MECHANICS OF MATERIALS (I)

PURE BENDING

Dr. Jung-San Chen

Department of Engineering Science
National Cheng Kung University
PURE BENDING
Pure Bending: Prismatic members subjected to equal and

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opposite couples acting in the same longitudinal plane

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Eccentric Loading: Axial loading which does not
pass through section centroid produces internal
forces equivalent to an axial force and a couple.

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 Transverse Loading:
Concentrated or distributed

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transverse load produces internal
forces equivalent to a shear force
and a couple

Principle of Superposition: The normal stress due to

pure bending may be combined with the normal stress
due to axial loading and shear stress due to shear loading
to find the complete state of stress.
J.S. Chen
CURVATURE OF A BEAM
1 d
P d = ds = =
ds

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o If deflections are very small
d

compared to its length : ds dx
b
1d
a = =
x
ds
x dx
dx
Sign convention for curvature:
o : center of curvature Depend upon the orientation of
: radius of curvature the coordinate axes
: curvature y y
+ _
x
1
= x

pure bending constant curvature
large bending ,
nonuniform bending varying curvature
small bending , J.S. Chen
 SYMMETRIC MEMBER IN PURE BENDING

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Internal forces in any cross section are equivalent to a
couple. The moment of the couple is the section bending
moment.
The sum of the components of the forces in any direction
is zero.
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SYMMETRIC MEMBER IN PURE BENDING

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Assumption:
Pure bending

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Plane section remains plane

Beam with a plane of symmetry

in pure bending:
length of top decreases and
length of bottom increases.

bends uniformly to form a

circular arc.
J.S. Chen
BENDING DEFORMATIONS

Beam with a plane of symmetry in

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pure bending:

a neutral surface must exist that is

parallel to the upper and lower
surfaces and for which the length
does not change.

stresses and strains are negative

(compressive) above the neutral
plane and positive (tension) below it.
J.S. Chen
STRAIN DUE TO BENDING
Consider a beam segment of length L.

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After deformation,
DE : do not change in length (exists
somewhere). The surface is called the
neutral surface. The z axis is called
the neutral axis.
Front view AB: shorten
AB : elongation

C : center of curvature
: radius of curvature
Side view J.S. Chen
STRAIN DUE TO BENDING
Consider a beam segment of length L.

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After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections (JK),

L=( y )
=L L = ( y ) = y
y y
x == =
(strain varies linearly)
L
c c
=m = or
m
y
x = m
c
J.S. Chen
STRESS DUE TO BENDING IN THE ELASTIC RANGE
For a linearly elastic material,

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y
x = E x = E m
c
y
= m (stress varies linearly)
c
Stress distribution at the edge

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STRESS DUE TO BENDING
Find the location of the z axis (neutral axis) dA

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y
Fx : x dA =
c m dA = 0

m

c y dA = 0 y dA = 0

First moment with respect to neutral plane is zero. Therefore,

the neutral surface must pass through the section centroid.

=
[Note] Centroid: z
=
z dA
,y
y dA
if y dA= 0 y =0
A A
z axis passes through the centroid. Also, the y axis is an axis
of symmetry of the cross section y axis passes through
the centroid
J.S. Chen
STRESS DUE TO BENDING
Find M relationship

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y y
M = y x dA =
c m dA
y x = m
c
m 2 mI
M =
c y dA
c
Mc M
=m =
I S
y
Substituting x = m
c
My
x =
I
J.S. Chen
BEAM SECTION PROPERTIES
The maximum normal stress due to bending,

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Mc M

= m =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S= = section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus will have a
lower maximum stress
There are no transverse stresses (in the y and z directions).
uniaxial stress (in the x direction)

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 Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I bh
S= = = 6 bh = 16 Ah
12 2

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1
c h2
Between two beams with the same cross sectional area, the
beam with the greater depth will be more effective in
resisting bending.

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BEAM SECTION PROPERTIES
Structural steel beams are designed to have a large

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section modulus.

