Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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CONTENTS:
Chapter
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WELDED & SCREWED JOINTS 2.2.1
Ill(! Al~icr~cart
Ni~tlor~al Standards Instltutc? I r a ~~nlrotli~r;r?tl
scvc!~alschr!d~ll(?s
for plpo rnildc front various plsstlcs. 1hc;sct ANSl stnritlartls iirtd otlicrs for Lirtcs NPS 2 artd largrlr arc i~su;~llytlii t t.wcl(lcti, this l~oirto tllc most
plastic olpe are Iistcri 111 table 7.5. ccor~orriic It?;~kproofway of joi~tiiiq largi!r-d~ai~lc?trtr ~ ) i l l i r ~ g\JsilalIy
. stich
lirtc?s arc stll~c;oritraclcil lo a pipiri!] f i r 1 1 1 lc;il or for IIII!I;II)Iicirtioii iri sctctiorts
GLASS All-gI;tss pipirl!j is cisrxl for its cltc?rrlic:;il rr?slstnrjr:r!, cIr:ar~lirir?ssarttf tcrrrictf 's~~ools',tljc?o tri~r~sytortr?tJ to Ilit! sit(!. 1irir:s NI'S and sir~;lIlcr
trarisltitrcncy. C,l;~sspipe is not s\lt)jcct to 'cr;17irlq' oftcri foilrid in glass-liric!tl are i ~ s i ~ a l leither
y screwed or sockt?t-weltletl,arid arc? riormally ficld.rur~by
pip(! artd vcsscls subject to rttpeatcd ttit?rrrtal stresses. Pipe, fittings, arid tiard- t t ~ epiping coritractor fror~irfraw~nqs.1 ic!ld-ruri 2nd sliop fat,r~cati!d [~i[tirig
wiire are availatllc both for process pipiric~and for drainage. Corning Glass are discclssed in 5.2.9.
Works offers a Pyrex 'Conical' system for process lines in 1, I % , 2, 3, 4
; ~ r l t l 6-inch sires (ID) wltti 450 F as the rn;tximuc~l operating temperature,
SOCKET-WELDED JOINTS 2.2.2
and pressure rariycs 0-65 PSIA ( 1 in. ~ I I : I 3I in.), 0-50 PSlA (4 in.) arid
0-35 PSlA (6in.). Glass cocks, strairlers and therrnowells are available. Pipe Like screwed plplng, socket wrltflriq IS uscrl for llries of sriiallc!r slros, but
fittings and eq~.lipnlent are joined by flange assemblies which hear on the has ttie advantage that absericc of Icak~riq17 assured t h ~ sIS a valr~ablefactor
thickened coriical ends of pipe ler~gthsand fittings. Corning also offers a wlien flammable, toxic, or radloactlve fl~rldsare brlng conveyed-ttic use of
Pyrex Acid-Waste Drainline systern in I % , 2, 3, 4 and 6-inch sizes (ID) with socket-welded joints is not restr~ctedto such flu~tfs,Itowever.
bcaded ends joined by Teflon-gasketed nylon compressiorl couplings. Both
Corning systems are made from the same borosilicate glass. BOLTED-FLANGE JOINTS 2.2.3
Flanges are expensive and for the most part are used to mate with flanged
LININGS & COATINGS Lining or coating carbon-steel pipe with a material vcssels, equipment, valves, and for process lines wliiclt niay require periodic
able to witttstand chemical attack permits its use to carry corrosive fluids. cleaning.
Lengths of lined pipeand fittings arc joined by flanges, and elbows, tees, etc.,
are available already flanged. Linings (rubber, for example) can be applied Flanged joints are made by bolting together two flanges wi tti a gasket between
after fabricating the piping, but plpe is often pre-lined, and manufacturers thern to provide a seal. Refer to 2.6 for standard forged-steel flanges and
give instructions for making joints. Linings of various rubbers, plastics, metals gaskets.
and vitreous (glassy) materials are available. Polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene
and copolyrrlers are the most common coating materials. Carbon-steel pipe FITTINGS 2.2.4
zinc-coated by immersion into molter) zinc (hot-dip galvanized) is used for
conveying drinking water, iristrurnent air and various other fluids. Rubber Fitt~ngspermit a change In direct~onof piping, a change In tllarnetcr of plpe,
lin~ngis oftcri rlscd to liandle abrasive fluids. nr a ttraricti to be rnadc frorri tlie r i i ; ~ ~ rrill1
i of [ I I ~ P Tlicy arc forrnod from
plate o r p~po,mach~riedfrorrt torged blanks, cast, or moldccl frc~niplast~cs
TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE LIMITS 2.1.5
Chart 2.1 shows the ratings of butt-welding fittings usc?dw ~ t l tpipe of VI rlous '
Carbon steels lose strength at high temperatures. Electric-resistance-welded schedule numbers and manufacturers' wr?iglits. For dimcrisioris of butt-
pipe is not considered satisfactory for service above 750 F, and furnace-butt- welding fittings and flanges, see tables D-1 thru D-6, and tables F-1 thru
welded pipe above about 650 F. For higher temperatures, pipe made from F-7. Drafting symbols are given in charts 5.3 t h r i ~5.5.
stainless steels or other allovs should be considered.
Threaded fittings have Pressure Class designations of. 2000, 3000 and 6000.
PI css~~reratings for s tee1 pipe at different temperatures are calculated Socket-welrfiny fittirigs have Presst~reClass designations of: 3000, 6000 aitd
ai:cnrtfing to the ANSl 631 Code for Pressure Piping (detailed i n 9000. How these Presstirc Class tic!sigrtatior.is relate tcj schedule rll~nlbersand
table 7.2). ANSl 831 gives s tressltcmperature values f o r t h e various manttfacturers' weights for pipe is shown in table 2.2.
steels from which pipe is fabricated.
C O R R E L A T I O N O F CLASS O F T H R E A D E D T A B L E 2.2
& SOCKET-WELDING F I T T I N G S
M E T H O D S F O R JOINING PIPE 2.2 W I T H SCHEDULES/WEIGHTS O F PlPE
The joints used for most carbon-steel and stainless-steel pipe are:
BUTT-WELDED a . . . . . . . . . . . . SEE 2.3 PlPE D E S I G N A T I O N SCHIM F R ' S
SOCKET-WELDED SEE 2.4
Pressure Class
m . . . . . . . . . . . .
REDUCING ELBOW rilakes a 90-dt?grt?echarigc iri d ~ r e c t l o nw l t h change i n BACKING RING FIGURE 2.1
Irnu slzt? R e d u c ~ n gelbows have centerline radius of curvature 1% tlmes the
F L A T TYPE
n u r r i ~ n a sire
l of the p ~ p et o be attached t o the larger end.
R E T U R N changes direction of f l o w t h r u 180 degrees, and is used t o
cor~struct heating coils, vents o n tanks, etc.
BENDS are rndde frorri stral!]t~t pipe Coirirrlon b e r t d ~ n gr3d11are 3 dntl 5
tlrnes the pipe sire (3R and !,I I)ertds, wilere R = nornlilai ptpu sire--
n o r r l ~ n d ldldr~leter, not rad~us).3R bends are avarlablu frorn stock L a g e r
rddlus bends can be custorn rnade, preferably b y h o t bcridlng Orlly s e ~ ~ i ~ l c s s
or electr~c-res~stdnce weltfed plpe IS suitable f o r bcrldrng
ELBOWS 81 RETUHNS FIGURE 2.2 SWAGE is c!rliployc?d 10 corjrlcct I)~rtt-wc?l(ir?d
pipirig to sniilllt!r scrtlwcd nr
sc~ckct-wc!l(lc?d~ ~ i p i l i qIrl. hrltt-wc?ld(:ci li~ios, rlscd ;IS i11i itIt~!rrlntivc! to tlie
30" L O N G - R A D I U S reducer wlic?rj grr?atc?r red~lctiorlsi n lirle sirt? arc? rc:cluirr:d. flc!lular swi~gc:s
ELCIOW i n corice~itric or ecceri tric for 111 givc i ~ t t r u jtt clli~~l!l(? of line sizc, as do
reducers. Ttlr? 'ventnri' swage allows srrioottler flow. flefcr 1 0 tattle 2.3 for
specifying swages f o r joirling t o socket-welding itcr~is,and t o table 2.4 for
spr?cifyingswages for joining t o screwed piping. For oftset, see 'ffedticer'.
CONCENTRIC
ECCENTRIC V E N T U R I TYPE
3 x NPS
-,
REDUCING
ELBOW
SHORT-RADIUS MITERED ELBOWS are fabricated as required frorn pipe-they are n o t
RETURN
fittings. The use o f miters t o make changes i n direction is practically
restricted t o low-pressure lines 10-inch and larger if the pressure drop is
unimportant; f o r these uses regular elbows w o u l d be costlier. A 2-piece,
90-degree miter has four t o six times the hydraulic resistance of the corres-
ponding regular long-radius elbow, and should be used w i t h caution. A 3-piece
90-degree miter has about double the resistance to f l o w of t h e regular l o n g
radius elbow-refer t o table F-10. Constructions for 3-, 4-, and 5-piece miters
are shown i n tables M-2.
! I
(Of larger p i p e )
FIGUREZ
i
-- - -- - --- -- - 3-PIECE & 2-PIECE M I T E S - FIGURE 2.5
2.1 -2.5
REDUCER (or I N C R E A S E R ) joirls a larger pipe t o a smaller one. T h e t w o 3-PIECE MITER 2 PIECE M I T E R - - -
available types, concentric a n d eccentric, are shown. T h e eccentric reducer
is used when i t is necessary t o keep either the top or the b o t t o m of the line
level-offset equals Y2 x (larger I D minus smaller I D ) .
REDUCERS FIGURE 2.3
CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
I
I
I
1 1112 T I M E S N P S 1 5 t i E ?-PIECE M I T E R H A 5 H I G t i
+-.- --- -- - -i FLOW RESISTANCE (See TABLE F-10)
(71
The following five flange types are used for butt-welded lines. The different R E D U C I N G FLANGE Suitable for changing line size, but should not be
flaiige fac~ngsavailable are discussed in 2.6. used i f abrupt transition would create undesirable turbulence, as at pump
connections. Available to order in welding-neck arid eccentric types, and
usually from stock in slip-on type. Spec~fyby nominal pipe sizes, stating
WELDING-NECK FLANGE, R E G U L A R 81 L O N G Regular welding-neck the size of the larger pipe first. Example: a slip-on reducing flange to connect
flanges are used with butt-welding fittings. Long welding-neck flanges a NPS 4 pipe to a Class 150 NPS 6 line-size flange is specified.
arc primarily used for vessel and equipment nozzles, rarely for pipe. Suitable RED FLG NPS 6 x 4 Class 150 SO
wttcrt' extreriic terripcrature, stiear, impact and vibratory stresses apply. Regu-
For a welding-neck reducing flange, correct bore is obtained by giving the
lar~tyof the t ~ o r c IS r ~ ~ a ~ i i t a ~ Refer
n c d . to tables F for bore d~ametersof pipe schedule number or manufacturers' weight of the pipe to be welded
these 1lariyes. on.
A. /---- STUB E N D
SWEEPOLET F I G U R E 2.16
SHAPED NIPPLE Now rarely used, but can be obtained from stock in 90-
and 45-degree angles, and in any size and angle, including offset, to special
order. The run is field-cut, using the nipple as template. Needs reiriforcenient
if i t is necessary to bring the strength of the joint up to the full strength
of the pipe.
The next three fittings are usually used for special designs:
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FITTINGS & FLANGES FOR 2.4.1 UNION is used primarily for maintenance and installation purposes. This is a
SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS
screwed joint designed for use with socket-welded piping systems. See ex-
planation in 2.5.1 of uses given under 'threaded union'. Union should be
Dimensions of fittings and flanges are given in tables 0-8 and F-1 thru F-6. screwed tight before the ends are welded, to minimize warping of the seat.
___1C)__
SOCKET-WELDING U N I O N F I G U R E 2.24
FULL-COUPLING (termed 'COUPLING) joins pipe to pipe, or to a nipple,
swage, etc.
FULL-COUPLING F I G U R E 2.21
SOCKET-ENDED
F l T T l N G , FLANGE,
OH EQUIPMENT
SWAGE (PBE) F I G U R E 2.25
TliRLC FORMS
Ot RCLlUCttl
INhLRT.
I$O l i H l t \ l L kL11>14 ( O M ~ A N Y I
ELBOWS rr~;lko $10 or 4'3.do!]rc!c ~l\illl!]~!~
of diroclion tho run o f oipc, SOCKET-WELDING TEE
SOCKET--WELDING F L A N G E Regular type is available from stock. neduc- LATERAL makes full-size 45-degree branch from tilt? rriairi run of pipe.
i ~ i gtypo is available to order. For example, a reducing flange to connect
a NPS 1 pipe to a Class 150 NPS 1'/2 line-size flange is specified: SOCKET-WELDING L A T E R A L F I G U R E 2.29
SOCKET-WELDING F L A N G E F I G U R E 2.27
FITTINGS FOR B R A N C H I N G F R O M
'FIGURE
SOCKET-WELDED SYSTEMS
: 2.21 -2.3(
BRANCH F R O M SOCKET-WELDED R U N
REDUCING ON BRANCH
TABLE
2.3
F I T T I N G S FOR SOCKET-WELDED B R A N C H SOCKET-WELDING L A T R O L E T makes a 45-degree reducing branch on
F R O M VESSEL OR BUTT-WELDED M A I N R U N straight pipe.
HALF-COUPLING The full-coupling is not used for branching or for ves- SOCKET-WELDING L A T R O L E T F I G U R E 2.34
sel connections, as the half-coupling is the same length and is stronger. The
half-coi~plingperrnits SO-degree entry into a larger pipe or vessel wall. The
sockolet is more practicable as shaping is necessary with the coupling.
SOCKET-WELDING HALF-COUPLING F I G U R E 2.31
welding ends are shaped to the curvature of the run pipe. Reinforcement
for the ltutt-welded piping or vessel is not required.
STUB-IN See comments in 2.3.2. Not preferred for lines under 2-inch due to
risk of weld metal entering line and restricting flow.
CLOSURE 2.4.4
SOCKET-WELDING ELBOLET makes a reducing tangent branch on long- SOCKET-WELDING CAP seals plain-ended pipe
radius and short-radius elbows.
SOCKET-WELDING CAP F I G U R E 2.36
SOCKET-WELDING ELBOLET FIGURE 2.33
C O M P O N E N T S F O R SCREWED 2.5 SCREWED PIPING C H A R T 2.3
PIPING S Y S T E M S
I
* T h e s e r e m a r k s a p p l y t o systems u s i n g f o r g e d - s t e e l f l t t l n g s . M A X I M O M L I N E SIZE N O R M A L L Y NPS 1 Z
TtIREADED
F I T T I N G S & F L A N G E S FOR
SCREWED SYSTEMS I A V A I L A B I L I T Y OF F O R G E D STEEL
THREADED FITTINGS I NI'S 118 t o NP!
Irt process piping, forged-steel fittings are preferred over cast-iron and
MOST COMMON C O M B I N A T I O N T t l F M I N I M U M C L A S S
rrralleable-iron fittings (although their pressureltemperatt~reratings may be FOR FITTINGS P R E F E R R k D I N MOST INSTANCFS FOli
stlitable), for their greater mechanical strengtll. To simplify material specifica- M E C H A N I C A L STI~C-NCJTH15 3000 CIIOICE 01 M A T F f i l A I
OR H E A V I E I I WFIGI-IT PIF'F & F I T T I N G W I I L I l r P F ND O N
tioils, drafting, checking, purchasing arid warehousing, the overall economics PRESSURE TEMPtRATIJflk AN[) /Of1 COI3I1O'~ION
are in favor of utilizing as few different types of threaded fittings as possible. ALLOWANCE R F O U I R E D PIPE NPS 1 ' ~A N 0 S M A L L I H I S
U S U A L L Y O R D E R E D TO ASTM 5 l ' t C I f I C A T I O N A lOb
Iiirncr~sior~s of forged-steel threaded fittings are given in table 0-9. Gradr B R t F L R TO 2 1 4 U N I I F R S l r F L S
' A N S I 831 1 0 states that seal welding shall n o t b e consldered t o contribute t o the strength o f the
lolnt
SEAL WELDING APPLICATIONS
NIPPLES join unions, valves, strainers, fittings, etc. Basically a short length
of pipe either fully threaded (close nipple) or threaded both ends (TEE), or
plain one end and threaded one end (POE-TOE). Available in various lengths
-refer to table D-1 1. Nipples can be obtained with a Victaulic groove at orie
end.
(d) T A N K NIPPLE
Wall of
Gasket vossei
,Locknut
H E X A G O N BUSHING F I G U R E 2.42
.- 2.
% g
C D '
LATERAL makes full-sire 45-degree branch from the main run of pipe. The next four fittings for branching are made by Bonny Forge. These fittings
offer a means of joining screwed piping to a welded run, and for making
THREADED LATERAL FIGURE 2.47 instrument connections. The advantages are that the welding end does not
require reinforcement and that the erids are shaped to the curvature of the
run pipe.
THREDOLET F I G U R E 2.50
CROSS Remarks for butt-welding cross apply - see 2.3.2. Reducing crosses
are made by boring and tapping standard forged blanks.
T H R E A D E D H A L F C O U P L I N G 81 F U L L C O U P L I N G FIGURE 2.49
THREADED LATROLET makes a 45-degree reducing branch on astraight pipe.
T H R E A D E D LATROLET F I G U R E 2.52
A,
THREADED NIPOLET
y l o r slnall vnlvc!d coclnoct~ons-st!c f ~ r l tr ir fi 47.
F I G U R E 2.53
2e55
Startrlarti A N S I I A S M t " H 1 20.1 cic!fi~~c!r;qc!lic!ral p[lrposc? i~ipc!tlirc?;~tis ~i~y)orc!ti
artti str;ti!$lt tlirr?;ttls for j~il)c!(itrltl filtirt!ls, tttc ) , f or tlict siii~c!rioiiiir~nlplltr!
12: I : :
silt, 1\11! 11~1itl)crof tllrearis pr?r iiir:li IS ttio sailtc! for stri~icjl~t;11i(1 t,~i)r!ictl
tlircittls. Most pill(! joirtts art? riiadc ~lsiri!ithe taporttd tlirr!;id forlri.
STUB-IN See comments i n 2.3.2. N o t preferred for branching f r o m pipe Symbols used for specifying threads:
smaller than NPS 2 as weld metal m a y restrict flow. N = American National Standard Thread Form, P = Pipe, T = Taper,
C = Coupling, F = Fuel & Oil, kI = Hose coupling, I = Intermediate,
L = Locknut, M = Mechancal, R = Railing fittings, S = Straight
CLOSURES 2.5.4
ANSl 81.20.1: PlPE THREADS, G E N E R A L PURPOSE
CAP seals the threaded end of pipe.
Taper Pipe Thread NPT
THREADED CAP FIGURE 2.54
- Rigid mechanical j o i n t f o r Railings N PT R
Straight Pipe Thread:
- Internal, i n Pipe Couplings N PSC
- Free-fitting, Mechanical Joints f o r Fixtures NPSM
- Loose-fitting, Mechanical Joints w i t h Locknuts NPSL
- Loose-fitting, Mechanical Joints f o r Hose Couplings NPSH
BARSTOCK P L U G seals the threaded end o f a fitting. Also termed 'round- FIGURE:
Taper Pipe Thread:
iiead plug: - Dryseal Standard NPTF 2.47-2.55
- Dryseal SAE Short ( N P T F type, shortened b y one thread) PTF-SAE S t i O R T
BARSTOCK PLUG ( I N TEE) FIGURE 2.55
Straight Pipe Thread (internal only)
- Dryseal, Fuel (for use iri soft/ductile materials) N PS F
- Dryseal, Intermediate (for use i n tlardlbrittle materials) NPSl
Maiiy fac~riys for Ilarrgcs are offered by flange manufacturers, including LAPJOINT FLANGE is shaped to accommodate the stub end. The cornbin-
vdrlous ' t o r ~ g i ~and
e grouve' types wtirctt must be used In pairs. However, ation of flange and stub end presents similar geometry to the raised-face
oitly four typos of f d c ~ ~ are
i g w ~ d e l yused, and these are shown in frgure flange and can be used where severe bending stresses will rtot occur. Advant-
2 SG ages of this flange are stated In 2.3.1.
Tht? raised face is used for about 80% of all flanges. The ring-joint facing,
c:r~lployedwith either an oval-section or octagon-section gasket, is used mainly The term 'finish' refers to the type of surface produced by machining the
in the petrochccnical industry. flange face whictl corltacts the gasket. Two principal types of finish are pro-
duced, the 'serrated' and 'smooth'.
THE MOST-USED FLANGE FACINGS FIGURE 2.56
FLAT-FACE
Forged-steel flanges with raised-face are usually machined to give a 'serrated-
RAISED-FACE
concentric' groove, or a 'serrated-spiral' groove finish t o the raised-face of the
A
flange. The serrated-spiral finish is the more common and may be termed the
'stock' or 'starrdard finish' available from suppliers.
The pitch of the groove and the surface finish vary depending on the size and
class of the flange. For raised-face steel flanges, the pitch varies frorri 24 to 40
per inch. It is rnade using a cutting tool having a minimum radius at the tip of
0.06-inch. Ttre rnaxirriurn roughness of surface finish is 125-500 rnicroinches.
L A P JOINT
R I N G JOINT
'Smooth' finish is usually specially-ordered, and is available in two qualities.
r'(31 (1) A fine machiried finish leaving no definite tool marks. (2) A 'mirror-finish',
primarily intended for use without gaskets.
Bolt holes in flanges are equally spaced. Specifying the number of holes, dia-
meter of the bolt circle and hole size sets the bolting configuration. Nilrnber
of bolt holes per flange is given in tables F.
Flanges are pos~t~oned so that bolts straddle vertical and horizontal center
Tlie RAISED FACE IS 1/16 ~ n c l lhiqh for Classes 150 and 300 flanges, and
l~rles Ttr~sIS the norrnal position of bolt holes on all flanged Iturns
114 ~rictit~i!ltr for all otticr cldsses Class 250 cast-iron flanges and flarigctl
fltt111y5also t)dvu the 1116-IIICII ra~sedface.
BOLTS FOR FLANGES 2.6.3
Suppliers' catalogs give 'length t l t r i ~/tub' ditnensions which include the Two typos of bolting are ava~lable the studbolt uslng two nuts, aruJ lhc
0.06-inch raised face on flanges in Classes 150 and 300, but exclude the macltrne bolt tlsrnq one nut. Both bolt~ngsare illustrateti in f~qtlre7 5 7
0.25-ihch raised face o/t flanges 11' 1 Classes 400 t l j r l ~2500. Tables F Studbolt tlrreclti leriyttis attd diameters are glverl in tables F.
i n c l ~ ~the
~ f eraised face for all flange Classes.
b
Studbolts have larguly displaced regular bolts for bolting flanged prplng lolrlts
Three advarltiigcs of LISII~!]studtlolts arc
FLAT FACE Most conlirlon ~iscsare for rnating with non-steel flarl!lc!s on
(1) is rrlort! c,~silyrcmovccl if corrodcd
TI\(: st~~ell)olt
, for Ill;lllrly wit11 CI~ISS I%!) cast-ii0ii V;I~V(!S iltld i i i l i i l ! ] ~ .
~ I S~IIILI
l)otfit!!; of ~ I ~ J ~ I Ic!lc,
!'.la t facetf flai~!lt!si ~ r c ! us[?(!wi t t i a gasket whosc outer diarnetcr ecluals Iliat of (2) Corifi~s~ori
wit11 ottlcr I ~ o l t sat the site IS avolded
t i t i 1111s rc!cl~icosttic rlarr!jtir of cracking a cast-iron, brorlcc or jil;stic (3) St~rt1l)oltsIII ttrc less frerlucntly used sizes and materials cdrl 1)c ro,~rlrly
Ilair~c!wtrr!il t t i t t ij:;se!r~~lilyis tigtltcriecl. rrr,lifo trorir rot~rltlstock
M A C H I N E D O L T & N U T , and S T U D B O L T 81 N U T S F I G U R E 2.57 G A S K E T CkiARACTERISTICS T A B L E 2.5
- - -- -- - --- -- - --- -
SQUARE-HEAD MAXIMUM MAXIMUM TP F A C T O R AVAIIABI k
M A C t i l N t 001.1 Tmmprrs~utma Pterm~r TMIC K W S
S
(0- f I PSI) (INCH( SI
- -- - - - ., ---
t i C X NCJT tiEX N U T tiCX N U 1 I 'I c x n ~ 111) 1/10 111.' 1 1 1 I 1
WqiIl-t,All
UNIFIED INCH SCREW THREADS (UN AND UNR THREAD FORM) [JNR
~ritllratesrotinded rant contour, (jnrj a~[)llt>s
to exterrlal threads orily Fldt, or
rr~~inrltldroot is optlonal wltti the UN thread There are four Uriif~edScrew
Sptral w o u n d Most u w t l tht( knc,sr
Tt~rc~~t-lsUnlflrd Coarse (UNCI UNCH), Urilfied F ~ n e(UNFIUNFR), Unlfled SSITcllon Ctirrn~cals f o r ~ f l l r d~l < l t l r l < !
