projects,
has previously extended published guidance through inter-
views with a number of project-oriented organizations in
the appraisal procedure (Lopes and Flavell, 1998). For
strategy formulation and implementation, Haas and
Kleingeld proposed a normative framework for multilevel
design of diagnostic controls, i.e. performance measure-
ment systems. Their framework is an attempt to synthesize
a design theory from systems theory and cybernetics, using
a composite of the goal-oriented model, the multiple-
constituency model and the natural-systems model of
organization (Haas and Kleingeld, 1999). In space
technology, a scenario-based framework has been proposed
to discuss and analyze the mitigation, management, and
survivability of asteroid/ comet impact with earth (Garsh-
nek et al., 2000). Furthermore, an assessment framework
for new technology has been developed, providing
suggestions for a 3-dimensional space structure of the
business process in order to assess the relationship between
technology and process on a manufacturing enterprise
(Pretorius and Wet, 2000). In addition, the methodology of
PERA (process environment risk assessment), has been
presented for the assessment of business risks during the
design of new processes. This methodology can be used as
a project-centered risk assessment method that seeks
potential problems along the overall supply chain (Sharratt
and Choong, 2002). A framework for implementing an
integrative approach based on a strategic perspective to
business process reengineering has been discussed in an
empirical study (Wu, 2002). On the other hand, a
framework discusses data, information and knowledge,
providing formal definitions and an understanding of the
relations and limitations of these resources. This frame-
work enables the development of better mechanisms and
procedures for the capture and reuse of information and
knowledge in engineering design (Hicks et al., 2002). In
2003, Liao presented a literature survey of knowledge
management in order to explore the present and future
development of KM (Liao, 2003). These methodologies
offer technological frameworks and explore their content
by broadening the research horizon with different perspec-
tives on TM research issues.
Some applications have been implemented using a TM
framework, including computer integrated manufacturing,
construction project management, business process reengi-
neering, project appraisal, product design, space disaster
management, technology assessment, process design, and
engineering design. The methodology of technology
 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393
Table 1
Technology management framework and its applications
Technology management Authors
framework/Applications
Computer integrated manufacturing (Sarkis et al., 1995)
Construction project management (Dey et al., 1996)
Business process reengineering (Chan and Choi, 1997;
Wu, 2002)
Project appraisal (Lopes and Flavell, 1998)
Product design (Haas and Kleingeld, 1999)
Space disaster management (Garshnek et al., 2000)
Technology assessment (Pretorius and Wet, 2000)
Process design (Sharratt and Choong, 2002)
Engineering design (Hicks et al., 2002)
Knowledge management (Liao, 2003)
management framework and its applications are categorized
in Table 1.
3. General and policy research and its applications
Sometimes, government and enterprise technology
policies, such as funding, regulations, limits, guidance,
cooperation, and R&D, are significant factors. They can
influence the public sector, enterprises and academic
institutes for developing, managing, and implementing
technology in organizations. Therefore, government and
enterprise policy for technology management are good
sources for observing different public sector and private
sector technology policies and their decision-making
processes. As policy research, this methodology could be
helpful in exploring technology management in a global
environment. In addition, general management is a
methodology with qualitative methods, such as interviews,
observations, classifications, logical induction, compari-
sons, reviews, and literature surveys. It is a methodology,
which is part of not only social science, but also
technology management. It explores findings or discoveries
of nature in a specific problem domain. Some research
using general and policy research methodologies on
technology management issues are illustrated in the
following.
In policy research methodology, Hailey and McDonald
propose a policy perspective for the assessment of
diagnostic imaging technologies based on a synthesis of
imperfect data in health care, presenting a list of attributes
for consideration in the policy formulation process (Hailey
and McDonald, 1996). Wood discusses the policy of the US
Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and proposes
suggestions for increased drawing on OTA-like functions
and other TA activities in the US and overseas (Wood,
1997). On the other hand, Tassey provides lessons on the
methodology of economic impacts learned according to the
experience of the US National Institute of Standards
383
and Technology (NIST) and debates its R&D policy
(Tassey, 1999). In 2001, Huang and Xia analyzed develop-
ments, advancements, challenges, and barriers associated
with practices of water-quality management and policy. In
addition, they examined a number of related methodologies,
applications and policies presenting suggestions for water-
quality policy in the future (Huang and Xia, 2001). In India,
a government technology transfer policy has been
implemented for commercialization of new technologies.