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MOMENT OF INERTIA
(RECTANGULAR/CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION)

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dA y
h h
bh3
=
y dA y bdy 2b =
dy
=I 2 2
h = 2
y dy 2 2
h A 12
0
z o 2

2r sin dy , y =
dA = r cos dy =
r sin d
b
= = (r cos ) 2 2r sin dy
2
I y dA
A 0

dA y =
0
(r cos ) 2 2r sin r sin d
dy

= 2r cos 2 sin 2 d
4
r
z 0

1 d4
= 2r (1 cos 4 )d =
4
0 8 64
d
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BEAM SECTION PROPERTIES

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c
m =

Mc
m =
I

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LIMITATION
Pure bending.

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Prismatic beams.

Homogeneous, linearly elastic materials

No stress concentration

If V 0 warping shear deformation complicatedly.

But the flexural formula are not significantly altered.
My
= can be used in beams subjected
I
to nonuniform bending.
J.S. Chen
SUMMARY
c y
m = x = m (strain vary linearly)

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c
y
x = m (stress varies linearly)
c

=
Centroid: z
=
z dA
,y
y dA
A A
My Mc M I
x = =
m = S= = section modulus
I I S c

1 M
=
EI
J.S. Chen
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IEBpEM6f2Zw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELDiu8aWgxg

BEAM BENDING

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ydA
= 2
(r cos ) 2r sin dy 4r
=y A 0
=
A r 22
3
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 BENDING OF MEMBERS MADE OF SEVERAL
MATERIALS

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Consider a composite beam formed from two materials
with E1 and E2.
y
Recall x =

x = E x N.A.

Find the neutral axis:

E1 E2

1 x1 dA + x 2 dA = 0
2 ydA
1
2
Modular ratio
ydA = 0

E2
E1 ydA + E2 ydA =
0 ydA + nydA =
0, n =
1 2 1 2 E1 J.S. Chen
BENDING OF MEMBERS MADE OF SEVERAL MATERIALS
y

Normal strain varies linearly. x =
= y

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Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y nE1 y
1 =
E1 x =
2 =
E2 x =
=
n 1
=

Elemental forces on the section are
1dA =
dF1 =
E1 y
2 dA =
dA dF2 =
E2 y
dA =

( nE1 ) y
dA
J.S. Chen
MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONSHIP
x ydA =
M= 1 ydA 2 ydA

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A 1 2

E1 y 2 dA + E2 y 2 dA
1 2

1 M
M = ( E1 I1 + E2 I 2 ) = =
( E1 I1 + E2 I 2 )
where I1 and I 2 are the moments of inertia about the neutral axis
(the z axis) of the cross-sectional areas of material 1 and 2,
respectively. Not that I= I1 + I 2 , where I is the moment of inertia
of the entire cross-sectional area about neutral axis.

MyE MyE2
Normal stress: 1 =
E1 y = 1 , 2 = E2 y =

( E1 I1 + E2 I 2 ) ( E1 I1 + E2 I 2 )
J.S. Chen
BENDING OF MEMBERS MADE OF SEVERAL
MATERIALS
If the transformed beam is to be
equivalent to the original beam, its
neutral axis must be located in the
N.A. same place and its moment-resisting
capacity must be the same.

E2
Recall: E1 ydA + E2 ydA ==
0, n
1 2 E1
E1 ydA + nE1 ydA =0 E1 ydA + E1 y (ndA) = 0
1 2 1 2
The above equation shows that the neutral axis is unchanged if
each element of area dA in the material 2 is multiplied by the
factor n, provided that the y coordinate for each such element
of area is not changed. J.S. Chen
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 BENDING OF MEMBERS MADE OF SEVERAL
MATERIALS
The moment-curvature relationship for
the transformed beam must be the
same as for the original beam.

O.K.
x ydA =
M= x ydA x yndA
A 1 2

= E1 y 2 dA + E2 y 2 dA = E1 y 2 dA + E1 y 2 ndA
1 2 1 2

= ( E1 I1 + E1nI 2 ) M
M = ( E1 I1 + E2 I 2 )
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BENDING OF MEMBERS MADE OF SEVERAL
MATERIALS
1

My
x =
I
2
1 = x

= 2 1 n x
n=

Define a transformed section such that

dF2 =
(nE1 ) y
dA =
E1 y
(n dA) n=
E2
E1
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My
x =
I

1 = x
2 = n x

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REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Concrete beams subjected to

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bending moments are reinforced by
steel rods.
Concrete is strong in compression
but extremely week in tension.