Most gaskrts 15 0 175
Fxtra f ~ n e(UNF FIUNEFR) and Unlfled Selected (UNSIUNSR), wlth three CSIAslwrtos
Corrosive Allrrnaltve qdtkrl
tliiiknt.ss (1
cla~sesof f ~ tl A , 2 A and 3A for external threads, 1 B, 28, and 38 for Internal SSICerani~c H o t gases
threads (Class 3 lias the least clearance ) The standard IS ANSI 8 1 1 whlch
incorporates a metric transiatlon
UNC (Class 2 rriedium fit bolt and nut) is used for bolts and studbolts iri
pipirig, and specified in the following order:
I N S U L A T I N G G A S K E T SET
INSULATING W A S H E R
GASKETS 2.6.4 S T E E L WASHER
(2) W1icthc;r rnalntenance or operation requires repeated uncoupllrig A completely leak proof Int!dns of stopping flow In Ilric? 1s Ilccrssary ~n~ ~ ~ p l r i q
(3) Codele~ivironrnentalrequlrernents that may apply systcms when (1) A ctiar~qe~ r process
i material to flow 111 thr l ~ r l r1s t o t~r
( 4 ) Cost rnadc and cross coritar~~lri;~tlori
IS to hc! avoldcd (2) I'er~odicrriairitcridr~ceis
Garlock Incorporated's pr~blication'Engineered gasketirlg products' provides to be carr~cdout, arid a ha7ard would be presented by flarnr~iablc andlor
iriformation on the suitatlility of gaskct materials for different applications. toxlc matertal passtng a valvr!
Tables 2.5 gives some characteristics of gaskets, t o aid selection.
The valves described in 3.1 may not offer complete secr~rityagainst leakage,
I t rnay be required that adjacent parts of a line are electrically insulated frorn and one of the following methods of temporary closure can be ~ ~ s c d .Line-
one another, and this rnay be effected by inserting a flanged joint fitted blind valve, line blind (including sptlcial types-for use witti ring-joint fl;~nges),
with an insulating gaskct set between the parts. A gasket electrically irisn- spectacle plate (so-called from its shape), 'double t~lockarld bIet:d1, arid blind
TABLE
latcs tlie flange faces, and sleeves and washers insulate the bolts from one flanges replacing a rcrnovable spool. The last three closurcs are illIistratetl iri
or both flanges, as illustrated in figure 2.58.
2.5
figtires 2.59 thru 2.61.
1211
SPECTACLE PLATE & LINE BLIND FIGURE 2.59 Figure 2.60 shows the bleed ring connected to a bleed valve-see 3.1.1 1. The
use of a tapped valve rather than a bleed ring should be considered, as it is
SPECTACLE LINE
PLAT E BLIND a more economic arrangement, and usually can be specified merely by adding
,.--Jack screw a suffix to the valve ordering number.
Jack,.w
e-rcs
Table 2.6 compares the advantages of the four in-line temporary closures:
\
LlNE BLIND
BLOCK, &
I t should be noted VALVE
CRITERION LlNE BLIND BLEED
t h a t jack screws may
sleze I n corrosive
condltlons RELATIVE M E D I U M EXPENSE,
LEAST
OVERALL DEPENDING ON FREQUENCY
COST
EXPENSIVE EXPENSIVE
OF CHANGEOVER
MANHOURS
FOR DOUBLE NEGLIGIBLE 1 to 3 NEGLIGIBLE 2 to6
DOUBLE-BLOCK-AND-BLEED FIGURE 2.60
CHANGEOVER
'BLOCK' VALVE
--', / / 'BLOCK' VALVE
CERTAINTY
OF SHUT OFF
VISUAL
COMPLETE COMPLETE DOUBTFUL
YES, BUT
COMPLETE
-
YES YES YES
INDICATION? SUSPECT
(It s t beposslbleto Two forms of connector specifically designed for temporary usu are:
nrove o n e o r b o t h o f t h e
adjacent flanges a w a y ( 1 ) Lever type with double lever clamping, such as Evertite 'Standard' and
f frorn the spool t o effect
removal--this Is especially
V~ctaulic'Snap Joint'. (2) Screw type with captive nut - 'hose connector'.
l r r ~ p o r t a nw
t l t h ring-jolnt
I flanges) Typical use is for conncctii~gtemporarily to tank cars, trucks or process vcs-
sels. Inter-t~adcsagret?ments permit plant operators to attach arid uncouple
I t a lint: is to bo tt?rllporarily closed down with double-block-and-bIced,both thcse boltless conriectors. Certain temporary conriectors have t ~ u ~ l t -valvr!~.
in
valvtjs arc closctf, ;~rldthe fluid between drawn off with the bleed valve. The Evcrtite manufactures a double shut-off connector for liqu~ds,and Sctlratfcr
t)lr!ecf valvt?is t t x r l left open t o sttow whether the otttcr valves arc tightly sttut. a valved conrtector for air li~lcs.
S E Z Z 2
a _
-. - - =
- U
-0
g EE.g
vr U
0
- - -3
:---
g $s*gz
Wm 0 sL=l s
o < z =
0
3 g= 5 . 3 z
%& s z z
- i -
-. z ? . c E s
d 4
"
a,? z-.4
v r "
G
.
? 3
5 s " 0
2
a,
-52 z 7 '03
- 3 5 3
2 z s x
5z 3 , c-2'
" 2 % 2 ,-0
-
-J
-- - - -
.=
c 3 z
Y K
o % %?-o z z'
mg -os 3-s s-
- + 4
--J ,
? Z -
2 2.
?..
-. L., 2.
= % G
- - =
a < 5.5
0 -
-.
r_ .+
- -_ - -
2 g.n g? - - -
=-gz
= ,"==
-. - -. 2
m : 2 z
,
m -.
-z z 0
-z.-.X-7;,
22 5 -.
2
&. P
z ;-, z G
- --. %
2 z . Z "
.vr5; x i
SLIDING-SLEEVE-AND-ANCHOR SUPPORT F I G U R E 2.66 STRAINERS 2.10.3 -
Inserted in lines immediately upstream of sensitive equipment, strainers
collect solid particles in the approximate size range 0.02-0.5 inch, which can
be separated by passing the fluid bearing them thru the strainer's screen.
Typical locations for strainers are before a control valve, pump, turbine, or
traps on steam systems. 20-mesh strainers are used for steam, water, and heavy
or medium oils. 40-mesh is suitable for steam, air, other gases, and light oils.
The commonest strainer is the illustrated wye type where the screen is cylin-
dric and retains the particles within. This type of strainer is easily disrnant-
led. Some strainerscan be fitted with a valve to facilitate blowing out collect-
ed material without shutting the line down-see f~gure6.9, for example.
Jacketed strainers are available.
For filling and emptying railcars, tankers, etc., thru rigid pipe, it is necessary
to design articulated piping, using 'sw~veling'joints, or 'ball' joints (the latter
is a 'universal' joint). Flexible hose has many uses especially where there is
a rieed for temporary connections, or where vibration or movement occurs. WET STEAM D R I E R STEAM
Devices are included in process and service lines to separate and collect un-
desirable solid or liquid material. P~pescale, loose weld metal, unreacted or
decomposed process material, precipitates, lubricants, oils, or water may harm
either equip~rlentor the process. M O V E D WATER
PIPED T O T R A P
Common forms of line-installed separator are illustrated in figures 2.67 and
2 68. Other more elaborate separators nleiltioncd in 3.3.3 arc available, but
STRAINER F I G U R E 2.68
ttlcse fall morc itlto the category of process equiprnc:r\t, norrr~allysclectt!tl by
the process eri!lint!cr
Air and sorrlc ottlrlr gases in liquid-bearing lines are normally self-collecting at
piping high points and at the remote ends ot headers, and are vented by drs.
charge valves -- see 3.1.9.
SEPARATORS 2.10.2
These permancot devices are used to collect droplets from a gaseous stream,
for example, to collect oil droplets from compressed dir, or condensate drop-
lets trorlt we1 sttlarn. F~gure2.67 shows a separator in wh~chdroplats In the
stream collcct in chevroned grooves in the barrier and drain to the snlnll well.
Collectcd liqurd IS disctlarged via a trap-see 3 1.9 and 6.10.7.
SCREENS 2.10.4 REINFORCEMENTS
Simple temporary strainers made from perforated sheet metal and/or wire
BRANCH CONNECTIONS
mesh arc used for startup operations on the suction side of purnps arid comp-
pressors, especially where there is a long ruli of piping before the unit that
'Reinforcement' is the add~tionof extra rnetal at a branch corirltxtion rrladc
may contain weld spatter or material inadvertently left in the pipe. After
from a pipe or vessel wall.The added metal cornpc!rtsates for the structr~ral
startup, the screen usually is removed.
weakening due to the hole.
I t may be necessary to arrange for a srnall removable spool to accomrnodate
Stub-ins may be reinforced w ~ t hrr?qular or wraparound sntfdlrts, as stiown
the screen. I t is irriportant that the flow in suction lines should riot be
in figure 2.71. R~ngsrnade from platestock are rised to reinforce branches
restricted. Cone-shaped screens are therefor preferred, with cylindric
made with welded laterals and butt-weltled corlnections to vessels. Small
types as second choice. Flat screerls arelbetter reserved fortlow-sucti~n~heads
welded connectioris may be reirlforced by add~rigextra weld metal to the
SCREEN BETWEEN FLANGES F I G U R E 2.69
joint.
Reinforcing pieces are usually provided with a siriall hole to vent gases
produced by welding; these gases would otherwise be trapped. A vent hole
also serves to indicate any leakage frorrl the joint.
STRAIGHT PIPE
USUAL D l RECTION
If a butt weld joining two sections of straight pipe is subject to unusual
OF FLOW THRU external stress, it may be reinforced by the addition of a 'sleeve' (formed
T H E SCREEN
from two units, each resembling the lower member in figure 2.71 (b)).
The code applicable to the piping should be consulted for reinforcement
requirements. Backing rings are not considered to be reinforcements-see the
footnote to chart 2.1.
R E I N F O R C I N G SADDLES F I G U R E 2.71
DRIPLEG CONSTRUCTION F I G U R E 2.70
(a) R E G U L A R S A D D L E
VENT HOLE
T R A P PIPING
CONNECTION
(b) W R A P A R O U N D S A D D L E
BLOWDOWN
CONNECTION VENT HOLES
(In saddle o n l y )
Often made from pipe and fittings, the dripleg is an inexpensive means of
collecting condensate. Figure 2.70 shows a dripleg fitted to a horizontal pipe.
Removal of condensate from steam lines is discussed in 6.10. Recommended
sizes for driplegs are given in table 6.10.
(COURTESY STkCL C I T Y D I V I S I O N M I D L A N D ROSSCORP)
1 1. CONSTANT L O A D TYPE
I
(COURTESY STEEL CITY DIVISION M l D t AND R 0 S 5 CORPI
'KINDORF SYSTEM'
I
INDICATOR-
LOAD
2. V A R I A B L E L O A D TYPE
- C O L D SETTING
& HYDROSTATIC
TEST STOP
'TRAVEL
STOP
1 (COURTESY U N I O N CARUIDE)
ICOURTESY U N I S T R U T CORPORATION)
(COURTESY V 0 K E S . B E R G E N G E N V R l N G L T D )
I
1
COLD SETTING
& HYDROSTATIC
TEST STOP ---
CEMENT
HARDWARE FOR SUPPORTING PIPING 2.12 SLIDE PLATE A slide plate support is illustrated in figure 2.72A. Figure
2.728 shows applications of 'Ucar' graphite slide plates which are offered by
Union Carbide Inc. The two plates used in a support are made from or
Symbols for drafting various types of support are shown in chart 5.7. For faced with a material of low friction able to withstand mechanical stress
designing support systems, see 6.2. and temperature changes. Plates are often made from graphite blocks. Steel
plates with a teflon facing are available and may be welded to steel.
PIPE SUPPORTS 2.12.1
Spring hangers or supports allow variations in the length of pipe due to
Pipe supports shi)uld be as simple as conditions allow. Stock items are used changes in temperature, and are often used for vertical lines. Refer to 6.2.5
where practicable, especially for piping held from above. To support piping figure 6.16. There are two types of spring hanger or support:
from below, supports are usually made to suit from platestock, pipe, and
pieces of structural steel. 'CONSTANT LOAD' HANGER This device consists of a coil spring and
lever mechanism in a housing. Movement of the piping, within limits, will
A selection of available hardware for supporting is illustrated in figures 2.72A not change the spring force holding up the piping; thus, no additional forces
and 0. will be introduced to the piping system.
-
reference to hangers.)
ing force as the line expands toward it. Both place a load on the piping system.
HANGER Device which suspends piping (usually a single line) from struc- Where this is undesirable, a constant-load hanger can be used instead.
tural steel, concrete or wood. Hangers are usually adjustable for height.
TIE An arrangement of one or more rods, bars, etc., to restrain movement SWAY BRACE, or SWAY ARRESTOR, is essentially a helical spring in a
of piping. housing which is fitted between piping and a rigid structure. Its function
is to buffer vibration and sway.
DUMMY LEG An extension piece (of pipe or rolled steel section) welded
to an elbow in order to support the line-see figure 2.72A and table 6.3.
WELDING TO PIPE 2.12.3
The following hardware is used where mechanical and/or thermal movement
is a problem: If the applicable code permits, lugs may be welded to pipe. Figure 2.72A
illustrates some comnion arrangements using welded lugs, roiled steel sections
and pipe, for:-
GUIDE A means of allowing a pipe to move along its length, but not
sideways.
(1) Fixing hangors to structural steel, etc.
SHOE A metal piece attached to the underside of a pipe which rests on sup- (2) Attaching to pipe
porting steel. Primarily used to reduce wear from sliding for lines subject to (3) Supporting pipe
crlrtvcntucit Pt:rrnits insillatioil to b(! applied to pipe.
Wcldirig supports to prclinod pipe will usually spa11tlic lining, and tliercfor
SADDLE A wc!ldcd attactirnent for pipe rctlrliring insulation, arid stlbjcct lugs, etc., must t)c wc!ldccj to pipe arld fitt~rigsbefore the liriirlg is applied
to lorigitiid~nalor roll~ngmovernent (resulting frorn ternpc!rature cl~arigcs Welrliriy of supports arid lugs to pipes arid vesscls to be stress-rc!l~r?ved
sl)ot~ld
other than climatic). Saddles may be used with grrides as shown in 6.2.8. bo clone before ticat treatment.
1281
L
0'0
m a , - g
a, ' = ' Z
X E S C
e n m
.-
. - a ? > v
m
c5 5 E
c - 2 2
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& "-&2 +4
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272 -0
V ) Z 2 - C &
p-zF
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g W a c
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5525
m ( D 2
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V1
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CD
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A critical factor for valves used for process chemicals is the lubrication of the Flanged valves use gaskets to seal against the line flanges. Butterfly valves may
stem. Care has to be taken in the selection of packing, gland design, and extend the resilient seat to also serve as line gaskets. The pressure-sealbonnet
choice and application of lubricant. As an option the bonnet may include a joint utilizes the pressure of the conveyed fluids to tighten the seal - see
'lantern ring' whicti serves two purposes - either to act as a collection point 'Pressure seal' under 'Bonnet', this section.
to drairi off any hazardous seepages, or as a point where lubricant can be
injected. M A N U A L OPERATORS
LANTERN RING
H A N D L E V E R is used to actuate the stems of small butterfly 3 r d rotary-/)all
valves, and sinall cocks. Wrench operation is used for cocks and srriall plug
valves.
H A N D L E V E R S O N SMALL V A L V E S
W R E N C H USED
A S OPERATOR
COCK ON C O C K
BODY
In most stem-operated valves, whether the stem has rotary or lineal move-
ment, packlrlg or seals are used between stem and bonnet (or body). If high
H A M M E R A C T I O N IS P R O V I D E D
vacuuni or corrosrve, flarrimable or toxic fluid is to be handled, the disc or B Y TWO LUGS CAST O N UNDER-
stern may be sealed by a metal bellows, or by a flexible diaphragm (the latter SIDE OF HANDWHEEL.WHICH H I T
A N V I L PROJECTING BETWEEN
is termed 'packless' construction). A gasket is used as a seal between a bolted
bonnet and valve body.
BE LLOWS-SEAL V A L V E
'PACKLESS' V A L V E
CHAIN operator IS used where a handwheel would be out of reach The stern
IS fitted w ~ t ha cha~nwheelor wrench (for lever-operated valves) and the loop
of the clialn IS brought w ~ t h i n3 f t of work~rlgfloor level. Urilvers,~llype
cha~nwheels which attach to the regular handwheel have bceri bldrrietl for
accidents 111corrostve atmospheres where an infrequently-optlratud v ~ l v uhds
stuck, [tie attdchirlg bolts have been known to fail. T h ~ sproblem does not
arise w ~ t hthe chainwheel that replaces the regular valve tidrldwhnt!l
Quick-act~ng operators are used with gate arid !~lobt?valves. TWO stcln
movements are employed.-
(1) Rotating stem, rotated by a lever
(2) Sliding stem, in which the stern is ralsed and lowered b y lever
QUICK-ACTING LEVERS ON VALVES
( 1 ) Rotating stem o n globe valve ( 2 ) Slldiny stern o n gate valve
POWERED OPERATORS
(2)Deterrnlne nature of f l u ~ d
Substantially neutral-not noticeably acld or alkal~ne,
such ds various O I ~ S ,drink~ngwater, n~trogen,gas, dlr,etc
r Corros~ve-markedly ac~d,alkaline, or otherwise chern~
GATE ANTI CORROSIVE' (OS&Yl ( B e l l o m m a l l
PLUG G A T E ANTJ CORROSIVE',IOS&YJ
YR; ; ; ; BALL ANTI CORROSIVE. (LIOC~) 'Hygtenrc'-materials for the food, drug, cosmetrc or
ON/OFF ANTI CORROSlVE'.~Lubrtutd),(Llned~ other ~ndustrles
CORROSIVE DIAPHRAGM ANTI CORROSIVE'.(LI~~I
BUTTERFLY ANTI CORROSIVE',(Ltned) r Slurry-suspension of solid p a r t ~ c l e s~na llquld can have
(ALKALINE
ACID E ~ 1C ANTI CORR IOS&YI 1D1a h r w m 01 B~IIW %all
a n abraslve effect on valves, etc Non abrasive slurrles
GLOBE
DIAPHRAGM ANTI CORROSIVE^ ( i m d P such as w o o d - p u l p slurries can choke valve mechan~srns
BUTTERFLY ANTI CORROSIVE*,(LI~I
PLUG GATE ANTI CORROSIVE'.(OS&Y1 (3) Deternllne operation
.
LI'UID HYGIENIC
(BEVERAGES
BUTTERFLY
DIAPHRAGM
SPECIAL D l S C t WHITE SEAT
S A N I T A R Y LINING. WHITE D I A P H R A G M I
r
r
'On/off'-fully open or fully closed
Regulating-including close regulation (throttlrng)
BUTTERFLY SPECIAL DISC? WHITE SEAT t
F O O D end DIAPHRAGM S A N I T A R Y LINING. WHITE D I A P H R A G M t
DRUGS) REGULATING SaUEEZE WHITE F L E X I B L E TUBE 2 (4) Look into other factors affect~ngc h o ~ c e
PINCH WHITE FLEXIBLE TUBE t r Pressure and temperature of conveyed fluid
-
ROTARY B A L L ABRASION RESISTANT L I N I N G Method of operatrng stem-consider c i o s r n g t t m e
BUTTERFLY ABRASION RESIST DISC RESILIENT SEAT
ABRASION RESISTANT L I N I N G
ON,OFF FpUTRAGM L U B R I C A T E D (LIP&)
PINCH NONE
SQUEEZE C E N T R A L SEAT r Ava~lab~lity
SLURRY
BUTTERFLY ABRASION RESIST DISC, RESILIENT SEAT
DIAPHRAGM LINED'
REGULATING SQUEEZE NONE
PINCH NONE
GATE SINGLE SEAT NOTCHED DISC
GATE SINGLE SEAT K N I F E EDGED DISC N O T C H E D
FIBROUS ONlOFF & DIAPHRAGM NONE DISC
SUSPENSIONS REGULATING SQUEEZE NONE
PINCH NONE
GATE NONE
GLOBE I C o m p o s ~ t ~ oDnt r ) (Plug Type D t r )
ON/OFF ROTARY B A L L NONE
PLUG NONE [ U n w ~ t a b l efor steam serv~cel
OIAPtiRAGM NONE [Unruttable for seam m r v ~ c e l
NEUT H A L A
GAS LOIiROSIVC
ON'OFF
BUTTERFLY
ROTARY B A L L
DIAPHRAGM
PLUG
ANTI
ANTl
ANTI
ANTI
CORROSIVE:
CORROSIVE
CORROSIVE:
CORROSIVE
( A ( 113 V A P O f i 5 -- ~ -- - -
L t { I O t I I N L EIL I BUTTERFLY A N T I COHROSIVE'
REGULATING E:zEFE
DIAPHRAGM
A N T I CORROSIVC'
CORROSIVE'
A N T I CORROSIVE'
[Small llows only l
(OS&YI
. - - - - - - - ,, -
SOLID
.
*
i(,tiAl'ttlf L
1ALL IIL)
REbULATING SQUEEZE
SPIRAL SOCK
(CENTRAL SEATI
NONt
1
ANGLE VALVE This IS a globe valve wlth body ends at r ~ g hangles,
t saving N E E D L E V A L V E is a small valve used for flow control and for dosing
the use of d 90 dcgrce elbow tiowever, the angles of piplng are often subject I~quldsand yascs. Res~stanccto flow is prec~selycontrolled by a relat~vely
[(I higl~erstrc~sc!s t l l l ~ r t strdrqllt ruris, w111ct1rrlust be cons~deredwtttl tltls large seat area and the ddlclstment afforded by fine threadlrig of the stern.
lyl)t' Of V ~ ~ V U
NEEDLE V A L V E
GLOBE V A L V E S
WYE-BODY GLOBE V A L V E has in-line ports and stem emerging at about PINCH V A L V E Also suited to regulating flow of difficult liquids, slurries and
45 degrees; hence the 'Y'. Preferred for erosive fluids due to smoother flow powders. Complete closure is possible but tends to rapidly wear the flexible
pattern. tube, unless of special design.
M E - B O D Y GLOBE V A L V E (Incorporating composition disc)
V A L V E S FOR BOTH REGULATING & O N f O F F SERVICE 3.1.6
3
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VALVES FOR SWITCHING FLOW 3.1.8 B A L L F L O A T V A L V E These automatic valves are used: ( 1 ) As air traps -
to remove water from air systems. (2) To remove air from liquid systems
MULTIPORT V A L V E Used largely on hydraulic and pneumatic control cir- and act as vacuum breakers or breather valves. (3) To control liquid level
cults and sornctirnes used directly in process piping, these valves have rotary- in tanks. They are not intended to remove condensate.
ball or plug-type discs with one or more ports arranged to switch flow.
BALL FLOAT VALVE BLOWOFF VALVE
D I V E R T I N G V A L V E Two types of 'diverting' valve are made Both switch
(For first use above)
flow frorri a line Into one of two outlets. One type is of wye pattern with a
hinged d~scat the junction which closes one of the two outlets, and is used F R O M DRIPLEG
to handle powders and otller solids. The second type handles liquid only, and
hds no rnoving parts-flow IS switched by two pneumatic control lines. I t is
availdble in sues to 6-lr~ctl.
These valves allow removal of fluid from within a piping system either to WATER
RELEASED
atmosphere, to a drain, or to another piping system or vessel at a lower
pressure. Operatioil is often automatic. Relief and safety valves, steam traps,
and rupture discs are included i n this section. Pressure-relieving valves are
usually spring loaded, as those worked by lever and weight can be easily BLOWOFF V A L V E A variety of globe valve conforming with boiler code
rendered inoperative by personnel. The first three valves are operated by requirements and especially designed for boiler blowoff service. Sorrietimes
system pressure, and are usually mounted directly onto the piping or vessel suitable also for blowdown service. Wye-pattern and angle types often used.
to be protected, in a vertical, upright position. Refer to the governing code Used to remove air and other gases from boilers, etc. Manually-operated.
for the application of these valves, including the need for an external lifting
FLUSH-BOTTOM T A N K V A L V E Usually a globe type, designed to mini-
device (handlever, etc.).
mize pocketing, primarily for conveniently discharging liquid from the low
__ICIC_
point of a tank.