An empirical study of technology institutions is described in
(Kumar and Jain, 2003).
In general research methodology, Chang and Hsu
constructed a set of project management guidelines for a
research institute taking over government R&D projects
intended for commercial application in the industrial sector
in Taiwan (Chang and Hsu, 1997). Kirk and Pine review
papers, which describe particular innovative technological
applications within the hospital industry, also presenting a
thorough analysis of the appropriateness of technology and
a detailed plan for the design and implementation of hospital
technology is also presented (Kirk and Pine, 1998). Another
diagnostic methodology is the management and organiz-
ational context of new product development, and McQuater
et al., describe a new product development self- assessment
method (McQuater et al., 1998). For the concept of Quality
Function Development (QFD), Kim et al. suggest a method
that constructs a decision path for information technology
investment in Korea (Kim et al., 2000). Ratio ranking, a
research methodology, is proposed for the risk ranking of
projects in order to describe the use of a methodology for the
risk ranking of projects undertaken by the Department of
Contract and Management Services (CAMS) in Australia
(Baccarini and Archer, 2001). There are also articles which
implement a systematic approach for technology manage-
ment. For example, Manzocco and Nicoli describe a
predictive approach to food design, based on the systematic
exploitation of the functional properties of each potential
ingredient, using the formulation of syrups as a case study
(Manzocco and Nicoli, 2002). Another example is a supply
chain diagnostic methodology, and Naim et al. present a
guide to conduct a supply chain business diagnostic method,
Quick Scan. This is a systematic approach to the collection
and synthesis of qualitative and quantitative data from case
firms in order to determine the vector of change on the
supply chain (Naim et al., 2002). Jacob and Kwak present a
conceptual paper describing a new integrative evaluation
approach for pharmaceutical R&D projects, which offers a
significant improvement in project selection and resource
allocation (Jacob and Kwak, 2003). In addition, Liu et al.
propose an economic performance evaluation method for
hydroelectric generating units (HGUs). Some concepts for
evaluating the performance of HGUs, such as ideal
performance, reachable performance, operational perform-
ance, overall efficiency and index of efficiency maintenance
are proposed as a methodology for energy management (Liu
et al., 2003).
384 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393
Table 2
General and policy research and its applications
General and policy Authors
research/Applications
Patient management (Hailey and McDonald, 1996)
R&D management system (Chang and Hsu, 1997)
Technology assessment (Wood, 1997)
Hospitality management (Kirk and Pine, 1998)
New product development (McQuater et al., 1998;
Kim et al., 2000)
Government policy research (Tassey, 1999;
Kumar and Jain, 2003)
Risk management (Baccarini and Archer, 2001;
Jacob and Kwak, 2003)
Water-quality management and policy (Huang and Xia, 2001)
Food design (Manzocco and Nicoli, 2002)
Supply chain management (Naim et al., 2002)
Energy management (Liu et al., 2003)
Some applications have been implemented using general
and policy research methodologies such as patient manage-
ment, R&D management system, technology assessment,
hospitality management, new product development,
government policy research, risk management, water-
quality management and policy, food design, supply chain
management, and energy management. The methodology of
general and policy research and its applications are
categorized in Table 2.
4. Information systems and its applications
There are common questions and objectives of
researchers using information systems as a methodology
for technology management, including: Will information
systems (IS) make technology management more effi-
cient? How are information systems used and produced
within an organization in order to manage technology?
What must be done so that IS can earn its place as
methodologies for technology management? What tech-
nology does IS support? And can be implemented IS in
specific technology problem domains? Five main meth-
odologies of IS which implement technology manage-
ment can be seen as: decision support systems (DSS),
object oriented method (OO), computer aided system
engineering (CASE), knowledge-based systems (KBS)
and database applications (DB). (Vadas et al., 1995;
Recio et al., 1999; Lee et al., 2000; Quaglini et al., 2000;
Bouter et al., 2001; Brand et al., 2002; Low et al., 1995;
Chen, 1997; Lau et al., 1998; Lee et al., 1999; Lee and
Yoo, 2000; Bhattacherjee et al., 2001; Mokdad and
Probast, 2001; Shoval, 1995; Urwiler et al., 1995;
Rupnik-Miklic and Zupancic, 1995; Ruland and Spindler,
1995; Linninger et al., 1996; Akoka and Comyn-Wattiau,
1996; Chatzoglou and Macaulay, 1997; Lovett et al., 2000;
Liao, 2001; McMeekin and Ross, 2002; Tian et al., 2002;
Yap, 1995; Nakanishi et al., 2000; Song et al., 2001; Cho
et al., 2002; Kim et al., 2003).
