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 Volume 8 1 / 2 (168/169) 1
(January 16, 1998 AT ISSUE ISSUE
Published under the auspices of the Russian Space Agency

2 manned flights
Flight of the space station "Mir"
? SHSO situation is still not clear Triton veteran on board the "Mir"
Spacewalk A.Soloveva and P.Vinogradova spacewalk A.Soloveva
established
D.Vulfa and "Endeavor" at the start of Valery Ryumin: "The world" is
ready to dock On the timing of the termination of the flight, "the World"

CJSC "Company Videokosmos "And the company R.

& K. with the participation of, the Permanent Mission
9 astronauts. Astronauts. crews
of the European Space Agency in Russia Exam training crews EO? 25 Interdepartmental Commission assessed
the training of crews Press? Conference crews EO? 25 new
and the Association of Space Museum. astronauts begin training Peter Klimuk of Slovak astronaut Dzhon
General sponsor of the publication - Glenn mission will fly a second time! Astronaut Barbara Morgan will
Khrunichev. Khrunichev

Editorial Council: 22 spacecraft launch

S.A.Gorbunov - press "RSA S.A.Zhiltsov The launch of AMC Lunar Prospector
Secretary - head of Khrunichev N.S.Kirdoda - vice"
Launched Skynet 4D
president AMKOS Yu.N.Koptev - CEO of RSA
K.A.Lantratov - Head Khrunichev group
26 Environmental Issues
Tundra will be cleared from the rocket stages?
I.A.Marinin - chief editor P.R.Popovich -
President AMKOS, twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
pilot "cosmonaut. 27 automatic interplanetary station
B.B.Rensky - Director R. & K. AMC Lunar Prospector
V.V.Semenov - CEO Objectives of the mission and spacecraft design projects
CJSC "Company Videokosmos" Moon Alana Bayndera Last Voyage Eugene Shoemaker
A.N.Filonenko - technical editor ESA A.Furne
Flight AMC Lunar Prospector In the vastness of the solar
"Sicre - Head of Delegation
ESA in Russia system

Editorial team:
Igor Marinin, the editor in chief deputy. Cassini Galileo Mars
editor in chief Oleg Shinkovich Global Surveyor NEAR
Columnist Igor Lisov Editors: Igor Afanasiev
Maxim Tarasenko,
Sergei Shamsutdinov Special
Correspondent: Eugene Devyatyarov Maria
Pobedinskaya Literary Editor Vadim Anosov 32 artificial Earth satellites
Computer maintenance company R. & K The next stage of the project "Spectrum? RG" concluded Struggle
to save the spacecraft "an EarlyBird 1" Statistics of space
Design and layout Vyacheslav Salnikov
launches in 1997
Distribution: Valery Davydov

Reprint with permission 40 Satellite communications

edition. Link to NC when reprinting or using their Satellite digital TV in Georgia State of works on creation of a
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Correspondents required. The magazine "News
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42 Spaceports
Registered in the MPI RF
Space Florida at the Kennedy Center
February 10, 1993. 01110293
Excursions
Editorial Office Address: Moscow, ul.Pavla Korchagin, d.22,
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Russia will be informed of the test laser weapons
E-mail: 127426, Russia, Moscow, "Space News"
on demand, Marinin IA 44 The International Space Station
New fuel tank ready shuttle
Circulation 5000 copies. Signed in
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Printed by Q" Print OY 44 News Astronomy
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Manuscripts will not be reviewed and returned. Responsibility for 45 Anniversaries
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preservation of the Sovereign"
stvennoj and other materials are the secrets of the authors. 49 Missiles (carriers
The point of view is not always edition
Rocket? Carrier Athena 2"
It coincides with the opinion of the authors.

The cover photo used NASA

 manned flight
Continue the flight crew 24 th
primary expedition consisting
of commander of the crew
Anatoliya Soloveva, flight
engineer Pavel Vinogradov
and Flight Engineer 2 David
Wolf aboard the orbital
complex "Soyuz TM 26?" -?
"Mir" - "Kvant" - "Quantum
2?" - " crystal "? "Spectrum" -
with - "Nature" - "Progress M
37?".
Flight of the space
station "Mir"
M.Pobedinskaya
According to MCC,
I.Lisov
According to ITAR? Tass, "Interfax",
RIA "Novosti", NASA, France
Presse, Reuters, UPI and Chris van
den Berg.
2 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
1st of January. The crew rest day. "Springs"
accepted congratulations from po? dnyh, friends and
colleagues a Happy New Year.
January 2. Astronauts replaced the hydraulic
replaceable panel (LNG) in DOCs 1B 3PS1 cooling
circuit. After dinner hosted television se? ans
communication with families of astronauts. Then
Anatoly Solovyov and Pavel Vinogradov to? We are
engaged in studying methods of manhole inspection
docking compartment airlock (SHSO) and Devid
Vulf? Experi- conduct? running experiments on
American science about? gram.
On the same day around 3:45 UHF (Decree?
Noah Moscow time), the first time in yet? tion year
outage occurs onboard computer digital computer?
1 Traffic Management System (DMS). Orientation
station was favorable during the accident?
hydrochloric, and deep discharge batteries complex
has not occurred. However gyrodynes were
inhibited and, as usual, are disconnected from the
power supply module "Quantum? 2", "Nature",
"Crystal".
Both settings "Electron", prednazna? chennye
electricity for production of oxygen? lytic decomposition
of water did not work before COURT accident, and
repairs scheduled for today has been canceled. Crew
uc? polzoval checkers oxygen and oxygen from
cylinders "Progress M? 37". New mouth? Novki
atmosphere purification system "Air" in the base station
(BS) is not disconnected at? a long time, but the crew
brought her into work. Old "Air" in "Quantum of? 2" has
been disabled. In general, the WB and the "quantum"
Elektra? -operation was quite enough.
The cause of the fault CVM? 1 of an eye? out to
be the failure of the central exchange unit (CMO) of
the machine, is responsible for communication with
the CPU PERIPHERAL? Riina devices.
Replacement head Viktor Shadrin flight said later
in an interview with NTV that the failure is related to
the excess of guarantee
term operation of this unit. Evening January 2nd
CMO has been replaced by a substitute. The
computer was launched, by 22:00 loaded commands
from Earth and worked without remarks? Nij.
transport ship engines to maintain the current battery
orientation to the sun is not engaged, but the 22:15
DMV with them began RESET? ment of the nominal
orientation of the complex.
Repeatedly delayed spacewalk Anatoliya
Soloveva and Pavel Vinogradov despite the
accident CVM? 1 is scheduled for January 9.
By 2 January crew finished the repairs?
restoration work loop temperature control system,
which reduced
the temperature to a comfortable level in fashion? Lyakh
"Quantum? 2" and "Nature". In the Reference blo? ke
January 2 was + 27 C. Chris van Den Berg (Netherlands),
partially explain the high temperature so that from 27 to 30
December station practically was not in shadow.
January 3. In the morning, Anatoly Solovyov
and Pavel Vinogradov were preparing to enter the
equipment, studied the cycle? grams, techniques
SHSO inspection hatch. About an hour was given to
the crew of physics? cal exercises. After lunch, we
continued preparations for the exit, but Ana? toliyu
Solovyov, who slept all night? first couple of hours,
was allowed to rest until the evening.
By 11:00 DMV was done four gyrodynes
promotion, and in the evening - nine, and they
were included in the control loop. The remaining
gyrodynes needed complement? tional testing. Is
completed in? row buffer battery modules orbit? tal
complex. All the vital systems of the station are
included, while the final? of battery charging
possible to include in the work of energy-intensive
equipment "Crystal" module "Quantum? 2" and
"Nature".
4 January . Sunday, the crew from? blowhole.
Nevertheless, it turned out that was not possible to fully
roll out one of the nine gyrodynes. It turned out that
need replaced? on one of its elements, which is out of
order as a result of the accident COURT January 2.
The next day, January 5, the sweep? Tel flight
director Viktor Blagov told Itar? Tass that Remedy
gyrodyne pon? it is achieved in about a week.
Blagov noted that this repair is not urgent. For
under? holding station orientation to the sun is
enough already working 8 gi? homeland. In
addition to the morning of 5 yanva? OC was
promotion of the tenth and it was decided to roll out
11? th.
The rest of the computer f consequences of failure? pa have
already been eliminated. "Electricity is sufficient? accurately, and at
the station temperature will go down? rose to 28 C , - Blagov
said.
"In general, cheerful holidays we've got," - he
said during a session Anatoly Solovyov
connection.
A "Springs" on this day in accordance with the
radiogram were engaged in checking the spacesuits
tightness test their means of telemetry and on-board
communication systems, as well as the replacement of
replaceable elements spacesuits.
Anatoly Solovyov and Pavel Vinogra? rows, to
save time, prepare all three space suit "Orlan? m"
to the two outputs at once. Spacesuits for Anatoly
and Paul were produced almost entirely.
On the same day the entire crew underwent
medical monitoring and has been recognized by the
first? striation to work in open space. When testing
Wolfe veloergo so cool? meter that Russian colleagues
have promised to use it instead of a dynamo?
machines.
New Year's first outing must be on? chatsya
January 9 at 02:30 DMV, and work on? indoor space
Wolfe and Soloviev in inte? NASA resah is scheduled for
23:40 on January 14.

6th January. According to Tass. Zavar?
shilsya fifth month orbital flight Anatoliya Soloveva
and Pavel Vinogradov. Devid Vulf worked at the
station "Mir" hundred days.
SHSO situation is still not clear
5 January
manned flight
hatch between the instrumentation? freight and unit?
but Sci-bay (PGO and PNO), Devid Vulf gave them all
possible assistance.
January 9 at 00:00 started the gateway? vanie in
instrumentation Sci compartment "Kwan? that? 2. "
Quickly open the PNO hatch? SHSO was not possible
during the session. The hatch was opened about 1:20
DMV. After transitions? Yes SHSO in the closed position
of the hatch cover output astronauts removed supple?

V.Romanenkova. ITAR? TASS.

tion and locks with a feeler gauge to check perfect seal
the lid to the frame.
Reason depressurizing airlock module compartment "Quantum? 2" of
orbital station "Mir", which took place November 3, 1997 th? yes, still
At the same time Pavel Vinogradov
remains a mystery to experts. (Recall that on November 3 at the end of the
spacewalk, Solovyov and Vinogradov failed to tightly close the exit hatch.
immediately about? outward "absenteeism" dog of H and the operating time in
one of the wasps? novnyh locks hatch between 5? the open space, according
At? This is now compartment SHSO can not be used, and locking ne? Ed on
m and 10? m additional locks. "SEND foot of the to ITAR-TASS, the
EVA crew members carried in Raspaud? false before the gateway of device
castle," - he said at MCC. Castle did not reach its astronauts If ye not in the
Sci compartment (PNA)).
closed position by 1 cm. The gap at the other airlock first aid kit with
major and six additional locks CB? pom was not medikamen Tami. As
"We can not understand what happened," - admitted? camping in an
detected. reported for mestitel led the
interview with ITAR? Tass deputy managing? of Tell Victor Blagov flight.
flight of Tell copper Qing
Therefore, during the closest exit? yes to open space, the beginning of which
Exit hatch can be opened, but the station was ensure Igor Goncharov,
is scheduled for 2:30 UHF January 9, Anatoly Solovyov and Pavel
still in the shadows. Therefore, the settlement? le such kits specifically for
Vinogradov will spend only inspection of the airlock. "First you need to figure
report on the state of the hatch director Vladimir each of tovyatsya
out what was going on, and then do repairs," - Victor D. said.
Solovyov took flight solutions? of the inspection spacewalks. They primarily
hatch is moved to the end? ship activity (EVA), and include preparations for
in the lane? -hand turn migrate OPM. normalization of heart suck
Blagov "almost 100 percent" sure that the January 9 cosmo? navty will
Distin activities, as well as to
not be installed at the exit hatch airlock screened out? ka new rubber seal
The opening of the exit hatch was held at provide emergency aid - for
and inspect only "door." Ra? it was assumed that it was an old,
02:08 DMV. After a cursory examination over? stress, out of a shock, when
protershiysya occasional seal caused the leak.
Nost module and the hatch the astronauts switched al lerga or herbs max.
to SHSO to Boom by fashion? A "Crystal". Pavel However, Igor Goncharov
Vinogradov, Execu? Zuya belay ring moved to the expressed to hope for the
Part of the scientific equipment ra station? bot OS? Considerations Boom and translated it with fact that the braids are
automatically, without the intervention of the crew. Anatoliem Solovevym on the docking from? s (CO), monavty not use the first aid
Today, the scientific part of the programs? we included a and then also went on Boom CO. kit and everything will be
survey and spectrometers? rirovanie individual sections fine.
of the world's oceans, the measurement element flows?
tary charged high-energy particles, a number of
microbiological The investigations? been concerned. EVA and A.Soloveva
P.Vinogradova
H while aboard the station According to the Mission Control Center
still does not pa bot block (MCC), the day was devoted to preparing for the
Condi tioning will repay ha exit, and training in the ska? fandrah, during which Output objectives:

BKV 3 whose bases-valued produces the ultimate fit "Eagle" under the Wool? - Inspection of the exit hatch gateways $ Vg
function - con trol humidity. F. Anatoly Solovyov has provided American? zu special compartment;

The unit incorporates a
teploob exchanger, where
water vapor is condensed
and sent to it for processing
in the drinking water. Now
for subtree Zhaniya
acceptable moisture
included in the
least-quantum regenerator
compartment "With Hughes
TM 26", while the remaining
condensate current at
hoditsya remove overboard
that the ability creases
water supply station.
help with training.
Start release on 9 January Perene? hay from
2:30 to 1:55 DMV.
Pavel Vinogradov in the morning was busy
for? Mena battery-DC converter?
GOVERNMENTAL PTAB battery module 2
"Nature", is ready to work required for spacewalks
and video equipment? complex "gliders" with which
the crew will be able to conduct video opera? tions
during the exit and pass PICTURE? voltage to
earth.
Jan. 7. Christmas holiday Rhys? Tova was in
"Spring" a day of rest. Kos? monavty talked on the
phone with her? E families.
- dismantling the monitor optical ha of
characteristic $ (OPM) with the docking of $ seca
"Mir".
Of? For leaking hatch in about? grams of this
release were not included, as it was planned earlier,
working with the spec? troreflektometrom SPSR.
At the time of expected pro? conduct inspection
and videotaping of the frame, the cover and the exit
hatch node suspension, the status screen? vacuum
thermal insulation? tion around it.
optical performance monitor was installed
Vasiliem Tsiblievym and Dzherri Linendzherom
during spacewalks April 29, 1997 (NR 9, 1997)
and was intended to Explore? Bani environment
impact mechanism, okra? zhayuschey "Mir" on the
mother's samples?

January 8. After breakfast, the crew went on
vacation? Sleep from 09:30 to 19:30, as was coming
out at night.
After dinner, medical monitoring, inspection
systems and spacesuits onboard communication
systems Anatoly Solovyov and Pavel Vinogradov
donned gear and closed
lov.Vasily Tsibliyev arrived January 8 at MCC and
before the release said Co? lovevu Vinogradov
and how best Obra? schatsya with this device.
At 21:00 DMV was scheduled to copper? Qing
control of the commander and bortinzhe?