SAFETY V A L V E A rapid-opening (popping action) full-flow valve for air
and other gases. FLUSH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE (GLOBE TYPE)
EXTERNAL V I SECTIONAL V I E W
frorri stearn lirlc!s wittiout releasing stcarn. ( 2 ) Discliarging water frorri air
lines wittiou t rt!lcasiri!l air-see 'f3all float vi~lvc',this sc!ction.
INVERTED.BUCKE7 TRAP
57 E A M A N D
CONDENSATE
F R O M DUlPLCl
hd = total d ~ ~ ~ h dhedd
rye
V A C U U M BREAKER A specldl self actlng valve, o r a n y valve s u ~ t a b l efor
h, = total suctton head
V~I(,LIUIII SCIVI~U, ~ p e r d t e dn l a n u a l l y o r a u t o m a t ~ c a l l y , tnst,lllcd t o ddrlilt gds H,, = s t a t l c hedd ( d i f f e r e n t ~ d l ) = D S -
( I J S ~ ~~ ~I II~ I~~ I S O ~ I I ! I I C dlr) 1(1t0J V ~ C U U I Tor~ l o w pressure spdctf S u ~ hV ~ I V C S hld = trlcttor~tledd loss In dlschdfge plplng, ~ n c l u d ~ ne gx t t loss (as l ~ q u t dd~scharyesInto vussc~l e l c )
and loss d t Incredst,r located d l purnp outlet'
dre ~ r ~ s t d l l codn tllgli polrits of plplrlg or vessels t o per1Ti1t dldlfllllg, a n d
ht, = fr~cllonhedd loss In suctlon plptng, lncludlng entrance loss (as l ~ q u l denters I ~ n efrom headet.
sonietliiles t o prevent s l p t ~ o n ~ n g etc J and loss a t reducer located a t pump ~ n l e t '
Pd = pressure head attove liquid level tn dtscharge vessel or header
UNLOADING VALVE See 3.2.2, under 'Unloading', and figure 6.23. P, = pressuie head above ltqutd level in s u c t ~ o nheader or vessel
\WIN(sINl, V A N 1
S l A H AN!)
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M I C I I A N I W , SHOWN
SCIIIMAIICALLY
I F L O W IS F R O M
L t f T 10 R I D H T I
( L O W I l A T t AT
CONSTANT D n l V E SPEED
U N I I O I I M I1 I O l A L I l l AU U N 1 . 1 4 A N l ~ ~ D SUM1 VARlAIlON
I I J N I F O R M AT C O N \ T A N T D H l V C SPEED
, =, CL C A N L I O I J I O S
1
! 2;
:; OILS
VlSCOlJS t l O l J l D 5
:$ SlURRIES
The term 'compressor' is usually reserved for machines developing high press- L I Q U I D R I N G COMPRESSOR This type of compressor consists of a single
ures in closed systems, and the terms 'blower' and 'fan' for machines working multi-bladed rotor which turns within a casing of approximately eiliptic cross
at low pressures in open-ended systerns. section. A controlled volume of liquid in the casing is thrown to the casing
wall with rotation of the vanes. This liquid serves both to compress and to
COMPRESSOR PRESSURE RANGES TABLE 3.3 seal. Inlet and outlet ports located i n the hub comm~~nicate
with the pockets
formed between the varies and the liquid ring. These compressors have special
advantages: wet gases and liquid carryover including hydrocarbons which are
troublesome with other cornpressors are easily handled. Additiorral cooling is
seldom required. Condensible vapor car1 bc recovered by using liquid sirnilar
1 thru 15 PSIG to that in the ring. Flow is uniform.
Up t o 1 PSlG (about 30 i r i . water)
EQUIPMENT FOR COMPRESSORS
this section.
* F i g u r e applies t o a two-stage machine
SILENCER IS used to suppress objectionable sound which may radiate from
an air intake.
FILTER is provided in the suction line to an air compressor to collect FLOW OF COMPRESSED AIR: T A B L E 3.5
PRESSURE DROPS O V E R 1 0 0 Ft PIPE,
pil~tlculate matter. W I T H AIR E N T E R I N G A T 1 0 0 PSIG"
(Adapted from data published by lngemll-Rand)
'Unloading' is the ren~ovalof the compression load from the running corn-
pressor. Compressors are unloaded at startup and for short periods when
HP per 1130 C F M INFLOW
demand for gas falls off. Damage to the compressor's drive motor can result
if full compression duties are applied suddenly.
COOLING-WATER REQUIREMENTS I f the vendor does not provide means of unloading the compressor, a manual
or automatic bypass line should be provided between suction and discharge
Coollng-water dernand IS normally shown on the vendor's P&ID or data sheet.
Most of the water denland is for the aftercooler (and intercooler, with a two- (on the compressor's side of any isolating valves)-see figure 6.23.
stage compressor). Jackets and lube oil may also require cooling. As a guide, Provision should be made so that the discharge pressure cannot rise above a
8 US gallons per hour are needed for each horsepower supplied to the comp- value which would damage the compressor or its driver. Automatic unloading
ressor. If the final compression is 100 PSIG, the water demand will usually will ensure this, and the control actions are listed in table 3.6.
be about 2 US GPH per each SCFM inflow. These approximate demands
are based on an 40 F temperature increase of the cooling water. Demand AUTOMATIC UNLOADING TABLE 3.6
ACTIONS FOR COMPRESSORS
for cooling water increases slightly with relative humidity of the incoming
air. AUTOMATIC CONTROL
COMPRESSOR
~~~~~~E ACTION
QUANTITIES O F M O I S T U R E CONDENSED
FROM COMPRESSED A I R Not running Low-reaches Starts compressor unloaded
lower set value accelerates to normal speed:
and brings on load
The follow~ngcalculatior~ (taken from the referenced Atlas Copco manual) Running Hi h-reaches Unloads compressor for a
IS for a two-stage conipressor, and is based on moisture content given in the hi$ er set value preset period
table below Low-reaches Reloads compressor
reload pressure
DATA: Capacr ty of the compressor = 2225 SCFM before idling
period i s over
Idling
Temperature of the incoming air = 86 F Switches o f f compressor
Relative hurnidlty of the incoming air = 75%
Medium-idlin
period endsbegore
reload pressure
i s reached
Outlet temperature = 86 F L L
CALCULATIONS:
I
Aftercooler Air pressure = 100 PSIG, or 115 PSIA
Water separation efficiency = 90%
A limited amount of compressed air or other gas can be stored in receivers.
One or more receivers provided in the compressor's discharge piping also
serve to suppress surges (which can be due to demand, as well as supply)
to assist cooling, and to collect moisture. Receivers storing air or other gas
(1) Fronl the table, weight of water vapor i n 2225 SCFM air at 86 F and are classed as pressure vessels-refer to 6.5.1.
75% R t i = (0.00189)(2225)(0.75) = 3.15 Ib/min. RECEIVER CONSTRUCTION Usual construction is a long vertical cylinder
(2) Rate of removal of condensed water from intercooler, thru trap with dished heads, supported on a pad. Water will collect in the base, and
= (0.8) [3.15 -- (0.00189)(2225)(14.7)/(40)] = 1.28 Iblmin., or therefor a valved drain must be provided for manual blowdown. Collected
(1.28)(60)/(8.33) = 9.2 US GPH water may freeze in cold climates. Feeding the warm air or gas at the base of
(3) Rate of removal of condensed water from aftercooler, thru trap the receiver may prevent freezing, but the inlet must be designed so that it
= (0.9) 13.15 - 1.28 - (0.00189)(2225)(14.7)/(115)]= 1.20 Ib/min., or cannot be closed by water if i t does freeze.
(1.20)(60)/(8.33) = 8.6 US GPH
CAPACITY NEEDED A srmple rule to decide the total receiver volume IS to
(4) Total rate at w t ~ ~ cwater
h is removed from both coolers dlvide the compressor rat~ngin SCFM by ten to get the volurne In cub~cfeet
= 9.2 + 8.6 = 17.8 US GPH for the recelver For example, if the compressor IS designed to t<tke 5500
MOISTURE CONTENT OF A I R A T 100% R H
cubic feet per mlnute, a recelver volume of atlout 550 cublc feet IS drlequdte
Th~srule IS considered suitable for outflow pressures up to about 175 PSIG
dnd where the cor~trrtuously runrllng compressor IS unloaded by ~tutotn~jtic
~ n g ' An exterlslve plplng systerrl for d ~ s t r ~ t ~ u t l n g
v,ilvcs-see ' U ~ ~ l o ~ ~ dabove
c,ornpressed dlr or other gas may have a capdclty suff~c~ently Idrqe 111 ~tstjlfto
survo <isa receiver
1441
PROCESS EQUIPMENT 3.3 SEPARATION 3.3.3
pipiliq.
[his sectiori is a quick rcfererict? to the furicliori of sorrie iterris of ecluipmcrit DEAE R A T O R
~st!din process work. Iri table 3.7, the furlction of the equipr.rient is expressed DEFOAMER
In terrns of tllr! pliase (solid, liquid or gas) of the process materials mixed. DISTILLATION COLUMN
Cxamples ( 1 ) A blender car1 mix two powders, and its furiction is tabulated
as "S+S". ( 2 ) An agitator can be used to stir a liquid into another liquid- this D R Y SCREEN
frrnction is tabulated " L t L " . Ariother large and varied group of equipment EVAPORATOR
achieves separations, and a similar method of tabulating function is used in
table 3 8. F I L T E R PRESS
FLOTATION T A N K S t L S L
FRACTIONATION COLUMN L ( 1 ) -1 L ( 2 ) None L(1). L(2),
CHEMICAL REACTION 3.3.1 -1 L ( 3 ) + etc L(3). etc t
SCRUBBER S t G S G
Chcrnical reactiorls are carried out in a wide variety of specialized equiprnerit,
SETTLING T A N K S t L S L
tt!r~ric:tl reectors, autoclaves, furnaces, etc. Reactions involving liquids, sus- STRIPPER L(1) + L(2) L(1) L(2)
pensions, arid soriietirnes gases, are often performed in 'reaction vessels'. The
vcssel i~ntfits cor~teritsfrequently have to be heated or cooled, and piping to a I tSeparrte flows
1G (;AS. L = LIUIII[). S S O L I D . S111.S121. L ( 1 1 . 1.171, etc -
R e m o v e d as v a p o r
[ I I F i E l l F N T SOL IDS OF1 k 1C)IJIIISI
L
I
jacket or ~nterrialsystern of coils has to be arranged. If reaction takes place
uriclcr pressurt?, tlit? vesscl rnay need to comply with the ASME Boiler and
Pressclre Vessel Code. Refer also to 6.5.1, under 'Pressure vessels', and to the
standards listed in table 7.10. CHANGE OF PARTICLE S I Z E 3.3.4
MIXING 3.3.2 Reduction of particle size is a cornrrion operation, and can be termed
'attrition'. Equiprrient used includes crustiers, rod-, t~itll-ancf tiamrner-mills,
,'variety
I o f cquipr~icnt is made for niixirig operations. Tlie principal types and-to acliieve the finest reductions-energy mills, which ruri on cornpressed
of equipn~erltare l~stedin table 3.7, air. Ernulsioris ('creams' or 'milks'), whicli are liquid-in-liquid dispersioris,
are stabili7ed by honiogcnirers, typically used on rnilk to reduce ttir! size
M I X I N G EQUIPMENT T A B L E 3.7 of ttie fat globules arid thus prevent creani from separating.
Occasionally, particle or lump size of the prodoct is irlcreased. Equiprrient for
I EQUIPMENT I PHASESMIXED 1 agglornerating, pelletizing, etc., is used. Exainples: tablets, sugar cubes, pow-
dered beverage and food products.
AGITATOR
B L E N D E R ( T U M B L E R TYPE)
PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER 3.3.5
EDUCTOR
M I X E R ( R I B B O N , SCROLL,
OR O T H E R T Y P E )
Adding and removirlg heat is a significant part of cliernical processing.
PROPORTIONING PUMP I-leat~ngor coolirig of process material is accomplished wit11 heat exchariyers,
PROPORTIONING V A L V E jacketed vcssels, or otlir:r heat transfer equipmcrlt Ttie project and p~ping
TABLE:
groups specify the duty and rnechanical arrangenient, but the detail design
3.6-3.8
is normally left to tlie niariufacturer.
1451
THE P I P I N G G R O U P 4.1 JOB FUNCTIONS
t
H t A D OF H C A D OF H E A D OC titAO Of )if A 0 O F
MCCHANICAL Sf H U C T U H A I AHCttlrtcTuRA~ t LECTHlCAl (I V I I L N L I N L f HINO
DtSlGN Dt5lGN DESIGN OtSIGN L)tSl(sN
lilli I'M1 N I
~
01~! lI (~I<
,Al> l ll 0
ltl I 11 t 1, ENGINEERING COMPANY S T A F F ASSIGNED TO P A R T I C U L A R PROJECT
t 1 1 t
I!
_-- MECHANICAL&
PIPING
DESIGN GROUP
S~HUCTURAC
DESIGN GROUP
ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN GROUP
ELECTRICAL
DESIGN GH3UP
C I V I L t N C > I Nf~RINL
D E S I L N (,flOlJP
P&IL) r h S P C C I F I C A T I O N S
t
SITE & P L O T P L A N S M O U E L h P I P I N b & H V h A C D R A W I N G S
STIIIJCTUIIAL UHAWINGS
Altt H I T E C T U H A L D R A W l N b S
F R O M O T H E R GROUPS (8) DRAWINGS---SEE 5.2.7 D E S I G N GROUP-TWO TYPICAL LINES OF AUTHORITY CHART 4.2
Example 1 Exatnple 2
F R O M SUPPLIERS (9) VENDORS' PRINTS-SEE 5.2.7
HEAD O F DESIGN.
POLICY. CHIEF ENGINEER
DIRECTION
C H I E F ENGINEER DEPARTMENT HEAD
I
L E A D DESIGNERfSI L E A D DESIGNERIS1
On soriie p r o j e c t s (sucti as 'revamp' w o r k ) w h e r e t h e r e IS n o s p e c i f i c a t ~ o n , FOUIPMF NT & PIPING
SENIOR DESIGNERIS) SENIOR D E S I G N E R I S I
t t i c designer rriay b e r e s p o n s ~ b l cf o r s e l c c t ~ r i gn i a t c r ~ a l sa n d hardware, a n d i t IS LAYOUTS &
CALCCILATIONS
i m p o r t a n t t o give s i ~ f f ~ c i e innt f o r m a t ~ o nt o s p e c ~ f yt h e h a r d w a r e 111all e s s e n t ~ a l F R O M P&IDS
DESl(rN T O
T t i i s shows, f o r cacti iterri o f equiprnerit, t h e e q u i p m e n t n u m b e r , e q u i p m e n t DE 3 1 b N I R 3
t i t l e , a n d status-that is w l i e t l i e r t h e itern has b e e n approved, ordered, a n d INSTRUCTIONS
There dre two types of draw~ngsto f~le-those produced by the group and
ttiosc rece~vedby t t ~ egroup The former are f~ledIn numerical order under
f)Idrit or tlntt rit~rrlbcrill ttie drdwlrtg office ort a 'stick file' or in a drawer-
see 4 4 10 Tilt?fillng of the latter, 'foreign1, prints IS often poorly done, caus-
ing tlrne to be wdsted dnd irtformation to be lost. These prlnts are contmonly
filed by eqc~iprr~ertt lrtdex rturnber, placing all rnformatlon connected wlth
- -.-....- - - -- ..- -. .
..- -- - . . --
ttiat item of erjuiprlierit in the orit! flle. .. - -- - - . - .
CUOLiNG W A l ~ l i
. -- -. -.-- -- . . . .
A sti!~!~(!sted
method lor lilirlg these incoming prints is illustrated in chart 4.3, f l AfiL S T A C K
--
.. --- -....--. .- - - .....
. -.-.. .. -- - . -. ..- - . .
wlricii cross-references process, lurtction, or area with the group originating 4 i(ltl011
tire dr;lw~rty, arld with associated vessels, equipment, etc. All correspondence
SOLVENTS
bctwet?rt the project ant1 design groups, client, vendors, and field would be
Iilr:d under 'rero', as shown. a --- - -- -- ..
V L N T I L A T I O N -- O F F I C E S
PAPER 4.4.1
Velli~rrlpaper and mylar film are used for drawings. Drawing sheets must be
translucent to the light used in copying machines. Mylar with a coated drawing
Paperwork classified according t o a system of this type may be located i n a filing
surflice is more expensive than vt!llum, but is preferable where durability and
cabinet fitted with numbered dividers as shown :-
tlirrir!r~s~onal stability are importartt. Sheets can bc supplied printed with border
arid titlit t~lockarid witti a 'fade-out' ruled grid on ttie reverse side. 'lsornetric'
S T A N D A R D D I V I D E R S FOR F I L I N G C A B I N E T
stit,tets wit11 fade-out 30-tle!lrce grid are available for drawing isos.
ANSI 14 1 defines the following flat drawing-sheet sizes (in inches): ( A ) 8Xxl1,
22x34, ( E ) 34x44.
(8)1 1x l 7 , (C) 17x22, (0)
l~iternationaldrawin!) sheet sizes of approximately the same dimensions are
defiried ( i n inclics) as: (A4) 8.27x11.69, (A3) 11.69~16.54,(A2) 16.54x23.39,
(A11 23 39~33.11,(AO) 33.11 x46.81.
A Polaroid (or vldeo) carnera can be used to supply v~ewsof t l ~ oplorlt arid
SCALED P L A N T MODELS 4.4.1 2 urlrecorded changes. Filed drawings of a plant do not dlwllys ir~clttclr!dlterd
t ~ o r ~or
s , deviat~onfrom orig~naldeslyri
I'l,~nt rnodels are ofteri used in dcsigr~iriglarge installations ~nvolvingmuch
pip~rlg WIlcrl dcs~gci of tile pldnt 1s completed, the model IS serlt to tlle
s~te as the bds~s of construction In the place of orthograptlic draw~ngs.
Some engineering corriparlies strorigly advocate their use, w t ~ i c hnecessitates Photographs of sections of a plant can be combined with drawings to facilitate
nid~ritd~n~rig a model stlop and retaining trairied personnel Scalcd model installation of new equipment, or to make further changes to the existirig
piping coniponcrlts are ava~lable in a wide range of sizes. The followir~g plant. To do this, ptlotographs are taker, of the required views, using a
color codlrlg may be used on rnodcls - camera fitted with a wide-angle lens (to obtain a wider view).
PIPING . . . . . . . . . . . YELLOW, RED or BLUE The negatives obtained are printed onto screened positive films w h ~ c t iare
EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GREY attached to the back of a clear plastic drawing sheet. Alteratloris to thc alp-
INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . ORANGE ing system are then drawn on the front face of this shoet, linking tlie photo-
ELECTRICAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GREEN graphs as desired. Reproductions of the composite drawlng are rriade ~ rttiei
usual way by diazo process.
ADVANTAGES
Alternately, positives may be marked directly for minor changes or Instruc-
0 Available routes for piping are easily seen tions to the field.
0 Interferences are easily avoided
0 Piping plan and elevation drawings can be eliminated; only the model, PHOTOGRAPHIC L A Y O U T S
plot plan, P&ID's, and piping fabrication drawings (isos) are required
The following technique produces equipment layout 'drawings', and is
r The rnodel can be photograplied - see 4.4.13. especially useful for areas where method study or investigatiorlal reports
0 Provides a superior visual aid for conferences, for construction crews are required.
and for training plant personnel First, equipment outlines are produced to scale on photographic film, either in
DISADVANTAGES the regular way or by xerography. Next, a drawing-sized sheet of clear film is
laid on a white backing sheet having a correctly-scaled grid niarked on it.
0 Uupliclttion of the rnodel 1s expensive
0 Ttic model is riot uas~lyportable and is liable to damage dur~rigtrans- The building outline and other features can be put onto the film using the
~ortdtion variety of printed transparent tapes and decals available. Tllc pieces o f filrri
with equipmerit outlir~esmay then be positlonod wittl clear tapc, and any
0 Ct\,~rigt!s(~ic!ilot rc!cortit:d iri the rrlodel itself
other parts of the 'drawing' corrlpletetf. Alter;~tions to thr! layout rriay bu
riljlidly made with this tcctiniqite, which piioto?jraptis wi!ll for rojtorts, arid
PIiOTOGRAPHIC AIDS 4.4.13 allows prints to be rriatle in the usual ways for marking ;ir.id cornciicirit. Tlit!
fill11 layot~t slioiild be covered wi t t i ;in acetate or otlicr protrctlvc sticxt
'DRAWINGS' F R O M THE MODEL tlefore insertion iri a copying iriactiirlc!.
I lie l ~ ofk pol ti~bllity of a scalcd pli~rttrnodcl can /I(! partially ovctrc:orric?l)y R E D U C T I O N BY I'HOTOGRAPHY
j j l \ ~ t ~ g ~ i ~ i ~11.t \ i1~o iO{J ! j tl~i:;it ITI~IS! IJC~l~!si!]t~c(I SO t l i i ~ tit (:;II~ ti~kc!~I iIl)i~ri
u ~ s ~ l y .Plioto!lrapt~s car] be ir~acfeto c u r~e s l ~ o ~closoly ~d to Ill(! r~t!)irlirr j)li11i,
~ ! ~ ~ ! ~ ilil(1~ l ~ ll :O
; l ll ll l l ~ ?\)l~j~t:!iOrlS
~l~~ tly ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~till! ~ 1~1 l ~ ~ l ~~~i 1~~~!1l 1 i40
1 1l ~ l ~ l ~ l l ~ ]
or I I I ~ I ~ Ii !~ w ; ~wit11
y lorl!] l o c i ~ lIt!rl!lll~ I[!ilscs-,-'var~isl~ii~!j i ~ o i f ~ l s(c:o~ivc~!li~i!j
'
l~~it!:;)111 t t ~ op ~ ~ t t i r~t I! I C ~ ~ I l c c ~ i~vI~~ lI IyI ~ I I ~ I ~ ( ! I ~ ,
I
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L I N E SYMBOLS WHICH M A Y BE USED O N A L L D R A W I N G S 5.1.2 MISCELLANEOUS SYMBOLS FOR PIPING D R A W I N G S 5.1.6
Chart 5.1 stlows commonly accepted ways of drawing various lines. Many Symbols that are shown in a similar way in all systems are collected in chart
o:l;er Il::e symbols Itaile been devised but most of these 2 % n o t readily recog- 5.7.
nized, and it is better to state in words the function of special lines, partic-
G E N E R A L ENGINEERING SYMBOLS 5.1.7
ularly on process flow diagrams and P&ID1s. The designer or draftsrnan
should use his current employer's symbols. Chart 5.8 gives some symbols, signs, etc., which are used generally and are
likely to be found or needed on piping drawings.
SIN181 t 1 I N P I P I N G
PIPING, U N O f R O R O I J N D O H OHSCURCD BY t O U I P M E N 1
SIGNAL I I N S T R U M E N T I L I N E S
IN5THIJMCNl AIR I P N E U M A I I C S I L N A L I
I N S T H U M E N 1 L I O U I O ( H Y O H A U L I C SIGNAL1
CLtCTfiOMAGNETIC. O H SONIC
I N S I H U M C N T CAPILLARY TUBING
C A T A L Y T I C REACTOR
SECT I O N DISC A N D D O N U T
lSCllONAL L Y P A CK L O I OPEN ot V E N T E D
PROCESS STREAM
S H t L L SIDE F E F D CONDENSATE
'CHARTS
COOLED OUTFLOW
5.1 & 5.2A
CONTINUOUS TUNNEL D R Y E R
WITH M A N U A L D R A I N WITH A U T O M A T I C D R A I N
FILTER a STRAINER
RDTARYDRYER~ROTARY
PROfVRTIONING PUMP
N O R T t i ARROWS.
( 1 ) FOR PLANS A N D F L E V A T I O N S
ENCIRCLE AREA
OF CHANGE INCLUDING
REVISION TRIANGLE
ON FRONT OF SHE ON REAR OF SHEET
G O F THE PREVIOUS T R I A N G L E
ES (COORDIN.