In the case of a decision support system, GESMO is a
DSS for defining water use policies and measuring monitor
and control systems by employing telecom-detection and
simulation of crop water needs, as well as another DSS
methodology for water quality and quality assessment for
wetland development (Vadas et al., 1995; Recio et al.,
1999). In addition, DSS can design a distributed database on
a local area network for file and workload allocation, as
presented by Lee et al. (Lee et al., 2000). Rule-based
reasoning is the basis of KBS, including database updating
rules, process control rules, and data deletion rules for
logical reference (Knight and Ma, 1997). A guideline-based
care-flow system is one, which uses knowledge represen-
tation, model simulation, and implementation within a
health care organization (Quaglini et al., 2000). DSS is also
an example of a training tool to offer methods and
techniques for multimedia prototyping (Bouter et al.,
2001). STEEDS is a DSS that supports multi-criteria
decision aid for transport energy problems (Brand et al.,
2002).
Object oriented (OO) is another kind of methodology
for developing IS in a distributed environment (Low
et al., 1995). ITMS, is an intelligent task management
system created using OO technology on the net for
achieving automatic task decomposition and assignment.
Another example of an OO technology approach is to
develop a collaborative environment for a computer-
aided concurrent net shape product and process develop-
ment (Chen, 1997; Lau et al., 1998). In addition, OO
hypermedia design methodology integration with Intranet
technology also provides a methodology for IS (Lee et al.,
1999). FORE is an OO modeling methodology for
developing forms to recover semantics of the contents
of business (Lee and Yoo, 2000). SUMMIT is a
hybrid OO approach that was developed to build an
enterprise-scale billing system for the cable industry
(Bhattacherjee et al., 2001). An OO methodology
integrating computational models has also been
implemented for network and systems management
(Mokdad and Probast, 2001).
Some articles related to the concept of knowledge-based
systems are presented as the methodology of IS. For
example, a rule-based oriented KBS is a method for
integrating design tasks and product design (Ruland and
Spindler, 1995). Another design-aided KBS developed
batch pharmaceutical process designs for waste manage-
ment (Linninger et al., 1996). In information security,
INFAUDITOR is a KBS for auditing computer and
management information systems by implementing black-
board architecture (Akoka and Comyn-Wattiau, 1996).
Human factors are also the basis for KBS to plan the
requirements capture stage of a project (Chatzoglou
and Macaulay, 1997), as well as applications of KBS on
 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393 385

Table 3 customer behavior, and marketing. The methodology of

Information systems and its applications information systems and its applications are categorized in
Information Authors Table 3.
systems/Applications

Water resources management (Vadas et al., 1995;

Recio et al., 1999) 5. Information and communication technology
File and workload allocation (Lee et al., 2000)
Healthcare management (Quaglini et al., 2000)
and its applications
Emergency management (Bouter et al., 2001)
Environmental management (Brand et al., 2002) In todays information economy, rapid access to knowl-
Distributed system (Low et al., 1995) edge is critical to the success of many organizations. An
applications development
Product data management (Chen, 1997) information and communication technology (ICT) infra-
Manufacturing information network (Lau et al., 1998). structure provides a broad platform for exchanging data,
Military (Liao, 2001) coordinating activities, sharing information, supporting
Hypermedia design and model (Lee et al., 1999; private and public sectors, and developing globalize
Kim et al., 2003)
commerce, all based on powerful computing and
Legacy application (Lee and Yoo, 2000)
System development in (Bhattacherjee et al., 2001) network technology. Information computing offers
cable industry powerful information processing abilities, and the network
Network and systems management (Mokdad and Probast, 2001) provides standards and connectivity for digital integration.