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 3

 manned flight
inequality. At 22:20 they had to start a pro? Verka
suits, and in an hour - enter them.
The planned opening of the hatch PNO?
SHSO was 1:55 or 1:45 DMV from? covering of the
exit hatch - 2:35. Estimated time of closing the exit
hatch - 6:17, hatch PNO SHSO - 7:50 DMV.
After dismantling the ORM and secure it in the
harness assembly Boom Pavel Vi? Nograd returned to
the base of the GRU? the base card boom and translated
it with Anatoly From? lovevym on SHSO module
"Quantum? 2", and then he moved on to the Boom
SHSO.
Having got in OPM SHSO astronauts osmot?
Ralegh frame exit hatch, the hatch and its
suspension assemblies, the state stake? tsevogo
rubber seal and screen? vacuum heat insulation
around the holidays? of the hatch, the hatch
completed filming using a video complex "Glees?
ser "and more petite vie? deokamery "Scooter" for
further analysis. Comments to the seal was not.
Pavel Vinogradov said that the compacted? of the
grooves of "does not fall, never erased? moose and
vmyali ", and white patches on the edge of the
hatch is minimal.
Closing the exit hatch was vypol? Neno at 05:14
DMV. When tightening Stuhr? shaft defective lock,
according to Vi? nogradova, "I did not even budge."
However, after several cyclic operations loosening
and tightening the wheel and he went. The specific
reason for the refusal of the castle remains unknown,
but it is a contamination or mechanical hindrance
than a failure. Solovyev and Vinogradov meticulous?
but closed the hatch 9 major castles of 10 and
tightened by hand 10 extra. By 6:30 UHF astronauts it
was already in the PNA, and the hatch SHSO? PNO
was closed.
navty not able to close all 10 additional?
Lock-negative and only delayed - on time? by a
source - from 4 to 6. Unfortunately, Loose clamps
were not close? the closing of the lock, and the
other was not enough to hatch was sealed.
Between the lid Liu? ka and frame attachment gap
left.
The flight director also said that will repair the
hatch mechanism, but "now we have a complete
set of location? rudovaniya for this. " Perhaps this
is about? rudovanie have to order urgently to
deliver into orbit on the "Endeavor".
However, at the same time Viktor Blagov with?
obschil ITAR? Tass that under? Solid one of six
versions negerme? ticity hatch. Because in each of
them "it was harvested material OJEC? Cookies ,
repair will not be a big deal and will be executed
through a non? how many days. To this end, all
necessary equipment at the station.
Deputy Head of Program 1? ISS phase from
the American side, Dzheyms Van Laak, said on
January 9 that the EU? Would SPSR tests took
place in the pre? duschem output with it could be
time to? bot on several modules, including BB and
"Quantum". Now, however, the area of work is
limited to the module "Quantum? 2".
After the operation of locking, lifting and drying
clothes and medical monitoring astronauts after
breakfast at 10 o'clock. After completing the
necessary settlement? le each output operation,
"Springs" were able to go to sleep. In the evening
they had dinner and reading the program's next?
boiling days, went to bed, now in uroch? Noah time.
convent and Pavel Vinogradov prepared for the
EXPO? ments "Plasma Crystal", produ? dil
replacement power supply multichannel? of fiber?
Electronic Modular spec? trometra MOMS? 2P.
The pressure in the SHSO "Quantum? 2" fell to
561 mm and has continued to fall slowly. The rest of the
complex with the pressure? stavlyaet 664 mmHg
Vladimir Solovyov admitted on Monday that the leak of
SHSO, though weak, but it does occur. It made re?
shenie that locking during release January 14/15 will be
held in the PNA. Us? Suggested Measures causes of
leakage from SHSO if it will continue after the new
release will be postponed until after the expedition
seeded? scheniya on the shuttle and crew shift change
with the EA? 25. In other words, lock repair before?
Musabaeva crew costs.
13th of January. "Springs" continued
preparations for the exit. Soloviev and Wolfe
about? led training in spacesuits. Pavel Vinogradov
are testing the video? "Gliders" complex.
On the same day during telekonferen? tion with
their Russian counterparts American? skie program
managers were given Soglo? these things to David
Wolfe participated in the exit. Although the deputy head
of programs? 1, we? nd phase of the ISS on the US
side Dzheyms Van Laak, and said that for D? sheniya
withdrawal Wolfe need to understand when? ranks
refusal hatch lock, the decision was based on the fact
that the lack of one? of the castle is not dangerous.
Pressure in SHSO January 13 was 531 mm.

Work behind the station to continue? It
familiarizes 3 hour 06 minutes. (According to official
figures press MCC group -? 4:00 04 min.). Length of
time in the conditions? s vacuum outside of device?
scientific? Foot compartment is not precisely known.
"Springs" exit program is executed.
NASA astronaut Devid Vulf gave the command
for the transmitter "Anta? res ", which provides
communication through a hundred? relay-stationary
"Ray" on the video-team "gliders" and you? I had
been used to the windows of the Basic video unit?
and photography works Solovyov and Vinogradov.
An hour after the transition of the crew to the
station airlock team MCC was naddut to 660? 665
mm Hg Within 24 hours, it will be clear whether he
holds PRESSURE?
nie.Na press? at the output end of the conference
the head of Vladimir Solovyov flight called out
successful and vypol? nenie task of monitor the
delivery of OPM - brilliant. According to him, all
possibility have been tested as a result of the
inspection hatch? nye version leaks.
January 9. SHSO pressure slowly decreased -
by approximately 5 mm Hg for vi? current, but
between 15:00 and 21:00 DMV to leave? elk
unchanged - 627.3 mmHg Between nine and ten in
the evening, ITAR? TASS operations duty MCC,
Cosmo? navtam was given the command to open
SHSO, enter it (no suits) and make out in the base
unit fragments of the solar? Noah battery. They will
be delivered to the Zem? Liu on the "Endeavor".
After opening SHSO pressure was equal to the
pressure in the remaining volume of the station - 654
655 mm. After closing the hatch PNO? SHSO it fell
again, but by the morning of 10 yang? Cooking has
stabilized at a level of 636 mm. Experts explain the
decline PRESSURE? Nia drop in temperature in
SHSO, since it is not heated and is isolated from the
main complex. It may also be due to the error
measuring means.
10 and 11 January. The crew rested Village? le
output, especially because it was Saturday and Sunday.
January 11 SHSO pressure was slightly above 600
mmHg It is not excluded? but that the bay is still leaking.

According to "Interfax", "Neva? move "the

main castle is considered to be the main cause of on 12 January. In Anatoliya Soloveva and
leakage SHSO. EMPTY? Vai's work in the open David Wolfe day I was busy preparing the
space is not 3 Nov? convent, under time pressure, equipment to the spacewalk, scheduled on the
Cosmo? night of 14 to 15 yanva?

4 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998


Triton? Veteran aboard the "Peace"
January 14
V.Romanenkova. ITAR? TASS.
Unnamed newt, which is now the third time flies in the braid? Mose,
seems to be very tolerant of weightlessness and feels great, both in his
element. "He became a chubby," - he said today at the session of the crew
commander Anatoly Solovyov.
However, Soloviev little mistake. As explained korrespon? Dent ITAR?
Tass Medical Institute? Biological Problems, Th? tyrehletny newt is female
and therefore the word "he" for it is only suitable in the sense of "astronaut".
Interestingly, the newt in space does not eat and only drinks in? I do.
Feed him on his return to Earth in late February. WHO? You can feel great
newt contributes to giving it? her familiarity with Soloviev, with whom he had
"worked" in the braid? Mose during an expedition in 1995
Triton will allow experts to determine whether Ms remembers? howling body
skills of previous space missions and quickly adapts to whether the conditions of
weightlessness, as reported by ITAR? TASS one of the scientific leaders about? led
by the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the experiment Givi Gargiladze.
(Stacking with newts was delivered "Progress M 37?" December 22, 1997 to
conduct a series of experiments on the distance Nation study the effects of
weightlessness on the apparatus of the vestibular amphibians -? Ed.)
January 14. After breakfast and a 5 cha? Soviet
cosmonauts night rest before the upcoming release.
This was followed by "morning" the toilet, eating,
medkon? Troll (18:30), check skafand systems? moat
and on-board communication systems.
EVA and A.Soloveva
D.Vulfa
Output Objective: To study the state of the
external surfaces of the orbital com? plex "Peace"
using spektroreflek? photometer SPSR.
SPSR (Space Portable Spectroreflecto meter
-?? Space portable spectrometer OTDR) is a
device for obtaining the number of flights in the
course? GOVERNMENTAL assessments of
external poverhnos? Tay spacecraft on the basis
of? measurements of reflectivity and co?
absorption coefficient.
During the escape we had to be measured at
predetermined points of the external surfaces and
solar bata? Ray module "Quantum? 2" and the
working chamber of the base unit (at the base of
Boom). Approximate time of opening the exit hatch
- January 14 at 23:40 DMV, closing - January 15 at
03:37 DMV. Plans? Rui stay open braid? Mose - 3
hour 57 min.
In 20: 20-21: 04, the astronauts put on sleep? posal,
closed the hatch between the PGO and the PNA "Quantum?
2". At 21:04 it began sluicing before exiting. 22:55 opened
the hatch between the PNA and the gateway of the special?
sekom SHSO, made the transition to the SHSO.
The opening of the exit hatch was vypol? Neno only
at 00:12 DMV. According to the first? th to the
correspondent of ITAR? TASS, Wolfe did not have time to
fulfill all the preparatory?
NASA photo
manned flight
tion procedures. Later, however, with reference to
the flight leader Vladimi? Mr. Soloviev was
reported that the crew opened for too long and
covered up? additionally lock on the hatch SHSO.
By dan? nym Chris Van Den Berg, Anatoly From?
lovev really spent a lot of VRE? Meni for the
opening of a faulty lock. Control over the work of
the American led the operators to the Earth, and
the commander ( "Te? Look, do not touch
anything, just follow me").
At the request of MCC in early coming off? lovev
described in detail the state of the hatch locks.
The exit program was changed to the course
of the? lack of time. "On Bazo? vy unit does not
make sense to go better on the way back as the
bases should be closed? nye and additional locks
"- handed attendant MCC.
After exiting the SHSO and output therefrom, and
video-appliance SPSR "gliders" and Solovyev Wolfe
transferred them to the joint PNO and PGO. On the
way, Anatoly Solovyov found an opportunity to make a
joke. "Zebras running - he said, when the station was
over Africa, and called Wolfe: Hey, David, look down,
what a beauty. We fly over Cairo, vie? dish? "David
hardly realized that habitual? ny Keiro for Russian 14 - January 15
called Cairo, and said irrelevantly: "I see the stars, very Anatoliy Yakovlevich Solovev
beautiful." Wolfe then realized what he should do, and made his 16 th spacewalk, schi
saw the top of Cairo, Tel? Aviv on? Mediterranean concealing two outs in the
coastal developments and Emirates. Neger metichny module
"Spectrum". A total complexity
of the five flights he worked in
"Tolia, it is necessary to look for David and the open space of 77 hours 46
give him a rest? said attendant MCC. - The first minutes. The second result of
time a person still in on? indoor space. " According the outputs have to lichestvu
to David himself, he used to work behind for a
cha? ca and easy to navigate, but Anatoly watched
Aleksandrov Serebrova de syat
and duration of stay in
him very carefully, the pres? cal unnecessary talk bezvozdush dimensional space
and did not allow Nitsche? of doing without his - Sergei Krikalev - 36 h 29 min.
team. Record A.Ya.Soloveva plans to
officially etsya dawn were
After about one and a half hours Started? You detected in between folk
Anatoliy and David recorded the locking device on the Aeronautical Federation.
handrail near the PGO temperature controlled radiator,
held pho? tografirovanie measurement zone on radiata?
re install the device, we conducted measurements and
photographing each measuring point.
Unfortunately, because of? The poor visibility in
the suits were not visual cont? To the calibration of
SPSR. First cosmo? navtam even seemed that
nerabo device? tosposoben. "15? 30 seconds
worked holes? mally, and then the display - nothing,
"- up? imposes Wolfe. At this point, like ska?
Soloviev Hall, they performed three attempts for 2.5
minutes each, and expressed his hope: "Maybe
some sort of record of the past." The astronauts
continued to work with the SPSR, and failures no
longer observed. "It is not? Conveniently, the display
has to smot? Ret top - Soloviev commented. - It is
necessary for this purpose be lifted. " What exactly
recorded SPSR, will be available only after
deciphering its cassette.
As befits a novice, Wolfe did not want to finish
out.
- I do not want to go back, let's sdela? eating tour - he
was trying to knock out Solovyova on a hike in the base
station.
- You also shrimp at the station waiting for -
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 5
 manned flight
Valery Ryumin: "Peace" is ready for docking
January 14
I.Lebedev. ITAR? TASS.
The technical condition of the Russian space station "Mir" at the moment
"does not prevent the carrying out of the track? guide the next phase of work,
and docking with the American shat? tlom ". This was announced on Tuesday
[13 January] Russian coordinates? ordinator of the joint program "The World /
NASA, vice presi? Dent RSC "Energia" Valery Ryumin. Together with its
Amery? Kansk colleagues, he spoke to the press? conference in Hughes? Ton
Johnson Space Center. This center of? teleconference power was connected to
the headquarters? NASA's headquarters in Ba? shingtone where ITAR visited?
TASS.
Valery Ryumin recalled that in September 1997, Russia gave the US
partners a number of obligations for troubleshooting "the world." "We
promised to provide some orientation station at the time of docking with the
space shuttle, to install a second system" Elektron ", producing oxygen, and
the second system" Air ", which removes carbon dioxide", - said the deputy
head of RKK "Energy". "We promised otre? mounted thermal control system
on or before the end of 1997, two launch cargo spacecraft "Progress" and
sorienti? Rowan on the Sun three serviceable solar battery module
"Spectrum" ... Almost all of the promises made ... Nedo? ings in the on-board
systems basically eliminated, "- for? Ryumin revealed. All comments relating
to were also taken into account? rates on instruments and equipment in the
station as the shuttle, and the ships "Progress".
According to the Russian coordinator, has not yet been on? to repair one
of the thermal control system circuits and achieve controllability of the third
solar cell "Spect? ra ". Moreover, "at the last minute out of order con unit? air
conditioning units, which supports the required humidity level station. " Now,
according to Ryumin, at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida taken over?
Pasni unit and experts will have to place it on the shuttle.
Valery Ryumin said that Russian specialists vmese? those with
colleagues from NASA just looked at the state of "Peace" and "Endeavor"
and "signed certificate of readiness for RA? bot. "
Pavel Vinogradov reminded about Praz? dnichny
lunch. In general, persuaded.
Before entering the SHSO David asked Anatoly
take his picture as a keepsake. "This is a big moment in
my life - he said and added, - I would like to once
again".
Soloviev and Wolfe moved appliance and video
complex "hydroplane" in SHSO. Closing the access
hatch was carried out at 04:04 DMV January 15 9
main and 10 additional? lock-inflammatory. As
January 9, one main lock is not closed. Luke PNO?
SHSO was closed at 05:33, after 6 hours 38 minutes
after opening. Going beyond station lasted 3 h 52
min. The program has been fully implemented.
Vladimir Solovyov said that the MCC has no
comments to RA? boat Wolfe.
Pavel Vinogradov conducted survey
Nightingale? Eve Wolfe and using a set of "gliders"
and from time to time passed "picture" via the CP
(satellite? retrans? trimmer).
January 15. From 4:04 until 05:30
continued? zhalos locking after, hereinafter - lifting
and drying clothes, medical control, food intake,
and from 10 am -
6 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
rest and sleep after a tiring work. SHSO pressure
was kept at 627 mm.
on 16 January.
I.Marinin. NC. Despite the fact that today only
the toe? Nice, on the orbital complex "Mir" output.
The fact that a veteran of Soviet cosmonautics,
the team? Dr. Anatoly complex Co? loveva -
anniversary. He was exactly half a century.
From early in the morning he taking? a greeting,
but his first congratulated the duty shift in the Mission
Control Center, which helps astronauts to perform
vigilantly programs? mu flight in and out of emergency
situa? tions, and, of course, the leaders of the flight Vla?
Dimir Soloviev and Viktor Blagov.
Today there were several bilateral
teleconferences via satellite? Relay to Anatoly
Solovyov and was able to see those who came to
congratulate him.
During this first session dei? stvuyuschego
Space veteran pozdra? Fork General Director of the
Russian Space Agency Yuri No? Kolaevich Koptev.
He read Anatoliyu Yakovlevichu personal message to
President Boris Yeltsin:
"... It is significant that this anniversary you
meet on the space orbit. Us? External Expansion
flight became your next pro? occupational top that
has reached? chickpea hard work, deep
knowledge, and personal courage. Skilled actions
of the crew, which you preside over, is? Xia
another convincing proof? stvom that Russia was,
is and will be a great space power. " Prez? dent
wished everyone "springs" "... and every success,
good health, happiness and a safe return to their
native lands."
Congratulated Anatoliya Soloveva handle? drivers
RSC "Energia", TsNIIMash and the set? GIH other
space companies and op? -organization.
In another session teleconference Solovyov
congratulated leaders of the CPC - Peter Klee?
suffering, Yuri Glazkov, other leaders, astronauts,
American colleagues.
The third session was given to the families of the braid?
monavtov. I came to congratulate the father and Gene?
Nadia Solovyov - the son of an astronaut, serving?
conductive military pilot near the Star.
NASA photo
When, finally, the official part of? vertices, the
astronauts got possibility? Nost gather at the
festive table in the cockpit - the base station "Mir"
and We mention? tit day commander of birth in a
narrow circle, "a glass of tea."
The crew greeted his commander and
presented an inflatable bottle shampan? Skog.
Despite the holiday, the astronauts mustache?
sang a closing operation with the suits after leaving in
the open? th space. Anatoly Solovyov made from?
Forest atmosphere samples from the pressurized
container MAPS.