A N D t i & V DRAWINGS)
( 2 ) HOLE. ( A R C H )
CENTERL.INE SYMUOL
SCREW? I i R E A D SYMBOLS
---
- ---
-------
- - - CHAIN SYMBOL
SYMBOLS FOR WELDING D E T A I L S 5.1.8 EXAMPLE USE OF THE F I L L E T WELD SYMBOL
Standard welding symbols are published by the American Welding Society. If a contiriuous fillet weld is needed, like this,
These symbols should be used as necessary on details of attactlrnents, vessels,
the fillet wcld symbol is placed
piping supports, etc. The practice of writing on drawings iristructions sucli
as 'TO BE WELDED THROUGHOUT', or 'TO BE COMPLETELY WELDED'
transfers the design responsibility for all attachments and connections from
the designer to the welder, which the Society considers to be a dangerous
141, or1 the 'arrow side' of the
refererice line, thus.
If the wcld is required on the far side from the arrow, thus
and uneconomic practice.
the weld syrnbol is sliowri or1
Ttie 'welding symbol' devised by the American Welding Society has eight
the 'other side' of the rcfcr-
elements. Not all of these elements are necessarily needed by piping designers.
ence I ~ n e ,
Ttie assembled welding syrnbol which gives tlic welder all the necessary in-
struction, and locations of its elements, is shown in chart 5.9. The elernerits
are: If a continuous fillet weld is needed or1 botti sides of the joint,
Reference line and arrow: The symbol begins with a reference line and arrow DIMENSIONING T H E WELD CROSS SECTION
pointing to the joint where the weld is to be made. The reference line has two Suppose the weld is required to be 114 inch in size, and the bevel is to be
'sides': 'other side' (above the line) and 'arrow side' (below the line)-refer 3/16 inch deep:
to the following examples and to chart 5.9.
BASIC WELDING ARROW FIGURE 5.1 These dimensions are shown
1 to the left of the wcld sym-
Other side
A
=
\
Other side
Arrow side
/ Other $id\
Arrow side
Other ~ l d e
+
1 1
4 16
4 4&
bol :
All information for constructing pipirig systerns is coritainc!d i r ~cJrnwir~g(;, Commc~nlyreferred to as a 'sclicr~~atic', rl~istJr;~qr;~rii
sl~owsp;ltlic of flow 11y
apart from the spccif~cations,arid tlio i)ossit)le usc of a rnotfcl arid plloto siriyle Ilnes, arid operations or process rclcl~(~rriont
,~rcrt!prrlceritc?tf 11y s~rr~pltl
graphs. f\gures sucli as rectarigles and circles Nott?s on tlic pr ucrss will often be
included
I
THE MAIN PURPOSE OF A DRAWING IS TO COMMUNICATE The dragrarn is riot to scale, but rrlationsti~psOctwrcri rqtlrprrbcrit and p ~ p ~ n g
INFORMATION I N A SIMPLE AND EXPLICIT WAY. w ~ t t iregard to ttie process are shown Ttir desirrd cpatial arrarigcrncnt of
equrpment and piping may be broadly ~rid~catedUsually, the scherriatic is
not used after the initial planning stage, but scrves t o devclop the process flow
PROCESS & PIPING D R A W I N G S GROW F R O M 5.2.1 diagram which then becomes the primary referurice
T H E SCHEMATIC D I A G R A M
FLOW D I A G R A M 5.2.3
To design process piping, three types of drawing are developed in sequence
from the schematic diagram (or 'schematic') prepared by the process engineer.
This is an unscaied drawing describing the process. I t is also referred to as
a 'flow sheet'.
These three types of drawing are, in order of development:-
I t should state the materials to be conveyed by the piping, conveyors, etc.,
(1) FLOW DIAGRAM (PROCESS, or SERVICE) and specify their rates of flow and other information such as terr~perature
(2) PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM, or 'P&ID1 and pressure, where of interest. This information may be 'flagged' (on lines)
within the diagram or be tabulated on a separate panel-such a panel is
(3) PIPING DRAWING shown at the bottom left of figure 5.3.
EXAMPLE D I A G R A M S
L A Y O U T O F T H E FLOW D I A G R A M
Figure 5.2 shows a simple example of a 'schematic'. A solvent rr?covt!ry
syslern is used as an example. Based on the sclierriatic diagram of figure 5.2,
Whether a flow diagram is to be in elevatiori or plan view should dcperid
a developed process flow diagram is shown in figure 5.3. From this flow
on how the P&ID is to be presented. To easily relate the two drawings, both
diagram, the P&ID (figure 5.4) is evolved.
should be presented in the same view. Elevations are suitable for sirnple
As far as practicable, the flow of material(s) should be from left to right. systems arranged vertically. Installations covering large horirontal areas are
Incoming flows should be arrowed and described down the left-hand edge best shown in plan view.
of the drawing, and exitting flows arrowed and described at ttie right of
the drawing, without intruding into the space over the title block. Normally, a separate flow d~agrarnIS prepared for ~ a c hplant process If a
Information normally included on the process drawings is detailed in sections single sheet would be too crowded, two or more shrrts may be used. For
5.2.2 thru 5.2.4. Flow diagrams and P&ID1seach have their own functioris slmple processes, more than one rriay be shown or1 a stitlet. Procrss l~ncs
and should show only that information relevant to their functions, as set should have the rate arid d~rect~on of flow, and othrr r~q111rcd
data, rioted.
out in 5.2.3 and 5.2.4. Extraneous information such as piping, structural Maln process flows should preferably be shown gotnq from the left of ttie
and mechanical notes should not be included, unless essential to the process. sheet to the right. L ~ n esires are normally riot shown on a flow diagram.
Critical internal parts of vessels and olher terns ~sstrittalto the process
SECURITY
should be ~ndtcated.
A real or supposed need for industrial or national security may restrict infor- All factors corisidered, it is advisable to write equipment titleseither near the
rnation appearing on drawings. Instead of naniirig ct~micals,indeterminate top or near the bottom o f the sheet, cithcr directly abovc or bclow the
or traditional terms such as 'sweet water', 'brine', 'leach acid', 'chemical B', equipment symbol. Sometimes it rnay bc directed that all p~jr~ips t)e drawn at
may be used. Data important to the reactions such as temperatures, pressures a cornmon level near the bottom of the sht!ct, although this practice may lead
and flow rates may be withheld. Sometimes certain key drawings are locked to a complex-looking drawing. Particularly with flow diagrams, simplicity in
away when not in use. presentation is of prime importarice.
(651
-. - --
PIPING & INSTRUMENTATION D I A G R A M 5.2.4 FLOW LINES ON P&ID's
This drawing is comcnonly referred to as the 'P&ID1. Its object is to indicate All flow lines and interconnections should be shown on P&ID1s. Every line
all process and service lines, instruments and controls, equipment, and data should show direction of flow, and be labeled to show the area of project,
necessary for the design groups. The process flow diagram is the primary conveyed fluid, line size, piping material or specification code nurnber
source of information for developing the P&ID. Symbols suitable for P&ID1s (company code), and number of the line. This informat~onis shown in the
are given in charts 5.1 ttlrc~5.7. 'line number'.
The P&ID should define piping, equipment and instrumentation well enough EXAMPLE LINE NUMBER: (74182161412123) may denote the 23rd
for cost estimation and for subsequent design, construction, operation and line in area 74, a 6-inch pipe to company specification 412. 'BZ' identifies
modification of the process. Material balance data, flow rates, temperatures, the conveyed fluid.
pressures, etc., and piping fitting details are not shown, and purely mechanical This type of full designation for a flow line need not be used, provided
piping details such as elbows, joints and unions are inappropriate to P&ID1s. identification IS adequate.
Piping drawings use the line numbering of the P&ID, and the following
INTERCONNECTING P&ID points apply to piping drawings as well as P&ID1s.
This drawing shows process and service lines between buildings and units, r For a system of lines conveying the same fluid, allocate sequential
etc., and serves to link the P&lD1s for the individual processes, units or numbers to lines, beginning with '1' for each system
buildings. Like any P&ID, the drawing is not t o scale. I t resembles the layout
r For a continuous line, retain the same number of line (such as 23 iri
of the site plan, which enables line sizes and branching points from headers
the example) as the line goes thru valves, strainers, small filters, traps,
to be established, and assists in planning pipeways.
venturis, orifice flanges and small equipment generally -unless the line
changes in size
P&ID LAYOUT 0 Terminate the number of a line at a major item of equipment such as a
tank, pressure vessel, mixer, or any equipment carrying an individual
The layout of the P&IO should resemble as far as practicable that of the equipment nurnber
process flow diagram. The process relationship of equipment should corres- r Allocate new numbers to branches
pond exactly. Often it is useful to draw equipment in proportion verti-
cally, but to reduce horizontal dimensions to save space and allow room for
flow lines between equipment. Crowding information is a common drafting
fault - i t is desirable to space generously, as, more often than not, revisions As with the process flow diagram, directions of flow within the drawing are
add information. O n an elevational P&ID, a base line indicating grade or shown by solid arrows placed at every junction, and all corners except where
first-floor level can be shown. Critical elevations are noted. changes of direction occur closely together. Corners should be square. The
number of crossings should be kept minimal by good arrangement.
For revisroil purposes, a P&ID is best made on a drawing sheet having a grid
system-this 1s a sheet hav~ngletters along one border and numbers along the Process and servicestreams entering or leaving the process are notcd by hollow
adjacent border. Thus, references such as 'A6', '85', etc., can be given to an arrows with the name of the conveyed fluid written over the arrowhead and
ared wtiere a ctldni~ctlrrs been made. ( A grid system is applicable to P&ID1s the continuat~onsheet number within it. No process flow data w ~ l nt~rmally
l
more complicaterl thdn the s~mpleexaniple of figure 5.4.) be shown on a P&ID.
The P&ID should st~owall major equiprrtent and information that is relevarit
SEPARATORS, SCREENS 81 STRAINERS
CLOSURES Vents and drains on high and low points of lines respectively, to be used f o r
hydrostatic testing, are not shown, as they are established on the piping
Temporary closures for process operation or personnel protection are shown. arrangement drawings. Process vents and drains are shown.
FIGURE
COOLING WATER 5.4
- -
SOLVENT PREHEATER SOLVENT VAPORIZER S_OLVCNT COOLER NO
EQUIP
EQUIP NO EQUIP NO FQUlP NO
VALVES O N THE P&ID L I N E DESIGNATION SHEETS OR TABLES
0 Show and tag process arid service valves w i t h size and identifying num- These sheets are tabulated lists of lines and information about them. The
ber ~f appl~cal)le.Glvc pressure ratlng if d~fferenlfrorn line specificatiori nurnbers of the lines are usually listed at the right of ttie sheet. Other
columris list line size, material of construction (using company's specification
0 Indicate any valves that have to be locked open or locked closed
code, i f there is one), conveyed fluid, pressure, temperature, flow rate, test
0 Indicate powered operators pressure, insi~iationor jacketing (if required), and connected llnes (which
will usually be branches).
SHOWING INSTRUMENTATION O N T H E P & I D
The sheets are compiled and kept up-to-date by the project group, taking all
Signal-lead drafting symbols shown in chart 5.1 may be used, and the the information from the P&ID. Copies are supplied to the piping group for
ISA scheme for designating instrumentation is described i n 5.5. Details of reference.
instrument piping and conduit are usually shown on separate instrument
installation drawings. On small projects involving only a few lines line designation sheets may not be
used. I t is useful to add a note on the P&ID stating the numbers of the last
0 Show all instrumentation on the P&lD, for and including these items: line and last valve used.
element or sensor, signal lead, orifice flange assembly, transmitter, con-
troller, vacuum breaker,flame arrestor, level gage, sight glass, flow indica- VIEWS USED FOR PIPING DRAWINGS
tor, relief valve, rupture disc, safety valve. The last three items may be
tagged with set pressure(s) also Two types of view are used:
0 Indicate local- or board-mounting of instruments by the symbol-refer (1) ORTHOGRAPHIC - PLANS A N D ELEVATIONS
to the labeling scheme in 5.5.4 (2) PICTORIAL - ISOMETRIC VIEW A N D O B L I Q U E P R E S E N T A T I O N
INSULATION & TRACING Figure 5.5 shows how a building would appear in these different views.
Insulation on piping and equipment is shown, together with the thickness PRESENTATIONS USED I N PIPING DRAWINGS F I G U R E 5.5
required. Tracing requiremerlts are indicated. Refer to 6.8.
CONTROL STATIONS
Control stations are discussed in 6.1.4. Control valves are indicated by press-
ure rating, instrument identifying number and size-see figure 5.1 5, for ex-
ample.
Drains, funnels, relief valves arid other equipment handling wastes are shown
on the P&ID. If an extensive system or waste-treatment facility is involved,
it should be shown oil a separate P&ID. Wastes and effluents are discussed
In 6.13. ELEVATIONS
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1% to 2-INCH MARGIN FOR STICK FILE
- .- - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - -- - --- - - -
r If pipe sleeves are required tttru floors, indicate where they are needed PLAN VIEW PIPING DRAWINGS
and inform the group leader for transmitting this information to the r Draw plan views for each floor of the plant. These views should show
group(s) concerned what the layout will look like between adjacent floors, viewed from
r Indicate insulation, and show whether lines are electrically or steam above, or at the elevation thru which the plan view is cut
traced-see cllart 5.7 r If the plan view will not fit on one sheet, present it on two or more
sheets, using matchlirles to link the drawings. See figure 5.8
FITTINGS, FLANGES, VALVES & PUMPS ON PIPING DRAWINGS
r Note the elevation below which a plan view is shown-for example,
r The following items should be labeled i n orte view only: tees and ells 'PLAN BELOW ELEVATION 15'-0" '. For clarity, both elevations
rolled at 45 degrees (see example, this page), short-radius ell, reducing can be stated: 'PLAN BETWEEN ELEVATIONS 30'-0" & 15'-0" '
ell, eccentric reducer and eccentric swage (note on plan views whether r If a tee or elbow is 'rolled' at 45 degrees, note as shown in the view
'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric reducer, concentric swage, where the fitting is rolled out of the plane of the drawing sheet
non-standard or companion flange, reducing tee, special items of
unusual material, of pressure rating different from that of the system, 'ROLLED' ELL 'ROLLED' TEE
etc. Refer to charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for symbol usage
r Draw the outside diameters of flanges to scale
r Show valve identification number from P&ID
r Label control valves to show: size, pressure rating, dimension over flan-
ges, and valve instrument number, from the P&I D -see figure 5.15
r Draw valve handwheels to scale with valve stem fully extended ROLL ELL ,// ROLL TEE
AT 45'
r If a valve is chain-operated, note distance of chain from operating A T 45'
Driplegs are indicated on relevant piping drawing plan views. Unless identical,
r Figure 5.10 shows how linescan be broken to give sufficient information
a separate detail is drawn for each dripleg. The trap is indicated on the drip-
leg piping by a symbol, and referred to a separate trap detail or data sheet. without drawing other views
The trap detail drawing should show all necessary valves, strainers, unions, I, Indicate required field welds
etc., required at the trap-see figures 6.43 and 6.44.
ELEVATIONS (SECTIONS) & DETAILS
The piping shown on the dripleg details should indicate whether condensate
is to be taken to a header for re-use, or run to waste. The design notes in e Draw elevations and details to clarify complex piping or piping hidden
6.10 5 discuss dripleg details for stearn lines In which condensate forms in the plan view
cont~nuously. Refcr to 6.10.9 also. r Do not draw detail that can be described by a note
r Show only as many sections as necessary. A section does not liave to be
INSTRUMENTS & CONNECTIONS ON PIPING DRAWINGS
a complete cross sectiorl of the plan
r Stic~wlocation for each instrument connectiorl with ellcircled instrurnent
r Draw to a large scale any part needing fuller detail. Enlarged deta~ls
number taken from the P&ID. Refer to 5.5.3 and chart 6.2
arc preferably drawn rn available space on elevational draw~ncjs,and
r Show similar isolating valve arrangements on instrument connections as should be cross-referenced by tile applicable detail and draw~ngnurri-
'typical' detail, unless covered by standard company detail sheet ber (s)
r Identify sections indicated on plan views by letters (see chart 5.8) and
VENTS & DRAINS
details by riur~k~crs. Letters I and 0 are not used as this c a n lead to con-
fusiorl with numerals. If rrlore than twcntyfour sections are rlttcded
the Icttcjr idcritification can be broken down thus: A1 -A1, A2 -A2,
PIPE SUPPORTS 84-04, ....... and so on
f3efi:r to fi.2.2, ;iriif cliart 5.7. f o r syr~ibols. r Do rbot section plarl views looking towdrd the bottom of the drawirigstit?rtt
1/41
a Figure 5.10 stlows how t o break lirlcs to give sufficiclit ~rlforriii~tioll
whilst avoiding drawing ailother view or scctiorl
P L A N (or ELEVATION)
r Locatioris ot verits, drairis, artd traps (4) Indicates tiow many spools of the same type are required
a I-clcat~onsof supports, rdentif~edby pipesupport number N U M B E R I N G ISOS, SPOOL SHEETS, & SPOOLS f'-+l
CI
The following iriforrnation may also be given: Spool nunibers are allocated by the plplng group, and appear on all
piping drawrngs. Var~ousmethods of numbering can be used as long as
r Requirements for stress relieving, seal welding, pickling, lining, coating,
IS eastly made. A suggested rrlethod follows -
identif~cat~orl
or other special treatment of the line
Iso sheets can be identified b y the line number of the section of line that is
Drawing style to be followed is shown in the example iso, figure 5.15, shown, followed by a sequential number. For example, the fourtti iso sheet
which displays some of the above points, and gives others as stiaded showing a spool to be part of a line numbered 741BZ16/412/23 coc~ldbe
notes. A n iso may show more than one spool. identified: 74/EZ/6/4 12123-4 .
SPOOLS
Bottt the spool and the spool sheet can be identified by number or letter
A spool is an assembly of fittings, flanges and pipe that may be prefabricated. using the iso sheet number as a prefix. For example, the numbering of
I t does not include bolts, gaskets, valves or instruments. Stra~yhtmilt-run spool sheets relating to iso sheet 74/0Z/6/412/23-4 could be
ler-igths of pipe over 20 ft are usually not included in a spool, as such lengths
rnay be welded in the system on erection (on the iso, this is indicated by 741BZl614 12123-4-1, 74lBZ1614 12123-4-2, ........ etc.,
noting the length, and stating 'BY FIELD'). or 74lBZl614 12123-4-A, 7410Zl614 12123-4-5, ..... ... etc.
The size of a spool is l i m ~ t e dby the fabricator's available means of trans- The full lirte rturrtber need not be used if a shorter form would suffice for
portation, and a spool is usually contained within a space of d~rncnsions rdcntif icatiori.
40 f t x 10 f t x 8 f t . Ttie maximum perniissrble dimensions may be obtained
Spool numbers are also referred to as 'mark numbers'. They are shown o n
from the fabricator.
isos and on the following:-
F I E L D - F A B R I C A T E D SPOOLS (1) Spool sheets-as the sheet number
(2) The fabricated spool-so i t can be related to drawings or isos
Some States in the USA have a trades agreement that 2-inch and smaller
(3) Pip~ngdrawings-plans and elevatioris
carbon steel piping must be fabricated at the site. T l i ~ srule is sometimes
extended to pipirig larger than 2-lnch.
DIMENSIONING
SHOP-FABRICATED SPOOLS
D I M E N S I O N I N G F R O M REFERENCE POINTS
All alloy spools, arid sl)ouls with 3 or more welds rnade from 3-inch (occasion-
ally 4-incll) and Iitrgclr carbon-steel pipe are norirtrtlly 'sholl-fabricatt?dl. This H O R I Z O N T A L REFERENCE
is, tattricatctf iri tile sttop fattricator's worksl\op, eittlcr at his plant or at WIlerl a proposed plant st te IS surveyed, a gcograptllc rt!tererlcc point is
ttie site. Spools with fewer welds are usually rnade iri tlle field. 11tllued frorii w t l ~ c lrrredsurements
~ to bounddrles, roads, bu~ldiriqs,tanks,
Large diameter pipirlg, bcing more ditficult to handle, often neccss~tatesthe etc., can t)c made. The yeographlc reference point chosen IS usually an
of jigs and ~IIIIIIII~ICS, illid I S 1110r(?ecoi~~rnically
(IS(? prodiiced In a wor kstlop. offic~allyt!st,ibl~sl~ed orie
l ' l w lirlc!s of latitudc arid longitude wllictl def ine t h e gc?o!jraptiic rt?fcrt:nce
SPOOL SHEETS point arc riot ust!d, as a 'plartt north' (st?f: figure 5.1 1) is t!stat~lislir!ti, p;irollt?l
A sl~ool>,lir~t?tIS IICI ortliograoh~c cfrawttig of a slluol rrtacft! Ity t11e p~p~ric) to stri~ctcirnl stc?ctlwork. Ttic tfircction closcsl to trcie nortti is r:l\osc:n for
contractor cltl~c~r front plans artcf clcvdtrons, or fro111aii [so- scc? cll;tr t 5 10. ttrc '~tlaritriorttr'.
The coordinates of the southwest corner of the plant in figure 5.1 1, as VERTICAL REFERENCE
referred to 'plant north', are N 110.00 and E 200.00.
Before any buildirig or erectirrg begiris, !lie site is lcvclcd ('gradt?tl') with
Sornc?tiines coordiriatcs such as tliosc al~overriay he writteri N 1 t-10 arid earth-moving equipment. The grourid IS niade as flat as prr~cticat~lr, i~rid,]f tcr
1: % t O O . The first coordin;lte is read as "orl~?l\lirltirc?tf ~)I[rs10 i t rior I / \ "iiiid leveling is termed 'firiistit?d ~lradc'.
1110 soconcl as "two h l i r l d r ~ d11111sr'r!ro It [!;)st". Iliis is ;I systcrri 11sed lor
travorse survey, and is cnorc corrc?ctly tipplicxf l o higliways, railroads, etc. Tlic highest graded point is tcir~iotl tlit? 'I~irlll poi111 ol I~rlistiori!jri~(f~!',
(IIPFG), and the horizorital plane passirig t h r t ~it is ri~;tt.fr?
tlic vertict~lrc?lc!rcrice
Coordinates are used to locate tanks, vessels, rrinjnr equipment arid structural plane or 'datum' frorn which plaiit clcvatioris ;ire given. f igcrrr: 5.12 stiows
steel. I n the open, these items are located directly with respect to a gco- that this horizontal plane is giver1 a 'lalsr!' or riorriirial c!lt?v;ttiori, t~sually100 i t ,
graphic reference point, hut in buildings and structures, can be dimensioned and is riot referred to rnean sea level.
frorn the building steel.
The 100 f t nornilial elevatinri erist~rt:~that foundntions, baser~ic?nts,l)urit!d
H O R I Z O N T A L REFERENCE FIGURE 5.11 pipes and tanks, etc., will have positive elovatioils. 'Minus' clcvatioris, which
would he a nuisance, are thus avoidecl.
Coordinates a r e ~ t s u a l l y
q l v e n to t h e S-W corner Large plarits may have several areas, each havirlg its own h ~ g l ipolrit of
of plant, bulldlngs a n d
structures
f~nlshedgrade. Nomrnal grade elevation is measured from a benchmark, as
illustrated in figure 5.12.
VERTICAL R E F E R E N C E F I G U R E 5.12
/
TRUE
PLANT
NORTH
F L E V A T I O N OF EOUIPMENT
H I G H POINT OF FINISHED GRADE CENTFRLINE S T A T E D AS
E L E V A T I O N SET AT 1 0 0 NOMINAL 105-4' Of4 5 - 4 ABOVF HPFG
(EQUALS 811 - 7 TRUE D A T U M )
- -
:
I
I - -
ELeAT!ON-z22'
_ _
ABOYE I c A L E V 5
/C
I
The US Department of Commerce's Coast and Geodetic Survey has estab- D I M E N S I O N I N G PIPING DRAWINGS
listled a large number of references for latitude and long~tude, and for
elevations above sea level. These are termed 'geodetic control stations'. D R A W I N G DIMENSIONS-& TOLERANCES
M A I N T A I N E D I N ERECTED PIPING
FIGCJRE!
Coritrol stations for hori7ontal reference (latitude and longitude) are referred 5.1 1 & 5.1
On plot: Dirriensions on piping clrawin!js are normally rriaintrriritld witti~ri
to as 'triangulation stations' or 'traverse stations', etc. Control stations for
the limits 01 plus or rriirius 1116th irich. How tt~istolc:rar~ce is nict docs riot
vertical reference arc referred to as 'benchmarks'. Latitude and longitude
concern the clesigricr. Any riecessary allowarices to t?nsurc?that dir-nerisioris
have not been established for all benchmarks.
are maintained are made by thc fabricator arid r;rr:ctor (contractor).
