WCDMA Fundamentals: 3grpess - Module 1

WCDMA Fundamentals
3GRPESS MODULE 1
I insert classification level

1 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development
Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals
Objectives
After this module the participant shall be able to:-
Understand the main cellular standards and allocated frequency
bands
Understand the main properties of WCDMA air interface including
HSPA technology
Recognize the main Nokia RRM functions and their main tasks

Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
HSPA technology

Module Contents

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks
IMT-2000 frequency allocations
UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
HSPA technology

Standardisation of 3G cellular networks
ITU (Global guidelines and recommendations)
IMT-2000: Global standard for third generation (3G) wireless communications
3GPP is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), ATIS (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
GSM
EDGE
UMTS
WCDMA - FDD
WCDMA - TDD
TD-SCDMA
3GPP2 is a co-operation between standardisation bodies
ARIB/TTC (Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and TTA (South Korea)
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

IMT-2000 frequency allocations
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 MHz
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
Mobile
IMT-2000 ITU IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
Satellite
Satellite
Mobile
UMTS
DECT
Mobile
GSM UMTS
1800 (FDD) Europe (FDD)
(TDD)
UMTS (TDD)
Satellite
Satellite
Mobile
Mobile
PHS
IMT-2000 Japan IMT-2000
IMT-2000
unlicensed
Satellite
Mobile
Satellite
USA
Mobile
PCS
PCS PCS

UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Release 99
I 1920 1980 MHz 2110 2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan
II 1850 1910 MHz 1930 1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
New in Release 5
III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
New in Release 6
IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850
VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
New in Release 7
VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900
IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
Not supported by RU10 RAN

Module Contents

UMTS Air interface technologies
WCDMA FDD
WCDMA vs. GSM
CDMA principle
Processing gain
WCDMA codes and bit rates
HSPA technology

UMTS Air Interface technologies
UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions

WCDMA FDD
WCDMA TDD
WCDMA FDD is the more widely used solution
FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency band
WCDMA TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks
TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands
This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic

planning principles apply to both technologies

WCDMA FDD technology
Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

All cells at same carrier frequency
Spreading codes used to separate cells and users
Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz
Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies
Compatibility with GSM technology

Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM and UMTS

WCDMA Technology
WCDMA Users share same time and frequency
Frequency
Carrier
3.84 MHz
5 MHz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode
WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers

UMTS & GSM Network Planning
GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):

Differences between WCDMA & GSM
High bit rates
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake receiver
Services with
Different quality Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
requirements scheduling scheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmit Supported for Not supported by the
diversity improving downlink standard, but can be
capacity applied
Efficient
packet data
Multiple WCDMA carriers Layered network
1 - 10 km
F3
F2
F2 F1
F3
200 - 500 m
50 - 100 m Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs

CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips SF=8)
+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1
Air Interface
+1
-1
+1
Data
-1

Energy Box
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Originating Bit Received Bit
Duration
(t = 1/Rb)
Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density
BUT
Same Energy per Bit

Spreading & Processing Gain
User bit
rate
Power density (Watts/Hz)
Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal
Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)
W const 3.84 Mchip

sec
G p dB
W
Processing gain:
R

Processing Gain Examples
Voice user (R=12,2 kbit/s)
R
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=24.98
dB
Spreading sequences
have a different length
Frequency (Hz)
Processing gain
Packet data user (R=384 kbit/s) depends on the user
R data rate
Power density (W/Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power
Power density
High bit rate user
Frequency
5MHz
Low bit rate user
Time

WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation

Channelisation code
Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines
physical channel bit rate
UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
UL: separates users

DL Spreading and Multiplexing in WCDMA
CHANNELISATION codes: Radio frame = 15 time slots
CODE 1 Pilot
P-CPICH BCCH
Pilot X User 1
CODE 2 User 2
P-CCPCH User 3
BCCH X
SUM
CODE 3
DPCH1 Time
User 1 X
CODE 4
+
3.84 MHz
DPCH2 SCRAMBLING RF carrier
User 2 X CODE
CODE 5
X RF
DPCH3
User 3 X
3.84 MHz bandwidth

DL & UL Channelisation Codes
Walsh-Hadamard codes: orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF codes)
SF for the DL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512}
SF for the UL transmission in FDD mode = {4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256}
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set
equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL
In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between users of
same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between
different channels can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell
Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an
asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL

Channelisation Code Tree
SF= SF= SF= SF= SF=1 ... SF=25 SF=51
1 2 4 8 6
C16(0)=[.........
6 2
C8(0)=[11111111]
...]
C16(1)=[.........
C4(0)=[1111] ...]
C16(2)=[.........
C8(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] ...]
C2(0)=[11] C16(3)=[.........
...]
C16(4)=[.........
C8(2)=[11-1-111-1-1] ...]
C16(5)=[.........
C4(1)=[11-1-1] ...]
C16(6)=[.........
C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] ...]
C16(7)=[.........
C0(0)=[1
...]
] C16(8)=[.........
C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] ...]
C16(9)=[.........
C4(2)=[1-11-1] ...]
C16(10)=[.........
C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] ..]
C2(1)=[1-1] C16(11)=[...........
]
C16(12)=[.......
C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] ....]
C16(13=[........
C4(3)=[1-1-11] ...]
C16(14)=[.......
C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1] ....]
C16(15)=[.......
....]
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
Spreading Channel Channel bit DPDCH Maximum user
factor symbol rate channel bit data rate with -
rate (kbps) rate range rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 36 13 kbps
256 15 30 1224 612 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 4251 2024 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 128 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3 2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps 2 Mbps
parallel
codes
W
RSymbol Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
SF
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA
3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology
Shared high bit rate channel between users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak rate
HSDPA
Coding rate Coding rate 5 codes 10 codes 15 codes
1/4 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps
QPSK 2/4 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps
3/4 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
2/4 2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps
16QAM 3/4 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps
4/4 4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 14.4 Mbps

Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA
3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for users High peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In HSUPA SF=2 4)
2 x SF2 +
Coding rate 1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF2
2 x SF4
1/2 480 kbps 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps
3/4 720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps
4/4 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps

DL & UL Scrambling Codes
DL Scrambling Codes
Pseudo noise codes used for cell separation
512 Primary Scrambling Codes
UL Scrambling Codes
Two different types of UL scrambling codes are generated
Long scrambling codes of length of 38 400 chips = 10 ms radio frame
Short scrambling codes of length of 256 chips are periodically repeated to get the
scrambling code of the frame length
Short codes enable advanced receiver structures in future

Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation
Scrambling
code C1
C1+2
Scrambling
code C2
UE has simultaneous connection

to two cells (soft handover)

RAKE Receiver
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Output
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Cell-2
Rx Finger
t
Delay 1
Delay 2
Delay 3
Code used
for the
connection
Combination or multipath components and signal from different cells

Channelisation and Scrambling Codes
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data Uplink: Separation of mobile
(DPDCH) and control channels Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Length 4256 chips (1.066.7 s) Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
Downlink also 512 chips 66.7 s = 256 chips
Different bit rates by changing the length Option (2) can be used with advanced
of the code base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling Uplink: 16.8 million
code = spreading factor Downlink: 512
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth

Module Contents

Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
Power Control
Handover Control
HSPA technology

Radio Resource Management
RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources:

Transmission power and interference
Logical codes
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more)
Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM
functionalities
service quality
Optimization
and Tailoring
cell coverage cell capacity

RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control
LC AC Admission Control
PS
PS Packet Scheduler
RM
AC RM Resource Manager
For each cell PC Power Control
HC HO Control
PC
HC
For each connection/user

Load Control (LC)
LC performs the function of load control in association with AC & PS
LC updates load status using measurements & estimations provided by AC and PS
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC;
Interference levels (UL)
BTS power level (DL)
Load change
info
AC
Load status
LC
NRT load PS

Load Control Load Status
Load thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Overload Overload
threshold x
Load Target Load Margin

threshold y
Normal load
Power
Time
Free capacity Measured load

Admission Control (AC)
Checks that admitting a new user will not sacrifice planned coverage or quality of
existing connections
Admission control handles three main tasks

Admission decision of new connections
Take into account current load conditions (from LC) and load increase by the new
connection
Real-time higher priority than non-real time
In overload conditions no new connections admitted
Connection QoS definition
Bit rate, BER target etc.
Connection specific power allocation (Initial, maximum and minimum power)

Packet Scheduler (PS)
PS allocates available capacity after real-time (RT) connections to non-real time

(NRT) connections
Each cell separately
Based on QoS priority level of the connection
In overload conditions bit rates of NRT connections decreased
PS selects allocated channel type (common, dedicated or HSPA)
PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC
Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach

RT higher priority

Resource Manager (RM)
Responsible for managing the logical radio resources of the RNC in co-operation
with AC and PS
On request for resources, from either AC(RT) or PS(NRT), RM allocates:
DL spreading code
UL scrambling code
Code Type Uplink Downlink

Scrambling codes User separation Cell separation
Users within one cell
Spreading codesData & control channels from same UE

Power control (PC) in WCDMA
Fast, accurate power control is of utmost importance particularly in UL;

UEs transmit continuously on same frequency Always interference between users
Poor PC leads to increased interference reduced capacity
Every UE accessing network increase interference
PC target to minimise the interference Minimize transmit power of each link while
still maintaining the link quality (BER)
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each
connection
Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions
(fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second

Uplink power control target
Minimise required UL received power Target:

minimised UL transmit power and interference
min(Prx1)
&
min(Prx2)
About equal when

Rb1 = Rb2
Ptx1
Ptx1
UE1 UE2

Power Control types
Power control functionality can be divided to three main types
Open loop power control