on 10 January.
I.Lisov reported to the
Kennedy Center, NASA.
H
Cesky Kennedy Center (KSC) in Florida ends
and the ka
Homework? launch complex
to the LC?in39A
first flight Cosmi?
1998, space shuttle
- mis? these STS? 89 to the station "Mir". The crew of
STS? 89 included Terrence Uilkatt, Dzho Edvards,
Dzheyms Reylli, Maykl Anderson, Bonnie Dunbar,
Salizhan Sharipov and Andrew Thomas, who will
remain on the station. Devid Vulf returns to the
"Endeavor" on Earth.
' "AIAI
nn
nn
Recall that the orbiter "Endeavor" was taken to
the Center for Ken? nedi March 27, 1997 after
reconstruction in g.Palmdeyl California (Tax
number 7,
1997). Of? For the revision of the ISS assembly
schedule and paste in the schedule re-flight "Columbia"
in July 1997, preparations for the STS flight? 89 only
began on June 4 coh? yes "Endeavor" was placed in
the 1 st compartment Corps training orbital stages
(OPF - Orbiter Processing Facility)?.
In June? July 17 had to be replaced? Inch
seam on the highway oxidative? of Tell propulsion
through koto? ing in the propulsion system (PS)
Korab?
A liquid oxygen is supplied from the external tank, the
pump refrigerant circuit cooling? Nia 2, 41 thermal
protection tiles on the nose of the engine block jet pack
system? systematic way RCS, portholes and 6 1.
Then came the final assembly of the orbital
stage. By July 28 in Georgia? howl compartment
"Endeavor" established Ku band antenna for
communication with TsUPom via satellite?
repeaters TDRS. July 31 "Endeavor" put fuel cell
stack FC 1, to August 8 - 3, and 28 AB?
dense - 2. These batteries are the sources? com
power during orbital? first flight. Auxiliary power
mouth? Novki APU 2 and 3, creating pressure
dddd
her
her
centuries
oo
centuries
pppp
atatthe
oo
thestart
start
the hydraulic system of the ship, have been established on August
8 15, and 1 -?? 5 September 13th.
On 11 September the ship put le? vy unit
orbital maneuvering system? OMS tion, and
October 7 - right. 2 ok? tember was installed nasal
block RCS, which before that had not replaced?
how damaged the voltage jumps? Nia sensors.
The main engines were SSME mouth? Credited in
the tail section of the "Endeavor" 15? 17 October.
However, between 15 and 17 Nov? OC engine 2 had
to be removed to replace the low-pressure turbo burn?
what. It turned out to be worthless the bearing?
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
manned flight
nicks. November 18 engine was fitted again.
Preparation payload proho? Diehl follows.
August 1 ma? Ki tried to establish in the cargo
screened out? ke (GO) database Russian docking
IU? nisms, but we found that the bolts are not on?
fall into the holes. The board with the holes has
been replaced, and was smonti to August 8? Rowan
as a base, and the actual interface? paid-in
mechanism.
September 22 was installed flexible hose between
inner and outer whore? zovymi cameras, on
September 23 - the tunnel? ny adapter and on
September 30 - the front of races? extension adapter.
6 10 October last
check the docking system and the ODS tun? nelnogo
adapter for leaks. November 26 in the cargo hold of a
transitional tunnel module Spacehab DM, which was
prepared independently in the core? sensor body of
the company Spacehab, Inc..
December 5 during disassembly "forests"
around the orbiter has been harmed? Dan left wing
"John the cargo bay? Deborah "(NC 25, 1997). 9
- December 11 dent patched with epoxy resin and?
"Patch" wing. Before popping out "Indus? thief "of
the OPF had also podkorrek? ted position
microswitch responsible for closing the wing
landing gear.
Build solid boosters for STS-89 (set RSRM 64 -?
Redisigned Solid Rocket Motor)? Began at 1 m high
bay VAB system assembly Buildings on for? IG
Petritskaya starting MLP platform? June 3 ok? ber
and ended after October 30. November 12 external
tank the ET? 90 were priests? Cowan to accelerators
RSRM? 64.
December 12 at 06:00 EST (11:00 UTC) John?
DeVore "was moved to the VAB, is suspended in a vertical
position and then the priests? Cowan to the external tank
ET? 90. This we conclude? considerably stage of
assembly space Tran? Sportna system ended on
December 16 with the completion of the interface test.
Considerable damage teploza? shields "Columbia" in
the STS flight? 87 outposts? to think that they are caused
by separation by ak? tive thermal insulation external site?
his tank. Therefore, 16? 18 December technician to
perform polishing of the coating the ET? 90 in the area of
attachment points to the pot express check? erator.
December 19th Kennedy Center but he called? the
target date for the launch-hand "Endeavor", the point? it, the
opening of the launch window - January 22 at 21:43 EST
(Jan. 23 at 02:43 UTC, 05:43 DMV).
December 19 shortly after 07:00 EST MLP? 3 was
removed from the VAB and about 13:00 EST delivered to
the launch whom? Plex LC? 39A. Cargo module
Spacehab DM brought here and raised in the same
premises? schenie replacement payloads 15 Decem? OC.
December 20, he was placed in the cargo compartment,
"Endeavor." December 21 was vypol?
7
 manned flight
Nena check the readiness of the major move in!? teley
shuttle.
In the Christmas holidays, from 24 de?
Convertible to 1 January, work with the "Endeavor" is
not carried out. 4-5 and 12 January was you?
complete interface checking the payload, ie, the
starting calculation convinced? Xia that the docking
system and Spacehab DM properly connected.
January 5 with? Standing helium test revealed no
escape? Key to the main controller. January 6-7, were
petrol pump? Lena boiling components top? Liwa
orbital maneuvering systems, tanks? Bani and reactive
control.
He took flight readiness review "Endeavor" on
January 7 at the Kennedy Space Center. Launch of
STS program? 89 was appointed on January 23 at
05:48 DMV (January 22 at 21:48 EST), five minutes
after the opening of 10? Minute launch window. Start
at this time allows sufficient? twist to the maximum
mass of the station. Sty? forging of the "Mir" station is
scheduled for January 24 at 23:12 DMV.
If you can not run, "John? DeVore "in the
period of its launch to be postponed to
mid-February. The fact that the races? docking of
the space shuttle is scheduled for 29 yanva?
convent at 19:52 DMV, just 20 minutes after launch
from Baikonur "TM Union? 27" (19:33 DMV) with
Russia? French crew. The simultaneous presence
of three crews on board the station "Mir" was not
recognized? appropriate (as reported by James
Oberg, Russian and American sleeves? turer flight
agreed to this, but Fran? tsuzy categorically voted
against). Start the "Union" undesirable Off? dyval
more than 3? 6 days, as in this case, the "Soyuz
TM? 26" exceed its Garan? Tiina resource of 200
days. Therefore, SLU? tea long delay launch the
shuttle, he will have to "skip" "Union" ahead.
9? 10 January at the Center Kennedy held a
demonstration prelaunch countdown. This exercise
simulates the last hours of the actual preparation for
the launch of the space shuttle, except for filling the
external tank. By tradition, it is combined with training
On the timing of the termination of the flight, "the World"
January 14.
I.Lebedev. ITAR? TASS.
Russian space station "Mir" will need to close when in orbit will be two
main elements of international? Nogo complex "Alpha" * - Functional Cargo
Block and Slu? zhebny module. This opinion was expressed on Tuesday [13
January] for? mestitel President of RSC "Energia" Valery Ryumin. "When we
boo? dem have a basis for international station can be shut down with the
"world" - he said at a news conference in Houston?.
Valery Ryumin said that the station "Mir" was designed 20 years ago, and
in February 13, will? Nd year of its operation in orbit. According to him, many
tools and plant equipment are outdated and "their element base is now no
longer commercially available." This largely explains the difficulties
experienced in their work station crews. "I hope that the international stations
will operate instruments of a higher level nadezhnos? ty and security "- said
the Russian expert.
Launches two ISS elements, the production of which is carried out in Russia,
scheduled for June and December 1998, and in 1999 the station will begin to "settle" the
first crews.
Asked about the return to the Earth station "Mir" and? Catching up on
board equipment, Ryumin said theoretical? cally, this problem has been
developed. Another thing - how would be difficult to put these plans into action.
After all, to K? Men from the orbit of the station will require considerable
financial costs.
"I think we still have enough common sense to make a decision on the
financing of this operation?" - said the sweep? Tel leader RSC "Energia".
* The name "Alpha" is used for the International kosmiches? Coy station only
informally.
crew at the launch complex and "obzhi? vaniem "ship.
Uilkatta team with? KSC was January 7 about seven pm
on the training T? 38 aircraft. The respectively? Corollary
to the traditional schedule of 8 January, they worked out
the evacuation from the start, and on January 9 - was
performed in the cockpit, "Endeavor" final countdown
clock, including simulated start and shut-off the main
motion? tor. The same evening, the crew from? I was in
Houston. Earlier, the astronauts are involved? wali in the
inspection of the ship in the OPF November 7 and
November 22 cabin crew.

Designations time Russia and the US

All of the major events that are reported in the "Space News" magazine attached to Greenwich UTC time. The term "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is
used as a synonym for UTC. If necessary, the material can be used each time, taken on the spot, and its correlation with the global time specified.

Designated time, widely used in Russia and the United States, given in the table. Naming and
binding to UTC; Name, country, location

SCM = UTC + 3 h; Daylight savings time, Moscow (Russia - Moscow) LMV = UTC + 4
hours; Summer Moscow time (Russia - Moscow)
EST = UTC - 5 hours; Eastern Standard Time (US - Washington, Cape Canaveral) CST = UTC - 6 hours;
Central Standard Time (US - Houston, Huntsville) MST = UTC - 7 hours; Mountain Standard Time (US -
White Sands?) PST = UTC - 8 hours; Pacific Standard Time (US - Vandenberg, Edwards) EDT = UTC - 4
hours; Eastern Daylight Time (US - Washington, Cape Canaveral) CDT = UTC - 5 hours; Central summer
(US - Houston, Huntsville) MDT = UTC - 6 hours; Mountain Daylight Saving Time (USA - White Sands?)

PDT = UTC - 7 hours; Pacific Daylight Time (US - Vandenberg, Edwards, Pasadena)

Since 1996, Russia switches to daylight saving time on the last Sunday in March to the winter - on the last Sunday of October. Since 1987, the United States (except
for some states and counties) Daylight saving time on the first Sunday of April to winter - in the last? She October Sunday.

8 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998

 ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
From 18 to 25 December 1997, for Ned? Liu
before the comprehensive exam? training crews
GOVERNMENTAL EO? 25 assured were held in
the CPC im.Yu.A.Gagarina? Collapsing training
crews for the manual rendezvous management
A. Fedorov. NC. A approach and docking of the transport ship "Soyuz
photo I.Marinina. TM" with the "Mir" and teleoperator councils? leniyu
"Progress M" cargo ship.
On examination training Eki? the pages EO 25
teleoperator control mode (TORU) TAG "Progress
M" modes were made:
- transition to the TORU mode from a vending
machine? Cesky hang TAG (GRU zovogo transport ship?)
as directed by the PMU;
- transition to the TORU mode as directed by the PMU after
COURT accident at the TAG;
exam training
Crews EO? 25
- transition to the TORU mode after the failure of
rapprochement "Kurs" system;
- control automatic mooring mode TAG with
"Mir".
During training on TORU crew commander is
for special jobs - resistant TORU - near the central
station on the "Mir". Bortini? zhener is next to the
commander of an eye? binds him to help with the
delivery of instruction with TORU rack, and also
helps to leave the emergency situations.
Performing examination Regis? mov assessed by
parameters at the time of the final touches on the
correspondences and the HGB
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
actions of the crew onboard documentation
"COURT. ATTACHMENT. TORU. " During about?
reference input mode different contingencies.
The primary and backup crews of the SDA? Wali
exam on teleoperator councils? leniyu TAG December 18,
1997 and both the floor? Chili assessment 5.0.
On examination training Eki? the pages of
EE? 25 TC "Soyuz TM" manually closer to the
"Mir" were handed follows? blowing modes:
- Manual convergence of TC (Transfer Vehicle)
mode in the manual orientation of the analog circuit
and the digital contour? pa (Roach + DC) after failure
of rapprochement system? zheniya "Kurs" using a
laser rangefinder DMP 1;
- manual TC convergence in Roach mode after
the motion control system of the accident? Niemi TK
using laser distance? LPR rooms 1;
- Manual convergence TC Roach mode after the
motion control system of the accident? Niemi TC at a
distance of 5 km from the use? I eat laser optical
channel later? LPR measure? 1.
During training on manual close together? NIJ
crew commander and astronaut? The investigations?
tigators are located in the descent up? Paraty (CA)
specialized Exercises? Mr. "Don? Union". At this time,
the flight engineer is in the living compartment (BO),
where the blister with a laser rangefinder DMP 1
determines the current distance to the station, but with
the help spetcvychislitelej - TC relative speed.
Knowing the current range and speed, the
commander of spe? cial procedure manually operates
about? cession closer to the range of 7 km.
Performing examination Regis? mov for
manually by evaluating the convergence of TC? elk
on fuel costs and time.
The primary and backup crews were taking an
exam for manually convergence TC 22 December 1997
and both were assessed? Ku 5.0.
On examination training Eki? the pages of EE?
25 for manually berthing TC "Soyuz TM" to the "Mir"
were handed follows? blowing modes:
- redocking TC connection with the bonds? La
module "Quantum" on the docking port of the transition
compartment "Mir";
- Manual docking TC after Ava? Rhee
discrete circuit during the flyby of "Mir" on the
illuminated part of the orbit;
- security at at? chalivanii TC to the "Mir";
- TC manual docking as a continuation?
Manual convergence voltage after the motion
control system failure on "Mir" (the "Mir" has a
proper nye rotational speed?);
- Manual docking TC on illuminated? Noah of the
orbit, hovering at the entrance into the shadows and
docking TC with "Mir" of finality? SRI shadows.
During training on the manual with it?
Lebanon, all crew members have? "Don? 732"
camping in the SA specialized simulator. Crew
commander self parking? tion carries elements at
hand? chalivaniya TC with "Mir".
9
 ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
Performing examination Regis? mov for
manually berthing TC by evaluating? elk on end at
the time TC parameters touch time and fuel cost.
The main crew this exam December 24, 1997
and was rated
4.94. Backup - I took the exam on the same day
and was rated 5.0.
During the examination of all the friction?
rovok for consoles simulators were instructors crew
of Expedition 25 to the manual mode control TC
and TAG: main crew - Yuri Klyuyev, the backup
crew - Alexander Penkin.
A feature of the examination tre? nirovok crews EO?
25 was the fact that For the first? stems over 20 years of
credit for approaching to manual? NIJ TK passed flight
engineer crew.
Bortinzhe need to prepare? ers of manual TC
management has arisen in connection with the
possibility of complete removal of the system
convergence "course" with the ship "Soyuz TM", as
well as to the increasing cases? s failure of the
system in the most recent times? on me. In June
1996, the President of RSC "Energia", General
Designer Yu.P.Semenovym was made "solution to
ensure the interchangeability of Bor? tinzhenera and
commander TK "Soyuz TM" to improve the reliability
of convergence, where? Lebanon and docking with
the station "Mir" without using the "Kurs" system. This
re? shenii it was stated that in order to provide? Nia
safety and improve the reliability and performance of
convergence sty? forging with "Mir" without the use of
an ASIC? theme "Course" necessary to provide for
the implementation of the flight engineer overlapping
functions conducted by the commander of the crew?
NIJ manual rendezvous operations with? Lebanon
and docking TC "Soyuz TM". Of? The heavy workload
of crews in the preparation of the program "Mir" was a
joint decision RSC "Ener? Gia "and the CPC
im.Yu.A.Gagarina a phased transition to prepare for
flight engineers manual TC management, starting
with EA? 25.
T.Musabaev, N.Budarin and comprehensive
training before L.Eyartts
10 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
On the scoring exercise bortinzhene? EO
ditch? 25 for manually berthing TC "Soyuz TM",
which was held from Bortini? zhenerom main crew
of December 24, and the backup crew - December
31, 1997, were made following re? presses:
- redocking TC connection with the bonds? La
module "Quantum" (37KE) a connecting node Pho
(17KS) "Mir";
- Manual docking TC after Ava? Rhee
discrete circuit on the fly-around "Mir" in the light of
the orbit;
- Manual docking TC on the bright part of the orbit,
hovering at the entrance into the shadows and docking TC with
"Mir" in the shadow of the end.
flight engineers assessed the level of training in
the form of "pass / fail". "Passed" was put on a
successful end? NIITK manual approach and
docking with the "Mir". "Fail" - when collisions? TK
Research Institute with "Mir" or exceeds the norm?
tivov fuel and time by more than 2-fold (compared
to the commander Eki? a page).
Results scoring workouts yet? Zali that the flight
engineer of the main crew flight engineer Nikolai
Budarin and duplicating? Sergey Treshchev guide
the crew in case?
Lucky ticket for "Kristall"
necessity can perform a manual ne? restykovku
and docking TC "Soyuz TM". Both flight engineer
EO? 25 were "for? Odd. "
From 26 to 30 December 1997 in the Center
of preparation of cosmonauts conducted
im.Yu.A.Gagarina final exam? nye comprehensive
training (ECT) Equipe? ments EO? 25 in the gym
of the transport ship "Soyuz TM" and orbital com?
"Mir" plex.
Total POS predusmatri sequence diagram? arises:
- execution of the flight program to? Rabelais
"Soyuz TM" from the moment of landing Eki? a page in
the lander (CA) before the start before the opening of
the transfer hatches after docking with the "Mir" (on a
complex simulator spaceship "Soyuz TM"?);
- perform basic typical flight? operation times
provided programs? my flight "Mir", including the
Run? of scientific experiments on the Russian and
international space programs? mothers (in the gym
"Mir");
- operations for the preparation and descent
from orbit (on a complex Tren? zhere spaceship
"Soyuz TM").
Cyclogram examination com? the complex
training has been developed on the basis of the flight
program of the main ek? EO? 25 speditsii.
Comprehensive examination of friction?
Rovkov crews usually starts 1 month before the
start of the next and held for three days.
December 26, 1997 EE backup crew? 25 (V.
Afanasiev, S.Treschev, J.? P.Enere, call sign
"Derbent") take the exam simulator "Mir". Over the
course of a workout instructor watched the crew of
the station Andrei Lysenko.
In the sequence diagram of the work crews EO? 25
simulators "Mir" includes the following? Suitable elements:
- To operate a permanent? boiling systems
station;
- Operation zhizneobespeche systems? Nia;