A geodetic control station is marked with a metal disc showing identity Offplot: Dimensions are rnaintairied as closely as practicable by the erector.
and date of establishment. To provide stable locations for the discs, they
are set into tops of 'monuments', mounted in holes drilled in bedrock or
WHICH D I M E N S I O N S SHOULD BE SHOWN?
large firmly-imbedded boulders, or affixed to a solid structure, such as a
building, brldgc, ctc Sufficierit dimr~n~ioris should br qivc;ri f o r povt~ortirtrltlrl~ri~rnc~ril,for 1at)ri
catlnq spools and for ercctinq p~pincj Uc~plicationof d~r~icrisioris In d~flrrerit
The geograptiic posltlons of these statloris car1 be obta~nedfrom the Director, views s h o ~ l dbe dvorded, as t t i 1 5 rnay e a ~ ~ lead
l y to error i f alterat~onsare
US Coast arid Geodet~cSurvey, Rockville, Maryland 20852. made.
Basically the dimensions to show are: VERTICAL VlEW ELEVATIONS & DIMENSIONS BI*
BURIED L I N E S ( I N A T R t N C H t
SHOW E L E V A T I O N OF BOTTOMS OF PIPES
D R A I N S A N D SEWERS
PLAN VlEW DIMENSIONS SHOW 'INVERT E L E V A T I O N ' ( I E i
SUPPORT SHOW E L E V A T I O N OF
P
Plan views convey most of the dimensional information, and may also show BOTTOMS OF PIPES
dimensions for elevations in the absence of an elevational view or section.
O l N T StiOW t L L V A T I O N O F
C O N N f C l l O N C t NTCRL IN[ or OIMf NSlON
FROM N t A f i E S T f l L L F V A N T E l t V A T l O N
DIMENSION
r
FITTING MAKEUP EXAMPLE VESSEL DRAWING SHOWING FIGURE 5.14
D I M E N S I O N S R E Q U I R E D BY V E N D O R (Refw to 5.2.71
If a nurntlcr of iterris o f standard dirnensions are grouped togetticr it is un-
nct;cssiiry t o dirnertsiori cacti item, as the fabricator knows the sizes of staild
ard fittings arid cquil)rrient. It is necessary, Iiowcver, to iritlicate that the
ovr!rall drrr~c!risioc~IS 'litting makeup' by the special cross syrnl)ol, or CENTERLINC: E L E V A T I W
MAY BE GIVEN FOR DESIGN
proft!ratjly by writirlq ti112 ovt:rall dinierisiori. Any non-standard item inserted OFFICE REFERENCE
t~etwoc!ristarirhrd itr!r~lsstiould bu dirrie~isioned.
TANGENT LINE
DIMENSIONING TO VALVES
a Iri plan view, a nozzle is dimensioned to its face frorrl tlie cr!riterl~ne of
tiic oquipmcrit i t is on
a Iri clevat~on,a nolzle's centerline is either given its owri elevation or is
rlirnertsiorlcd front another reference. I n the absenct? of nn clcvat~onal
V I ~ W ,nozzle elcvat~orlscar) be sllown on ttie plan vlcw
lii c~rtlilr r o clcdrly show all d~rnens~ons, the best aspect of the plplng rnust
t)tldctctrrriinc!tf Frec?dom to exterld l~riesarid spread the plplnq withotlt ic:gartj
to sc lo 1 5 IIPI~III S ~ I O W I I I ~~ s ~ r i i e t ~r I~I TcI ~ ~ I ~ S I O I Ttte
~ S ~ I ( I S I C ~IITIL;I~SIOIIS
--- -- -- - -
set ocrt i l l !I 3 2, 5 3 3, and tlic ge~~del~rlcs I r i 5.2.9 apply OF THE VESSEL
I4 fl/ l > 4 l ? ? l 1 A
14 H I I G 4 1 2 11 I I \
74 f I J I 6 41,' 2 3 1 <
14 f3/10/4 11 2 I I 0
14 H l i t , 4 11 2 l 1 I
NOTES
SPECIFICATION
FIGURES
5.14 & 5.15
PLANTIAREA
N l l M n t H Of L IN[
N O M I N A L PIPE \I71
HOW T O SHOW OFFSETS ON ISOS FIGURE 5.16 D I M E N S I O N I N G SPOOLS (WELDED ASSEMBLIES) 5.3.5
( C h a r t M - l gives a f o r m u l a f o r
calculatlny t h e c o m p o u n d angle)
COMPOUND OFFSET I Allowance for weld spacing (root gap) is E shop set-up problerrl and should
ERTICAL OFFSET
riot be corisidered in rnaking assembly drawings or detailed sketchcs. Thc
Pipe Fabrication Institute recornrnends that an overall dirnensiorj is shown
which is ttie sum of the nominal dimensions of the cornpollent parts.
I
i
A spool sheet deals with only one design of spool, and shows complete
dimensional detail, lists material for making the spool, and specifies how
HORIZONTAL OFFSET
marly spools of that type are required. Figure 5.17 shows how a spool from
figure 5.1 5 would be dimensioned.
2 1 WSGxO'llS/B"5CH40 A5Y.3
3 1 W5 4 x 3 ' - 0 J/lG" KH 40 A 5M
7 1 ltiliELOLETNOi,3/0iLJOOO A105
- . -. -- . .
Tliis scctiori briefly 0cscr1t)c:s ttte purposes of instruments and explains 11ow HOW INSTRUMENTATION I S IDENTIFIED 5.5.3
Instrumentation may be redd from P&ID1s. P~pingdraw~ngsw ~ l also l stlow
the corlnectlorr (cuupl~r~g, utc ) to Ilne or vessel. However, plplng drdwlngs The most-uscd instruments are pressure and temperature gages ('indicators')
sho~ildshow only ~rlstrurrlentsconnected to (or located In) piping and vessels and are shown as in figure 5.18 (a) and (b). An example 'instrurnerit
T l ~ eonly purpose in ddd~rigIrrstrumentat~onto a plplng draw~ngIS to i d e n t ~ f y identification number' (or 'tag number') is shown in figure 5.18 (c). The
the conricLtlori, orlt~ccp l ~ t eor equipment to be ~nstallcdor1 or i r i the plpinq, balloon around the number is usually drawn 7116-inch diarrreter.
dnd to correlate the piprr~gclr,lwrng to the P&ID INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS FIGURE 5.18
P&lD1s, process flow diagrarns and line dcsigni~tionslicets are c1ict:kctf by a Ti tic of drawing
engineers in the project group.
I Number of issue, and revisiori nurnbc~
Except for spool drawings, all piping drawings are cliecked by the pi[~iiiqqroup. Oritmtation: N t ~ r t harrow agaiilst plot olari
Orthographic spool drawings produced by ttie pipiriq fabricator are riot rlsually Inclusion of graphic scale (if drawing is to t)c [ltiotc~graptiicdlyredt~cerl)
ctiecked by ttie piping group, except for 'crit~cal'spools, such as spools for Equiprnent numbers and their appearance on piping drawings
overseas shipment and intricate spools.
That correct ideritificatiorl appears on all liiics in all vicws
Usually an experienced designer within the piping group is givcn the task
Line material specification changes
of checking. Some cornpanies employ persons specifically as design checkers.
Agreement with specifications and agret?rrientwitti other drawings
The checker's responsibilities are set out in 4.1.2.
That the drawing includes rcferericc nurnber(s) arid titlc(s) to any other
rclevarit drawings
That all dimensions are correct
C H E C K I N G PIPING DRAWINGS 5.4.2 Agreement with certified vendors' drawings for dimensions, nozzle
orientation, manholes and ladders
Prints of drawings are checked and corrected by marking with colored pencils. That face-to-face dimensions and pressure ratings are shown for all
Areas t o be corrected on the drawing are usually marked i n red on the print. non-standard flanged items
Correct areas arid d~mensionsare usually marked i n yellow. Location and identification of instrument connections
Checked drawings to be changed should be returned t o their originator when- Provision of line vents, drains, traps, and tracing. Check that vents are
ever possible, for amendment. A new print is supplied t o the checker with at all high points and drains at all low points of lines for hydrostatic
the original 'marked up' print for 'backchecking'. test. Driplegs should be indicated and detailed. Traps should be identi-
fied, and piping detailed
8 The following items should be labeled in one vlew o n l y tees and ells
ISSUING D R A W I N G S 5.4.3 rolled at 45 degrees (see exarnple in 5.2.8), short-rad~usell, r ~ d u c ~ n g
ell, eccentric reducer and ecceritrlc swage (note on plan vlews whether
Arcas of a draw~ngawaltlng further ~ n f o r n i a t ~ oorn dccis~onare ringed clearly 'top flat' or 'bottom flat'), concentric reducer, concentric swag^,
on the reverse side and labeled 'HOLD'-refer to chart 5.8. ( A black, red, or non-standard or companion flange, reduelrig tee, spc?c~alItems of
yellow c h ~ n amarker IS suitable for film w ~ t ha sl~ckfin~shon the reverse unusual mater~al,of pressure rating d~ffereritfrom tli<tt of the system,
side.) etc. Refer t o charts 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5 for syrnbol usage
Cti;triges or revisions are indicated on the fronts of the sheets hy a small t l ltlc PPII [I
That insulation has been shown as r c q u ~ ~ eby
triiirtgle iri ttte area 01 the revision. The revisiori nurnber is niarked inside the Pipe support locations w ~ t hsupport nur~ibt?rs
triangle, noted above the title block (or in an allocarQd panel) witti a descrip- That all anchors, dummy legs and welded supports arc tio own
tior) of the revision, required initials, and date. The revision riunlber rnay be
That the stress group's requ~renierttshave been i^rirt
pitit of the drawing number, or i t may follow the drawing number (preferred
iriethod-see figure 5.17). The drawing as first issued is nurnbered ttie 'zero' That all field welds are shown
rcvisiori. Correctness of scale
A draw~ngIS ~ssuedIn three stages. The f~rstissue IS 'FOR APPROVAL', b y Coordinates of equipment against plot plan
management or client. The second issale IS 'FOR CONSTRUCTION BID', when Piping arrangement against P&ID requirernerits
vendors arc invited to bid for equipment and work contracts. The t h ~ r d
~ssireIS 'FOR CONSTRUCTION' follow~ngaward~ngof all purchase orders Possible interferences
and contracts. Draw~nqsrnay bc rensued at each stage ~f s ~ g r l ~ f ~ c actiancles
nt Adequacy of clearances of piping frorli slnclwork, doors, w~ndowsand
are niade. M ~ n o rchanges rnay be niade after t h +h!rl;
~ braye (by agreernerit braccs, ductwork, etluiprnerit arid cnalor t?lectrlc apl~aratus, including
on cost and extent of work) but major changes may involve all three stages of control consoles, cables frorn nlotor control ccrllers (MCC's), and f~re-
issue. fighting equipment. Check accessibil~tyfor opcratlon arid rna~ritr?narice
INSTRUMENT MOIJNTING, SIGNAL LEADS 5.5.6
Kc MULTIPLE.FUNCTION INSTRUMENTS
t Ic?ritc?rits,Irarisri~itters,rc?corcic?rs,~riclic:;ltorsillid ci~r~t~ollc?rs crlri,riitlrilcatr wit11
(?i~[;l\ otli(;r Ov ~ i i ~ ! : i ~ofi s ~ i ! l ~ l ilr!o~ls
iI wttict~,lrfl r(?f!rr?sf!rifeidt ~ ylir~f?sor1 I t i f ?
[ ~ l ; l ~ i l lTIII!
! ~ , Si!]llil~[:ill1 \)I! i l ~ O \ ~ i l ( ]1110
l ! , ~ l l ~ ? ! ~ S I 01 t C, . IIll'S~!ill(?
l l l ! il I ~ I l l IO~ llll?
111ost c;oril~llo~isi!l~\i~ls.
IIOAflO MOUNTING LOCAL MOUNTING
Sy111t)olslor ~ I I S ~ I ~ J I I ~si!lriilI
(?I~I I(?;I(~s
ill(! 0iv011ill C ~ ; I II 5.1.
----
Tllo ISA st~~rtti:rrd ~rscls tli(! term 'loop' to describe an intcrconltcctod group
wl\~r:his riot ncccssar~lya closed-loop arrangcnir?ljt tliat is,
of i~tstr~r~rtc:rtts,
ir~strtirt~c!ritatio~i
used in a feedback (or fcedfnrward) arrangcincn I .
I f scvcr;~l irist rurrtcn ts arc in tcrcortncctcd, lliey [nay be all allocatc?dt11c snrlie
riu~lii)c!r for 'loop' itfcritificatior~.Fiijuru 5.19 sliows a process line served by
n t s riurnbcr 73) to sense, transrnlt artd ~ n d ~ c a t t ?
r l r i c i clroili) of ~ r ~ s t r ~ l i i i c (loop
, ....... .... ... , ...
lorrlitor;~l~irc!, a ~ t d second !]roi1(7(loop n~r~lt)e!r 74) to sense, translrl~l,lrltdl-
ci~tc!,rocortl iir~tlc:oritrt~lflow rate.
L..
Under the hc:ad~nq DESCRIPTION, often on drawlngs the size of the itecri IS
DIFFERENT FORMS OF LIST 5.6.1
stated llrst A typ~c;~lorder is SIZE (NPS), RATING (class, scl~r:tlulr?riciirlbt?r,
etc 1, NAME (of [tern), MATERIAL (ASTM or other materlal spttc~l~cd~lort),
Ttiis list IS usually t ~ t i e d'list of material', or preferably, 'list of materiel', as
artd F tATUf3 t (dcslgrt feature)
Items of hardware are referred to. 'Parts Ilst' and 'Bill of materiel' are alternate
tteadtrigs. Descriptions are best headed by the NAME of the item, followed by tht! SIZE,
RATING, FEATURE(S), and MATERIAL. As material listirlgs are corrirnonly
Eitt~era separate list can be made for materiel on several drawings, or each
handled by data-processing equipment, beginning the description of an itern
drawing sheet can include a list for items on the particular drawing. Lists on
by riame is of assistance in tiandling the data. The description f o r 'pipe' is
drawings are written in the space above the title block. Column headings
detailed.
norrnally used for the list are:
EXAMPLE LISTING FOR PIPE
L I S T O F M A T E R I E L
r NAME: State 'PIPE'
C O L D SPRING
Figure 6.2 schematically illustrates the use of cold springing for both pur- / 6.1
poses. Cold springing in example (a) corisists of ninking tlie t~rarichiri the
indicated cold position, which clividcs thcrrnal rnoverncnt bt!twet?ri ttic cold
and hot positions. In exaniple (b) ttic cold spring is made equal to the
thermal movement.
I n b o t h arrangements, the p u m p IS used t o circulate
l t q u ~ dI n the tanks o r vessels The llextble arrange
ntent reducer s t r e w o n nozzles a n d also permfts COLD S P R I N G I N G F I G U R E 6.2
access between the untts
(a) T O REDUCE STRESS
FIGURES
HOT POSITION--
I n turritng corners. an oftset l l m h g l v n a l l m l t e d
f l e x t b l l ~ t yt o the ptplng The longer the offset, the
greater the t l e x l b ~ l ~ t y . 7;\ 6.1 -6.2
A i o i r c ~ ~II~II!( : o r ~ r i c ! ~ l ~ 11y
! d a QO-(jt!!jr[:~ f!lt~owtirid flanqt: t o a r i o r r l e rnay usually 2 inch. I t may be more economic t o change proposed s r ~ i a l llines t o
2 - i n c h pipe, or t o susperid t h e m f r o r ~ i 4 - i r t c t i o r lar!lt:r Iln[!s, i n s t i l a d of
011 ~ I ~ ; I I I rItIx~p a~r ~ t fso tI1i1t 11 l r r ~ ~ l o s o;Is l o a d on tlic riur/lc i r t c:xc(?ss of t h a t
provid~ci!] arlditiorial s u p p o r t .
ri!ccirrtri~~iritfti(IAsstirrit! Itti11 p i l ~ i r i ! ] to t l i t ? r t o / r l e has 1)eeri i n s t a l l r t d at : i m b i t ? r t t
~ c i r i i l ~ c ! r , i t i ~ r c, 1:1,t c 1 111i1t t11(! ~ I I ~ I ( c! x ~ : l r i d s 0.75 i r ~ c l iw l ~ c t r il i o t rriaterral flows
II~III i t , l ] [ r t t l r l c l ;I I;I[(!I~II ( S I ~ C W ~ I Yl S o a) d of GOO It) 011 t h e r t o / l l c .
Table S-1 artd c h a r t s S-2 g l v e stress arid support data for sparis of horl~orital
pipe.
If tilo III~II; Iiod 0 :fI ! ) rich o f 11s Ic!nqth reriictvt?d bcforc c o n n r ? c t l o n , t h e r o o m -
---
tc'liioc!r,ituro l t f ~ l ~ o 300
I,ltt!r,~l IoCitfor1 t i l e ~ ~ o / / l i ! w u t ~I)c c ~ t11) (IIIS~[?;I~ of /[!TO),
,IIN~t l i c / l o t l o C i dw o u l t l bo r o r l ~ ~ ~ 1e0 ccl l b o u t 300 11). KEY FOR FIGURE 6.3
T l i o I r i l ~ : l l o r ~111 (lit! c!xl)arision takr?ri ul) car) b c v a r i e d . A coldspring of 50%
o f (11o i t ~ j l i ~ l i ~i ti oot w
~ i it t t n t i l e tc!riipcrattlre e x t r e r r i e s gives t t i u m o s t b e n e f i t in ( 1 1 WHEN USING A DOUBLE DECK I T IS CONVENTIONAL ro P L A C U~ T I ~I T Y
AND SERVICE PlPlNG ON TtiE UPPER LEVEL OF THC PIPERACK
rr!tl~ri:~ri!jstross. C o l t l sprirt!jlng is rtot rccornrnondetl i f a n alternate solution (2) DO NOT RUN PlPlNG OVER STANCHIONS AS THIS WILL PREVENT ADDING
ciiii I l o I I S I ? ~ Refer t o the Cotfc f u r PressurcPlping ANSI 831 a r ~ dt o t a b l e 7.2. ANOTHER DECK
(3) PLACE LARGE L I Q U I D FILLED PIPES NEAR STANCHIONS TO REDUCE STRESS
ON HORIZONTAL MEMBERS OF BENTS HEAVY LIQUID F I L L E D PIPES (12 In
AND LARGER) ARE MORE ECONOMICALLY RUN AT GRADE- S t E NOTE (12)
RESISTANCE O F PlPlNG T O FLOW
( 4 ) PROVIDE DISTRIBUTED SPACE FOR F U T U R t PIPES APPROXIMATELY AN
ADDITIONAL 25 PERCENT (THAT IS, 20 PERCENT OF F I N A L WIDTH SEE
All [lipirig has resistance t o f l o w . T l i t ! s r r ~ ~ i l l ct hr e flow cross s e c t i o l i arid TABLES A 1)
t 1 ~ r i l o r i ! i1ttit11)t t l i i t clianqe irr dirc!ctiort ot flow, t t t c greater is t h e ( 5 ) HOT PIPES ARE USUALLY INSULATED AND MOUNTED ON SHOES
ri!slst,lrtcc! i l r t d loss o f prc!ssurt?. F o r ;I p i i r t i c t ~ l u rlirir! size t t i e resistance is ( 6 ) WARM PIPFS M A Y HAVE INSULATION LOCAL1 Y REMOVED AT SUPPORTS
( 7 ) THE HEIGHT OF A RELIEF HEADER IS FIXED BY ITS POINT OF ORIGIN
o r o l ~ o r t l o r l i j lt o t i l o l c l i g t l ~o f p i i ~ o ,arid t11(! resistance o f fittings, valves, e t c . AND T l i E SLOPE REQUIRED TO DRAIN THE LINE TO A TANK, Etc
riiay bu c x [ t ~ e s s e d as a It?rigttt of plpe having t h e sarne r e s i s t a r l c e t o f l o w . (8) ELECTRICAL AND INSTRUMENT TRAYS (FOR CONDUIT AND CAB1 ES) ARE
B t S T PLACED ON OUTRIGGERS OR BRACKETS AS SHOWN TO Pf3EStNT THE
T11lilr? F - 10 givt?s sucl~e q u i v a l e n t l e r l g t l ~ sof pipe f o r f i t t ~ r i g s ,valves, etc. L E A S T P R O B L E M WITH PIPES L E A V I N G THE PIPEWAY' A L T ~ R N A T E L Y
TRAYS M A Y BE ATTACHED TO THE STANCtilONS
1,111le I 1 1 ! ~ l v u s prcssurt? drops for water f l o w l n g t t i r u S C l i 40 plpe a t (9) WHEN CHANGE I N DIRECTION OF A HORIZONTAL LINE IS MADE I T IS BEST
ALSO TO M A K E A CHANGE OF ELEVATION (EITHER UP OR DOWN) THIS
vllrlocls r,ltes Ctll]rts t o d e t c r r r i l r ~ e t h e e c o n o r r i l c SIX (NPS) of p l p i n q a r e AVOIDS BLOCKING SPACE FOR FUTURE LINES SODEGREE CHANGES I N
DIRECTION OF THE WHOLE PIPEWAY OFFER THE OPPORTUNITY TO
~ t l ~ cC t ~ e r n ~ Eng~neer's
g ~ v o r111 c~I H a r i r l b o o k and o t h e r sources CHANGE THE ORDER OF LINES A SINGLE DECK IS SHOWN A T A N INTER
M t D l A T t ELEVATION
(10) SOMETIMES INTERFACES ARE ESTABLISHED TO DEFINE BREAKPOINTS FOR
SLIDERULE F O R FLOW PROBLEMS CONTRACTED WORK (WHERE ONE CONTRACTOR'S PlPlNG HAS TO JOIN
WITH A N O T I i t RS) AN INTERFACE IS AN IMAGINARY PI ANE W I i I C H MAY f3C
ESTABLISHED FAR ENOUGH FROM A WALL SIDING, PROCESS UNIT, Of1
f'ioblc!~iis of resrstiiiiic t o flow can ttc q t ~ l c k l ys o l v e d w ~ t ht h e a ~ dof t i l e STORAGE UNIT TO ENABLE CONNECTIONS TO BE MADE
sllclr! rille c d l c ~ l ~ ~
o I t~ t~o l)r j~d [ ) l e fro111 T o t l e rurrls D l v l s l u n of C h e n i e t r o n (11) PIPES SHOULD BE RACKED ON A SINGLE DECK I F SPACE PERMITS
C o r p o r 1 ~ t i o n PI1
, 13ox 32'160, L o u ~ s v i l l c ,K Y 40232 (12) PIPING SHOULD BE SUPPORTED ON SLEEPERS A T GRADE IF ROADS WALK
W A Y S , E K , WILL NOT B E R E Q U I R E D O V E R THE P I P E W A Y AT A L A T E R D A T E
PlPlNG 'AT GRADE'SHOULD BE 12 INCHES OR MORE ABOVE GRADE
(13) CURRCN1 PRACTICE IS TO SPACE BENTS 20--25 FEET APART THIS SPACING
IS A COMPHOMISE BtTWEEN THE ACCEPTABLE D t F L E C T l O N S O F T t i I
SMALL El3 PIPES AND T t i t MOST ECONOMIC BEAM SECTION D E S l R l D FOfi
A 'pi1)i!wl~y1 is t l i c bpacc ; ~ l l o c a t e d for r o u t i r l q scvcral pi~r;~lll!l A.
d c j j i ~ e c l ~l it ~ i t ? ~ T l i L I.'IPERACK PIPERACKS ARE USUALLY NOT OVER 25 FEET I N WIDTt-1
'plpt!rack' is a structure iri tllc pipeway for c a r r y i r u j p l l l c s iirlrf ~ s u s t ~ a l fl ay b r l - IF MORE ROOM IS NEEDED, THE PIPERACK IS DOUBLE OR TRIPLE DECKED
I /('I
VALVES I N PIPING DESIGN 6.1.3 VALVE OPERATING HEIGHTS * TABLE 6.2 PL
I F T H E R E IS N O P & I D .....