The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below the
neutral surface. The upper part of the concrete beam
carries the compressive load.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
Ec

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Es

In the transformed section, the cross sectional area of the

steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area nAs where n
= Es/Ec.
[Note]: As is the total cross-sectional area of the steel bars
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REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS
To determine the location of the neutral axis,
EC ydA + ES ydA =
0 EC yC AC + ES yS AS =
0
1 2

x
EC ( AC yC + nAS yS ) =0 ( bx ) n As ( d x ) =0
2
12 b x + n As x n As d =
2
0 Obtain N.A. by solving x
The normal stress in the concrete
and steel
My
x =
I
c = x s = n x
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 REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS

Icr = [moment of inertia of the concrete block about the N.A.] + [moment
of inertia of the transformed steel about the N.A.]
1 3
I cr= bc + I 0 + (d c)2 ( nAs ) is approximately equal to
3
1 3
bc + (d c) 2 ( nAs ) since the moment of inertia of the
3
transformed steel about it's own centroidal axis, Io, is small compared
to everything else. Therefore use:
ONLY VALID FOR A SINGLY
1 3 REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTION
I cr= bc + (d c) ( nAs )
2

3 J.S. Chen
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3

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ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADING IN A PLANE
OF SYMMETRY

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Eccentric loading

F=P
M = Pd

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ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADING IN A PLANE
OF SYMMETRY

Stress due to eccentric loading found by superposing the

uniform stress due to a centric load and linear stress
distribution due a pure bending moment
x = ( x )centric + ( x )bending
P My
=
A I J.S. Chen
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Part a A =
= c 2 (6mm=
) 2 113.1mm 2
0 P=
= =
A 700 N 113.1mm 2
=
6.2 N / mm 2
6.2 MPa

Part b

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Front view

T-shaped cross section

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 P Mc A
A = + =333P + 710 P =+337 P (Tension)
A I

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P McB
B = =333P 1226 P =1559 P (Compression)
A I

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N.A.

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SYMMETRIC BENDING
Members remain symmetric and bend in the
plane of symmetry.

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The neutral axis of the cross section coincides
with the axis of the couple.

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 UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Will now consider situations in which the bending couples

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do not act in a plane of symmetry or the bending couples
act in the different plane.
In general, the neutral axis of the section will not
coincide with the axis of the couple.

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UNSYMMETRIC BENDING

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Inclined load
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in the most
general case of unsymmetric bending.
M z = M cos M y = M sin

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 Resolve the couple vector into components along the
principle centroidal axes. ( y ) x dA =
Mz

M z = M cos M y = M sin ( z ) x dA = M y

Superpose the component stress distributions

Mz y Myz
x = + 4-
Iz Iy 71

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UNSYMMETRIC BENDING
Along the neutral axis,

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x =0=
Mz y Myz
+ =
( M cos ) y ( M sin ) z
+
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y M y Iz Iz
tan = = = tan
z MzIy Iy

> Iz > I y
< Iz < I y
The neutral axis of the section does
not coincide with the axis of the
couple.
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40mm(90mm)3
Iy = 2.43(106 )m 4
12
90mm(40mm)3
Iz = 0.48(106 )m 4
12

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GENERAL CASE OF ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADING
Consider a straight member subject to equal and

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opposite eccentric forces.

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=

The eccentric force is equivalent to the system of a centric

force and two couples.

P = centric force
M y = Pa M z = Pb
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GENERAL CASE OF ECCENTRIC AXIAL LOADING
By the principle of superposition, the combined stress

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distribution is
P M z y M yz
x = +
A Iz Iy
If there is a line in the section, along which the stresses
are zero, the neutral axis of the section may be found from
P Mz y Myz
x = + =
0
A Iz Iy
Mz My P
y z=
Iz Iy A
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DH:10mm

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GC:43.3mm

HA:70mm
BG:36.7mm

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