Product design (Ruland and Spindler, 1995) Internet is a kind of ICT that can combine with some other
Waste management (Linninger et al., 1996)
Computer audit (Akoka and Comyn-Wattiau, 1996)
network technologies and services, such as Intranet,
Project management (Chatzoglou and Macaulay, 1997; Extranet, virtual private network (VPN), and wireless
Tian et al., 2002) web, to construct a digital environment to consistently
System development in SMEs (Lovett et al., 2000) create new knowledge, quickly disseminate it, and embody
System design and development (Shoval, 1995; Urwiler et al., 1995;
it in organizations.
Rupnik-Miklic and Zupancic,
1995; Yap, 1995) As the concept of sharing technology distribution, ICT
Risk assessment (McMeekin and Ross, 2002) enables technology management activities for collaborative
Data acquisition (Nakanishi et al., 2000) communication, co-ordination, decision support, infor-
Customer behavior (Song et al., 2001) mation sharing, consultation, data exchange, organizational
Marketing (Cho et al., 2002)
learning, and organizational memory (Roy and Filiatrault,
1998; Dangelmaier et al., 1999; Ramesh and Tiwana, 1999;
Carayannis, 1999; Rezayat, 2000; Huang and Mak, 2000;
small-medium size enterprise and the military (Lovett et al., Robey et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2001; Pallaeala and Lun, 2001;
2000; Liao, 2001). Burkett, 2001; Balasubramanian et al., 2001; Standing,
Database applications propose methodologies of system 2002; Xu et al., 2002; Dawood et al., 2002; Arch-int and
integration (Yap, 1995), object-oriented database (Naka- Batanov, 2003). In addition, for technology management,
nishi et al., 2000), data mining (Song et al., 2001; Cho et al., intelligent software integrates information systems across
2002), and data warehouse (Kim et al., 2003) for the multi-tier enterprises in the US auto industry in order to
technology management. Finally, computer aided system increase organizational flexibility (Olin et al., 1999). On
engineering technology is not only system design method- the other hand, ontology is the knowledge integration of
ology, but is also a support for the implementation stage of different representations of the same piece of technology
systems development. Some CASE examples are presented knowledge at different levels of formalization. The experts
for different application domains (Shoval, 1995; Urwiler who participate in the ontology process use domain
et al., 1995; Rupnik-Miklic and Zupancic, 1995). terminology, facilitating knowledge integration with
Some of these applications which are implemented by cooperative tools (Fernandez-Breis and Martinez-Bejar,
information systems include the following: water resources 2000).
management, file and workload allocation, healthcare Some applications are implemented by information and
management, emergency management, environmental man- communication technology, such as decision support, new
agement, distributed system application development, product development, organizational learning, organiz-
product data management, manufacturing information net- ational memory, knowledge integration, ontology, transport
works, hypermedia design, legacy application, system management, workflow management, supply chain, new
development in the cable industry, network and systems product development, program generation, medical man-
management, product design, waste management, computer agement, product data management, hypermedia design,
auditing, project management, system development in electronic commerce, virtual enterprise, automatic system,
SMEs, system design and development, data acquisition, and information system development. The methodology of
386 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393

Table 4 heuristic rules, and intelligent agents, using their functions

Information and communication technology and its applications of qualitative simulation, automated reasoning and machine
Information and communication Authors learning (Clark and Mehta, 1997; Plant and Vayssieres,
technology/Applications 2000; AI-Habaibeh et al., 2002; Boone and Roehm, 2002;
Lee et al., 2002; Lang et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2002;
Decision support (Ramesh and Tiwana, 1999; Metaxiotis et al., 2003).
Hicks et al., 2002) On the other hand, object-oriented (OO) programming
New product development (Ramesh and Tiwana, 1999;
Huang and Mak, 2000)
technology provides an approach to expert systems that
Organizational learning (Ramesh and Tiwana, 1999; combines knowledge and procedures into a single object.