Initial power calculation based on DL pilot level/pathloss measurement by UE
Outer (closed) loop power control
Connection quality measurement (BER, BLER) and comparison to QoS target
RF quality target (SIR target) setting for fast closed loop PC based on connection
quality
Fast closed loop power control
Radio link RF quality (SIR) measurement and comparison to RF quality target (SIR
target)
Power control command transmission based on RF quality evaluation
Change of transmit power according to received power control command

Power Control types
Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS UL Outer Loop RN
Power Control C
DL Outer Loop
Power Control
BLER target

Power control in HSPA
In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the
signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilise both
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the dedicated channel power control

Handover Control (HC)
HC is responsible for:
Managing the mobility aspects of an RRC connection as UE moves around the
network coverage area
Maintaining high capacity by ensuring UE is always served by strongest cell
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover
MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Hard handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM

Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover

Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and
handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters
Radio link performance is improved during soft handover
Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1
Soft handover
Received signal strength
Threshold BS1
BS2
BS2
BS3 BS3
Distance from BS1

Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and

between WCDMA and GSM cells
GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
f1 f1
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
f2 f2 f2 f2

Module Contents
HSPA technology

HSDPA Overview
15 Code 16QAM TTI = 2 ms Hybrid ARQ Fast Link Advanced

Shared Modulation with incr. redundancy Adaptation Scheduling
transmission
Benefit
Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms

HSUPA Overview
Fast NodeB
1-4 Code TTI = 10 ms Hybrid ARQ
Power Control ControlledS
Multi-Code with incr. redundancy
cheduling
transmission
Benefit
Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 Mbps
Higher Capacity: +50-100%
Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms

HSxPA Motivation and General Principle
Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channel principle:
Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2 Mbps
(11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary
Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
Rel. 99
Dedicated pipe for every UE
HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)
Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL

Pipe (codes and grants) changing
with time
E-DCH scheduling
HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)
Fast pipe is shared among UEs

UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts
HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except
HSDPA HSUPA
Efficient UE power
Modulation QPSK and 16-QAM BPSK and Dual-BPSK amplifier
Soft handover No Yes

Required for near-far
Fast power avoidance
No Yes
control
Point to Multipoint Scheduling cannot be as
Scheduling
multipoint to point fast as in HSDPA
Non-scheduled Yes, for minimum/
No
transmission guaranteed bit rate Similar to R99 DCH but
with HARQ
HSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH in the
uplink than reversed HSDPA
HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support
Feature DCH HSUPA HSDPA
Variable spreading factor Yes Yes No
Multicode transmission Yes Yes Yes

(No in practice)
Fast power control Yes Yes No
Soft handover Yes Yes No

(associated DCH only)
Adaptive modulation No No Yes
BTS based scheduling No Yes Yes
Fast L1 HARQ No Yes Yes

Power control in HSPA
In HSDPA (DL) the transmit power from base station is kept constant and the
signal modulation and coding is adapted according to the channel conditions
2 ms interval 500 Hz
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilise both
Outer loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the dedicated channel power control

HSPA mobility
HSDPA
Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data)
Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time
Notice that soft/softer handover

is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH
HS-SCCH
Serving HS-PDSCH DPCH
HS-DSCH cell
DPCH
HSUPA
Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem
Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power

Module 1 WCDMA Fundamentals
Summary
Radio interface technology of UMTS is WCDMA with FDD and
TDD versions
WCDMA networks can be built on European, US-based and
Asian/Japanese frequency bands
WCDMA air interface utilises combination of two spreading
codes
Radio Resource Management is responsible of efficient
utilisation of radio resources while offering required quality of
service to users
HSPA technology can provide higher air interface efficiency

WCDMA Fundamentals: 3grpess - Module 1

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WCDMA Fundamentals

I insert classification level

2 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Standardisation and frequency bands

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)

3 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Standardisation and frequency bands

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)

4 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

5 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

IMT-2000 Japan IMT-2000

6 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Not supported by RU10 RAN

7 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Standardisation and frequency bands

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)

8 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions

Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic

9 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

Compatibility with GSM technology

10 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

11 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

12 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

14 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

15 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

16 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

W const 3.84 Mchip

17 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Low bit rate user

19 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation

20 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

3.84 MHz bandwidth

22 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

1/4 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps

QPSK 2/4 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps

3/4 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps

2/4 2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps

16QAM 3/4 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps

4/4 4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 14.4 Mbps

3/4 720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps

4/4 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps

26 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

27 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

UE has simultaneous connection

28 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Combination or multipath components and signal from different cells

29 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

30 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

Standardisation and frequency bands

Main properties of UMTS Air Interface

Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)

31 Nokia Siemens Networks 3G Radio Planning Essentials / NPO Capability Development

RRM is responsible for optimal utilisation of the radio resources: