STANDARDIZED BAUER PVDF PIEZOELECTRIC

POLYMER SHOCK GAUGE

L. Lee, R. Graham, F. Bauer, R. Reed

To cite this version:

L. Lee, R. Graham, F. Bauer, R. Reed. STANDARDIZED BAUER PVDF PIEZOELECTRIC
POLYMER SHOCK GAUGE. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1988, 49 (C3), pp.C3-651-C3-
657. <10.1051/jphyscol:1988391>. <jpa-00227814>

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 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE
C o l l o q u e C3, Suppl6ment a u n o g , Tome 49, s e p t e m b r e 1 9 8 8

STANDARDIZED BAUER PVDF PIEZOELECTRIC POLYMER SHOCK GAUGE

L. M. LEE' 1 ) , R. A. GRAHAM' , ( ) , F. BAUER" and R. P. REED', (

Ktech Corporation, 901, Pennsylvania Avenue NE, Albuquerque,

N M 87110, U.S.A.
' ~ a n d i aNational Laboratories, PO Box 5800, Albuquerque,
N M 87185, U.S.A.
t *
Institut Saint-Louis, F-68300 Saint-Louis, France
RESUME : A f i n d e r e a l i s e r d e s mesures d ' o n d e s d e choc on a b e s o i n d ' u n cap-
t e u r s t a n d a r d i s e pouvant r e p o n d r e a d e s chargements p a r choc dans une grande
gamme d e c o n t r a i n t e s ( d e 0 , 2 a 50 GPa). Un programme c o o p e r a t i f a Bte r k a l i s e
p a r n o s l a b o r a t o i r e s a f i n d e f o u r n i r une j a u g e a f i l m polymere (PVDF) q u i s o i t
b i e n c o m p r i s e e t tres r e p r o d u c t i b l e pour e t u d i e r l e chargement e t l a r e -
l a x a t i o n p a r onde d e c o n t r a i n t e . La s o u r c e d e m a t e r i a u polymere e t l e t r a i t e -
ment d l e c t r i q u e s o n t b a s e s s u r d e s t r a v a u x a n t e r i e u r s d e Bauer. La reponse au
choc d ' u n e j a u g e d e c o n t r a i n t e s t a n d a r d i s e e p i e z o 6 l e c t r i q u e PVDF p r o d u i t e p a r
SNLA/Ktech. ISL e t l ' i n d u s t r i e a ete mesurke l o r s d ' e s s a i s p a r ondes d e choc
c o n t r d l e s e n u t i l i s a n t un canon gaz comprime. Les mesures de l a reponse
f a i t e s d a n s l e domaine 0 . 3 a 46 GPa montrent un e x c e l l e n t accord e n t r e l e s
j a u g e s p r o d u i t e s p a r c e s t r o i s f a b r i c a n t s d i f f e r e n t s . Ces e x p e r i e n c e s de-
m o n t r e n t q u ' u n e j a u g e d e c o n t r a i n t e e n PVDF r e p r o d u c t i b l e e t b i e n connue p e u t
etre p r o d u i t e s i d e s s p e c i f i c a t i o n s s t r i c t e s s o n t s u i v i e s . Ces e x p e r i e n c e s
demontrent q u e l e s j a u g e s en PVDF peuvent f o n c t i o n n e r d e maniere r e p e t i t i v e
d a n s d e s c o n d i t i o n s s e v e r e s d e chargement p a r choc. Nous p r e s e n t o n s Cgalement
d e s a p p l i c a t i o n s s p e c i f i q u e s d e c e t t e jauge d e c o n t r a i n t e p a r t i c u l i 8 r e .

A b s t r a c t - A s t a n d a r d i z e d t r a n s d u c e r t h a t can respond t o shock loading over a

l a r g e s t r e s s range (0.2 t o 50.0 GPa) i s r e q u i r e d f o r shock wave measurements.
A c o o p e r a t i v e program has been conducted among our l a b o r a t o r i e s t o provide a
w e l l understood and h i g h l y r e p r o d u c i b l e s t a n d a r d i z e d PVDF polymer f i l m gauge t o
i n v e s t i g a t e s t r e s s wave l o a d i n g and r e l e a s e . The polymer m a t e r i a l source and
e l e c t r i c a l t r e a t m e n t a r e based on p r i o r work by Bauer. The shock response of
s t a n d a r d i z e d PVDF p i e z o e l e c t r i c s t r e s s gauges produced by SNLAIKtech, ISL and
commercially h a s been measured i n c o n t r o l l e d shock wave experiments using a
compressed g a s gun. Shock wave response measurements made i n t h e 0 . 3 t o 46.0
GPa range show e x c e l l e n t agreement among gauges produced by t h e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
facilities. These experiments demonstrated t h a t a r e p e a t a b l e , w e l l understood
PVDF s t r e s s gauge can be produced i f s t r i c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e met. These
e x p e r i m e n t s demonstrated PVDF gauges could f u n c t i o n r e p e a t a b l y under s e v e r e
shock l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s . S p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h i s unique s t r e s s gauge
a r e a l s o presented.

A. - INTRODUCTION

It has been known f o r many y e a r s t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e l y t r e a t e d p o l y v i n y l i d e n e f l o u r i d e

(PMF) e x h i b i t s p i e z o e l e c t r i c p r o p e r t i e s s u i t a b l e f o r a wide v a r i e t y of a p p l i c a t i o n s .
Because a s e n s o r which f u n c t i o n s under shock-compression l o a d i n g i s destroyed i n use,
these a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r e a h i g h d e g r e e of r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y i n m a t e r i a l c o n s t a n t s .
Various s t u d i e s of PVDF f i l m by Bauer / l - 4 / have shown t h a t c o n v e n t i o n a l l y a v a i l a b l e
P i e z o e l e c t r i c f i l m s do n o t e x h i b i t s u f f i c i e n t r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y f o r shock a p p l i c a t i o n s .
However, PVDF f i l m processed t o e x a c t i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and poled with t h e Bauer
method a c h i e v e s t h e d e s i r e d l e v e l of r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y .

'"~esearch by Ktech Corporation supported by S a n d i a National Laboratories LSNLA)

' 2 ) ~ o r kat SNLA supported by the USDOE under Contract N o DE-AC04-76DPO'l789

Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyscol:1988391

C3-65 2 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a s t r e s s gauge f o r widespread u s e i n shock measurements, a

c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t h a s been i n i t i a t e d between I n s t i t u t e S a i n t L o u i s ( I S L ) and Sandia
N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s (SNLA). SNLA h a s been r e c e i v i n g t e c h n i c a l s u p p o r t from Ktech
C o r p o r a t i o n t o d e v e l o p t h e Bauer p o l i n g p r o c e s s i n t h e United S t a t e s , w h i l e ISL has
been working with M e t r a v i b C o r p o r a t i o n i n France t o d e v e l o p a commercial s o u r c e f o r
t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d PVDF gauges. I n i t i a l e f f o r t s i n t h e c o o p e r a t i v e program, which was
s t a r t e d i n 1982, showed agreement of independent shock wave measurements made a t the
two l a b o r a t o r i e s on PVDF gauges f a b r i c a t e d by ISL 1 5 1 . The i n i t i a l work was i n t h e
s t r e s s r a n g e from 1.0 t o 2.2 GPa. L a t e r work i n v o l v e d s e t t i n g up s p e c i f i c m a t e r i a l
f i l m s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and t h e Bauer p o l i n g p r o c e s s i n t h e United S t a t e s and t h e
Metravib L a b o r a t o r y 1 6 1 . F u r t h e r work showed agreement o v e r a l a r g e r s t r e s s range
and t h e development of an e x a c t i n g c o n t r o l l e d impact t e c h n i q u e f o r e v a l u a t i n g PVDF
s t r e s s gauges 171. I n t h e p r e s e n t paper we r e p o r t t h e c o m p l e t i o n of o u r gauge
s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n e f f o r t and o u r f i r s t measurements on shock wave r e s p o n s e o f PVDF
gauges f a b r i c a t e d from d i f f e r e n t l o t s of w e l l c o n t r o l l e d f i l m and poled i n d i f f e r e n t
la'boratories using t h e standardized process.

U n t i l v e r y r e c e n t l y t h e ISL L a b o r a t o r y was t h e o n l y s o u r c e f o r PVDF gauges produced

by t h e Bauer method. As a r e s u l t of t h e c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t between o u r l a b o r a t o r i e s ,
gauge f a b r i c a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s have been developed i n both t h e United S t a t e s and France
t h a t can produce s t a n d a r d i z e d PVDF shock compression gauges based on t h e p a t e n t e d
Bauer p r o c e s s . The e s s e n t i a l i n g r e d i e n t s of t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d gauge a r e a uniform
h i g h q u a l i t y b i a x i a l l y - s t r e t c h e d PVDF f i l m and t h e Bauer e l e c t r i c a l p o l i n g p r o c e s s .

B. - GAUGE FABRICATION

1. MATERIAL

The PVDF f i l m used i n t h e United S t a t e s and France was e x t r u d e d and b i a x i a l l y

s t r e t c h e d by Rhone Poulenc Films i n France from polymer p e l l e t s o b t a i n e d from Kureha,
Japan. The s p e c i a l f i l m has a nominal t h i c k n e s s of 26 pm. Enough of t h e PVDF film
h a s been procured f o r many y e a r s of gauge development and a p p l i c a t i o n s . This partic-
u l a r f i l m was chosen because of t h e documented s u c c e s s f u l p o l i n g by Bauer of s i m i l a r
PVDF b a t c h e s . Also, shock wave measurements on s t a n d a r d i z e d gauges made from d i f f e r -
e n t PVDF l o t s have shown c l o s e agreement. Other PVDF f i l m s a r e a v a i l a b l e , but they
a r e d i f f e r e n t from t h e Rhone Poulenc m a t e r i a l and none have been s u b j e c t e d t o t h e
e x t e n s i v e t e s t i n g of t h i s m a t e r i a l . An e s s e n t i a l p o i n t of any shock t r a n s d u c e r
development p r o j e c t i s a m a t e r i a l w i t h w e l l d e f i n e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o a s s u r e proper
p r o c e s s i n g can a c h i e v e t h e r e q u i r e d end r e s u l t .

2. GAUGE ELECTRODING

The s t a n d a r d i z e d s t r e s s gauge e l e c t r o d i n g p r o c e s s was developed a f t e r e v a l u a t i n g a

number of m e t a l l i z a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s and mask d e s i g n s . Magnetron s p u t t e r i n g of Au or
A 1 o v e r P t produced e l e c t r o d e s w i t h v e r y good a d h e s i o n . No m e t a l could be removed
u s i n g t h e Scotch-tape p e e l t e s t and t h e r e was no e v i d e n c e of o v e r h e a t i n g t h e f i l m
during electroding. Other s p u t t e r i n g and vapor d e p o s i t i o n t e c h n i q u e s have shown that
o v e r h e a t i n g i n t h e f i l m r e s u l t s i n d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s on t h e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
of t h e gauge. The e l e c t r o d e and s e n s i n g a r e a d e s i g n u t i l i z e d f o r t h e s t a n d a r d gauge
is shown i n F i g u r e 1. The s e n s o r a r e a l o c a t e d where t h e two e l e c t r o d e s o v e r l a p i s
c l e a r l y t h e most i m p o r t a n t r e g i o n of t h e gauge. It i s c r i t i c a l t o have s h a r p edge
d e f i n i t i o n f o r t h e t o t a l e l e c t r o d e d a r e a and a c c u r a t e s e n s o r a r e a measurement i s
r e q u i r e d f o r a c c u r a t e shock wave measurements. Masking t e c h n i q u e s have been d e v e l -
oped which produce t h e r e q u i r e d s h a r p edge d e f i n i t i o n a t lOOx m a g n i f i c a t i o n , and also
r e d u c e t h e tendency of t h e PVDF t o w r i n k l e d u r i n g d e p o s i t i o n 1 8 1 .

3. POLING PROCESS

The purpose of t h e p o l i n g p r o c e s s i s t o induce r e p r o d u c i b l e p i e z o e l e c t r i c p o l a r i z a -

t i o n i n t h e PVDF and t o remove any t r a p p e d s p a c e c h a r g e . There have been many
s t a t i c , f i e l d d i s c h a r g e , and c y c l i c methods t r i e d o v e r t h e p a s t few y e a r s , but only
t h e Bauer p r o c e s s w i t h a s p e c i f i c c y c l i c p o l i n g s c h e d u l e h a s been proven by shock-
compression t e s t s t o c o n d i t i o n t h e PVDF f o r a c c u r a t e r e p r o d u c i b l e o u t p u t . The poling
p r o c e s s i n c o r p o r a t e s t h e e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s a s d e s c r i b e d i n B a u e r ' s U.S. p a t e n t and
i n t h e open l i t e r a t u r e 1 9 1 .
The Bauer p o l i n g procedure i s s p e c i f i c a l l y t a i l o r e d t o c r e a t e a transducing element
t h a t produces c h a r g e under s t r e s s o n l y from t h e p i e z o e l e c t r i c e f f e c t and under
temperature change o n l y from t h e p y r o e l e c t r i c e f f e c t . The p r o c e s s , homogeneously
throughout t h e poled r e g i o n , a l i g n s c r y s t a l l i t e s , o r i e n t s d i p o l e s , and m i g r a t e s ions
and space c h a r g e s out of t h e f i l m . A Bauer process p o l i n g f a c i l i t y has been
developed i n Albuquerque, New Mexico, and has been shown t o r o u t i n e l y produce high
q u a l i t y gauge elements with high p o l a r i z a t i o n . The remanent p o l a r i z a t i o n of PVDF
shock gauges produced w i t h t h e p r e s e n t United S t a t e s system i s t h e same a s produced
in France a t ISL and Metravib, n o m i n a l l y 9.2 s.2
p~/cm2.

C. - EXPERIMENTAL

A s t a n d a r d impact l o a d i n g experiment f o r PVDF has been developed f o r t h e SNLA 25

meter compressed g a s gun. This i s t h e f a c i l i t y on which t h e q u a r t z and l i t h i u m
niobate p i e z o e l e c t r i c gauges were developed and has been used f o r a host of s t u d i e s
involving p r e c i s e l y c o n t r o l l e d impact l o a d i n g . As shown i n Figure 2, t h e gauge
element i s placed d i r e c t l y on t h e impact f a c e of a t a r g e t of e i t h e r Kel-F, 2-cut
quartz, 2-cut s a p p h i r e o r t u n g s t e n c a r b i d e . The impactor i s t h e same m a t e r i a l a s t h e
t a r g e t ; hence, t h e e q u i l i b r i u m p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y i s known t o t h e p r e c i s i o n of t h e
impact v e l o c i t y measurement, 0.1 p e r c e n t . As t h e Z-cut q u a r t z and s a p p h i r e t a r g e t
and impactor m a t e r i a l s remain e l a s t i c up t o about 13 and 20 GPa r e s p e c t i v e l y , t h e
gauge elements a r e s u b j e c t e d t o u n u s u a l l y w e l l behaved shock and r e l e a s e s t r e s s
pulses. By t h e use of t h i n i m p a c t o r s , t h e response t o r e l e a s e waves can be c a r e f u l l y
studied i n t h i s arrangement. For s t r e s s g r e a t e r than 20 GPa t u n g s t e n c a r b i d e i s
used. In t h i s c a s e i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o p l a c e a 25 pm t h i c k FEP Teflon f i l m on e i t h e r
side of t h e gauge t o provide e l e c t r i c a l i n s u l a t i o n . For s t r e s s l e s s than 3 GPa Kel-F
i s used because of i t s lower mechanical impedance 1101.

Various e l e c t r o n i c r e c o r d i n g arrangements have been i n v e s t i g a t e d . For e a s e i n d a t a

r e d u c t i o n , h i g h speed d i g i t i z e r s provide t h e b e s t recording means. Because of the
very f a s t l o a d i n g a c h i e v e d , a high d i g i t i z i n g r a t e was r e q u i r e d t o t r a c k t h e d e t a i l
i n t h e PVDF r e s p o n s e . LeCroy 6880 d i g i t i z e r s which d i g i t i z e a t a r a t e of 0.742 n s
and have a r e c o r d i n g window of 7 . 4 ps were s e l e c t e d . The LeCroy d i g i t i z e r s provide
the p r e f e r r e d r e c o r d i n g method.

To provide measurements of t h e s i g n a l s a t d i f f e r e n t s e n s i t i v i t i e s , o u r arrangement

uses two low-loss c o a x i a l c a b l e s r a t h e r than a s i n g l e c a b l e on which t h e s i g n a l s a r e
transmitted t o several d i g i t i z e r s . The e l e c t r i c a l c u r r e n t s produced upon impact from
e l e c t r o d e a r e a s of about 0.1 cm2 range from about 1 t o 30 amperes i n t h e present
experiments. To reduce t h e s i g n a l l e v e l s t o a c c e p t a b l e v a l u e s , current-viewing
r e s i s t o r s with r e s i s t a n c e s between 0.025 t o 0.2 ohm a r e connected t o t h e gauge
electrodes. F u r t h e r s i g n a l l e v e l r e d u c t i o n , i f d e s i r e d , i s accomplished with
microwave d i v i d e r s placed a t t h e i n p u t s t o t h e d i g i t i z e r s .

D. - RESULTS

The j o i n t program of PVDF gauge development conducted over t h e l a s t 6 y e a r s has

r e s u l t e d i n a s e t of q u a n t i t a t i v e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d s t r e s s
gauge. The s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a r e shown i n Table 1 r e l a t i v e t o m a t e r i a l , e l e c t r o d i n g and
poling parameters t h a t must be achieved t o produce a r e p e a t a b l e high f i d e l i t y Shock
wave s e n s o r . The normal h y s t e r e s i s l o o p l i s t e d i n Table 1 i s shown i n Figure 3 f o r
gauges produced a t t h e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t f a c i l i t i e s . The e x c e l l e n t agreement i n
remanent p o l a r i z a t i o n and h y s t e r e s i s l o o p c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s show t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of
PMF gauges made t o e x a c t i n g s t a n d a r d s . While t h e program i s ongoing, t h e r e s u l t s t o
date cover a wide range of parameters r e l a t i v e t o gauge a r e a and shock s t r e s s a s
shown i n Table 2. Of primary importance i n Table 2 i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e same reman-
ant p o l a r i z a t i o n , which has been shown i n previous work t o be of primary importance
in producing a r e p e a t a b l e shock t r a n s d u c e r , has been achieved i n t h e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t
i a b o r a t o r i e s u s i n g e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same gauge f a b r i c a t i o n processes. Also shown i n
Table 2 is a wide range of shock-compression l o a d i n g t o which t h e gauges have been
exposed. This dynamic range i s an o r d e r of magnitude l a r g e r than any previously
a v a i l a b l e p i e z o e l e c t r i c shock gauge.
 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

TABLE 1. S t a n d a r d i z e d PVDF gauge s p e c i f i c a t i o n s .

Material B i a x i a l s t r e t c h e d 25 pm (Rhone P o u l e n c ) .

Electrode S p u t t e r e d (Au 2500 1o v e r Pt 500 i).

Poling Crossed l e a d s t r i p s e n s i n g a r e a .
Remanent p o l a r i z a t i o n 9.2 2 0 . 2 pC/cm
2
.
Normal h y s t e r e s i s l o o p .

Physical-Geometric Q u a n t i t a t i v e d e f i n i t i o n of a l l parameters.

TABLE 2. PVDF gauge p a r a m e t e r s .

Gauge Gauge Area Remanent P o l a r i z a t i o n C o n t r o l l e d Shock

Fabrication (cm2) ($/cm2) Loading (GPa)

ISL

Metravib 0.01 9.1

1 mm X l mm

A comparison of r e s u l t s from d i f f e r e n t gauges shock l o a d e d u s i n g t h e c o n t r o l l e d

impact t e c h n i q u e a r e shown i n F i g u r e 4. The shock compression d a t a shown i n Figure 4
were g e n e r a t e d a t SNLA and ISL. The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e minimal s c a t t e r , w i t h s i m i l a r
r e s p o n s e s b e i n g o b t a i n e d f o r t h e gauges produced i n France and t h e United S t a t e s .
Limited d a t a of t h i s t y p e have been o b t a i n e d p r e v i o u s l y ; however, i n t h e c u r r e n t
s t u d y we have expanded t h e a p p l i c a b l e s t r e s s range up t o 4 6 GPa where t h e gauge i s
s t i l l f u n c t i o n i n g p r o p e r l y . The a b i l i t y t o produce r e p e a t a b l e PVDF shock t r a n s d u c e r s
i n t h e d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s t o e x a c t i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s now p r o v i d e s t h e a v a i l -
a b i l i t y f o r g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e shock t r a n s d u c e r s f o r unique measuring
requirements.

Some gauges were s t u d i e d with t h e p o s i t i v e e l e c t r o d e on t h e impact s u r f a c e t o

i n v e s t i g a t e t h e i n f l u e n c e of gauge e l e c t r i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n on o u t p u t c u r r e n t . Data
r e p o r t e d h e r e were o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e s t a n d a r d o r i e n t a t i o n used by Bauer i n which the
n e g a t i v e e l e c t r o d e i s placed on t h e impact s u r f a c e . It a p p e a r s t h e r e i s a n
e l e c t r i c a l p o l a r i t y e f f e c t which must be c o n s i d e r e d .

S t a n d a r d i z e d PVDF gauges have been u t i l i z e d i n p u l s e d l a s e r e x p e r i m e n t s which allowed

s t r e s s measurements t o be made w i t h i n 30 pm of t h e d e p o s i t i o n r e g i o n w i t h f l u x e s
r a n g i n g t o 1 0 ' w/cm2. Two PVDF r e c o r d s from t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s a r e shown i n Figure 5.
The a b i l i t y t o make s m a l l s e n s o r s i n t h e range of 0.01 cm2 and t h e i n h e r e n t f l e x i -
b i l i t y of t h e PVDF shock s e n s o r , p r i m a r i l y i t s l a r g e s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o , a l l o w
t h e s e d a t a t o be o b t a i n e d i n an e x t r e m e l y h a r s h e l e c t r i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t , which f u r t h e r
i l l u s t r a t e s t h e f l e x i b i l i t y and range o f t h e PVDF gauge.

E. - CONCLUSION

The p r e s e n t work has succeeded i n d e v e l o p i n g s t a n d a r d i z e d PVDF gauges which show

r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t l a b o r a t o r i e s t o t h e same s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . Con-
t r o l l e d shock l o a d i n g of t h e s e gauges h a s proven t h e a b i l i t y t o make PVDF s t r e s s
gauges t o q u a n t i t a t i v e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . These s p e c i f i c a t i o n s have now been d e f i n e d
and r i g o r o u s l y t e s t e d . The second i m p o r t a n t accomplishment i s t h a t t h e s t a n d a r d i z e d
PVDF gauge h a s been e v a l u a t e d from 0 . 3 t o 4 6 GPa shock p r e s s u r e l o a d i n g and provided
repeatable, well understood response. The l a r g e dynamic range of t h i s transducer has
been shown t o be unique and provides a shock wave measurement t o o l t h a t has pre-
viously not been a v a i l a b l e t o t h e t e c h n i c a l community. The many unique p o s i t i v e
of t h e P M F shock gauge a r e expected t o have a revolutionary impact on
s t r e s s gauging technology.

SPUITERED 7 ,ACTIVE AREA

Fig. 1. Standardized PVDF shock gauge c o n f i g u r a t i o n .

TARGET

PVDF
GAUGE

CURRENT HEMNG REYSTOR

Fig. 2. Impact loading c o n f i g u r a t i o n f o r c o n t r o l l e d shock loading of standardized

PVDF gauges.
 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE

Remanent Polarization C o m p o r ~ s o n

Fig. 3. H y s t e r e s i s loop comparison f o r Sb!LA/Ktech, ISL and Metravib s t a n d a r d i z e d

PVDF shock gauges.

8 I I

A
-0
METRAVE CAUCE (1 mm X 1 mm)
METRAVE GAUGE (l mm X 1 mm)
KlECH DATA
1SL DATA
-
6 -
h
SANDlA STANDARD CAUCE (3 mm X 3 mm) SWDIA DATA

-\
5
Y
Y 150
P -
5 4 - na -
5E -
3
a 2 - -
-
I I I I
O0 5 10 15 20 25
SHOCK STRESS (WO)

Fig. 4. PVDF gauge c h a r g e a s a f u n c t i o n o f shock s t r e s s . (Preliminary data,

d e t a i l e d d a t a a n a l y s i s i n process.)
 Fig. 5. PVDF s t r e s s gauge d a t a from pulsed l a s e r experiments (SPRITE).

REFERENCES

/ l / F. Bauer, Behavior of F e r r o e l e c t r i c Ceramics and PVF2 Polymers Under Shock

Loading, i n Shock Waves i n Condensed Matter-1981, eds. W . J . N e l l i s , L. Seaman,
R.A. Graham, American I n s t i t u t e of P h y s i c s (1982) 251.

/2/ F. Bauer, P i e z o e l e c t r i c and E l e c t r i c P r o p e r t i e s o f PVF2 Polymers Under Shock

Wave Action: A p p l i c a t i o n t o Shock Transducers, i n Shock Waves i n Condensed
Matter-1983, eds. J . R . Asay, R.A. Graham, G.K. S t r a u b , North Holland (1984) 225.

/3/ F. Bauer, PVF2 Polymers: F e r r o e l e c t r i c P o l a r i z a t i o n and P i e z o e l e c t r i c P r o p e r t i e s

Under Dynamic P r e s s u r e and Shock Wave Action, F e r r o e l e c t r i c s 49:231 (1983).

/ 4 / F. Bauer, P r o p e r t i e s and High P r e s s u r e Shock Loading Response of Poled Ferro-

e l e c t r i c PVF2 Polymer Gauges, i n : Techniques and Theory of S t r e s s Measurements
f o r Shock Wave A p p l i c a t i o n s , e d s . R. B. S t o u t , F. R. Norwood, M. E. Fourney (ASME,
New York, 1987) 19-28.

/5/ L.M. Lee, W. D. Williams, R. A. Graham, F. Bauer, i n Shock Waves i n Condensed

M a t t e r , Y.M. Gupta, e d . , Plenum P r e s s , New York (1986) 497.

161 D. J. Fogelson, L.M. Lee, D.W. G i l b e r t , W.R. Conley, R.A. Graham, R.P. Reed, and
F. Bauer, F a b r i c a t i o n of S t a n d a r d i z e d P i e z o e l e c t r i c Polymer Shock Gauges by t h e
Bauer Method, i n Shock Waves i n Condensed Matter-1987, E l s e v i e r Science
P u b l i s h e r s B. V. (1988) 615.

171 R.A. Graham, L.M. Lee, F. Bauer, Response of Bauer P i e z o e l e c t r i c Polymer S t r e s s

Gauges (PVDF) t o Shock Loading, i n Shock Waves i n Condensed Matter-1987, E l s e v i e r
S c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s B. V. (1988) 619.

/8/ R. P. Reed, Recent Developments i n P i e z o e l e c t r i c Polymer S t r e s s Gauges, i n : Pro-

c e e d i n g s , The Range Commanders Council, ~nstrumentation/Transducer Committee,
1 4 t h Transducer Workshop, ed. S.F. Kuehn, Colorado S p r i n g s , CO, 16-18 June 1987.

191 F. Bauer, method and Device f o r P o l a r i z i n g F e r r o e l e c t r i c M a t e r i a l s , U.S. P a t e n t

4,611,260, September 9, 1986.

1101 LASL Shock Hugoniot Data, S t a n l e y P. Marsh, ed., U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s ,

Berkely, CA.