Carayannis, 1999; Robey et al., 2000) Traditional expert systems methods have treated knowl-
Organizational memory (Ramesh and Tiwana, 1999; edge and procedures as independent components. How-
Robey et al., 2000) ever, objects belonging to a certain class have knowledge
Supply chain (Olin et al., 1999; Rezayat, 2000)
Transport management (Roy and Filiatrault, 1998)
of that class, and classes of objects in turn can represent
Knowledge integration (Fernandez-Breis and Martinez- knowledge and embed knowledge with OO programming
Bejar, 2000) architecture. This leads expert system developments
Ontology (Fernandez-Breis and Martinez- toward fourth generation language and visual program-
Bejar, 2000)
ming methods in order to provide a user-friendly structure
Workflow management (Dangelmaier et al., 1999)
Program generation (Liu et al., 2001) and environment (Doyle et al., 1996; Wu et al., 1997;
Medical management (Pallaeala and Lun, 2001) Nault and Storey, 1998; Shaalan et al., 1998; Chau et al.,
Product data management (Burkett, 2001) 2002).
Hypermedia design (Balasubramanian et al., 2001) Some of the applications implemented by AI/ES
Electronic commerce (Standing, 2002)
including the following: agriculture, production manage-
Virtual enterprise (Xu et al., 2002)
Automatic system (Dawood et al., 2002) ment, waste management, electronic power programming,
Information system (Arch-int and Batanov, 2003) building management, financial management, task manage-
development ment, system maintenance, crime analysis and manage-
ment, ergonomics design, aquaculture engineering,
information and communications, together with its appli- knowledge management, system design and milling,
cations are categorized in Table 4. marketing, credit scoring, design methodology, catalog
retrieval, energy management, education, and water
resource management. The methodology of artificial
6. Artificial intelligence/Expert systems intelligence/ expert systems and its applications are
and its applications categorized in Table 5.

In 1994, Rubenstein pointed out that the research area Table 5

with the most potential in technology management was the Artificial intelligence/Expert systems and its applications
use of artificial intelligence (AI) in technology management Expert systems/Applications Authors
(Rubenstein, 1994). In addition, expert systems (ES), an
artificial intelligence method for capturing knowledge, are Agriculture (Shaalan et al., 1998; Plant and
knowledge-intensive computer programs that capture the Vayssieres, 2000)
Production management (Dawood, 1996)
human expertise in limited domains of knowledge (Laudon
Education (Doyle et al., 1996)
and Laudon, 2002). For this, human knowledge must be Waste management (Wei and Weber, 1996)
modeled or presented in a way that a computer can process. Knowledge management (Nault and Storey, 1998;
Usually, expert systems capture human knowledge in the Noh et al., 2000)
form of a set of rules, which the expert systems add to the Electronic power programming (Wu et al., 1997)
Building management (Clark and Mehta, 1997)
organizational memory, or stored learning of the organiz-
Financial management (Matsatsinis et al., 1997)
ation. An expert system can assist decision making by Task management (Ben-Arieh, 1997)
asking relevant questions and explaining the reasons for System maintenance (Lee and Hong, 1998)
adopting certain actions. Expert systems of technology Crime analysis and management (Brahan et al., 1998)
include knowledge base, rule-based systems, knowledge Ergonomics design (Gilad and Karni, 1999)
Aquaculture engineering (Lee, 2000)
frames, expert system shell, inference engine, robots, and
System design and milling (AI-Habaibeh et al., 2002)
case-based reasoning (Dawood, 1996; Wei and Weber, Marketing (Boone and Roehm, 2002)
1996; Matsatsinis et al., 1997; Ben-Arieh, 1997; Lee and Credit scoring (Lee et al., 2002)
Hong, 1998; Brahan et al., 1998; Gilad and Karni, 1999; Design methodology (Lang et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2002)
Lee, 2000; Noh et al., 2000; Jefferson and Nagy, 2002). Catalog retrieval (Jefferson and Nagy, 2002)
Energy management (Metaxiotis et al., 2003)
Sometimes, expert systems are integrated with other AI
Water resource management (Chau et al., 2002)
methods, such as neural networks, cognitive science,
 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393 387

7. Database methodology and its applications Table 6

Database methodology and its applications
A database is a collection of data organized to efficiently Database technology/Applications Authors
serve many applications by centralizing the data and
minimizing redundant data (McFadden et al., 2000). A Hierarchical modeling (Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996a)
database management system (DBMS) is the software that Knowledge refinement (Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996a)
permits an organization to centralize data, manage it Machine learning (Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996a)
Error analysis (Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996b)
efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by
Knowledge representation (Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996b;
application programs (Laudon and Laudon, 2002). How- Owrang and Grupe, 1996)
ever, some large databases make knowledge discovery Knowledge discovery (Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996a;
computationally expensive because some domains or back- Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996b;
ground knowledge, hidden in the database, may guide and Owrang and Grupe, 1996)
Ontology (Sugumaran and Storey, 2002)
restrict the search for important knowledge. Therefore,
Database design (Koschel and Lockemann, 1998;
modern database technologies need to process large Huang et al., 2000; Sugumaran
volumes of data, multiple hierarchies, and different data and Storey, 2002)
formats to discover in-depth experience or knowledge from Knowledge reuse (Allsopp et al., 2002)
large databases in order to manage technology. For Knowledge repository (Allsopp et al., 2002)
Geosciences (Sokolov and Wulff, 1999)
example, multidimensional data analysis, on-line analytical
Web applications (Sokolov and Wulff, 1999;
processing, data warehouses, web and hypermedia data- Huang et al., 2000; Wilkins and
bases (Koschel and Lockemann, 1998; Sokolov and Wulff, Barrett, 2000; Shafer and
1999; Huang et al., 2000; Wilkins and Barrett, 2000; Shafer Agrawal, 2000)
and Agrawal, 2000).
Furthermore, a hierarchical model learning approach for concurrent engineering, optimal tree search, knowledge-
refining and managing concept clusters discovered from based modeling, stochastic modeling, forecasting, dynamic
databases has been proposed. Its approach can be coopera- programming, optimization modeling, simulated annealing,
tively used with other subsystems of decomposition based mathematical programming, pricing model, fuzzy sets, data
induction for knowledge refinement (Zhong and Ohsuga, envelopment analysis, stochastic simulation, network equi-
1996a; Zhong and Ohsuga, 1996b). One example is the librium model, and algorithm architecture (Maimon and
domain knowledge used to guide to test the validity of the Dayagi, 1995; Jensen et al., 1996; Wang et al., 1996; Gong
discovered knowledge (Owrang and Grupe, 1996). et al., 1996; Leu et al., 1996; Carstensen et al., 1997;
Recently, database and architecture design are other Oehlmann et al., 1997; Spiliopoulos and Sofianopoulou,
methodologies for implementing both ontology creation 1998; Demuynck et al., 1997; Cho et al., 1998; Young and
heuristics and intelligent agents into database conceptual Cabezas, 1999; Keller and Dungan, 1999; Sheu, 1999; Khan
modeling and knowledge repository domains (Sugumaran and Abbasi, 2000; Sonesson et al., 2000; Secomandi, 2000;
and Storey, 2002; Allsopp et al., 2002).
Bick and Oron, 2000; Qin and Balendra, 2001; Horng and
Some of the applications implemented by database
Cochran, 2001; Frederix, 2001; Rajaram, 2001; Choi et al.,
methodology are the following: hierarchical modeling,
2002; Chen et al., 2002a; Uddin and Shanker, 2002;
knowledge refinement, machine learning, error analysis,
Balkema et al., 2002; Dawood and Marasini, 2002;
knowledge representation, knowledge discovery, ontology,
Tatsiopoulos et al., 2002; Chen et al., 2002b; Easton et al.,
database design, knowledge reuse, knowledge repository,
2002; Fleten et al., 2002; Lo and Szeto, 2002; Pekny, 2002;
geosciences, and web applications. These database technol-
ogies and their applications are categorized in Table 6. Laking et al., 2002; Rosen and Dincer, 2003; Ashok and
Banerjee, 2003; Sigman and Liu, 2003).