- performing scientific experiments on the
Russian and international programs? mothers;
- perform technical-served basis? Bani and repair of
onboard systems and scientific? hydrochloric apparatus;
- Video shooting?;
- television reports, the elements of symbolic
activity.
The exam fees, which pulled the backup crew,
were the following? guides contingencies in
various systems of the "Mir" orbital complex:
- rejection filter unit of the vacuum block
valves trace (BVKF BMP);
- alarm condition "for example? voltage low
"basic blocks;
- unintended closing elektroklapa? Hydrogen
(ELV1) "Electron B" system, etc ..
Backup crew successfully vypol? Neil entire
program examination tre? "Mir" nirovki OK.
Members of the examination board of the crew
"Derbent" as a result of exa? Names were charged
following replaced? Chania:
- when the atomic purification system?
mosfery the crew did not give 4 teams that made it
necessary to restart the system;
- crew trying to run in manual mode with two
solar panels (SB1 and SB2) that is technically
impossible;
- when removed from the abutment solar bata? SB2 yards
command to "go all the way to" squeeze? It familiarizes for 6
minutes (instead of 2 seconds);
- the crew gave the command "reproduced? of
"telemetry at a delay of 13 minutes.
Observations were insignificant? E and the
existing assessment method crew "Derbent" got
over "Mir" 20 penalty points, which corresponds to
an estimate of 4.8.
The next day, December 27, 1997 th? Yes, the
backup crew of EO? 25 began to pass the exam on the
complex Tren? zhere spaceship "Soyuz TM". Tre for
the remote control? nazhera was the instructor of the
ship Andrei Ogarev.
In the sequence diagram 1? Th day of Eka? ? The
pages EO 25 on an integrated simulator spaceship
"Soyuz TM" includes the following basic elements of
standard TC flight program:
- prestart inspection of TC;
- orbit insertion;
- TC control systems after contact
separation;
- The nomination of the bar in the initial position? voltage
(VIPSH);
- COURT 1 test;
- Double-pulse maneuver 1;
- automatic approach mode, approach and
docking with the "Kurs" system;
- control interface leak;
- transient opening hatches, the transition to the
station;
- TK conservation.
The exam fees, which pulled the backup crew,
were the following? guides contingencies in
various systems of the ship:
- false command "U.mah";
ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
Doubles at the briefing. (+ P.Enere J., and V.
Afanasiev S.Treschev)
- depressurization oxygen con? travel to the
air control valve (EPI 1?) at the transition to the
BO;
- boost valve failure in the engine? Noah set
to maneuver 1;
- rendezvous system failure when the test "course" at
a distance of 10 km;
- touch sensor failure DC? 2 at the sty? forging.
Backup crew EO? 25 successfully completed the
program of the exam? Noah training on the ship
"Soyuz TM". The members of the examination
committee Eka? Pajou "Derbent" on the results of the
exam? They were charged on the following
nesusches? Twain's observations:
- with solar panels connected SB1 and SB2 crew
mistakenly issued DISABLE? sistent with the team;
- control ship tightness village? le go to BO
crew spent 3 mine? Ty (instead of 10 minutes);
Cosmonaut France to "fly" ready
"Derbent" received for this friction? ings 0 penalty
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
- the transition to the CP crew did not close the
valve of respiratory ventilation;
- the crew did not monitor the parameters of the
propulsion system in front and at the moment when the engine
SKD on stage are close together?
Nia - crew stayed with the release of the connection for 1
minute.
The existing methods of evaluating the crew
"Derbent" received 1? Day at TC "Soyuz TM" exam
17 penalty points, which corresponds to an estimate
of 4.9.
December 29, 1997 EE backup crew? 25 gave
final eq? substitutions on the complex simulator
spaceship "Soyuz TM". For remote control of the
simulator I found? Xia instructor Guo ship Konstantin?
barks. ? In the sequence diagram of the 2nd day of
training includes the following main elements of the
regular program of the TC flight:
- TC control systems in tandem;
- test COURT 2;
- re-entry of TC;
- closing the transfer hatches, con? Troll
tightness;
- preparation for undocking, the distance? forging
with "Mir";
- descent to Earth. The exam fees, which
pulled the backup crew, were the following?
guides contingencies:
- nelikvidiruemy fire in CA after uncoupling
from the station;
- crash accelerometer CDS by inclusion of
the engine when the urgent descent.
Backup crew EO? 25 successfully completed the
program 2? Th day Examinations? onnoy training on the
ship "Soyuz TM". The members of the examination
committee on the results of the examination of
comments to the crew "Derbent" was not expressed.
The existing methods of evaluating the crew
points, which corresponds to? Assessment is 5.0.
Overall Rating crew "Derbent" for TC "Soyuz
TM" was 4.95.
The main crew EO? 25 (T.Musabaev, N.Budarin,
L.Eyartts, call sign "Chris? Tall") began to pass the
exam on someone? the complex simulator spaceship
"Soyuz TM" on 27 December. For remote control of
the simulator locat? dilsya crew instructor ship Sergei
Smirnov.
eleven
 ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
The exam fees, which pulled the crew were
following neshtat? nye situation:
- sunbathing on transparency razgerme? tizatsii
loop temperature-control system? Bani;
- false command "U.min" on the stage of
construction of solar orientation and? twist;
- failure census ustavochnoy in? formation to
maneuver 1;
- Failure of the team to Off? chenie SKD
engine during the approach;
- rendezvous system failure "course" at a distance
of 400 m.
The main crew EO? 25 successful you? Full
program 1? th day of examination? Noah training on
the ship "Soyuz TM". The members of the
examination committee Eka? Pajou "Crystal" as a
result of exa? Mena was charged with only two
replaced? Chania:
- during prelaunch inspection crew blocks
included atmosphere purification with a delay of 30
minutes, which led to an increase in carbon dioxide
partial pressures of up to 4 mm Hg;
- during the prestart inspection crew did not
include the valve power is supplied? chi oxygen into
the ship.
Under the existing method estimates? ki crew of
"Crystal" received a total of 10 penalty points, which
corresponds to an estimate of 5.0.
Interdepartmental Commission
assessed the training of crews
on 12 January.
I.Marinin. NC. Photo by the author.
Today the Russian State Research? Research
Institute
(RGNII) CPC im.Yu.A.Gagarina under PreSed?
datelstvom chief Gen. Center? P.I.Klimuka lieutenant
held seeded? danie Interdepartmental Commission,
pods? tozhivshey crew training 25? nd oc? "World"
expedition novnoy OK. Traditions? Onno Commission
is going in the morning, but segod? nya, this tradition
was broken. The fact that on January 12 - a
momentous day, Coteau? ing sure to note all related to
space exploration - the day of Rye? Denia Chief
Designer Sergei Pavlo? Witch Queen. This morning
have presented? tion of the CPC delegation, including
the lead? GUSTs Center and many astronauts, Near?
living wreaths at the monument to SP Korolev in the
Alley of Heroes at the obelisk Conquerors braid? MOS
near the metro station "Exhibition Center". Then they
SMOs? Styles memory of the legendary designer in his
grave at the Kremlin wall.
IAC meeting started at 14 o'clock. It was the first
in many years, a meeting of the IAC, which was
absent pres? Tel State Commission, the former
commander of videoconferencing V.L.Ivanov. but
there were
12 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
December 29, 1997 the main crew EO? 25
began to pass the exam on Tre? nazherah "Mir".
For remote control simulator instructor was on
crew station Andrey Kondrat. The examination
Biel? Those who stretched his crew were the
following? guides contingencies Systems op? "Mir"
bitalnogo complex:
- fan failure atmosphere purification system;
- Failure of the team on the LOAC B57 (On ". SOSB
Basic Channel");
- unintended closing of the oxygen solenoid
valve system "Electron? B", etc.
The main crew has successfully completed the
entire training program on "Mir". Members of the
commission comments to the crew of the "crystal" has
not been stated.
The existing methods of evaluating the crew
"Derbent" got over "Mir" 0 penalty points, which
corresponds to an estimate of 5.0.
The next day - December 30 OS? novnoy
crew EO? 25 gave zaklyuchitel? ny exam simulator
complex spacecraft "Soyuz TM". For remote
control of the simulator instructor was the crew of
the ship Sergei Smirnov.
The exam fees are follows? blowing
contingencies:
- depressurization boost propulsion section
for undocking from the "Mir";
- failure automatic loop system?
Deputy Director General of RCA Boris wit, which,
apparently, will serve as Chairman gosu? dedicatory
Commission for manned flights, and Air Force
Commander General? Army Pyotr Deinekin. In
addition to them in the IAC attended by
representatives of the Russian Space Agency, Air
Force, CPC, RSC "Energia", TsNIIMash and IBMP,
that is, representatives of all the bodies? tions
responsible for preparing Equipe? ments and the
implementation of the flight.
we control the movement when performed? SRI
urgent descent from orbit.
The main crew has successfully completed the entire
program of the examination of friction? ings on the ship
"Soyuz TM". According to her window? Chania
commissioners presented Equipe? Ms Only one remark:
- the crew did not close the valve aligning the? Nia
pressure between the SA and BO after the open? CA hatch
ment? BO germetichnos under control? tee passageway.
The existing methods of evaluating the crew of
"Crystal" has received for TC "Soyuz TM" only 5
penalty points that soot? sponds assessment 5.0.
Overall Rating crew "Crystal" for TC "Soyuz
TM" was 5.0.
According to the results of the examination of
the complex throughout the training on simulators
transport spacecraft "Soyuz TM" and orbits? tal
"Mir" complex exam? naya Commission welcomed
Prep? Preparations of both EO crews? 25 and
allowed two crew to the prelaunch. The
Commission noted the well-coordinated work in
both French crews of astronauts.
From 13 to 16 January 1998 plans? camping
holiday crews with families in special? Mr. dispensaries
on the water reservoirs Ruza? nilische.
On January 17 scheduled departures Equipe?
ments EO? 25 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome to try on
the transport ship "Soyuz TM? 27" (product 11F732
76).
A report on the training of crews 25?
Expedition made the first sweep? Tel chief of the
CPC Hero of the Soviet Co? Hughes, Pilot?
cosmonaut Yuri Glazkov. His report fully reflects all
by themselves? Nost of preparation, so there is little
or no cuts.
P.Deynekin, P. Klimuk, B.Ostroumov
and the crew of "Crystal" in the ERM

Report
"The results of the program of preparation of cosmonauts 25? Of
Expedition (EE? 25) for a space flight on TC
'Soyuz TM? 27" and "Mir" with the participation of the French astrona
uts
and NASA astronauts? 7 and their willingness to fly for health reasons
To perform kosmiches? one flight TK
"Soyuz TM" and "Mir" on the program 25? th
main mission of the Russian side is ready?
A report on the prepara? We were a crew consisting of:
Preparations 25 crews?
The first crew
Expedition made the Commander - Colonel Mu? Sabaev
Talgat Amangeldy? HIV;
first deputy head of the Flight Engineer - Budarin No? Cola
Mikhailovich.
CPC of the Soviet Union The second crew
Commander - Colonel Afa? Nasev
Hero, pilot? Cosmo? Viktor Mihaylovich;
Flight Engineer - Treshchev Ser? gay
E..
navt USSR Yuri In accordance with gosu? donative
contract
Glazkov. His report fully between RSA and Yu.A. IME? nor
415106 Yuri Gagarin and a separate
reflects all the features agreement 3 between RSC "Energia"
and Fran? tsuzskim Space Agen? tstvom
(CNES) in the CPC proho? Dili preparation
of preparation, so there for cosmic? Cesky flight to "Mir" astronauts
Eyartts Leopold of France, Enere Zhan?
is little or no cuts. Pierre and NASA astronauts? 7 Tomas
Endryu, Voss Dzheyms.
American astronauts in the crew of
Expedition? 25 Ready? It was as
bortinzhe? ers 2 (7 NASA mission?), and
French astronauts - as astronauts uc?
investigators
programs
"Pegasus".
The results of the training of crews 25? Of Expedition
The commander of the first crew - Colonel Musabaev Talgat Amangeld
ievich, Hero 1991)? and STS-53 (2 December 9, 1992?). Was
of the Russian Federation. Pilot 3 class. Cosmonaut 2 class. In the
period from July 1 to Understudy mis? these NASA? 5 from March
November 4, 1994 complied with space flight on TC 'Soyuz TM?
19 "and orbital station" 1997, prepared by the NASA program?
Mir "as a flight engineer of the 16? Th of the Experi-? ditsii duration
of 127 days. 2 you
performed? travel into outer space for a total of 11:00 minutes 7.
In the period from
March 1996 to February 1997 he was trained in the backup crew
of 30? 23 as a
commander.
Flight engineer of the first crew - Budarin Nikolay Mihaylovich. Hero
of the
Russian Federation. Cosmonaut 3 class. From June 27 to Septembe
r 11, 1995 vypol?
Neil space flight lasting 77 days as a flight engineer of the 19? th
main mission to
"Mir", which was launched on the shuttle for STS program? 71 and
get down at TC
"Soyuz TM? 21." W has the experience? x spacewalks total long
lasting? NOSTA 14
hours 29 minutes. In the period from March 1996 th? yes he was
trained with for
February 1997? Stave backup crew of Expedition? 23 as Bortini?
zhenera.
Cosmonaut researcher of the first crew - gender? kovnik Air France
Leopold
Eyharts. The astronaut from? series CNES astronauts. In the period
from January
1995 th? yes to August 1996 he was preparing to fly compris? ve
backup crew of 22?
th main mission of the project "Cassiopeia". From January to August
1997 the first?
but I was trained to fly as part of the main
ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
."
Crew 30? 24 "Pegasus" program and on the October 1, 1997 as part
of the main crew
of the EA? 25. Opa? that space flight has not.
The second crew commander - Colonel Afanasev Viktor Mihaylovic
h. Hero of the
Soviet Union. Military Pilot 1st class. Pilot? Test 1 class. Cosmo?
period from 2 December 1990 to 26 May 1991 he carried out a space
navt 1 class. In the
flight on TC
'Soyuz TM? 11 "and orbital station" Mir "ka? honors the commande
r of the crew 8? th
main mission lasting 176 days. In the period from January 8 to July
9, 1994 as the
commander of the crew of 15? Of Expedition has fulfilled the second
kosmiches? cue
flight on spacecraft "Soyuz TM? 18" and orbital complexes? ce "Peace"
days. Finished 4 EVAs total of 20 hours 55 minutes.
lasting 182
Flight engineer of the second crew - Treschev Sergey Ev? genevich.
Cosmonaut? Test RSC "Energia". As from? number of astronauts
flight experience does not matter.
in 1992. Space
Cosmonaut researcher of the second crew - regiments? French Air
Force
nickname Jean? Per Enere. Cosmonaut detachment CNES astronauts
. In the period
from 1 to 22 July 1993 th? YES Run a space flight lasting 22 sous?
"Soyuz TM" and orbital station "Mir" as a cosmonaut? investigato
current at TK
r on "Al program?
Tair "of 14? of Expedition. From January to August 1997 was trained
Stave backup crew of 30? 24 on the program "Pe? quenched "and
to fly in from?
since October 1,
1997 as part of duplicating? crew of EO? 25.
In addition, the final flight of programs? IU "Peace? NASA" as a flight
engineer? 2
prepared two American astronauts.
Flight Engineer 2 of the first crew - NASA astronaut Tomas Endryu.
Performed 1
space flight on Sat? aphids on STS program? 77 during the 19? May
29, 1996 th?
Yes. The CPC was trained to fly on January 16 to December 5, 1997.
Flight Engineer? 2 of the second crew, NASA astronaut Colonel Voss
Dzheyms.
Performed 2 floor space? ETA in the crew of STS-44 (November
24 - December 1,
trained in the CPC as an astronaut?
1996 to April 1997. Since September
7.
The flight program 25? of Expedition Preda? under consideration:
Start TC "Soyuz TM 27?" with a crew of 2 x Russian cosmonauts
and astronaut
France January 29, 1998?;
Docking TK "Soyuz TM 27?" with "Mir"; performing Russian? French
programs? uchnyh experiments "Pegasus" project at the stage reconciled
? The leg
of the flight;
execution of shift change program with the crew of Expedition 24?;
preparation and holding of five "Exit" to replace the external propulsion
system diagnostics? ki and eliminate leakage module "Spectrum";
if successful recovery germetichnos? ty module "Spectrum" work
on the
restored? leniyu module efficiency;
reception of two cargo ships and transport performance of related
work with
them;
performance of scientific experiments the program of Expedition 25?;
execution of docking the shuttle (flight STS-91?), who will return to
Earth
E.Tomasa;
reception crew 26? of Expedition prov? denie shift change;
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 13
 ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
typical operations
. "Range". NASA astronauts have been trained to you? complements
- return to Earth together with an astronaut? explorer 26? of Expedition
and activities in EVA neshtat? GOVERNMENTAL situations.
task 25?
Crew training carried out under the program, developed with the main in the CPC
ENTAL NASA astronauts after completion of the program under? cooking
Th main mission, the level of preparedness and functional? GOVERNM December 6, 1997 to continue the preparatio n for the
decline in the United States
responsibilities of crew members. 1998. In accord?
launch of the shuttle (STS? 89), which is scheduled on January 23,
"Mir" astronaut David
sponds with NASA's decision to replace Endryu Tomas Bor? the
The main objectives of training are: the "Mir" on the
Wolf. His boo flight? children completed NASA astronauts on board
1. Preparation of the crews to the implementation of the program Uba? Thieme in the US with NASA astronauts? 7
program long expeditions. Before
flight to the transport ship. for? exclusively
Thomas and Andrew Vos? Som James as crew members were held
2. Preparation of the crews to perform Russian TC "Soyuz TM"
n? "Peace? 25 / training exam to evaluate their readiness for flight program "Mir" and
scientific programs and international research programs? of cooperatio
"Flying M? 2". simulators "Don? 27KS" and TDK? 7ST 2.
NASA? 7", "Pegasus" and grew up? Siya? Kazakh scientific program

3. Crew training to perform at the orbital?

space, docking and
Mr. complex "Mir" repair? ra recovery? bot and "Exit" in the open
pa? bots with TAG "Progress". ce and repair
During the preparation of the crews spent training for the maintenan
of SLE? zhebnyh systems and scientific equipment of the orbital complex.
4. Cosmonaut Training the body to endure
and mutual
spaceflight factors, improvement of skills of an eye? zaniya itself?
assistance in space flight. on the actions
n of the Conducted training manual zhiz systems? unsecured and worked
crew training program is 30? 25 for the flight tasks performed. preparatio and skills of
of the crew is urgent? Nome leaving the orbital complex. The knowledge
results are shown on the scoreboard. prepared to level
operating systems, life support com? plex "Mir" NASA astronauts
systems.
ship and the flight and flight engineer can perform any type of maintenance operation
With crews carried out the necessary preparations for the transport
All the crew members passed the establishe d tests and exams? us.
orbital complex.
the camp? tion
Practical training and training on simulators transport vehicle, orbiting
of management
and modules station "Mir", during which the reflection? nerdy skills videofotosemke.
members during the Made training on conducting radio ones? a televised reports and
and operation of the onboard systems and the interaction of crew
flight program. t Training the
With a crew of 30? 25 are all activities on? Board at the Cosmonau
of
body to ne? reneseniyu spaceflight factors. The level of fi? phe- readiness
the Chief Medical
cosmonauts and astronauts high. According to the conclusions of
monavty found
to the op? commis? these, on 5 and 18 December 1997, astronauts and braid?
Worked fulfillment of convergence modes skills, approach and docking conducted:
s and docking eligible for health to perform space flight. At the final stage crews
bitalnym complex, including the automatic mode? first rendezvou
from orbit.
versions COURT MO16, as well? the manual control modes descent

In accordance with the joint, "the decision on maintenance? cheniyu mode

to improve the - exam training assessment gotovnos? five crews to perform manual
interchangeability flight engineer and commander TK "Soyuz TM"
without ICs? when approaching? Nia and docking;
reliability of convergence, approach and docking with the station "Mir"
"Kurs" flight engineers went under? cooking for manual mode and
Use of the system
- Exam training on reserve Regis? manual rendezvous mothers;
hand fumbling berthing TK and passed tests.

- Exam training for the teleoperator? mu TAG control mode;

approach.
Made training simulator "Don? Union" in standby mode further manual
- transcripts training laying the return transport ship equipment;
ship flight
NASA astronauts have been trained under the program of the transport
as was - Exam training for manually managing? emomu descent from orbit;
only for the portion of descent from orbit in case of emergency situations,
carried out on the
standard of their delivery to the "Mir" and descent from orbit will be of the crew
- transcripts training manuals life-support systems and the actions
shuttle.
during emergency escape orbital complex;

Flight engineers and crew commander held friction? ings on the joints 7ST and "Don?
into account - comprehensive examination training on Tre? nazherah TDK?
teleoperator control mode? Coy TAG with the orbital complex, taking program on the
precision 27KS" Readiness Assessment crews to carry out the whole flight
"conclude? Nia Commission to implement a pilot Regis? ma ballistic
M." transport ship and the orbital complex.
approach (BPS + MOT? EDM) with cargo spacecraft "Progress?
ns, which are
Thus, the results of the implementation Prep program? Preparatio
s of the
supported by the protocols of tests, examinations and conclusion
Conducted training on the implementation of scientific Experi-? running wok, as well as
Program on interdepartmental commissions for the credit and examination Train?
experiments and studies on the EC? 25, as well as Russian? American of health onsystems
MI
French? the preparation of Russian Eka? the pages of the restoration
After reporting the state of health of
Science Experi-? running experiments "Peace? 25 / NASA? 7" Russian? Musabaevand Talgat
Romir? Expansion "Spectrum" allow ETS? clude that a crew consisting
astronauts discuss some issues related
Manual discharge program "Pegasus" ESA "Ev scientific program? ARCT Leopold, ThomasstageEnd?
ryu;
Amangeldievich, Budarin Nikolai Mikhailovich, hey?
to the details of the final Prep?
"and Russian? Kazakh program" Flying M? 2. " Afanasev Viktor Mi? haylovich, Treschev Sergey Evgenevic h, Enere Zhan? Pierre,
Preparations and flight program MVK
on the program th main
25?State mission,
Voss Dzheyms to before? standing flight to "Mir"recom? mendovala Commission?
are you? complements the programs "Flying? M2 "," NASA?
these 7 "and" Pegasus "has
designate
of the CPC,
Preparation of research programs carried out not only on the basis been prepared.
but also on US bases, France and Kazakhstan.
The main crew consisting of:
in the
Russian cosmonauts and US astronauts conducted two training sessions
commander -

program "Mir 25 / NASA 7?" And the study of the space Talgat Amangeldievich Musabaev,
United States on the scientific
n (prime crew). flight engineer -
shuttle system, one training session - in France, and one - in Kazakhsta
Nikolay Petrovich Budarin,
cosmonaut researcher? -
in the suit Leopold Eyharts,
The Russian crew of 30? 25, and NASA astronauts? 7 were trained
the locking Flight Engineer 2? - Endryu Tomas.
"Orlan? M" and fulfilled? Do all the necessary training to simulate
operations for the program "Exit" on installations EI? Duplicate assign crew:
commander -
the extravehicular
735 TEK? 50, the simulator "Exit" and buoyancy. In preparation for Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev,
Treshchev
activity (EVA) in the buoyancy crews Musabaev? Budarin Afanasiev? flight engineer -
motor mouth?
worked surgery to remove a hundred? Roy and installing a new remote Sergey Evgenevich Treschov,
Add or recovery module integrity cosmonaut researcher? -
Jean (Per Enere,
Flight Engineer 2? - Dzheyms Voss.

14 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998


Press? Conference crews EO? 25
on 12 January.
I.Marinin. NC. Photo by the author.
Press? Zavar conference on the results? sheniya
crew training 25? th bases? Noah expedition to the
complex "Mir" the head of the CPC opened Petr Ilich
Klimuk. On it except for the crews of the "crystal" and
"Derben? Comrade "was attended by Air Force
Commander Peter Deinekin, Deputy General? RCA
Rector Boris Ostroumov, imagine? Tel NASA
astronaut Brent Dzhett.
Peter Klimuk presented to journalists by both crews,
briefly spoke about the programs? IU and flight training
completion. Peter Deinekin on behalf of the Minister of
Defense Ros? these Marshal Igorya Sergeeva, from the
Air Force Military Council congratulated the crews with
complete? Niemi training astronauts and gave great
books on the history of aviation.
Great gift made kosmonav? there is a Russian
company for the production of domestic personal
computers
R. & K.
Advertising Department Manager Natalya
Markina, on behalf of the company gave each? th
of the astronauts on the newest multime? diynomu
PC sob? governmental manufacturing Wiener 2"
with? Bran in Russia on the basis of import com?
kits,. These computers are designed with the latest
information techno? nologies and meet the needs
of the pros? essionalov in various areas of figure?
Nost. Special computational power of computers
aimed at performing on? uchnyh, office,
multimedia, networking, graphics and
communication applications. Markin said that for R.
& K company. to supply equipment for the needs of
the development of the braid? MOS - both a great
honor and a great responsibility.
Talgat Musabayev on behalf of the astronauts
thanked the company, noting that now is impossible
without computers exploration of space? and it can be a
sign of gratitude handed on? tale Markina large bouquet
of flowers.
Then the astronauts answered questions from
journalists.
Hero of the day was the commander of the first
Eki? Talgat Musabayev a page. It is to him the greatest
number of questions were asked. He, in particular, said
that at the last?
Alexei Leonov welcomed crews.
ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
her information for a period of 25? th Experi-? ditsii
scheduled 6 major and 2 backup EVAs with the
main objective - replacing external propulsion unit
(VDU). This plant, which weighs about 750 kg, was
installed on the farm "Sophora" in September
1992, Sir? gay Avdeev and Anatoliem Solovevym
and worked performing unloading function
The crew of the "crystal": L.Eyartts,
T.Musabaev, N.Budarin.
gyrodynes when oriented operations, more than
five years. Replacing the VDU it is not required of?
For its failure, but because? For finality? Nia stock
of fuel engines, as their refueling is not provided.
This operator? talkie set aside 3? 3.5 release. In
addition, the program exits - finding places
breakdowns "Spectra" and his seal. And outside,
sealing Korpu? sa, the crew through a variety of
scissors, cutters and other tools to come? Xia open
multilayer screen? Waku? intelligent insulation.
Moreover, Musa? Baev Budarin will have to repair
the exit hatch SHSO "Quantum? 2".
In a series of journalists' questions on to?
lichestve and the program exits not arise? big
break when Peter gave Klimuk word twice Hero of
the Soviet Union, pilot? cosmonaut Alexei Arhipo?
VIChu Leonov. Peter Klimuk representing
Alekseya Leonova, said that he first stepped
outside the ship and laid up? horn, followed by
work on vnekora? cabling work.
Alexei Leonov began his peaked? congratulation
of the Commander of the Air Force P.Deyne? kina
recent sixtieth birthday and lying? chill it a huge banner
with the emblem of Aso? ciation of astronauts and
cosmonauts, and signed by all astronav? Comrade -
members of the organization. Then he congratulated
the crews warm words with a mustache? Peshnoy
completion of immediate preparation, and wished
success to accomplish? Niya flight program.
After that, once again fell to journalists.
Leopold Eyharts told about the scientific program of
the "Pegasus", which he will have to perform
on-orbit. It is not practically different from the
previous program "Cassiopeia" made
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
Klodi Andre? Deshaies. Experiments with bacon?
Mandra Leopold noted as the most in? esting.
The crew of "Derbent": J. + P.Enere,
V. Afanasiev, S.Treschev.
Among the new experiments
prepared for this mission by the
Russian side has been marked
experiment "Plasma Crystal",
which will work out?
Xia brand new technology.
Nikolai Budarin spoke about the programs? IU
studies prepared by Kazakh? Oblasts side. It
consists of five blo? Cove, including medical?
biological and technological experiments, as well?
observance of the Earth from space. In addition, the
Ka? zahstan has developed and manufactured a
small geophysical satellite, which will be up to? I put
on one of the complex "Progres? owls ". This
satellite during one of vyho? Dov let float freely
Talgat Musabayev. It is expected that the satellite
will operate for about a year. As part of a? cooking
on Kazakhstan program first crew traveled in a
special session in Al? ma? Ata, where he met
several institutes? max with scientists -
choreographers experiment? ments. Nikolai
Budarin said high scientific potential of Kazakhstan.
In response to the question of NK primary and
backup operation is planned? emoy docking Talgat
Musabayev said that two years ago, when the crew
began preparing for the flight to RSC "Energy" had
big problems with the car system? cally rendezvous
and docking of the "Kurs", manufactured in
Ukraine. Deliveries of this system became irregular,
anyone? "The World" without the use of the "Kurs"
system kits, equipment rose sharply, and the
astronauts set up a fully manual docking with the
complex. This complex operation Talgat
Musabayev successfully mastered? yl. However,
over the past two years, the economic situation in
the RSC "Energia" has changed and specialists
Kor? poration and found the opportunity in the
future? "Course" shem purchasing system. It is
POE? Moreover, Musabaev noted in the upcoming
flight of the main docking mode, as in the previous
ones, will be the automatic mode using the
"Course". However, due to the frequent failures of
this system at a short distance from the ball?
15
 ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
Plex likely to use Reser? vnogo - manual mode is
somewhat higher than the previous crews. "Crystal" is
fully ready for this. In addition, the Mu? Sabaev noted
that for the first time in the flight engineer training
program introduced trained? Manual docking of the
spacecraft with the station. Nikolai Budarin and
Sergey Treshchev, Bortini? zhenery both crews, fully
and with you? sokim quality mastered this complex
operators? walkie-talkie.
On the question of the degree of readiness of the
other? second crew commander "Derbent" Victor
Afanasiev assured the pres? sy that his crew has
successfully completed the entire training program and
wished basically? mu crew - Talgat Musabayev, Nikolai
Budarin and Leopold Eyharts successful launch and
implementation of the program kosmiches? one flight.
Astronauts answer other in? journalists asked.
The new astronauts begin training
on 16 January.
I.Marinin. NC. Photo by
the author.
Today in Yu.A. im.Yu.A.Gagarina - solemn
event. Center staff of new candidates in braids
were presented? monavty? testers selected by the
Sovereign? stvennoj interdepartmental commission
last year.
Peter Klimuk, Gennady Strekalov, Yuri
Baturin, Boris Kryuchkov on the notion of
new recruits.
In the white hall of the Center of Staff met
instructors, teachers, leading spe? ists and
representatives of the heads of departments. Course
was attended by all the senior management of the
Center: General Leite? Nantes P.I.Klimuk, General?
Major Yu.N.Glaz? Cove A.P.Mayboroda Colonel,
Colonel B.I.Kryuchkov and others. On such a
solemn? Noah came to the event and assistant Pres?
presidents of Russia Yuri Baturin, preparing for the
August spaceflight.
With a very warm appeal for new astronauts asked
Peter Klimuk. He from? methyl, the most important thing
now - not Ms? negotiated the themselves in their studies,
but to protect health. He noted that the decision due
uve? lichenie contraction intensity training? tit its
duration from two to the floor? torus years. This decision
was caused by necessary? Bridges braid how to prepare
as soon as possible?
16 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
Peter Klimuk of the Slovak
cosmonaut flight
6th January.
"Interfax".
Rumors about the flight Slovak citizen as an
astronaut? Researchers at the station "Mir" is
warranted in from? contrast to the rumors about the
flights and Malaysian Institute? doneziytsa. This in
an interview "Inter? fax, "said the head of of the
Center? ki astronauts im.Yu.A.Gagarina Peter Klee?
pangs. He said that representatives of the Indo?
nezii and Malaysia (and some of Dru? GIH countries)
while only "are interested in the possibilities of space
flight."
Slovakia, although it did not sign the contract until
the Documentation or other serious? one is with the
Russian Space Agent? stvom very specific
conversation Podcherye?
monavtov for flights to the International Space
Station, as the last time, there is an apparent lack of
kosmonav? Comrade for appointment to the crews.
(? Bea ti, Talgat Musabayev has not yet implemented
the WTO swarm of space flight, and already he was
appointed commander of the first Russian visiting
crew of the ISS - Ed.) Peter Klimuk aux? Neil about
himself in 1965, stepped on? Center Horn and how
intensively had th? tovitsya. In conclusion, he wished
the new astronauts "to dream and pursue their
dreams ...".
Head of the Training Division of Colonel
Yu.P.Kargapolov presented to the staff of the
Center each recruit, gave a brief description. All
candidates kosmonav? you? testers told about
themselves.
Here they are - the new candidates kosmonav? ?
You testers in order of presentation:
Moshkin Oleg Yurevich, Colonel, born in 1964,
"Military Pilot 1? th class." Before enrolling in a
detachment served as a team? rum ship - senior
pilot who searches? Telem aviation group Air
Squadron 70? th separate test? Foot training
regiment of special purpose to them. Seregina
Yu.A.. He has the military? Im.Yu.A.Gagarina Air
Force Academy.
Skvortsov Aleksandr Aleksandrovich,
Major, born in 1966, "Military Pilot 1? first class? sa ".
Before enrolling in the cosmonaut was a student of
aviation faculty of the Military Academy of Air Defense.
Marshal G.K.Zhu? kov, Tver. He graduated from July
20 on special? alnosti "Mate, promptly? Tact? Ceska. "
His father, A.A.Skvortsov came in the cosmonaut with
P.I.Klimukom and Yu.N.Glazkovym, but was expelled
by a member of? NIJ health.
Lonchakov Yuriy Valentinovich, Major, born in
1965 "Military Pilot 1? Th class." Currently he is
completing his studies at the In? enno? Air Force
Engineering Academy. Professor Zhukovsky airfield
on the fa? partments.
knul P. Klimuk. In Slovakia, the selected 13 kan? Deedat
astronauts, members of Russia? Skogen CPC together
with the physicians involved? schimisya space medicine,
ambulance services have? shook this country to explore
them.
According to the head of the CPC, if th?
statehood level agreement will be concluded, then,
four of the 13 Candida? Comrade arrive in Russia
and will be respectively? stvuyuschie test. Together
with fiber? Watzke side of these two professionals
will be selected, which will be before? leaving the
possibility to prepare for the braid? nomic flight.
"Perhaps it would cost to Word? cue less than
for other countries, poskol? ku traditionally friendly
people, we can say, our brothers, and they need
for? Mogan, "- said P. Klimuk.
According to the head of the CPC, the minimum?
naya cost of preparing and launching cosmo? navta is 15
million. $.
Kondratev Dmitriy Yurevich, capi? Tan, born in 1969
Before enrolling in a detachment he served as a military
pilot? Fighter in the 76? Th Air Army Air Force in the
area Petroza? Votic.
Valkov Konstantin Anatolievich,
lieutenant, born in 1971 Before enrolling in a
detachment he served as a military pilot fronts?
howling bomber aircraft (Su? 24M) 76? th Air Army
in the area of Seversk.
Romanenko Roman Yurevich, Captain, born in
1971 Before enrolling in a detachment served in?
ennym pilot 70? of an individual who searches? tion
training regiment themselves? th destination
im.Seregina Yu.A.. His father, Yu.V.Romanenko -
Twice Hero With? Soviet Union, the "Pilot?
cosmonaut", performed three space flights, is now
retired.
Suraev Maksim Viktorovich, Captain, born in 1972 During
the selection in the squad kosmonav? Comrade graduated with
honors from the Military? Air Force Engineering Academy.
Professor Zhu? Minkowski.
Volkov Sergey Aleksandrovich, lieutenant, born
in 1973 "Military Pilot 3? Th class." Before enrolling
in a detachment he served as assistant captain
(IL? 76) Aviation Administration Squadron and re?
8 translation? nd Air Division CCA? God
destination. His father, Alexander Volkov - Hero of
the Soviet Union, "Pilot Cosmo?
From left to right: O.Skripochka, F.Yurchihin,
A.Skvortsov and M.Suraev.

Wolves, Moshkin, Lonchakov, Valkov and Kondratyev with
astronaut Dzherri Rossom.
navt USSR ", performed three space floor? ETA. At the
present time - the commander of the cosmonaut corps.
Skripochka Oleg Ivanovich, Born in 1969 Before
enrolling in the cosmonaut worked in? zhenerom RSC
"Energia".
Moshchenko Sergei Ivanov h, born in 1954 Before
enrolling in the squad I worked ingenue? rum?
Designer of KB "Salyut" Khrunichev im.Hrunicheva.
Mastered piloting sa?
From left to right: R.Romanenko, O.Moshkin, K.Valkov, D.Kondratev, S.Volkov, Yu.Lonchakov and S.Moschenko.
Mallett Yak? 12, Yak? 18, Yak? 52. It has a total
flying time of 138 hours. Completed 96 jumps. I
stayed in the tank under water about 120 hours.
Yurchihin Fedor Nikolaevich, Born in 1959 Before
enrolling in the squad worked as a senior engineer of
the operational group is planning? Bani flight program
RSC "Energia" and the assistant manager of the flight
program "Peace? NASA" and the ISS.
Then the young astronauts paid? Xia Yuri
Glazkov. He shared his personal experience and noted
that it "is a must? mo possess the highest culture of
Russia? yang. " He drew attention to the new recruits
to the need to know the great international partner
language. Without knowledge of the en? gliyskogo
prospects to fly into space will not be! Will not fly, and
he who does not master you? computer technology.
Then Yuri Kargapolov reported on the
program of general space training (GST), which
includes 2700 hours of training. OKP begin
January 19, 1998 g, about? It lasts one and a half
years and will be completed in July 1999. All
training will be held in six areas. It will focus on
theoretical training for space flight, navigation, and
you?
ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
computational engineering, medicine and a lot? moo
differently. Equally important is the technical
training, during which candidates for astronauts?
Testers will learn the game? struction vehicle
"Soyuz TMA" series, as well as the construction of
the International Space Station systems, to?
Rabelais system "Space Shuttle", "Mir", TC "Soyuz
TM". They will become familiar with a person? of
papers, MCC and design, will be a photo? and
kinopodgotovku. Already in March, candidates for
the astronauts will make flights "to Neves? Bridge
"on an airplane? lab will parachute and flight
training, having? guide of considerable importance
in the OCP. In the near? neck will begin and health?
biologiches? kai training. Other areas OKP are, in
particular, specific types of training, such as
vnekorabel? naya activity, application training, and
of course, the study of the English language. At this
crucial under the current circumstances discipline
devoted 180 hours. This,
Yu.Kargapolova opinion, a little bit, but it you? Raziel
hope that each of the candidates for all the free time
will be given to England? -language.
Yu.P.Kargapolov noted that it has been more
than a year from the time when kan? Deedat
astronauts were Medco? mission. Now, together
with OCP, they will again go through the annual
medob? and follow obtain the opinion of MMC on
the validity of the special training.
After completion of the OCP and putting the issue?
Valery Tokarev discusses about space +
Bloem Brent Jett.
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
GOVERNMENTAL examinations, all candidates will
continue to prepare to fly in groups of con? indiscrete
programs. At this time of order? ke turns the
astronauts will be assigned to crews and brought to
A direct? hydrochloric preparing a first duplicated
and then mainly carriage.
The chief of the second control, the Hero of
the Soviet Union, Pilot? Cosmonaut, Colonel
Gennady Manakov drew atten? manie on the need
to preserve zdo? rovya, despite the enormous
stress during the study.
Yuri Baturin, Assistant to the President,
presented the candidates for the astronauts of the
photos taken by him with the gift? stvennoj
inscription. He noted that the prez? dent pays great
attention to Russia? tion astronautics. So, on
January 20 nama? Chenoa Defense Council
meeting on the military? th space, where very
important decisions are taken. As evidence of
Buchanan noticed
on the personal greeting of the President of the braid?
monavtu Anatoliyu Solovevu at fifty? anniversary,
which is today one of the? Sword in orbit. Finally, Yuri
Ba? Turin wanted the astronauts to "put a poppy?
maximum DUTY goals and achieve them. "
Wishing you were the commander of the
cosmonaut corps RKK "Energy" Genna? Diy Strekalov,
one of the leaders of the? a number of cosmonauts
Valery Korzun, the CPC and the First Deputy Head of
the Center for Yury Glazkov.
In the evening, in an astronaut state? yalsya
small friendly reception on to? tory came to
congratulate the new cosmo? navtov not only Yuri
Baturin, guide? Teli CPC and the cosmonaut corps,
but Yuri Gidzenko Bill Shepherd (lane? vy ISS crew),
as well as the crew of the space shuttle, which was
the first (on the STS program? 88) will fly to the first
module of the International Space Station. Peter
Klimuk recruits handed commemorative medals and
badges, made according to his designs.
Crew commander Robert Cabana before? I put
astronauts (note that very often Americans their
performances beginning to grapple with self-promotion -
Ed.) and expressed above? ezhdu work together on
board the ISS.
17
 ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
Dzhon Glenn will fly a second time!
on 16 January.
I.Lisov using NASA communications, Frans
Press, Reuters, UPI, SFF.
Today at noon in the press? Small meeting? tion
to the headquarters? NASA's apartment is the most
incredible thing stated was done in Washington? of
many decades - was a Listing? Leno that "American
Gagarin", former astronaut Dzhon Glenn will
participate? Vova in space flight on the shuttle
"Discovery" in October 1998
"I am extremely proud to announce that Dzhon
Glenn of Ohio, the first American to orbit the Earth,
will get his long? Zhdanov and repeatedly honored
the WTO? a swarm of flying "- said NASA
Administrator Daniel Goldin.
Send Glenn flying on the shuttle - it's not even
what Hermann appoint Tito? va astronaut? researcher
in the "From? Uzes ": Titov almost 15 years less. Ska?
Ms honest, I did not believe this crazy idea when
talking about her first time with? approximately one
year ago, exactly the same way, they do not believe in
flying on the shuttle Ryumin, Baturina on the "World"
and "cinematic" project Yuri Ka? ry. Bring their idea into
space 77? Years of lo? Glenn Natori too much
counter? rechila everything they say NASA in the last?
of 12 years to participate in the flights' citizens? Sgiach
persons "- neastronavtov. Glenn, casa? elk I have been
asking for this not to cosmic? cal ship, and a time
machine.
But on January 15 the author read "grief? Others
Post NASA and could not remember anything similar at
least on? last five years: NASA will make a major
announcement at a press conference tomorrow at noon
at the headquarters of NASA apartment ... Among the
participants will be NASA Administrator Teh?? Niel
Goldin. " And yet!
Mid-January - time representation? Nia
congressional budget for oche? Independent user
per year. Is NASA requests in FY 1999 budget
means what? the EC?
18 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
"Senator Glenn gets a" good "
a flight on the shuttle
Today, NASA has named Dzhona Glenna in the crew
of the shuttle "Discovery", to launch? torogo scheduled for
October. Glenn will be on this flight payload specialist.
Glenn made history 35 years ago when it was fixed in
time capsule? mer 9 to 7 feet on top of the experiments? tal
rocket and became the first American? CEM to orbit the
Earth. He recently spoke to NASA asking if he will be able
to fly again to perform in space research on aging, but only
if it respectively? It exists a physical and mental required?
ments.
"Dzhon Glenn - not only the pilot uc? feeder is a
Marine, and the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth.
He brings a unique blend of NASA ops? ta ", - said NASA
Administrator Danny? ate Goldin. "He has a summer opera?
tive and political experience. Unlike most of the astronauts,
he did not get the opportunity of the second flight. He is part
of the NASA family, an American hero and his faithful
material for this floor? ETA ".
Glenn, who still flies with? bstvennom plane performed
149 vyle? Comrade as a pilot? Marine Corps fighter in
World War II and Korea, was shot 11 times. Being a pilot? A
test, he set a transcontinental speed record, and recently
set a speed record flying from Dayton, Ohio in Vashing?
tone.
Since aging and space flight have much in common in
physiology? iCal displays, research braid? nomic flight can
lead to with? building a model that could help scientists to
understand the aging process. The similarity, in particular, is
observed in the loss of bone and muscle tissue, Naru?
sheniyah balance and sleep. Researchers in the field of
space biology and Medici? us and gerontologists believe
that new IP? follow in these areas can help older people to
live more productive and active life, as well as reduce the
number of persons who are in the last years of his life
requires long copper? Qing help.
Senator Glenn was the catalyst for use in space
missions in the interests of a healthy and productive aging.
Human studies in this field? those will take NASA and
the National? nym Institute of Aging - section? Niemi
National Institutes zdravooh?
injured. [Program] research on? luchivshaya reviews of
independent scientists, includes the study of sleep
disorders, Atro? fiyu muscles, sense of balance, as well as
the clinical assessment of blood and gray? dechnoy
function. <...>
D? Dr. Maykl Debeyki, * honorary stationery? ler
Baylor College of Medicine, co? tory studied the medical
records of Glen? on, he said that he does not see "any
signs that would prevent him from le? aunts into space.
Senator Glenn's flight is an important opportunity to study
the influence? of the space environment on the aging of the
system, something that had never been done in the past. "
D? Dr. Robert Butler, a professor Gehry? atrium at the
Medical Center "Mount Si? nai ", Director of the
International Longevity Center, agrees. <...> "Senator Glenn
particularly well Podhom? dit, because he did it before, and
because? for his work with NASA and the National? nym
Institute for Aging Research at the development, which will
lead to beam? Shem understanding of the effects of aging.
<...> It should be noted the courage of Senator Glenn and
willingness to undertake this mission. "
Earlier, NASA astronauts flew under the age of 61
years. At least eight members of the crew with over 55
years? We used to do several operations. Shannon Lucid
was 54 when she spent six months aboard the Russian
kosmiches? Coy station "Mir".
Before NASA decided to Glenn's flight, the senator
held a series of ME? ditsinskih tests performed NASA
doctors and independent consultants. They all found him fit
to space? mu flight from a medical point of view. According
to NASA the doctors, the level of INDIVIDUALS? one state
other than Glenn.
"We have given medical '42? GOVERNMENTAL by
Senator Glenn, and we were able to conduct a thorough
medical wasps? videtelstvovanie - said NASA flight
physician Denise Beysden. ? With meditsins? Coy point of
view, he is fit to fly. "
Outstanding group of experts of the time?
GOVERNMENTAL branches of medicine led by Dr.? rum
Clifford Desko from Baylor number? Ledge medicine agreed
to rec? datsiey Beysden. "There is no means? Telnyh
medical problems that would prevent Senator Glenn send?
smiling into space on the shuttle "- this we conclude? chenie
was issued by the group.
* On? Apparently, the same DeBakey, who advised
Boris Yeltsin before the operation.

straordinarnoe, for example, at the beginning of the
practical work on the manned eq? speditsii to Mars?
But it was easier - all the agencies trumpeted on
the night of January 16 that it will announce Goldin. He
will say that Senator Dzhon Glenn made the same
flight on the shuttle. Shining Glenn confirmed Kor?
Respondents that his press? conference is scheduled
at the same time and in the same place, but to confirm
his future flight otka? out to be. ? NASA's spokesman
Maykl Braukus the question whether at the press
conference, Glenn said, "Are you coming? You see. "
Official NASA message was you? It started up after
20 minutes after the start of the press? conference. I
think this text should reproduce almost completely, while
preserving? Niemi, if not all the "letters", the "spirit" of his
Glu? Boko scientific reasoning.
The NASA report is not called the age of Dzhona
Glenna, who will perform on July 18? Xia 77 years.
While the record of seniority uder? alive Story Musgrave,
who flew in '61. In 1984, only because of luck is not on
the shuttle flew 63? Year-old Robert Ste? Levenson.
Glenn if he would fly again, a hundred? there is the
oldest of the astronauts for many years.
Glenn seriously interested in the idea of the second
flight of 3? 4 years ago, but wanted to fly again, as he
says, "the last 25? 30 years." Glenn turned it to Daniel
Goldin summer of 1996 and announced its intention and
willingness to publicly in November 1996 July 11, 1997,
US President William Clinton announced that he would
support? Vaeth proposal. January 11, 1998 Journal "of
Newsweek" reported, citing unnamed sources, that the
issue of flight Glenn, in October 1998 "on the ointment,"
and here's the solution? Here will be accepted.
Published January 16 in the morning Washington
Post write? la on the flight Dzhona Glenna and Barbara
Mor? gan (see. the following article) as a matter re?
shennom.
Question about Glenn spawned violent dis?
SSG in the NASA, and not around? st. Thus, the
president of the "Space border (SFF) Rick
Tamlinson said about the alleged flight of Glenn:
"This is yet? shows that NASA still more The
interested? Owl in the experience of its past than in
the open space in front of American? skim people.
multimil idea of flying? lionera, a senior official of
the government - is a blow for the astronaut, and
for people who op? -paying our space program. "
NASA spokeswoman said 15 yang? cooking
that Goldin was considering the possibility of
Glenn's flight in a few kneading? ant. NASA
administrator said at pres? skonferentsii that made
the final decision on the eve of the day. Of course,
he denied? Political or underneath? Plec decision.
Sam Glenn said that about 50 times the devil?
edoval with representatives of NASA on "reconstruct?
ment of "his astronaut status. He's under? He refrains
your fitness jogging - as before the flight in winter 1962
- and thee? heavy lifting, and regularly took place at
NASA medical examination and under?
ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
confirms its suitability for medical NASA standards.
In 1997, it is valid? but set speed record in flight by
plane Beechcraft Baron from Dayton in
Washington - 1 h 36 min.
At the press? Conference Glenn jokingly
confirmed that he will be on board "drive? Veri ""
guinea pig ", and said that a complete list of
experiments have not yet made up. He, however,
will be useful in at least two things: to study the
loss of muscle tissue and sleep disorders.
Dzhon Glenn really Nacional? US ny hero -
the author does not doubt in his excellent physical
shape. & Expo? ments with flying elderly person
WHO? Rasta seems sensible to me, and not just a
"circus tricks". But it all comes together - is not
linked.
Glenn was enlisted by NASA astronauts in April
1959. Among the astronauts and
photo: Reuters
Glenn aboard the destroyer USS Nao, in 21
minutes after splashdown in a + + Islands Grand
Turk. February 20, 1962
Now there are two extreme types. There are flight
fanatic, ready to serve in the astronauts to the last
- this is Dzhon Yang and Story Musgrave. And
there pragmati? ki, the post in question astronav?
that as a step to further his career. I think Glenn
otno from the beginning? silsya to the second
category.
Donald Slayton in his autobiography,
co-written with Michael Cassuto? is a lot written
about Glenn *. At the first press? Conference April
9 Glenn was the only Group of Seven, who felt like
the crowd in front of reporters ry? BA in water.
"Who? Asked us, support? Do we vayut our wives.
Six of our tale? Do: "Of course ..." Glenn started
gorgeous speech about God, family and fate. We
all posmot? Ralegh on it, then to each other. "
* Deke! US Manned Space: from Mercury to the Shuttle /
Donald K.Slayton with Michael Cassutt. 1995
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
According to the same source, Glenn ETS?
Lal all in his power to, that he was appointed as a
pilot in the first suborbital flight on the ship
Mercu? ry . But in January 1961, the head pro?
EKTA Bob Gilruth collected seven astronauts and
told them that the first flight of Alan Chez? Pardo
(flight MR? 3), second Virgil Grissom (MR? 4), and
Glenn will duplicate both. Slayton says Glenn tried
before? fight flight order changes - to their
advantage - but to no avail.
Some time Glenn was Candida? It is the third
MR? 5 suborbital flight, but all seven astronauts
were in favor of its abolition. November 29, 1961
was a Listing? Leno, Glenn performed the first
orbit? tal flight. It took place February 20, 1962
after one start and terminated nine carries for
different with it? us. In forty years, Glenn became a
national
NASA photo
Dzhon Glenn in the suit of the pilot of the ship
Mercury. 1964.
hero and fly more - unlike, ska? We will show, by Yuri
Gagarin - was not going to. Ka? opinion that is not
because it is Gagarin, did not want to start up in flight.
While Shepard and Grissom Prep? hovered for
new flights on Mercury ships and Gemini, Glenn
was appointed responsible for the general security
about? Grams Apollo. In January 1964 he was
transferred to the post of adviser di? NASA Rector to
the disposal of the order of astro? navtov, and in
February 1965, he resigned from NASA to the position
of member of the Board of Directors Royal Crown
Cola Co. and in a few years became a millionaire.
With the submission of Robert Kennedy Glenn
took? camping policy. He was going to run for the
Senate in 1964, but? You had an accidental head
injury? Needing to refuse. In 1970, he was not able
to? beat his candidature, but in 1974 still won the
election in Se? nut to another location on the home
state
19
 ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
It had no objections to his physical odds? IU, and Storey
expressed willingness to fly at least 70 years.

Whether it was possible "to investigate the

photo: Reuters
Senator Dzhon Glenn talks
to reporters outside his
office. January 15, 1998
8 January 1998 new
NASA Associate
Administrator for the Office
of Space Flight appointed
Dzhozef Rotenberg
(Joseph H. Rothenberg),
previously worked in
before (lzhnosti Space
Flight Center Director
name Year (Darda.
Rothenberg bu (children
manage Timber
(Convertible NASA
program, which is now is
the official name of
"studies (and of the
development of Kosmo (sa
man," as well (same deal
with pro (Bloem disposable
RN
Ohio. He was re-elected three times - in 1980, 1986
and 1992. Glenn was known as a thoughtful and
moderate politician, an expert in Oblas? tee defense
and foreign policy, advocated US military power and
against the propagation? Nuclear Weapons, was
engaged in? asks nuclear waste.
It is known that under Glenn to this day?
refrain cosmic project of the International? cal
station. But if he helped a lot of NASA for 23 years
in the Senate in the strategic planning and
finance? NASA tion? Hardly: in connection with
budgets? NASA is regularly referred to by other
names.
In 1979, Glenn is very unfortunate Venue? I
drank at the National Convention of democracy?
Party of then Dzhimmi Karter left the idea of taking
this "the most boring? of the man whom I have?
ever seen 'candidate for vice? president. In 1984
and 1988. he tried to win the nomination of his
candidacy for the US presidency, but both times
failed.
effect of space on aging" as an example Masgrey?
va? Can. However, in 1997 his "gone" from NASA
- not whether, to justify the second flight of Glenn? TO ak ITAR (TASS, January
And then to realize today the word Goldin? "If it 15 at the RCA held a board
makes sense, if there is a scientific substantiation? meeting to consider (Niemi
set, if a sufficient number of people flying, maybe two issues. Long A discussion
some of them boo? FLS fly and after seventy, and (of was the issue of transfer of
who knows, maybe eighty. " the RCA from the SMF
Baikonur Cosmodrome. At this
year's RSA about (silo allocate
But the words of President Clinton, ne? from the budget for kosmod
Reda's press secretary Michael MakKorri: "That's (rum Baikonur example (but
fine. I'm ecstatic. I always approve of his [Glenn] 900 billion. rub. (prices to
thought about it, and I am pleased that NASA denomina (tion), but received
considers this the right decision. " only a third. Even with all the
additions the total amount is
It is the second flight of Glenn's a kind of unlikely to exceed 500 billion.
payment for services rendered to them by NASA in rubles, which is insufficient
the Senate in 23 years? Or - zavua? an isolated (just for that ser (eznoy work,
bribe Congress for good? the desired ratio of the koto (paradise will. We plan to
budget Agen? tstva? Or ? sacrifices made Denie? create joint working groups of
Goldin for scrap to stay in the GLA? ve NASA? the submit (teley RSA, the
Answers to these questions, but they could not be Strategic Missile Forces, the
awkward when reading scientific justification Glenn Heads s constructs (ditch
flight. factories and other
organizations. They have to
(be lzhny osusches (and
I'll be glad when Glenn once again fly into enjoyment of the selection and
space. However, it was better not razrabaty? Vat the OCU (chenie personnel ne
for this flight special copper? Ch'ing program. (soap has physical hardware.
Musgrave to the right? Xia better. It would be The general management
better just to say that the right to fly to Glenn decision of the board reserved
granted for special merits. As said in the press? for Fede (eral Space Center
Conference is the same Daniel Gol? Baikonur.
Dean: "When someone who risked innumerable?
Noe number of times for our lives braid? nomic
program for our country comes and asks if I can
field? aunts ... If that person can prove that it is IME?
a unique blend of experience and excellent zdo?
rove, the answer is definitely - yes. " Here it is said
honestly.

and issues commands (but (of

Most recently, he served as a member of the
measurement system and
Armed Services Committee and Lida? rum
communication. For (GSFC
Democrats in the Senate Committee on
mestitel director Alfonso Diaz
Governmental Affairs, held until November 1997
(Alphonso V. Al Diaz)
investigation financing? cial violations last
appointed head of the center,
predvybor? Noah campaign actively defended
Catching (capstan (Gosia
Clinton. After that, Glenn announced that elections
mainly about (pa (
to the Senate in 1998 will not participate.

Take as diametrically about? oppositely

Zoom scientific cosmic
example Story Musgrave. He joined the squad in
(cal projects.
1967, waiting for its first flight 16 years, flew six
times, the last time - at the age of 61 years. At
NASA