M A K E M A I N T E N A N C E SAFE
0 Provide valved drains o n all tanks, vessels, etc., arid other equipment
w h i c h m a y contain or collect liquids
0 Use line-blind valves, spectacle plates or ttie 'double block and bleed' 8 Protect sensitive equipment b y using a fast-closing clieck valve t o stop
where positive shutoff is required either f o r niaintenance or process b a c k f l o w before i t can gather momentilrn
needs - see 2.7
0 Consider butt-wefding or ring-joint flanged valves for lines containing
O R I E N T A T I O N O F VALVE STEMS hazardous or 'searching' fluids. Hydrogen is especially liable t o lcak
0 Consider seal welding screwed valves if used I n tiydrocarbori servlce
0 D o n o t p o i n t valve stems i n t o walkways. truckways, ladder space, etc.
-see chart 2.3 (inset sketch)
0 Unless necessary, d o n o t arrange gate and globe valves w i t h their sterns 0 Provide sufficient valves t o c o n t r o l flows
p o i n t i n g downward (at any angle below t h e horizontal), as:- 0 Consider providing a concrete p i t (usually about 4 f t x 4 f t ) for a
( 1 ) Sediment may collect i n the gland packing and score the stem. valve w h i c h is t o be located below grade
(2) A projecting stem m a y be a hazard t o personnel. 0 Consider use of temporary closures l o r positive sttutoff-see 2 7
0 Provide a bypass ~f necessary for equlprricrlt w h i c h rnily be taken o u t of
0 I f an inverted position is necessary, consider employing a dripshield: service
Provide a bypass valve around control statioris ~f continuous f l o w IS
required. See 6.1.4 arid figure 6.6 The bypass sllould be at least as
large as the control valve, arid IS i ~ s i ~ a l lqlobe
y type, unless 6 ~ n c t or
i
larger, when a gate valve 1s norri?nlly irstirl (see 3.1.4, under 'Gate valve')
8 Provide an upstrearii so la ti rig valve wit11 a s m t ~ lvolvcd
l bypass to equip-
m e n t w h i c h rnay be subject to fracturt! if heat is t o o rapidly applicti on
opening the isolating valve. Typical use is i n stcarn systorr~st o Iesst!n the
risk of fracture o f such things as castirigs, vitreous-lirlccj vl?ssr!ls, ctc.
8 Consider providing larqe valvcs w ~ t ha valved bypass to equalize TABLE
pressure o n either side o f tlie d ~ s cto rcducr! e f f o r t needed t o open
6.2
the valve
PIPING S A F E T Y & R E L I E F V A L V E S PRESSURE-RELIEF-VALVE PIPING FIGURE 6.4
VAPOR TO ATMOSPHERE
RELIEF VALVE OR
F R O M VESSEL
O R SYSTEM
A corilrol s t a l l o n is a n arranrlrmc!rtt o f p ~ p i r i gI n wtiich a c o n t r o l valvc: is A u t i l i t y station usually conlpriscs tlircc service licics c ; ~ r r y i ~ i slr?arri,
g cr~rri-
IISI:~~ t o rc!dur:e ariri rcqcilatc tlir: pressure: o r rate o f f l o w o f stcacn, tl~ts,or pri?sscd air arltf water. T t i e str:arli licit! is riorri~,rlly :: ~ric:tlrrilrlrilillrli, ; ~ r i t J ttirt
Ircl~t~d. o t h e r t w o services arc t ~ s u ; ~ l lcarricd
y iri I-iricl) Irric!s. Tl)c!sc! cc~tvic:os itrc? lor
clearting local equipmerit antf Ilosinrj floors. (Frrc?wi~t~!r is t;~kr!rl f r o r r ~[ ~ o i r l t s
<%--
f e d f r o m art irldependcnt w a t e r s t ~ p p l y.)
(;ci~itrril stiltions stioultl ije cft:siqrlc?tf so tliirt tl11! c o i i t r o l v;tlvf? cilri [I(! i ~ o l i l t t ! [ l Tlic! stearn lint? is f i t t e d w i t h a globe v;tlvc nriti llir: ;lit ; t r \ r f w,rttir Iir~or;w ~ t l q;il(!
l
L I I I ~ ~I!II\IIV[!I~ [ o r SI?IVILII~~],T i ) l L i t ; ~ l i t i ~ttiis,
t ~ ? t!11? pip111gt ~ tt~c!
f StiItIOIIS ~ I ~ [ i t l l [ i valves. A l l arc! tr!rniinatecf w i t h tiose coricloct~ocisi i t l o r ~ t3%.f t a t r o v ~ ?floor o r
t)~!as f l ( : x i l ~ l ~;IS ? circurrist;trlces pc:rrnit. flr!lurc! 6.5 shows w;tys of pcrrriittin!] grade. A u t i l i t y static111 slioold 111: locntt?d at saint? ccirivc?rilr!rlt sitlcl colt111111 for
(:oritroI v;rIvr: r ( ! ~ ~ i o v ;i~l lI wt:lcfcd or screwed systt!rns. Flgtlre 6.6 sliows t l l c supporting, arid all areas i t is t o serve stloe~l(lt ~ t ?rr?;icl~;~l~lt? w l t t l a 5 0 - I t tiosc
tj;~sic ;~rr;~ngr?rncritfor c o n t r o l station piping. M o s t compaiiies Iiavc! a standard dt?si!]rl for o u t i l i t y s t i l t i ~ r i . l'i~]urc! 6.12
shows a design for a standard s t a t i o n wtiich car1 t)c cop~t!d o r i t o one of t h e
T l l r t w o i s o l a t ~ r i gvalves pc?rmIt servicing of t h e c o n t r o l valve. T h e crriergerlcy
design drawings for reference, or otl~erwisc!supplied w i t h ttic! drawlrigs t o t l i c
i ~ y p a s svalvc IS used f o r manual regulation 11the c o n t r o l valve IS o u t o f actlon.
erecting contractor w h o usually runs tfic necessary lines. A r l o t a t i o n used
Tlic bypass valvc1 IS clsc~allya globe valve o f t h e same si7e and pressure r a t i n g o n p l a n views t o indicate the statior, arid servicc!~ r c ( l r ~ i r c r lis:
,IS the c o n t r o l valve. F o r manual renulation rri l ~ n e s6-lnch and larger, a gate - -. ---
v,ilvr! IS o f t e n the m o r e econornlc choice f o r the bypass Ilne-refer t o 3.1.4, SERVICES: STEAM,AIR, WATER AIR, WATER STEAM, WATER STEAM,AIR
r~rlder'Gate valve'. STATION
S A W AW S W S A
Figures 6 7-11 s h o w o t h e r ways o f arranging c o n t r o l stations - m a r l y rnore L 1 A
tJcsi!lris ttian i h c s t are possible. Tllcsr: illustrations are all schematic ; ~ n dcar1
b e adapted t o b o t h w e l d e d arid screwed systems. UTILITY S T A T I O N FIGURE 6.12
DESIGN POINTS
CHLCK P O S I T I O N
IltlWN , I I I I A M O N A I N IS R L O U I H I 11
I t 1 1 ) N I l i O l I A L V L F A 1 1 5 CLOStl)
CAHRYlNCl StL)IMENT PLACE T t l t BY
I i l I1 t L I I I Y I ' I
A R R A N G I N G SUPPORTS FOR PIPING 6.2 Supports for l~ncssrrltillcr tllari 2 1cic11arid r~orl.crrttcalIrr1t:s ,~rc: oflcri 1 ~ 1 1to
FUNCTIONS O F T H E SYSTEM O F SUPPORT 6.2.1 The method of support set out In 6.2.415 Ideal In praLtlce, son~erornpro-
Ttio rncct~ar~ical
rt!quirr?rnents of the piping support syslerri are' nilre may be necessary. The use of durnmy legs and the add~tronof pirccs of
structural steel may be needed to obtain opt~nialsupport nrrangc:rnPnts.
(1) To carry tllc wr?igt~tof the piping filled with watcr (or otlicr liquid
irivolvc?d) i111d irisulation if ust!d, with arl ar-nple safety margirl - - \IS(? a
I;~ctor of 3 (= r i ~ t i oof load just causing failure of support or tlanger CALCULATING PREFERRED POINTS O F SUPPORT 6.2.4
to actual load) or the safety factor specified for the project. Exterr~al Ideally, each point of support would be at tlie ceriter of gravity of
loadirig factors to be considered are the wirid loads, the probable weight associated length of piping. Carrying this scheme thru the entire piping
of ice buildup in cold climates, and seismic shock in some areas systern would substantially relieve ttie systcr~i frorn twistirig forces, ar~d
(7) To ensure that the material from which the pipe is made is not stressed supports would be only stressed vertically. A nlethod of t~alaricirigscctioris
beyond a safe lirnit. I n continuous runs of pipe, maximum tensile stress of pipe at single support points is illustrated for a straight run of pipe iri
occurs in ttlc pipe?crosssections at thesupports.Table S-1 gives spans for figure 6.13.
wittcr-fillrtd stet?\ arid alurriiriurn pipe at the respective stress lirnits 4000
BALANCING SECTIONS OF PIPE F I G U R E 6.13
arid 2000 psi. Ctiarts S-2 give the rrtaximt~rr~ overtlangs if a 3-11 iiscr is
inclr~dtttl in t1:c span. The systern of supports should m i n i r ~ ~ i zthe e
ir~lrodc~ction of twisting forces in the piping dc~t?to offsct loatls on
tlit? stll~l~orts;tlie rnetliod of cantilevered sections set out iri 6.2.4
sul)staritially c?limir~atestorsional forces
(3) To allow for drai~iing.Holdup of liquid can occur due to pipes s;lggii~g
betwecn supports. Complete draining is ensured by making adl;lct;rit
supports adequately tilt the pipe-see 6.2.6
(4) To permit thermal expansion arid contraction of ttie piping--see 6.1.1,
uridcr 'Stresses on piping'
FIGURES
(5) To wittistand and darnpen vibrational forces applied to the piping by
Consider hanger B associated with a Iengttl of pipe l i 1-tiis lt;r~gtti of pipe 6.5-6.11&6.13
compressors, pumps, etc.
is supported by 6, located at its center of gravity, which is at Ill(:rrridway
PIPING SUPPORT GROUP RESPONSIBILITIES 6.2.2 point for a straight length of t~nifornipipe. tH;~ngi:rs A, C, D tind E ;Ire
A large company will irsually have a specialist piping support groitp respons- likewise placed at the respective centers o f gr:~vityof lciigttis of pipe (1, c ,
ible for designing arid arranging supports. This group will note all required t i arld c . if any length of [ ~ i p eis rernoved, ttlf?/)olaricc?of the rest of t t ~ i ?lirie
supports on the piping drawings (terminal job) and will add drawings of would be unaffected. Each nf the tiangcrs rrittst \I(: dcsigricd t o atlcrltiately
any special details. support the load of the associated pipirlg - st?[! 6.2.1, poirit (1).
The piping support group works in cooperation with a stress analysis group- The presence of heavy flanges, valves, etc , In the piping will sot tlit; ctinter
or the two inay be combined as one group-which irivestigatcs areas of stress of gravlty away from the r n ~ d p o ~ noft tlie assoc~ated Icrirjtli Colcul,~t~ori
due to thermal movement, vibration, etc., and rnakes recornrneridations to of support pornts and loadings IS rnore qu~cklydone using s~rri[~lr! ;llqt:bra
tlic piping group.The stress group should be supplied with prclimiriary layouts Answers niay be found by mak~ngtrial-and error calculat~oris,but tti~sIS
for this pilrpose by the pipirig group, as early as possible. much nlore tedrous.
1971
Correct location of piping supports can be determined by the use of 'moments CALCULATING PIPE SUPPORTS FIGURE 6.15 ma41
of force'. M~~ltiplyinga force by the distance of its line of action from a point
gives thc 'riiorne~it'of ttie force about that point. A moment of force can
be expressed in Ib-ft (pounds weight times feet distance). The forces involved
in support calculations either are the reactions at supports and nozzles, or are
the dowrlward-acting forces due to the weight of pipe, fittings, valves, etc.
In figure 6 14(a), the moment about the support of the two flanges is
(30 + 20)(16) = 800 It)-ft, counter-clockwise. The moment of the 100-lb
vdivc about the support IS (100)(8) = 800 Ib-ft, clockw~se.As the lengths of
pipe each side of the support are about the same, they may be omitted
from the moment equation. The problem IS s~mplifiedto balanc~ngthe valve
and flanges.
1
301b BLIND 201b SO
I Ilrnlb V A L V E
ym
Suppose it was required to balance this length of piping with a 120 Ib valve
on the right-wilere st-lould the 120 Ib valve be placed?
100 Ib VALVF
SOLUTION
(15)(10)(1/~)(10)= (15)(18 + 2)(%)(18+ 2) + (100)(18) - (R)(18 + 2)
111 Draw the plan view to any convenient scale (as above)
which gives R = 202% Ib. [2] Add the axis line AB (this must pass thru points of support)
The reaction, F, on the support A can be calculated by taking moments about (3) Divide the run of piping into parts. Piping between the support polnts A and B is
considered in three parts. (1) The valve. (2) The length of pipe BC. ( 3 ) The length
the support B or another axis, or more simply by equating vertical forces: of pipe AC-the short piece of line omitted for the valve is ignored, and the effect
F + 202% = ( 1 5)(10+18+2) + 100 = 550, which gives F = 347% Ib. of the elbow neglected.
[41 Drop perpendiculars from midpoints M I and M2, the valve and support polnt E to
the axis line.
PROBLEM OF T H E RISER
(51 Take moments about the axis line, measuring the lengths of perpendiculars M2P. ES,
Supports for lines changing in direction can be calculated by the cantilever DQ and M i R directly from ttie plan view (these lengths are noted on the sketch)'
rrrethod. Sketch (a) t~elowshows that the weight of the vertical part of the PIPE LENGTH AC PIPE LENGTH CB VALVE ASSY LOAD ON SUPPOR1
piping can be divided between two cantilevered sectioris in any proportion
suited to the available support points. Sketches (b) and (c) show the vertical
piping associated wholly with the left- or right-hand cantilevered sections. which gives the load on the support at E as:
Ttic piping nray be supported by means of a dummy leg, if direct support F = 581 Ib
is not practicable.
EXTENSION OF THE METHOD
The same method can be used if the angle at the corner IS dtfferent from 90 degrees, or tf
vertical lines are included in the plptng
NOTES
1
- I The axrs I ~ n emust pass thru points of support If the axis lrne IS not hortrontal.
I
1 I DENOTES ENDS O F (11
the lengths of the oerpendlculars are st111measured directly from the (>Ian vtew
-". .-
I
CANTILEVERED
A
SECTIONS O F
PIPING.
I 121 This method does not tdke Into account add~tronal moments due to bend~ngand
torsion of pipe However, it IS legit~rriateto calculate loads on supports as 11the aloe
is rigtd
T hrs problem uftcri occurs w l t c n rurtrtlrig pipes f r o m one plperack t o another, The nature of the coriveyed material, the process, and f l o w requirenients
w r t h a change In elevation, as 111 frgure G 15. T o o m u c h ovcrhang w i l l stress determine h o w m u c h sagging can be accepted. Sagging is reduced b y bringing
t h e rri;~terral of the pipe b e y o n d a safe l i m i t near one of the supports adjacent adjacent points of support closer. Pocketing of l i q u i d due t o sagging car1 be
ro the bend, and the designer rteeds to krtow the allowable overt~ang. eliirtinated b y sloping the iine so that the difference iri tteigttt between
T h e stresses set u p i n the m a t e r ~ a lof the pipe set practrcal limrts o n t h e adjacent supports is at least equal t o triple the deflection (sag) at the niid-
ovc!rtranqs allowed C I ~ corners T l i e problem IS like that for spans of strarght poirrt. Lines wtiich require sloping include blowdowrl Iloaders, pressure-relief
prpc allow,it~lct)etwcc?ri supports. Overhartgs p e r m ~ t t e db y stated l i m i t s f o r lines, and some process, condensate a n d air lines. ( A i r liries are discc~ssedi n
6.3.2, and draining of compressed-air lines i n 6.1 1.4.)
strt!ss are givt:n 111 ctiarts S 2.
Coniplete draining (nay be required for lines used irt hatch procr?ssing t o
PIPE SUPPORTS A L L O W I N G T H E R M A L M O V E M E N T 6.2.5
avoid containiriatiort, or where a product held i n a line rnay ticyc!rteratr? or
P i i ~ i r t gsiittjt:ct t o lar!ge tempc;attlrc chartgi!s stiould be routed so as t o flex polymerize, or where solids may settle and become a probltrn.
clndcr the clidnges i n length-see figure 6.1. However, hangers and supports I n freeririg conditions, lines conveying condensate frorn traps t o drarns arc
r r i i ~ s t ~ ~ e r m these
it cttdngcs 111 Icngttl. Figures 2.72 A & B show a s e l e c t ~ o n sloped, condensate headers may be sloped (as an alternative t o steal11 tracinq),
o f tiangers and supports able t o accommodate movement. F o r single pipes depending o n the rate of flow.
h u n g I r o m r o d or bar hangers, the hanger should be sufficiently long t o
I n the past, steam Irnes were sloped t o assist i n clearing c o n d c i i s ~ t e ,btrt the
lirrirt totdl rnovernent t o 10 degrees of arc.
Improved draln~ntl 1s rtow n o t considered t o be w o r t h the rfifliculty orid
SPRING SUPPORTS expense involved.
Tht!re are t w o basic types of spring support: (1) Variable load. (2) Constant
load-refer t o 2.12.2. A p a r t frorri cost, the choice between the t w o types SLOPED L I N E S ON PIPERACKS
depends o n h o w critical the circumstances are. F o r example, if a vertical line Sloped l~rtescan be carrrr?d o n brackets attached t o the plperack stanchions
supported o n a rigid support a t f l o o r level is subject t o thermal movement, (see figure 6.3). T o obtarrr the r e q u ~ r e dchange i n elevation at oach bent,
a variable-spring hanger or support at the t o p of t h e line is suitable-see tlte brackets nlay be attached at the requrred elevations, alternately, a st!rlt!s
figure 6.16 (a) and (b). of brackets can be arranged at the same elevation and the slope obtalnctl
I t a h o t l ~ n ecomes d o w n t o a nozzle connected t o a vessel or machine, a n d b y usrng shoes of differcrit s~zes-this method leads t o fewer construction
i t IS riecess~lry t o keep the r t o r r l e sul~stantrally free f r o m vertical loading, problems.
a constant-load hanger car1 bt! used-see frgure 6.16(c). Cheaper alternate Shoes of graded sizes are also the best method for sloping srnallcr lines on the
ntethods of supportrr~gthe / o d d are b y a cable-held weight workrng over a piperack. It IS n o t usual or desirable to harig lines f r o i n the piperack urilt!ss
pulley, as illustrated I n f ~ g u r c6.16(tl), or b y a cantilevered weight. necessary vertical clearances can be maintained.
W E L D I N G PIPE-SUPPORT &
P L A T F O R M BRACKETS T O VESSELS, Etc.
gEk
pulsating discharge may set the piping irito vibration, and to reduce this
an air chamber (pneumatic reservoir) such as a standpipe can be provided
T U R N l N G VANES downstream of the discharge valve.
I t may be necessary to trace a pump (see 6.8.2) in order to keep the conveyed
material in a fluid state, especially after shutdown. This problem arises either
with process material having a high rnelting point, or in freezing cond~tions.
a Route suction lines as directly as possible so as not to starve the pump Alternately, jacketed pumps can be employed (such as Foster jacketed
and incur the risk of cavitation pumps available from Parks-Cramer).
a If the pump draws liquid from a sump at a lower elevation, provide a
combined foot valve and strainer. A centrifugal pump working in this
situation requires priming initially-provide for this by a valved branch
near the inlet port, or by other means
a Provide a strainer in the suction line-see figures 6.17 thru 6.21. Do
not place a temporary startup screen immediately downstream of a
valve, as debris may back up and prevent the valve from being closed
DISCHARGE L l N E
The outlet pipe for centrifugal and other non-positive displacement pumps is F I G U R E S 6.17 T H R U 6.21 ARE O N
in most cases chosen to be of larger bore than the d~schargeport, in order to
T H E F O L L O W I N G T H R E E PAGES, &
reduce velocity and consequent pressure drop in the line. A concentric
reducer or reducing elbow is used in the discharge line to increase the dia- T H E K E Y FOR THESE FIGURES IS
meter. There is no restriction on the placement of elbows in discharge lines ON T H E T H I R D O F THESE PAGES
as ttlere is in suction lines.
(1031
--
A
-
-"
--
f ' L A N V l L W 01 LLBWW
ARIIANLJLMI N T A U U V c
Il
I
I
I
I
I
VAt V i O N $TIlAlNf R
1
'FIGURE!
6.1 7-6.1 9
f 014 1'Lf11001(.
I R( "&,,)OWN -
1
PROVII)I I L I x l n t l ~ ~ ~
A V C ) I I l S I 4 0 1 i l Hl(,lri
j
I1051
- - - -
IPlNG AT NOZZLES I
SPREAD ( A S NECESSARY)
T O ACCOMMODATE V A L V E
16) CASING VENT. CAN BE usto FOR SEAL ~IOUID IAKEOFF I141 !3%OL FOH TEMPORARY STHAINER
(7 B l P t R M A N E N T LlNE S T H A l N t H FOH SCHEWtO O H SOCKET WEI.DE0 PIPING (161 I F A PUMP HAS SlVE SUCTION WlTH SPLIT FLOW TO IMPELLOR. Pf7OVlOE 3 O
R CONNECl AN ELBOW I
SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENTS FIGURE 6.23 o Provide a pressu're gage connection betwc?en filter and comprcssor t o
OF COMPRESSED-AI R E Q U I P M E N T
a l l o w the pressure drop across ttie f ~ l t e rt o be rr1easurt:d I n order t o
(a) SINGLE-Sl-AGE. COMPRESSOR check when cleaning or replacement is needed
R A I N S H l t L O A N D S C R E t N F O R I N T A K E AIR
- * o Use a temporary screen at the compressor inlet at startup-see 2.10.4
1 I'
I+1 U N L O A D I N G V A L V E & BYPASS 0 A v o i d l o w points i n suction lines where moisture and d i r t car1 collect.
I f l o w points cannot be avoided, provide a clean-out -see figure 6.24
e I f the suction line is taken f r o m a header, take i t frorrl tlic! t o p of t11c
header t o reduce the chance o f drawing o f f rnoistirrc or setlirr~er~t
0 A line-size isolating valve is requlred f o r the suction lint! i f t t ~ r suction
!
line draws f r o m a header shared w i t h other compressors
0 Consider pickling or painting the inside of the suction piping to inhibit
( 0 )I . W O - S T A G E C O M P R E S S O R rust formation and lessen the risk of drawing rust i n t o the compressor
LOADS & V I B R A T I O N Uriless suppl~edwitti (or ~ritegralw ~ t l i )a cornpressor, a ctir?ck valve riiust be
provided to preverit backflow of stored cornpressed air or otht~rgas.
The design of supports for piping to large cornpressors (espec~allyfor reclp-
rocatlrig macti~ncs) requires spec~al kr~owledge. Usually, collalorat~onIS
D I S T R I B U T I O N OF COMPRESSED A I R
riccessary w ~ t hthe plplng support group, the stress group, and the cornpressor
manufacturer's representative. A major proble~nIS that the compressor may tieaders larger than 2-inch are ofteri butt weldr?d. Distribution lines are
be forced frorn al~gnrnentw ~ t h~ t sdrlver ~f the plping and supports are not screwed and usually incorporate malleable-iron fittings, as explained in 2.5.1.
properly arranged. Equipment used in distribution piping is described in 3.2.2.
If a diesel or gasoline engine is used as driver, a flexible joint on the engine's A moreefficient layout for compressed air lines is the ririg rnairi with auxiliary
exhaust pipe will reduce transmission of vibration, and protect the exhaust receivers placed as near as possible to points of heavy internlitterit demand.
nozzle. Flexible connections are sometimes needed on discharge arid sc~ctiori The loop provides two-way air flow to any user.
piping. Pulsatiori in discharge and-to a lesser extent-si~ction lines, tends to
vibrate piping. This effect is reduced by using bellows, large bends and COMPRESSED A I R USAGE
laterals, instead of elbows and tees.
The compressed air provided for use in plants is designated 'instrtrment
air', 'plant air' or 'process air'. lnstrurnent air is cleaned and dried corripresscd
I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N & I N S T R U M E N T CONNECTIONS air, used to prevent corrosion in somc instrumeiits. Plan1 air is cornpressed air
F~qure6.23 shows the more useful locations for pressure? arid tcrnporature hut is usually neither cleaned nor dried, altliougti rriost of the rric~isturearid
gages, but does not show ~nstrumentatlonfor startlnq, stopplnq arid unload~riq oil, etc., can be collected by a separator close to the cornpressor, especially
the compressors. S~mplecompressor control arrangements uslnq pressure if adequate cooling can take place. Plarit air i s used for cleaning, powc!r tools, lFIGURES
sw~tcheshave long been used, but result In frc?qucnt startlng and stopp~rigof blowing out vessels, etc. if used tor air-powered tools c?xt:lusively, sorne ! 6.23 & 6.24
ttit?corripressor, causlng unnecessary wear to equ~pmr?nt. suspended oil is advantagc:ous lor I~lbrication,altliocl~~ti Iilter/l~rt~t:units arc
usually installed in tilt: air line to thc? tool.
Atrtorri:itic control using an unloadir~gvalve is superior: tablc 3.6 gives tlie
Process alr is compressctl arr, cl~ancdarid di led, whlcli may br! used 111the
workin!] principles-sec: 3.2.2, under 'Unloading'. Furtlier iriforrnaticiii cart he
process stream for oxidirlng or aglt,jt~ori T tic trcnd 1s to sirp[]ly clraried arid
found in the 'Coriiprcssor irislallatiori mariual' (Atlas-Copco), Uriloadin!]
v i ~ l v t ?arc:
~ ;,llocatt!d instrunleiit nurribers. d r ~ c dair fur botli general process or~d~ r i ~ t r ~ ~ r ipt~rltoscs
it~rit Ttils ;tvo~dsruri
riiny separate l~nesfor process o rid rristr~~rr~r~rltdir.
Ttirt air-prttsse~resigrials for uriloading, starting, loadirig ancl stopping a com-
Process and iristrumerit air lor sornc applicat~onsrer1e~iresto liavit ari oil
[~ressors t i ~ e ~ lt~t:
( l fst?e from pulsations. It is best to take il~cst?
s/!lri;ils frorri
content less tiiari 10 parts pcr rr~illiori.As alri~ostall oily coritarrtiri;irits art!
;I r;or~r~c!r:tiori or1 tlic; reccivcr or a littlc dnwnstreani of it.
present as extreniely srriall droplt!ts (less t t w i 1 riiicron in tf~arric!tc?r)~nccti-
[Ioli~ilsof constrc~ctiono l instr\~nieritconnections are given iri 6.7. Iristrumerit anical filtration may be irieflectivc; atlsorption r?rluipnit?nt car1 elficieritly
l)rarict~r!ssliould be braced to withstand tr;~nsrnissioriof lirie vit~ration. rerriove tlit! oil.
11091
T U R B I N E EXHAUST ARRANGEMENTS F I G U R E 6.25
PIPING TO STEAM TURBINES 6.4
A turbine is a machine for deriving mechanical power (rotating shaft) from
thc expansion of a gas or vapor (usually air or steam, in industrial plants).
Steant turbines are clsed where there is a readily-available source of steam,
arid are also used to drive standby process pumps in critical service in the
evcrit of an electrlcdl power failure, and emergency standby equipment such
as fircwotcr purnps and cluctric generators.
Flqure 6.9 shows a sctiematic arrangement of piping for automatic operation.
There are similarities between steam-turbine and purnp and cornpressor
piping, Tlicir comrnori requirements are.-
ORIFICE BYPASS TO /
THERMAL SHOCK, DUE TO F E E D SMALL AMOUNT
TOO NAPID HEATING ON SWARTWOUT
STARTUP OF STEAM TO TURBINE EXHAUST H E A D
/
A T A L L TIMES
6
mini
Figure 6.25 shows three methods for dealing wlth the turb~ne's exhaust.
Steam from an lnterrnlttently operated turbine rnay t ~ erun to waste artd all
th,it i s rcclu~redIS a slniplu run of prpe to the nearest outstdc wall or op t t ~ r u 6 f t mrnctnurn
clearance lor
the roof txl\austs sttoultJ be woll clear of the b i ~ ~ l d i iarid
l y arr,)rigud so ~ 1 snot I exhaust ltorn
w,~tt?rdrid 011froirt ttlc turttrne, which arc best collcctcd ant1 ruii to t l r d ~ r i A -1- --
dcvlce suitable for t t l l s pLrrpost: IS a Swartwout 'extiaust hcdtf' sllowrl 1r1 flguru I
f i 21; AIterri,~tt!ly, steCjriidischarged from a continuously runrurtq turt~~rlt? may
1 c r l ~ l ~ / (~ISI?W~II!II~,
~ 1 ?d 111 d lower pressure systt!rm. 'Condensate line f r o ~ r ,exhaust head Is piped l u Urairl
(11(11
PIPING TO VESSELS & COLUMNS 6.5 PIPE FLEXIBLY TO N O Z Z L E S
F R A C T I O N A T I O N C O L U M N PIPING
PRESSURE VESSELS (OR TOWER PIPING)
With exceptions and limitations stated in section 8 of the ASME Boiler and As columns and their associated equipment take different forms, accordirlg
Pressure Vessel Code, vessels subject to internal or external operating to process needs, the following text gives a simplified explanation of colurnn
pressures not exceeding 15 PSI need not be considered to be pressure vessels. operation, and outlines basic design considerations.
A vessel operating under full or partial vacuum and not subject t o an external
pressure greater than 15 PSI would not require Code certification. T H E COLUMN'S JOB
SAFETY-RELIEF VALVE
I rUSTRUMENT SPAC
(LIGHTER FRACTIONS)
(HEAVIER FRACTIONS)
RELIEF HEAPER
L E V E L GAGE
GUIDE H E A W CU
l NTERMEDIATE CUT
'BOTTOMS' PUMP
p-. .
3
I----------'
ELEVATION
Material frorri the bottom of a column is terrried 'bottoms', and must be SPARGER UNIT . FIGURE 6.31
r- "-
pumped away (ser! flgure 6.27)-this rnaterial consists of 'heavier' (higher
molecular weight) liquids which either did not vaporize, or tiad condensed, FEED
OWNCOMER AREA
plus any highly viscous inaterial and solids in the feed.
LIQUID FLOW
OVER TRAY
COLUMN ORIENTATION & REQUIREMENTS
M A N H O L E FOR
FOR ACCESS
TO SPARGER
\VAPOR OUTLET
(TOP OF COLUM
NOZZLE AND
PIPING SPACE
If the cuts are to be taken either from even-numbered trays, or from odd-
numbered trays, all nozzles can be located on one side of the column, facing
the piperack. If cuts are t o come from both even- and odd-numbered trays,
LADDER SPACE -' it will almost certainly be impossible to arrange afl norzles toward the
piperack. (See 'Arranging column piping', this section.)
Manholes are necessary to allow installation and removal of tray parts. PLATFORMS & L A D D E R S
Platforms arid ladders are requ~redfor personnel access to valves on nozzles, Platforms are required under manholes, valves at nozzles, level gages, con
to manholes, and to colunlri Instruments.
trollers ~f any, and pressure rel~efvalves Colunins may be grouped dntl
A ddvlt i s needed to raise and lower column parts, and a dropout area has sornetirnes Interconnecting platforms between columns are used Indiv~dual
to tte reserved platforms for a colurnrl are usually stlaperf as c~rcularsegments, as shown In
figure 6.30 A platform is reqclired at the top of the column, ior operdtlng
MANHOLES & NOZZLES
a davit, a vent on shutdown, arid for access to the safety relief v,~lvt!.
This top platform is often rectangular.
For d p d r f i ~ u l ~project
r or colufnn, manholes are preferably of thesame type
Usual practice IS to provide a separate ladder to go frorn yratle pdst the
They s t i o ~ ~ be
l t l located away frorri piplng, and with111range of the davit.
lowest plc~tformLadders are arranged so that the operdtor steps s~clr!woys
rr~,lnI~olescdri be placed o f f tho column centerlirles (plan view).
If rc!tj~r~rcd, onto the pldtforrns
Tlit! ~I~~II~IIOIC st!ivi~i!] tlic sparyt!r unit (figure 6.31) should permit easy re- Ladder Ittrigth is cisc~allyrestricted to 30 f t betweerr laritlir~!ls. Svrirc St;)tt?s
rriovtil iil t t i i t unit, whicll rrlay be anglcd to place t11c feed coriric?ctic~rliri t i l l i ~ w40 11 (ctir!t:k loc:al cotfcs). If operat iriq platforirls arc! itrc ttic!i ; ~ j i ; i 1i
i l (!~!!)l~l!(l
~~0~11l0i1. ~ l l i i l l1I1(! 1 1 1 i 1 ~ l l l l l l l l l[ l O l l l l l ~ ~ i t )Iil(j(jl!l
l ~ ! Il(!i!]lll, il ~ l l l i l l ~l l l l ( ! l l l l ( ! ( ~ l~iIilf/Ollll
~l~(!
is 111 ovidcd.
r ~ f rllc: t:olti~r~ii
7110 [ I ~ I ~ I O I I S wall availablt! for ric~zrlosarc d(:tt!rrrlic~r!d t ~ y
1110 oiit!rit,it~ori aiid typi! ot tray--st!t! figurc 6.29. Elovatic~risof rit)//lr!s arc: I.ittttfors arici cagt!s ~tioulrlcorilorill to thtt ( ; o ~ ~ i l t i i ~staiitl;~rd
iy i11itl siitisly ~ l i ( !
r i stleet (nori~iallyin ttiu iornl of a vi!ssc!l dri.~w~ii!l).
t;iht!rl iloril ill(! c o l u ~ l ~dsta r~!cl~riir!r~ic!rlts ~ Dcpartrrit!r~t of 1.at1or (OSIIA), 0i1rt 1!110.(0).
uf t t US
11141
DAVIT a 1.1ne dt!s~griat~onshr!c!ts, to ot)ta~rioperat~ngterr~pcraturesof l~rlcsfor
calcula t rig tliernial rnovcrr~r?rit
Relcrrlng to f~gurc!6.30, tile rliiv~ts l i r ~ i ~be
l d loci~tr?rfat thr! top of tIi(?col\lrn~i
so that ~t can Iowc:r i ~ r i dralso tray parts, p ~ p ~ r lvalves,
g, ctc: , t)t!twcc!rl Itro pl,~t a Uctails of trays and otlicr intorrial parts o f thr! c o l ~ ~ r ~ i r ~
area iit ! ~ r i ~ d c
lor 111saild t l ~ uclropo~~t a I I[;! ior~son t110l ~ o i ! ~ l 01
I~I!sI ~ t sI;I(I~J~!Is
r Operat~orialrt!quirc!riicr~ts lor the plant
ARRANGING COLUMN PIPING
r Allocate space for vertical lines from lower nozzles, avoiding running The pressure-relief valve for the relief line should be placed at the highest
these lines tllru platforms if possible point in the line, and should be accessible from the top platform.
r Lines from the tops of columns tend to be larger than others. Allocate Valves should not be located within the skirt of the column.
space for them first, keeping the lines about 12 inches frorn the plat- INSTRUMENTS & CONNECTIONS
forrns and the wall of the column-this makes supporting easier, and
permits access to valves, instruments, etc. Temperature connections should be located to cornr~iur~icate
with liquirls in
the trays, and pressure connections with the vapor spaces bclow the trays.
r Allocate space for access (manholes, ladders) clear of piping-especially
Access to isolated gages can be provided by ladder.
clear of vertical lines
Gages, and gage and level glasses, must be visible when operating valves,
o Provide a clear space for lowering equipment from the top of a column and be accessible for maintenance.
(for maintenance, etc.)
Gages and other instruments should be located clear of rnanholes and
r Provide access for mobile lifting equipment t o condenser and reboiler accessways to ladders and platforms. If necessary, ternperatwe and pressure
a Provide clearance to grade (approximately 8ft) under the suction line, gages may be located for reading from ladders. Locatirig Iristruriierits at oric
from the column to the bottoms pump end of a circular platform may allow a narrower platforrri. FIGURES
r Arrange vent(s) in the skirt of the column THERMAL INSULATION 6.30 & 6.31
a Ensure that nu low point occurs in the line conveying 'bottoms' to Therrnal insulation of the exterior of a colurnn may bc rc!quired in order to
the suction port of the bottoms pump, in order to avoid blocking of reduce heat loss to the atmosphere. Insulation rnay b e ir\atlt!quate to maintain
this line due to cooling, etc. the required temperature distribution; in th~!secircumstances, a reboiler is
used. Thermal insulation is discussed in 6.8.1.
INFORMATION NEEDED TO ARRANGE THE COLUMN PIPING
FOUNDATION FOR COLUMN
a Plot plan showing space available for column location, and details of
cquiprnerit which is to connect to the column The base rlng of a column's s k ~ r tIS attached to a re~nforcedcoricrpte con-
structlon. The lower part of t h ~ sconstruct~ori,ternled t l i r 'four~ddt~on',IS
r P&ID for norlle connections, NPSH of bottoms pump, instrumerit- bclow grade, and IS square In plan view the uppt'r part, ternled ttie ' b , t s ~ ' ,
ation, line t~linds,relief valves, etc. t o whlctl the base rlng IS attached, is usually octagonal arid projects above
r Column data stieets and sketch of column showing elevations of nozzles grade approx~mately6 inches.
[llSl
PIPING FOR H E A T EXCHANGERS 6.6 DESIGN POINTERS . 6.6.2
Engineering Notes:
tlr!t~t exr:li,~r~!lc?rs
art! drscussr!d ti) 3.3.5
8 Provrdr! tlic slicll wrth a pressurt?-reliuvirigdevice to protect a!]drrist
exccsstvi! slicll sttle pressure In the event of internal failurc
D A T A NEEDED T O P L A N EXCHANGER PIPING 6.6.1
8 f'ilt f o t ~ l ~ raridlor
ig corrosrve fluids rnsrde the tubes as these arc (except
Pr~:lirntr~;~iy c:xcliari!ic!r irilor rii;~tiorishould be grvert early to tlit! piping grotrp,
U type) t?ds~lyclearir!d, and cl~eaperto replace than tlte shell
so t liat p t l i r r i ~st~rdit!scart br; rllatfe with special rt?fcrr?riceto orientat ion of
r~o/tlt;s. t3clorc> arrar~!liri~j I~c!at-excliar~!~cr
piping, the followirig r i l l ~ r r ~ i i ~ t i ~ ~8 ~ f'c~t t l ~ cIiottt!~fl~rrcl111 tiit! tubes to reduce heat loss to tlir! surrortrid~t~c~s
i s rteuded
, 8 However, ~f steam IS used to heat a flurd iri an exchnliger, passrrig t l ~ e
PROCESS FLOW D I A G R A M This wrll show the fluids that are to be handled stearn thru tlit? shell has advantages. for example, coridensatc i s far
by tllct t~xcliacigcrs,and w ~ lstate
l tl)crr flow rates, terriperatures and pressures. c:~s~crto ttaridlc stiellside. lnsulatiorl of the shell IS r>orrrially rt:q urred
E X C H A N G E R D A T A SHEETS One of these sheets is cornpiled for each to protect personnel, and to reduce the rates of condensate forrrtatron
exclian~jcr ilcsigii by the project group. The piping group provides nozzle and heat loss
orientation sketches (resulting from the piping studies). The data sheet in- 8 Pass refrrgcrarit or cooling lrquid thru the tubes, 11 the exctiartger IS
forms the manufacturer or vendor of the exchanger concerning performarice clot ~risulatcd,for economic operat~on
and code statnp requirer~ients,materials, and possible dimensional limitations.
8 If Itcat transfer IS bctweeri two liquids, a couritercurrerit flow pattern
T E M A C O D I N G FOR E X C H A N G E R T Y P E will usi~dlly give greater overall lieat transfer than a paralleled flow
pattern, otlier factors being the sanie
Tllc: Tuj_)(lldr Exchangers Manufacturers Assocratron (TEMA) has devrsed a
method for desrgriattng exchdnger types, ustng a letter cod~rigThe excl~angor 8 Orientate sittgle-tube spiral, helical and U-tube exchangers (witti steam
stiowri ~ rfigure
i G 32 would have the bas~cdes~griat~onAEW See chart H-1 fed thru the tube) to permit outflow of conderlsate
HEAD
NOZZLE STATIONARY
2nd F L U I D
ENTERS
RELIEF V A L V
CONNECTION
UBE BUNDLE
FLOATING
TUBE-SHEET
BAFFLE ( T Y P )
1st F L U I D
LEAVES
(WARM)
Nozzle Positions: M I N I M U M SPACtNG & CLEARANCES TABLE 6.5
0 Arrange noz7les to suit the best pipirig and plant layout. Noz7lcs niay
FOR MULTIPLE HEAT EXCHANGERS
Locating Exchangers:
[Ai
1 2 ' M I N FOR
AFTER REMOVAL OF ROLTS
WRFNLtl ACCESS
I F THIS IS L1KEI.Y. A StiOf3T
- -ii- REMOVABLE WOOL TO THC
Qi
HEAD NOZZLE SHOULD BE
REMOVABLE SPOOL PROVtDED
= ,,/,
I 1 (1) Show ovtllnes of exchanger supports or foundations before arrdriglng plplng I
(2) Add to clearances shown, thicknesses of insulation for r x c h a n g ~ rshells and
connected piping
(3) Provide additional clearance to the 2'-6" operating space ~f valve handwheels
and valve stems, etc., protrude, depending on p ~ p i n garranyrnent
FIGURE
differential pressure by the rnanuiacturer The meter run (that is, the piping
ROTAMETER CONNECTIONS
in which the orifice plate is to be installed) must correspond with the piping
A rotanieter consists of a transparent tube with tapered and calibrated bore, used to calibrate the orifice plate-the read~ngswill be in error i f there is very
arranged vert~cally,wide end up, supported In a casrng or framework w ~ t tend i much variation i n these two piping arrangements.
cortrlections The lristrumellt should be conrlected so that flow enters at the
lower end arid leaves at the top A ball or spinner rides on the rising gas or li- Sometimes the or~ficeassembly includes adjacent piping, ready for welding
q u ~ dinside the tapered tube - ttle greater the flow rate, the higher the ball or i n place. Otherwise, lengths of straight pipe, free from welds, branches or
splnner rides Isolating valves and a bypass should be provided, as In f~gure obstruction, should be provided upstream and downstream of the orifice
6 35 assembly.
Table 6.6 shows lengths of straight pipe required upstream and downstream
ROTAMETER F I G U R E 6.35
of orifice flanges (for different piping arrangements) to sufficiently reduce
(a) P I P I N G T O R O T A M E T E R (b) I N D U S T R I A L R O T A M E T E R turbulence in liquids for reliable measurement.
GAGE
I I
KEY:
( 1 ) 1-lnch t n l n l r n u m clearance b e t w e e n
gate or b a l l valves. A l t e r n a t e l y , splay
vdlves a n d arrange sldoby-rltle.
( 2 ) Pipe-to tube cor~rlrctor.
( 7 ) 0 ~ ) t l o n d l l v ,lirres rriav t)e r11)pcd.
I 1 ) t - l l r ~ l i c r . f ~ r e r s u rCO~IIIL'L~IOII.
e
( ) Irlstrur~ient-s11owr1 sctlerndtl~ally.
( 6 ) Verit.
( I )Lowcbr-pressure connection.
( 8 ) G l o b e valve i s norriraliy closed. I t 15
ojtoriod o n l y for ' z e r o ctieckiri9' tliC
lnstrtirnent.
( 9 ) C d o . H e n l o v e d for ' r o d d l n g o t l t ' .
S T R A I G H T PlPE RUN T O T H E O R I F I C E CLEARANCES .
I lit! arrar,gonierit of o r ~ f ~ cp lca t e asscrrlbl~r!~s l i o u l t j b e rlladtl iri c o r l s u l ; l t ~ o r i Clcar spacn sliould bc? left a r o u l i d arl o r i f i c e assr?rnl)ly. Fi!jllrt! 63.38 s t l o w s
w ~ t hthc iristrumc?rit criqlnc:cr. Usually, 11 is prr?fc!rrc!d t o locatc o r ~ f i c cp I i ~ t ( ! r e q r ~ i r c dlor r ~ i o u r l t i r i ! li r i s t r ~ r r ~ ~ r ? s(?;11
r l i i r i i r ~ l ~CIC~I~~II~CL'S
~r~l ~ l t s ,[ ~ o t s ,(!I(:., :111(I
FIGURE!:
6.35-6.38
=access space
ELEVATIONS L - 2'-6 A TABLE
6.6
KEEPING PROCESS MATERIAL For personnel protection insulation should be provided up to a height of
AT THE RIGHT TEMPERATURE about 8 f t above operating floor level. Alternately, wire IT~CSII
g ~ i ~can
i d be
~
provided. The following more detailed table gives insulatio~ithickness for
To ensure continuity of plant operatiorls i t is necessary to rna~rltairisome heat conservation, based on 85% magnesia to 600 F, and calcium silicate
process, servlce arid utility lirles within a desired temperature raliye in order above 600 F.
to keep ntatcrials In a fluid state, to prevent degradation, arid to prevent
damage caused t ~ yliquids freeririg in cold conditions. Piping can be kept
I N S U L A T I O N R E Q U I R E D FOR PIPE
warlri by irrst~lat~ori,or by aoplyirl!l heat to the irisulated piping-this is A T V A R I O U S TEMPERATURES T A B L E 6.8
'lacket~ng'oi 'tracir~y',as discussed ~ r 6.8.2
i acid 6.8.3.
This is a widely-used way of keeping lines warm-surplus steam is usually Expansion can be accommodated by looping the tracer at elbows and/or pro-
available for this purpose. Figure 6.40 shows typical tracing arrangements. viding horizontal expansion loops in the tracer. Vertical dowriward expan-
A stearrl-tracirig systcrn consists of tracer lines separately fed from a stcarn sion loops obstruct draining and will cause trouble in freezing clirrlatcs, urlless
supply treader (or subtleadcr), each tracer terminating with a separate trap. the design includes a drain at the bottom of the loop, or a union to break
tiorizontal pipes are commonly traced along ttie bottom by a single tracer. the loop. I t is necessary to anchor tracers to control the amount 01 expansion
Multiply traced pip(!, with ruurc than two tracers, is ur~c~sual. that can be tolerated in any orie directiori. Straight tracers 100 f t or lor~lr?rare
STEAM PRESSURE FOR T R A C I N G usually anchored at their midpoints.
Steant pressures in ttie range 10 to 200 PSIG are used. Sometirnes steam will Expansion at elbows must be limited wherc nc) loop is used arld excessive
be available at a suitable pressure for the tracing system, but i f the available nlovement of the tracer could lift the insulation. I n such cases the tracer is
steam is at too high a pressure, it may be reduced by means of a control anchored not more than 10 to 25 f t away from an elbow which limits start-up
(valve) station-see 6.1.4. Low steam pressures may be adequate if tracers exparlsion to 112 to 314 inch in most cases. The distance of the anchor fronr
are fitted with traps discharging to atmospheric pressure. If a pressurized the elbow is best calculated from the ambient and steam temperatures.
condensate system is used, steam at 100 to 125 PSIG is preferred. EXAMPLE: System traced with copper tubrng: coefficient of linear expan-
sion of copper = 0.000009 per deg F. Steam pressure to be used = 50 PSIG
SIZING HEADERS (equivalent steam temperature 298F). Lowest ambient temperature = 50 F.
The best way to size a steam subheader or condensate header serving several I f the anchor is located 20 ft frorn the elbow, the rnaxirnurn expansion in
tracers is to calculate the total internal cross-sectional area of all the tracers, inches is (298--50)(0.000009)(20)(12) = 0 53 in. T h ~ sexpansion will usually
and to select the header size offering about the same flow area.Table 6.9 be tolerable even for a small line with the tracer construction for elbows
allows quick selection if the tracers are all of the same size: shown ~ r figure
l 6.40.
TABLE 6.9
/ ' 0 53 unch E X P A N S I O N
LOWEST A M B I E N T T E M P E R A T U R E = 5 0 F
SCH 80 carbon steel pipe, or copper or stainless steel tubing is used for
tracers. Selection is based on steam pressure and required tracer sire. In prac-
tice, tracers are either 112 or 318-inch size, as smaller sizes involve too much
pressure drop, and larger material does not bend well enough for customary
field installation.
M A X I M U M LENGTHS & RISES 112-inch OD copper tube is the most econorrlic material for [racing straight
The rdte at which conderisate forms and fills tlie line determiiles the leriqttl piping. 318-inch OD copper tubing is more useful where srnall bends are
of the tracer In contact witti the pipe. Too many variables are involved to required around valve bodies, etc. Copper tubing can be used for pressures up
give useful mdxirnum tracer lengths Most cornpanles have their own design to 150 PSIG (or to 370 F). Table T-1 gives data for copper tube.
frgure (or figures based on experience) for this usually, length of trdcer In Supply lines frorn the header are usually socket welded or screwed and seal-
Lontact with pipe does riot exceed 250 ft welded depending on the pressures involved and the company's practice. A
1 PSI stcdrri will l i f t condensate about 2.3 ft, and therefor vertical rises plpe-to-tube connector i s used to make the connection between the steel pipe
will present no problern unless low-pressure steam IS being used Cornp,tnlcs and tracer tube - see figure 2.41.
prefer to lirrlrt the vertical rrse In a tracer at any one place to G ft (for 25 49
TRACING V A L V E S & EQUIPMENT
PSIG stearn) or 10 ft (for 50-100 PSlG steam). As a r0llgh gultle, t l ~ etotdl II
Iieigtlt, 1r1 feet, of all the rises iri orle trdcer rriay be Iirrl~tcdto orir! qu~lrterof Differt!nt rnetliods arc iisud. Sornc cornparlics require valves to be wrapl)c?d
tllc ~ r i i t ~stearn
al pressurr?, in PSIG. For exanlple, ~f the in~tialstcarn pressure w ~ t htracer tub~ng Ottlcrs r-rierely run the tub~ngIn a vr?rtical loop alorirjridc
1s 100 I'SIG, total tir!igtlt of all risers Irk tlie tracer should be limited arid against tlie wive ttndy. In erthcr mt!tliorf, roorn stioi~lclt ~ c11!f1 f o r rc!
10 25 11. Tt~crise for d sloped trdcer is the diifurence In elev(itioris t~t!twccii rnovtilg tl,lryc I~olts,airti onror\s ~110~jld t)e \)li)~t!d111 ttltl: I ~ ~ tliiltO
SO C 1\11!I
tlrc? (!rids of the slopirig pdrt (11 tlic tracer. v,llvr! or ccli~~[)rrlr!rlt
oar1 /I(! rt!rr~ovr!d.
(l?4l
STEAM & LOW-PRESSURE HEATING MEDIA 6.9 SUPERHEATED S T E A M
EXPLANATIONS O F S T E A M TERMS 6.9.1 I f heat is added to a quaritity of dry st(!arri, Ill(!tr?rnl)c?rat~~rc of tlic steani will
rise, arid tho nurnb(?r of tfcgrees rise in tr?rril)c!rat~~rc! is t t i t ! 'tlo!jrcr!s of st~pr?r-
HOW STEAM IS F O R M E D
llctat'. Tlius, supcrhc!at is 'serisil~le'1ro;it - tliirt is, it ciici 11(1 rrlc;~sirrc!clIly ;I
Stcam is a coriv~?riicr~t and clasily Ii:iridl(?d rnodiurrl for hcatirig, for clriviri!l tl~c?rriiornc!tc?r.
rrractiiriery, for clearling, arid for creating vacuurn.
EFFECT O F PRESSURE C H A N G E
After water has reached the boiling point, further ;ltlditio~iof Iit!at will corivc?rt
water into the vapor state: that is, stearn. During t~oilingtlicr~!is no further Urider normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 F'SIA) pure watcr t~oilsat 212 F.
rise in tornperature of tlie water, but the vaporization of the watt!r ~rscs(11) Reduction of the pressure over tlic water will lowr!r ttic boiling poirit. Iricreasr!
hcat. This added heat energy, wliicli is not sliown by a rise iri tt?rnpcrat~rrc,is iri pressure raises the boilirig point. Stcar11 tal)lns give boiling points cnrrc!s-
termed 'latent heat of vaporization', arid varies with pressure. poridirlg to particular pressures.
In b o ~ l ~ none
y pound of water at atrnosplier~cpressure (14.7 PSIA) 970 3 BTU FLASH STEAM
IS absorbed. I f the steam condenses back Into water (st111at the bolllng Suppose a quaritlty of water IS be~nqb o ~ l c dat 300 PSlA (correspond~nqto
tcrnperature and 14.7 PSIA) it will release exactly ttie amount of heat ~t 417 F ) . I f the source of heat IS rernoved, bo~llrigceases. If the pressure over
absorbed on vaporlzlng. the water IS then reduced, say frorri 300 to 250 F'SIA, ttic water starts bo111riq
Ttre term 'saturated steam' refers to both dry steam arid wet steam, descrit~ed on its own, wlthout any outside heat applied, u n t ~thel temperature drops to
below. Steam tables give pressure and temperati~redata applicable to dry and 401 F (this temperature corresponds to 250 PSIA). Such spontaneous bolllng
to wet steam. Small amounts of air, carbon d~oxide, etc., are preserit in due to reduction in pressure is termed 'flashing', and the steam produced,
steam f rorri ridu us trial bo~lers. 'flash steam'.
The data provided in steam tables enable calculation of ttie quantity and
STEAMIWATERIICE D I A G R A M C H A R T 6.3
temperature of steam produced in 'flasliirig'.
Steam in a line will give up heat to the piping and surroundings, and will
gradually becorrie 'wetter', its temperature rcrnainirig the sarnc. Tllc change o f CHART
state of part of the vapor to liquid gives heat to the piping wittiout lowering 6.3
" . ' I . the temperature in the line. The water that forrns is termed 'conderisatt!'. I f
the line initially contains superheated steam, heat lost t o thr? pipirig arid
surroundings will first cause tlie stearri to lose sensit~loheat until the stcarn
ternperature drops to that of dry steam at ttle line pressure.
A I R I N STEAM
With both dry arid wet steam, a certain pressure will correspond to a certairi
ternperature. The temperature of the steam at various prr:ssures car1 t ~ ofound
iri steam tables. I f air is mixed with steam, this relationship betwt!eri pressure
-Heat removed Heat added ----+ and temperature no longer holds. The rnnre air that is adrriixt!d, the more
CHANGE OF STATE the temperature is reduced below that of stc;~mat thc sirrrlr! I)rr!ssirrr:. Tticrc!
D R Y STEAM is no practicable way to separate air frorn stearn (without coricft!ns;~tiori)nrlcc
it is mixed.
Dry steam IS a gas, consisting of water vapor only. Placed in contact with
water at ttie same ternperature, dry steam will not condense, nor will more
stcam form--liquid and vapor are in equilibrium. LOW-PRESSURE H E A T I N G M E D I A 6.9.2
WET STEAM
Spccial liquid rnedia such as Dowthc:rrns ( I l o w (:IIFIII~C;I~ Co.) illid TIif?rr~ii~>ols
Wf!t stearri consists of water val~orand suspendt?rlwatc:r particles at tllc! sariic! (Monsanto Co.) can be boilcd liko water, t)ut ttir! s;~rnc!v;r~or torirl~ori~tures :IS
torn[~c!ratureas the vapor. Ileatirig ability ('quality') varies with the perceritagc steam are obtained at lower prt?ssurc:s. Iir!;ltirig systr!~ris11sir10thc!sr! liquids
of dry stearn iri the mixture (the water particles contain no latertt 1ic;it of arc more complicated Illan stcnrn systt!rns, arid c?xl~c!ric?~ict? w ~ t t ti t r ~ r ris~ ricces-
vaporizatiori). Like dry steam, wet steam is in equilibrium with water at the sary in nrdcr to design ari efficierlt iristalli~tiori.t-lowc!vr!r, tllo t~asic~)rirlciplos
sarnc! temperature. of stearn-heating systcrris apply.
STEAM PIPING In early steam systems, there was considerable waste of steam and condensate
after passing thru heating coils, etc., as steam was merely vented to the open
REMOVING AIR FROM STEAM LINES air. Later, the wastefulness of this resulted in closed steam lines from which
Air in steam lines lowers the temperature for a given pressure, and calculated only the condensed steam was removed and then refed to the boiler. The re-
rates of heating may not be met. See 6.9.1 under 'Air in steam'. moval of condensate to atmospheric pressure was effected with traps-special
autornatic discharge valves-see 6.1 0.7.
Thr! rnosi ccononlic rncans for renjoving air from steam lines is automatically
This was a much more efficient system, but it still wasted flash steam. On
thru temperature-sensitive traps or traps fitted with temperature-sensitive air-
passing thru the traps, the depressurized condensate boiled, generating lower-
venting devices ;)laced at points remote from the steam supply. When full
pressure stearn. In modern systems, this flash steam is used and the rcsldual
line temperature is attained the vent valves will close completely. See 6.10.7
condensate returned to the boiler.
under 'Temperature-sensitive (or thermostatic) traps'.
WHY PLACE V E N T S A T REMOTE POINTS ?
STEAM SEPARATOR O R D R Y E R 6.10.3
On start-up, cold lines will be filled with air. Steam issuing from the source
will mix with some of this air, but will also act as a piston pushing air to the This is an in-line device which provides better drying of steam being imnted-
remote end of each line. iately fed to equipment. A separator is shown in figure 2.67. I t separates
droplets entrained in the steam which have been picked up from condensate
WHY R E M O V E CONDENSATE ? 6.10.2 in the pipe and from the pipe walls, by means of one or more baffles (which
In heating systems using stearn with little or no superheat, steam condenses cause a large pressure drop). The collected liquid is piped to a trap.
to form water, termed 'condensate', which is essentially distilled water. Too
valuable to waste, condensate is returned for use as boiler feedwater unless it SLOPING & D R A I N I N G STEAM & CONDENSATE L I N E S 6.10.4
is coritamirlated with oil (usually from a steam engine) or unless it is
uneconomic to do so, when it can either be used locally as a source of hot Sloping of steam and condensate lines is discussed in 6.2.6, under 'Sloped
water, or run to a drain. If condensate is not removed:- lines avoid pocketing arid aid draining'.
Condensate is collected from a steam line either by a stearn separator (sorne-
r Steam with entrained water droplets will form a dense water film on
times ternled a 'dryer1)-see 6.10.3 above-or more cheaply by a drrpleg
heat transfer surfaces and interfere with heating
(drip pocket or well - see below) from where i t passes to a trap for period~c
r Condensate can be swept along by the rapidly-mov~ngsteam (at discharge to a condensate return line or header which will be at a lower pres-
120 ft/sec or more) and the hi!)h-velocity impact of slugs of water sure than the steam line. The header is either taken to a bo~lerfcedwatcr
with fittings, etc. (waterharnmer) may cause erosion or damage tank feeding make-up water to the boiler or to a hotwell for pumping to the
U T I L I Z I N G CONDENSATE F I G U R E 6.41 boiler feedwater tank.
Low pressure Flash Stearn
Condenwre from Traps I -b
DRIPLEGS COLLECT CONDENSATE 6.10.5
I t is futile to provide a small dripleg or drain pocket on large lines, as the
condensate will not be collected efficiently.
Driplegs are made from pipe and fittings. Figure 6.42 shows three methorfs of
construction, and table 6.10 suggests dripleg and valve sizes.
~'1-I
CondCnwte P u n ~ l )
I
.-.
-
RECEIVER
Low temlwrdturr Cor~denwte DRIPLEG CONSTRUCTIONS
SCt3tWf.U OH
SOCKC 1-WELDED P I P I N G
BUTT-WELDED P I P I N G
/
F I G U R E 6.42
F ~ g u r e6 4 4 shows
I l e n ~ sc o v e r e d b y
the trap symbol
Condensate Pumr)
DRIPLEG & V A L V E S I Z E S TABLE 6.10 Steam traps are designed to react to cliarigcs in ternpcratrlrr?, prcssrrrc? or
density :
STEAM TRAPS 6.10.7 Refer to 6.9.1. When hot condensate under pressure is released to a lower
The purpose of fitting traps to steam lines is to obtain fast tieating of systems pressure return line, the condensate immediately boils. This is referred to as
'flashing' and the steam produced as 'flash stearn'.
and equipment by freeing the steam lines of condensate and air. A steam
trap is a valve device able to discharge condensate from a steam line without The hotter the stearn line and the colder ttre condensate disctrarqc I~rie,ttie
also discharging steam. A secondary duty is to discharge air-at start-up, lines more flashing will take place, i t can be severe if the conderisatrl conies frorrr FIGURES
are full of air which has to be flushed out by the stearci, and in continuous t11gt-1pressure steam. Only part of the condensate forrns strlnrn \inwrvcr, i f 6.41 & 6.42
operation a srnall amount of air and non-condensible gases iritroduced In the ttie header is ~riatleqt~ately
w e d to cope w ~ t htlie clrri~ntity of fl,~sli stoarn
boiler feedwater have also tc be vented. produced arid backpressure bu~ldsup, waterhamrner (:an result.
Some traps have built-in strainers to give protection from dirt and scale whicli Often, where a trap is run to a drain, a lot of steanr seems to be passirig thru
may cause the trap to jam in an open position. Traps are also available with the trap, but this is usually only from condensate flastiing.
cttecking features to safeguard against backflow of condensate. Refer to the
rnarlufacturers' catalogs for details.
Ctiousing a trap froni the many designs should tie based on the trap's ability D R A I N I N G SUPERHEATED S T E A M LINES 6.10.9
to operate with minimal maintenance, arid on its cost. To reduce irlventory Steam lines with rnore than a few degrees of superhaat will not usually forrri
and aid maintenance, the minirnum number of types of trap sltould be used condensate in operation. During ttie warmirig-up period after starting a cold
in a plant. The assistance of manufacturers' representatives should be sougtit circuit, the large bulk of metal in the piping will ricnrly always tist? up the TABLE
before trap types and sizes are selected. degrees of superheat to produce a rluarltity of contlerrsatc. 6.1 0
t l ( ~ l l K l . 5 b ,!'I & I , ,I1 h l l O N k.QI1ll'bll.N I M'lll( I 1 ( ' 4 s Ill (851 I) l h I KT\!' l'll'lN(.
AKHAN(.t.hlt S IS. 0 N I . Y I l t . h l S O t t Q l l l l ' h l l h'l St.( t.?ISAKY t O K I.( OF;O5II(
& ?I.\tt l)b.5l(*> N t t l ) l i t l1St.l) llll.tOl.l,I>NiS(, N O l l . 5 Nll.1 :All) 5t.l I ( - 1 I o N
SIGHT GLASS ALLOWS VISUAL CHECK THAT TRAP IS DISCtlAflC,lN(r CORRECTLY INTO
A PRESSUfilZED CONDENSATE RETURN L l N E BUT IS SELDOM U S t D BECAUSt THE GI ASS
M A Y E n o o t PHESENTING A RISK OF EXPLOSION
WHY VENTS ARE NEEDED 6.11.1 After piping has been erected, it is often necessary to subject the system to a
tiydrostatic test to see if there is any leakage. In compliarice with the
applicable code, this consists of filling the lines with water or other liquid,
Verits arc needed t o Ict gas ( ~ ~ s i ~ aair)
l l yin and out of systems. Wlieri a line or
closing the line, applying test pressure, and observirig how well pressure is
vessel cools, t l ~ epressure drops and creates a partial vacuum wlliclt can cause maintairted for a specified time, while searching for leaks.
syptioriing or prt!vt!nt (Jrainir~g.Wlicri ltrcssure rises in storage tanks due to an
incrcasc in temperature, it is necessary to rr!lr;ase excess pressure. Air niirst
also be released frorn tanks to allow filling, arid admitted to pcrrnit draining or As ttie test pressure is greater than the operating pressure of the systcrtt, ~t IS
puir\pin!l out liquids. necessary to protect equlpmcnt and tnstruments by closirlg all relevant valves.
Vessels and equ~pmeritusually are supplred wit11 a cert~ficateof code cornplr-
Unless air is removed from fuel lines to burners, fiailie iading can result. In ance. After testing, the valved drains are opened and the vent plugs temporar-
steam I~nes,air reduces heating efficiency. ily removed to allow air into the piping for complete draining.
I F THE VENT OR D R A I N I S FOR ANOTHER PURPOSE I1 IS DETAILED O N THE PIPING DRAWING OR THE D t S l G
TtiRE001 t T T H H E 0 0 1 ET
Tlirealml Endl PLOL
5 0 1 KUI L 1
REFERENCES a Apply ttie recornrncndations relating to the project of the NFPA, API
or otlier advisory body
'Fire harard properties of flammable liquids, gases, volatile solids'. 1984.
0 Check insurer's requirements
NFPA 325M
'Flamn1at)le arid cornbustil~leliquid codt?'. 1987. NFPA 30 0 Isolate flammable liquid facilities so that they do riot crldanger irnpor-
tant buildings or equipment. I n rnairi buildings, isolatc frorri otlicr
'Flanirrlat~le and cornbustil~lt?liquid code handbook'. Tiiird edition. 1987.
areas by firewalls or fire-resistive partitioils, witti fire doors or upt!ri~irgs
NFPA
and wi tti rntjans of drainage
'Fire protcction iri refineries'. Sixth etlition. 1984 Ariiericarl Pt!trolt:urn
Institute. API RP 2001 0 Confine flarnrnable liquid in closed containers, equiprnent, arid piping
systems. Safe design of ttlesc should have three prirriary objt!ctivt?s'
'Protection against ignitions arising out of static, lightning and stray currents'.
( 1 ) To prevent urlcontrollcd escape of vapor frorn ttit! liquid. (2) To
Fourth edition. 1982. API RP 2003
provide rapid stiut-off if liquid accideritally escapes. (3) To cor~fine
'Inspection for fire protection'. First edition. 1984. API RP 2004 the spread of escaping liquid to the srnallest practicable area
'Welding or hot-tapping on equipment containing flammables'. 1985. 0 I f tanks containing flammable material are sited in the open, it is good
API RP 2201 practice to space them according to the miriirnurn separatiorls set out in
'Guide for fighting fire in and around petroleum storage tanks'. 1980 the NFPA Code (No. 395. 'Farm storage of flammable liquids') arid to
API publication 2021 provide dikes (liquid-retaining walls) around groups of tanks. Additional
NFPA address: Batterymarch Park, Quincy MA 02269 niethods for dealing with tank fires are: ( 1 ) To transfer the tank's
contents to another tank. (2) To stir the contents to prevent a layer
T A N K SPACINGS 1NFPA) T A B L E 6.11 of heated fuel forming
a Locate valves for ernergcncy use in plant mishap or fire-see 6.1.3
r Valves for emergency use should be of fast-acting type
0 Prov~depressure-rel~efvalves to tanks corltaining flammable liquid (or
Wtlichever is greater: - Iiquef~edgas) if exposed to strong sunl~ghtand/or higt~arnbient terriper-
(Sum of diameters of adjacent tanks)/6
ature, so that vapor under pressure can escape
r Consider providing water sprays for cooling tanks containing flammable
liquid wtllch are exposed to sunlight
0 Provide ample ,ventilation in buildings for all processing operations so
that vapor coriccntration is always below the lower flammability lirilit.
Process ventilation should be iriterlocked so that the process caririot
operate wittlvut it
r Install explosion panels in bulldings to relieve explosiori pressure and
reduce structi~raldarnqr?
0 Install crasti pariels for pqrsonnel in ha~ardousareas
10 f t f r o m centerline of dike wall 0 Erisurct that tlic basic protection, ailtonlatic sprinklers, is to be iristallod
r Sornc Iiar~rdsrc!rlilire s[)r?ci;tlf ~ x e textinguish~n~]
l systerns-foarn, carl)ori
d ~ o x ~ t l cdry
, CIICIIIIC~I or water sprtty-in addltlon to spr~nklcrs.Seck
a ~ l v ~ cfrorii
e [lit! Irre cli!~),~rtrrlt~~it
rcsporrslble lor the area, arid frorn ttrt?
Illbllrcrb
i'""
SPACE F O R S T R U C T U R A L STEEL
--- -
Large openings in walls, floors or the roof of a building may be needed for
installing equipment. Wall and roof openings are covered when not in use,
but sometimes floor openings are permanent and guarded with raitings, etc.
RELATION TO PROCESS
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NHS No11 rrsirig steirr [ O f v,~lve] SCR D Screwed UNC 2.6.3
SF Spot-faced UNF 2.6.3
SKT Socket UNS 2.6.3
011 SM LS Searriless
Outside dldrlteter Si Silicon v
011tstde screw I Valve sten11 SO Slip-on V (1) Vertical
Outside sc rt:w ,trttl yoke. [Valve stem] SP ( 1 ) Sample p o i n t (2) Vanadium
(2) Standard practice. [MSS terrri]
SR Short radius, [ O f elbow]
l ~ ~ r > s t r i ~ r r i e r i t dCfidgrdrit
I ' r ~ ) i rdrtcl tr~~~ SS T Stainless steel (1) West
l'l,~rrt 1)ottt erttls {Sw<ye,ctr 1 s-1- Stearrt trap (2) Water
lJl,tin crld [Pipe, ctc I STM Stearrt WGT Weight
f'lltC' r 3 [ ) r l ~ d f l 0 f lIflStltute ST D Staridard WLD Weld (ed1
I ' l d r t orx? end [ N ~ p r ) l eetc.1, ST R Straight WN Welding neck
( 1 ) Prpo siipoort [ A n c h o r , g u ~ d eo r SW Socket welding WOG Water, o i l and gas
shoe. or Items cornbintd t o f o r m the SWG Swaqe WP ( 1 ) Workpoint or reference point
support] SWG I Swagtul nipple ( 2 ) Markings w i t h this prefix designate
( 2 ) Pre-spring NlPP \ certain steels and are used o n pipe,
PSI f-'ourld [weight] per square inch. [Pressure] SWP Stearn working pressure fittings and plate. Exanlplc. 'WPU'
PS l A Pourid per square inch absolute marked o n forged fittings deriotes
PSlG Poiriid per square inch gage A 1 81 grade 2. Refer t o ASME SA-
( 1) Terrrperature 234, tables 1 and 2.
R (2) Trap Weight
HCD R~ulu~~ng T&C Threaded and coupled. [Pipe]
RF Rdised face TEMA Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers' Assn X
RJ Riiig joint TGT Tangent XH Extra-heavy. [See Index]
H C'M Revolutior~sper minute TOE Threaded one end. [Nipple or Swage] XS Extra-strong
RS Rising stern [ O f valve1 TOS Top o f support XXS Doubleextra-strong
TP I Threads per inch
OTHER
TSE Threaded small end
(1) South TYP Typical. [Uscd t o dvold redrawrng similar Centerline
(2) Stedrr~ arrangenieri tsl (D Diarneter
DAP D ~ a r n r n o n ~ uphosphate
rn Agriculture
A DCO Dehydrated castor o i l Parnt
DMC Orrrtethyldrnrrloniurn d ~ r n e t h y l Ref~nrng
ADA Ac ctoric cjicarboxylic acid Drugs carbdrriatc
AL A Air-erttrd~nrrlgagent Concrete DMF Drrr~ethylforrriarnide
ANW t3:3'% ~jrrirrloniurrr rtitrate i n water DMU [lrrriettiylurca
DNA Dlrlorlylddrpate C'lastics
B DNM O ~ r l o r i yrridlente
l Plastics
UAI' t3errryl 11,lra-arnino pheriol f- uel DNP Oirtorryl phthalate Plastics
31 { A tJiltyl,3ted t~ydroxyanisole f ood U N 1- Oirl~trotolucrte t xplosives
Bt i C t3t:rlrt~rc, ticxachlor~de Gcner'il 11(1P [ l i o c t y l pttthalate Plastics
uiir ihityl,tttul hydroxytoluene F oocl DOV '3G% strlfuric acid Ger-ierdl
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Isophthalic acid S Sulfur General
lsopropyl n-phenyl carbonate SAP Sodium acid pyrophosf~hate
Isopropyl alcohol (Shell Oil Co.1 General SDA Specially denatured alcohol Gerteral
SO2 Sulfur dioxide Gerieral
L
LOX L icluid oxygen Rocketry
L-PC Lauryl pyridiniurn chloride Soaps
I-I'G L i(lt~of
I(>(]potrolrt~rrtgases, ~rtairily Fuel Sodium tetractiloracctate Agriculture
butane and propme 1,1 , l -trichlorcthnnt! [ l r y clcariirig
Tricresyl ptiosphntc l'uel,
f'lastics
M 7 iG Tr ietliylerte glycol fief ining
MHMC Monotertiary butyl-methyl-cresol General TC L Tetraethyl lead F LJCI
ME K Methyl-ethyl-ketone Paint, rE P Tetr;jcthyl pyrophosphatc Agriculture
General T 1-A Tttrallydroft~rfurylalcohol
7 NA 1rinitroaniline
M r F' 7-metltyl, 5-ethyl pyridine Trir~itrottorlrcrlt!
1 NO
MlBC Methyl isobutyl carbinol TNG 1 Ilnitroglyc.crir~e
MIF3K Methyl-isobutyl-ketone T NM 1r i n i t r o r r ~ e t l i ~ ~ r ~ e
M NA Methyl-rtonyl acetaldehyde TN7 1rinitrntolt~c>fltl
MNPT rn-nitro p-toluidine TNX Tr~rlitroxylcrie r x[)loslvr~s
MNT Moriortitro toluene Explosives TOF Trior l y i p11o:;pililte L x~~loslvcs
MSG Monosodium glutantate Food TPG TI ~i)hr:r\ylg t i ~ ~ r ~ i t l t n c ~ Plastics
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