Some of the applications which have been implemented
8. Modeling methodology and its applications by modeling include production management, routing
flexibility, marine engineering, waste water treatment,
Modeling technology has become an interdisciplinary sequencing problem, water quality management, product
methodology of TM in order to build formal relationships development, flexible manufacturing systems, environmen-
with logical model design in different knowledge/problem tal management, business process reengineering, energy
domains. Quantitative methods for exploring the issues of management, ecological management, traffic management,
theory, application, planning, learning, social studies, chemical process, vehicle routing, natural resource manage-
artificial intelligence algorithms, and decision support are ment, error analysis, job assignment, supply chain manage-
the modeling technology of technology management. Some ment, merchandise planning, telecommunication pricing,
methodologies have been presented as examples of waste management, manufacturing process, stockyard
modeling methods and tools, including multi-objective layout design, capacity planning, purchasing evaluation,
programming, simulation, neural networks, genetic algorithms, asset liability management, travel management, risk
388 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393

Table 7 Table 8
Modeling methodology and its applications Statistics methodology and its applications

Modeling/Applications Authors Data mining/Applications Authors

Production management (Maimon and Dayagi, 1995) Manufacturing system (Ip, 1997)
Routing flexibility (Jensen et al., 1996) Ecosystem management (Norton, 1998)
Marine engineering (Wang et al., 1996) Safe and high efficiency (Dai, 1998)
Wastewater treatment (Gong et al., 1996; operation
Balkema et al., 2002) Geology engineering (Liang et al., 1999)
Sequencing problem (Leu et al., 1996) Environmental and natural resources (Varis and Kuikka, 1999)
Water quality management (Carstensen et al., 1997) management
Product development (Oehlmann et al., 1997)
Flexible manufacturing systems (Spiliopoulos and
Sofianopoulou, 1998) manufacturing system, ecosystem management, safe and
Environmental management (Demuynck et al., 1997;
Sonesson et al., 2000)
high efficiency operation, geology engineering, environ-
Business process reengineering (Cho et al., 1998; mental and natural resource management. The methodology
Tatsiopoulos et al., 2002) of statistics methodology and its applications are categor-
Energy management (Young and Cabezas, 1999; ized in Table 8.
Ashok and Banerjee, 2003)
Ecological management (Keller and Dungan, 1999)
Traffic management (Sheu, 1999)
Chemical process (Khan and Abbasi, 2000) 10. Discussion and suggestions
Vehicle routing (Secomandi, 2000)
Natural resource management (Bick and Oron, 2000) 10.1. Discussion
Error analysis (Qin and Balendra, 2001)
Job assignment (Horng and Cochran, 2001)
Supply chain management (Frederix, 2001) Technology management methodologies and appli-
Merchandise planning (Rajaram, 2001) cations are a broad category of research issues on TM.
Telecommunication pricing (Choi et al., 2002) Some specific methodologies and methods have been
Waste management (Chen et al., 2002a) presented as examples in terms of exploring the suggestions
Manufacturing process (Uddin and Shanker, 2002)
and solutions to specific TM problem domains. Therefore,
Stockyard layout design (Dawood and Marasini, 2002)
Capacity planning (Chen et al., 2002b) methodologies and applications of TM are attracting much
Purchasing evaluation (Easton et al., 2002) attention and efforts, both academic and practical. From this
Asset liability management (Fleten et al., 2002) literature review, we can see that TM methodologies and
Travel management (Lo and Szeto, 2002) applications developments are diversified due to their
Risk management (Pekny, 2002)
authors backgrounds, expertise, and problem domains.
Healthcare management (Laking et al., 2002)
Thermal processes (Rosen and Dincer, 2003) This is why a few authors can appear in the literature of
Design methodology (Sigman and Liu, 2003) different methodologies and applications.
On the other hand, some methodologies have common
concepts, and types of technology, for example, information
management, healthcare management, thermal processes, systems and database technology, or some modeling
and design methodology. The methodology of modeling and methods versus artificial intelligence/expert systems. How-
its applications are categorized in Table 7. ever, there are a few authors who work in different
methodologies and applications. This indicates that the
trend of development on methodology is also diversified due
to authors research interests and abilities in the method-
9. Statistics methodology and its applications ology and problem domain. These factors may direct
development of TM methodologies toward expertise
Statistical methodology is an interdisciplinary field that orientation.
combines social science, computer science, engineering, Furthermore, some applications have a high degree of
natural science, data management, and mathematical overlap in different technologies. For example, production
algorithms. Given the enormous size of data, statistics is a management, natural resource management, manufacturing
methodology necessary for data analysis, providing differ- systems, environmental management, business process
ent methods for decision-making, problem solving, analysis, reengineering, transport management, chemical manage-
planning, diagnosis, prediction, and learning (Ip, 1997; ment, industrial engineering, supply chain management,
Norton, 1998; Dai, 1998; Liang et al., 1999; Varis and telecommunication planning, waste management, risk
Kuikka, 1999). management, healthcare management, and energy manage-
Some of the applications that have been implemented ment, are all topics of different methodologies, which
by statistical methodologies include the following: implement TM in a common problem domain. This
 S.-h. Liao / Technovation 25 (2005) 381393
indicates that those applications are the major trend of TM
development, and many methodologies are focused on these
problems. This may direct development of TM applications
toward problem domain orientation.
In this paper, most of the articles discussed were from the
categories of agricultural and biological sciences, chemical
engineering, chemistry, decision sciences, earth and plane-
tary sciences, economics and finance, energy and power
sciences, engineering and technology, physics and astron-
omy, environmental sciences, material sciences, mathemat-
ics, medical sciences, and social sciences journals on the
Elsevier SDOS online database. We would make no
presumption about TM methodologies and applications
that are developed in other science fields. However, we
would like to see more TM methodologies and applications
of different research fields published in order to broaden our
horizon of academic and practice works on TM.
10.2. Limitations
Firstly, a literature review for the broad category of TM
methodologies and applications is a difficult task due to the
extensive background knowledge needed for studying,
classifying, and comparing these articles. Although limited
in background knowledge, this paper presents a brief
literature review on TM from 1995 to 2002 in order to
explore how TM methodologies and applications have
developed in this period. Therefore, the first limit of this
article is the authors limited knowledge in presenting an
overall picture of this subject.
Secondly, some of the academic journals listed in the
Engineering Index (EI), the Science Citation Index (SCI)
and the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), as well as
other practical reports are not included in this survey. These
would have provided more complete information to explore
the development of TM technologies and applications.
Thirdly, non-English publications are not considered in
this survey, although they could help to determine the
effects of different cultures on the development of TM
methodologies and applications. We believe that TM
methodologies and applications in addition to those
discussed in this article have been published and developed
in other areas.
10.3. Suggestions
1. Integration of qualitative and quantitative method. The
qualitative and quantitative methods are different in both
methodology and problem domain. Some articles present
their variables, modeling, and system design without
expert advice or considering human behavior from real
world situations. These pertain to theoretical research
and it is difficult to implement TM technology into
individuals and organizations. On the other hand, some
articles have presented their TM concepts without a
scientific or systematic approach, which leads TM
389
methodology to remain at the stage of discussion.
Therefore, integration of qualitative and quantitative
methods may be an important direction for future work
on TM technologies and applications.
2. Integration of technologies. TM is an interdisciplinary
research issue. Thus, future TM developments need
integration with different technologies, and this inte-
gration of technologies and cross-interdisciplinary
research may offer more methodologies to investigate
TM problems.
3. Change is a source of development. The changes due to
social and technical reasons may either enable or inhibit
TM technologies and application development. This
means that inertia, stemming from the use of routine
problem-solving procedures, stagnant knowledge
sources, and following past experience or knowledge
may impede changes in terms of learning and innovation
for individuals and organizations. Therefore, to continue
creating, sharing, learning, and storing knowledge may
also become a source of TM development.
11. Conclusions
This paper is based on a literature review on technology
management methodologies and applications from 1995 to
2003 using a keyword index search. We conclude that TM
methodologies tend to develop towards expert orientation,
and TM applications development is a problem-oriented
domain. Different science methodologies are suggested to
be implemented in TM. Integration of qualitative and
quantitative methods, and integration of TM methodologies
studies may broaden our horizon on this subject. Finally, the
ability to continually change and obtain new understandings
is the power of TM technologies, and will be the topic of
future work.
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Dr. Shu-hsien Liao is a professor in the
Department of Management Sciences and
Decision Making, Tamkang University, Tai-
wan. He received his PhD at the Operational
Research/System Group of the Business
School, University of Warwick, UK, in 1996.
His publications have appeared in the Euro-
pean Journal of Operational Research, Expert
Systems With Applications, Technovation and
Space Policy. His current research interests are
in information management, decision support
systems, knowledge management, electronic
commerce, and database management.