20 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998


Astronaut Barbara
Morgan will
on 16 January.
I.Lisov with NASA, UPI materials.
"Barbara Morgan? And who is this? "- SPRO?
forces have a friend, not an amateur in the history of
astronautics, but hearing this? ness. So forget. Is our
chi remember? Tutelo victims on "Challenger" teach?
Telnice Christa McAuliffe? Barbara Moore? gan was
her understudy.
January 16, 1998, in addition to supersensa?
insulating announcement about the flight Dzhona Glen?
on, NASA announced the decision to enroll Barbara
Morgan - out of competition - candida? that NASA's
astronauts for training as a specialist in 1998, the set of
the flight, the composition of which should be announced
in the coming days.
According to the official Report? SRI agency,
NASA has selected Barbara Morgan, an
elementary school teacher from Mack? Colla,
Idaho, and she agreed." Barbara is now 46 years
old, she is married and has two school-aged boys.
The report also says that NASA has taken a
general decision on the expedient? the difference
between the inclusion of teachers in their astronaut
for training as a mission specialist. Candidates with
experience as teachers and lecturers? Lei scientific
disciplines, mathematics, and those? nicknames,
meeting the criteria for by? boron flight specialists
will prepare? Xia as astronauts and carry on?
razovatelnye program in addition to other flight
tasks.
Names Christie and Barbara announced July
19, 1985 Dzhordzh Bush, then vice? President of
the U.S.A. Shuttle flights Stanovi? It was
commonplace, and the idea: from time to time to
carry into space as a pass? sazhirov ordinary
citizens. The idea of run-on Sen. Jake Garn, in line
was Congressman Bill Nelson. But first dei? ity of
ordinary Americans on board the shuttle, selected
as a result of natsio? tional competition, was to
become a school teacher. Behind it viewed the
flight of the journalist, the flight of the artist. All they
had to fly to the status of the so on? is called "civil
parties" braid? nomic flights, and crew list IME? Is
the position of "payload specialist".
Launching January 28, 1986 ended the death
of Christa McAuliffe and her six then? varischey
crew members. Barbara Morgan, teach? Telnice
elementary school Mak? Colla? Donnelly in g.Mak?
Call (Idaho), "a scar on the heart," Uche went back
to her? nicks. She did not curse the American
braid? nomic program, keeping in touch with
NASA's, the required level
ASTRONAUTS. Astronauts. CREWS
preparedness and always said that would fly if it
will give such an opportunity. In 1986, Barbara
Morgan was named a candidate for the next flight,
"grazh? Danskoi party, "and waited.
Contrary to popular belief, the program
participants floor space? etov has not been
eliminated after ka? tastrofy. It is as if "went into
hibernation", remaining the promise that was given
nalo? goplatelschikam, but it is not very ho? Th?
Xia perform. Naturalis Principia tape.
In autumn 1988 the shuttle flights were resumed,
and January 9, 1989 NASA ETS? Lalo statement on
tolerance principles in the floor? the shuttle is non
astronav? NASA Tami. These principles, stated in
before? Document, due to the fact that each floor? is
on the shuttle - is the risk. two categories of such
persons have been established to be added in excess
of the standard crew of five astro? navtov NASA and
declared for at least 12 months before the start:
- payload specialist, whose presence on the
board is necessary for specific functions to one or
more useful LOAD?
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
Kami or other material for Flight? th job activities;
- spaceflight participant, when? absence of
which for these purposes is not nuclear explosion? It
wishes to set up necessary, but which are mouth?
navlivaet NASA administrator, contribute to the other
objectives set NASA or necessary in national interest?
sah.V statement further stated that at present the
flights of "participants" no? possible because the
immediate goal - to prove the safety and reliability of
the operation of the shuttle and eliminate debt by
launches of priority Mon. Assessment of possibility?
Nost inclusion in the crew members boo? children
held each year, and priority will be given to the
program "Teacher in Space".
In December 1990, the first village flew? les
catastrophes payload specialist, and April 5, 1991
NASA released? lo special press? Release on the
state of "civil parties" program. It has been said
that a group of senior ru? the practitioners of the
agency at a conference 1 Up? relational expressed
support for the project "Teach? Tel in space ", but
found it premature? nym its renewal in 1991 "from?
the ongoing debt IIA? Siyam high priority in the
shuttle flight manifest. " It was pure otgo? coo -
appoint Barbara sixth or seventh crew member
could SMOs? ty in any flight. However, based on
this recommendation, NASA Administrator Richard
Truly announced the postponement of the
solution? Nia prior to 1992
February 12, 1992 Truly filed to ask? of
resignation. Under the new administrative? D
Daniel Goldin officially announced? Niya on the
program "space flight participants" and her single
"live" part of the
- project "Teacher in Space"? stop? It was, in spite
of the huge NASA attention to educational activities.
"Chuzha? Cams in space has nothing to do "- that
was the slogan of the unwritten years. But Barbara
promise has already been given, as NASA
Management periodically reminded.
Announced the inclusion of teachers in PE?
astronauts regularly sets records the fact that the
program "participants braid? nomic flights ", in the
form as it would be? la formulated in 1984, has
died. Daniel Goldin emphasized to the press?
Con? ference on 16 January that the flight Glenn
does not mean the resumption of the program the
floor? etov space "civilians." A Barba? ra "will not
fly into space only to teach children. She will travel
to Kos? MOS as well prepared as any mission
specialist, who flew with NASA for scientific work,
and while she was there
- will carry out the training. " Barbara can not be
united? stvennoj well-known personality in the set
in 1998. The lists "of candidates in Kandy? date ",
published by the Space cent? Rum Johnson, have
the names of alternates payload specialist Scott
Wang (he had tried to get in the squad in 1992
and 1995.) and Stanley Kozelyaka (tortured? Xia
in 1995).
21
 Spacecraft Launch
The launch date was determined by the following To control the trajectory and the receiving body?
terms. In the? First, it was necessary to Max? mal least metric from the media data is used? valis ground station
avoid the device falling into the Earth's shadow. In just on? ve Antigua (T + 6 min 20 sec), about? Ascension
a few hours of finding? Nia in her station battery is Island (T + 20 min 23 sec) and in Australia (T + 51 min 40
dead? to were. Work SC Lunar Prospector floor? sec).
Nost fit to the top of September 16? tember 1997 23? Step provided OAM final ascent on the reference
month period of absence? Corollary lunar eclipses. In orbit satellite about 200 km height and orientation during
the? Second, the date of pus? Indoor and lunar month Ballista? cal pause. Branch RB and CA binder from
77nn
nn
nncenturies
nn
aa
centuries
ppnn
ppnn
eleven
99
eleven
99
aa
88
9988
gg
99
.gg.. defined as minimalnoypotrebnoyskorostyu, after tre? stage OAM held at T + 3315 seconds, after about 2/3
continuous communication vidual at the stage of re? turn around the Earth. Then twist cords was performed
centuries
0022::22
22
::22
88::88
44
00
::44
4444
UU
UU
TT
CC
TT
CC summer and entering the working orbit. In January, the with a standard deviation? an increase of about 57 rev /
launch was possible only 6? And 7? Th (Universal min and included a firm? fuel engine Star 37FM TLI
((66
66
nn
nn
nncenturies
nn
aa
centuries
ppnn
ppnn
centuries
centuries
22
aa
eleven
::eleven
2222
88::88
44
22
::44
::4444
EE
SS
EE
TT
SS
) TT
)) Time). The next possible launch date was February 5. block. After working for 64 seconds, he turned the
station with reference orbit satellites to track the flight to
ssoooo
ssrm
ss
aa
rm
pp
aa
rm
ppoo
rm
centuries
oo
oo
centuries
ggoo
ggoo
kkoo
kkoo
mm
oo
mm
nnllnn
her
ll kkss
kk
aa
ssaa the moon. At the time T + s 3390 team went on the
machine's power switch.

LL
CCCC
44
??
6666
44 NK reported in detail on the progress of
predstar? tovoy preparation of this unit. The launch
eleven was scheduled for January 5 at 20:31 EST (6 yang? According to Section operative? Foot Control
QC
ooss
oo
mm
ssmm
oonn
oo
oo
nnpp
oorm
pp
aa
rmaa
FF
FF
ll llooppuu
ppdd
uuaa
ddaaeleven
Cooking at 01:31 UTC). Launch window, that is the Space Center?
time interval during which over? possible ballistic
bbyyyy
llll centuries
yynn
nn
oolloonn
ll her
yy
nn
hernn
nn
yy
nnss
yy
kk
sskk launch conditions was 4 minutes. January 5 refused
the radio? locator safety landfill services, located at
PP
HHHH
' "AA
'AA
"tthh
hh
tteenn
ee
aa
nnaa
22
22 the air base, Pat? Rick. To put it into operation, it
would need about five hours. Therefore, the launch
ssaacenturies
aa
rm
centuries
oomm
oo
mm
aarm
aa
uu
rm
rm
hh
uu
her
hh
ss
her
kkss
oo
kkoo
dQ
dQ was from? It is false for a day.

mm
her
LJ
her
nn
LJ
nn
ll aa
ll nnher
nn
rm
her
nnrm
oo
nn
dQ
oodQ
ssrm
ss
aa
rm
nn
aa
CC
nnuu
CC
her
uu
dQ
herdQ
January 7 launch was made in less than 1
' "LL
LL
uunn
uu
aa
nnrr
aarr
PP
PP
rroo
rr
oo
sspp
ss
ee
ppcc
ee
ttcc
oo
ttoo
rr
rr second after the start of the launch? th window.
Calculated start sequence diagram is given in the
((' "LL
' "LL
yyyy
nnnnyy
nnyy
dQ
dQppaa
pp
ss
aacenturies
ss
her
centuries
ddhh
dd
uu
hh
kk
uu
kk
her
)
. )) table. Launch azimuth was 97.13 , however, the
vertical lift portion was unusually long. After working
1? Th stage for 88 seconds was achieved height

19.05 km, and after 5.5 minutes after the start of?
Karlovna unit composed honing stage OAM 2 TLI booster
unit 3 and in fact the spacecraft separated from the 3? th
stage.
lockheed Martin
letov behalf of NASA Goddard, SC Lunar
Prospector awarded the international D?
gistratsionnoe designation 1998? 001A.
He also received a number 25131 Catalog US

The launch of AMC

Space Command.
Stage of the OAM, has received the designation in
1998? 001B and 25132, had to go to the ER? bits after
about 7 days after start. In fact, it was in orbit with

Lunar Prospector
Knuckle? neniem 29.25 , the height of 143x196 km on
zem? nym ellipsoid and the period of 87,692 minutes
and ceased to exist on January 7th.

Estimated start-up sequence diagram AMC Lunar Prospector

I.Lisov TIME EVENT
reportedly Ames
Center, NASA, the T? 0 Start
US Air Force T + 01: 29.00 Separation and the inclusion of the engine 2? Nd stage

T + 01: 29.34 End of the 1? Th stage

T + 03: 07.80 End of the 2? Th stage
T + 03: 57.50 Separation and the inclusion of the engine 3? Th stage

T + 06: 31.80 End of the 3? Th stage

T + 06: 31.80 Enabling OAM level (for removal of the 3? Th stage?)
T + 06: 36.80 OAM shutdown stage
T + 06: 38.80 Start propel spacecraft in the reference orbit

T + 13: 29.60 End propel spacecraft in the reference orbit

T + 56: 37.50 SC Branch

Notes.
1. Sequence diagram is given for starting 5/6 of January. When starting January 6/7 the length of passive
spacecraft flight portion before separation was somewhat different.
2. The symbol T denotes the time of launch, the time given in the format MM: SS.cc.

1 ? See. Article "Space Florida" on page 42 2? Description PH "the Athena 2" cm. In the article on page
40. 3? Trans Lunar Injection - Stage to transfer the flight trajectory toward the Moon

22 NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998


Launched
Skynet 4D
I.Lisov reported Boeing Co.,
Matra Marconi Space,
US Air Force, ISIR Newsline,
ITAR? TASS, Reuters.
Spacecraft Launch
January 10, 1998 at 00:32 UTC (January 9, 1998 at
19:32 EST) from the launch complex LC? 17B Air Force
Station "Cape Canaveral" by the company Boeing Co.
with the support of 45? th Space Wing United States Air
Force start pH Delta 2" (version 7925) British military
communications satellites Skynet 4D was formed.
After a 74 minute satellite was placed in the races? an
even geostationary transfer orbit with parameters (height
above the sphere given the radius of 6378.14 km, shows the
races even values in parentheses?):
- inclination 23.70 (23.72);
- the minimum height of 1186 km (1145);
- the maximum height of 36033 km (35722);
- circulation period of 655.2 m (652.2).
The launch took place with a delay of 54 minutes duration at
the start of the window 73 minutes. Calculated start sequence
diagram is given in the table. Launch azimuth was 97.50 .
According to Section operational Space Flight
Control Center IME? nor Goddard NASA, the spacecraft
Skynet 4D was awarded the designation of the
international registration in 1998? 002A. He also
received the number 25134 in catalog US Space
Command.
No later than January 16 satellite was Perevi?
January 10, 1998 at 00:32 UTC
(January 9, 1998 at 19:32 EST)
from the launch complex LC?
17B Air Force Station "Cape
Canaveral" by the company
Boeing Co. with the support of
45? th Space Wing United
States Air Force start pH Delta
2" (version 7925) British military
communications satellites
Skynet 4D was formed.
den on okolostatsionarnuyu orbit with an inclination? Niemi 4.2
and 1439.2 min period.
Satellites made by the order of the British Ministry
of Defense? French? Matra Marconi Space tion
company. (This is one of the leading aerospace
companies in Europe, has 4800 employees and
annual sales of over $ 1.6 billion.) The machine
Predna? It means to ensure a strategic and well? cal
connection for the Army, Navy, Air Force and other
customers in the UK.
Although Skynet 4D retained the title se? Rhee
connected military satellites Launched in 1988? 1990.
( Skynet 4A, 4B, 4C), faktiches? ki is the head unit
in a series of four new satellites, created under the
British military? Space pro? grams worth nearly 1
billion S. These braids? nomic units designated
Skynet 4 Stage 2" and will replace the three above
British military satellites.
SC Skynet 4A, 4B, 4C and two similar ones
NATO satellite? 4 played an important role during the
Gulf War and in providing peacekeeping forces in
Bosnia, but they at? hodilos "retarget" a region on the
D? Gion, it is costing millions of dollars.
SC Stage 2" series are made on the OS? Nove ECS
project. They have high cardinality? Nost, equipped with
an active homing antennas to create beams point in dia?
pazone and microwave systems for stabilization? shields
the signal from radio interference. Their use will give the
British Ministry of Defense of the WHO? possibility to
change the configuration so quickly? cal and strategic
communications for the Use? Bani it into new areas.
NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 23
 Spacecraft Launch
Skynet 4D goes on geostationary? Narnia
TIME EVENT
apogee orbit with the help of motion? tor AKM.
T? 0 Start Estimated lifetime satellite service? ka - 7 years. SC
mass at start - 1510 kg, after actuation AKM - 868
T + 00: 50 Maximum speed pressure
kg in the standing point - 851 kg, 256 kg of them
T + 01: 03 Termination of the six solid propellant boosters
falls on the connected payload. SC has a diameter
T + 01: 06 The beginning of the second group of three accelerators of 1.9 m and height 6.4 m at a span of 16 m Solar
T + 01: 06 Reset the three accelerators of the first group apparatus 15 equipped with transponders at 13.9
T + 01: 07 Reset the three accelerators of the first group watts in the Ku frequency range (11.200. -
T + 02: 09 Termination of the second group of three accelerators
T + 02: 12 Reset of the second group of three accelerators
11.447GGts) with a bandwidth of 26 MHz. Skynet
T + 04: 23 Main engine cutoff the RS? January 27? Th stage (MECO) 4E and Skynet 4F will ZAPU? scheny Ariane
T + 04: 31 Separation of 1? And 2? Th stage European carriers. The second satellite is planned
T + 04: 37 Launch Control 2? Th stage (SES? 1) for launch in 1999. The cost of the device - $ 150
million..
T + 04: 47 Resetting GO

T + 10: 01 The cut-off control 2? Th stage (SECO? 1)

The program Skynet carried brie? Tang
T + 13: 20 Start maneuver orientation 2? Nd stage Center for Space Communications, Raspaud? false
T + 16: 50 End of maneuver orientation 2? Nd stage in the vicinity of Oukhengar (Oak? hangar) in
T + 21: 00 Launch Control 2? Nd stage Hampshire. Program Manager is Air Marshal Veli?
Britain Brian MakKandlers.
T + 21: 37 The cut-off control 2? Th stage (SECO? 2). The reference orbit

T + 22: 30 Start orientation maneuvers 2? Nd stage

Start 9/10 January was the first from the area 17B
T + 65: 27 End of orientation maneuvers 2? Nd stage Air Force "Cape Canaveral" stations after you?
T + 67: 28 Launch Control 2? Nd stage complements forces The Boeing Company mo?
T + 68: 09 The cut-off control 2? Th stage (SECO? 3). intermediate orbit codification of. It made possible starts with LC? 17B new
commercial RN Delta 3" that can lead to a transition to a
T + 69: 49 Twist 3? Th stage
stationary? PG-stationary orbit over 4 tonnes weight. Mo?
T + 69: 52 Separation of 2? And 3? Th stage
codification of the mobile service tower has undergone,
T + 70: 29 Engine Inclusion "Star 48B" 3? th stage PAM? D which is now coming to an RA? Kets both types, and the
T + 71: 56 End of Engine 3? Th stage (TECO). The target orbit actual launch pad. A new system is stored has been
T + 73: 49 SC Branch installed? Nia and feeding liquid hydrogen. A total of 18
launches are planned for 1998 - 16 missiles Delta 2"
T + 90: 00 Launch Control 2? Nd stage fuel burning
and two Delta 3".
T + 90: 30 The cut-off control 2? Nd stage of the lack of supply (SECO? 4)

Ecology
5 January. etsya on Novaya Zemlya tundra, which is the only
"Interfax". summer pasture reindeer herds of the country. The
final proto? Cola workshop representatives of FPG
Spent rocket stages, I fall? Suitable to the
"Jewels of the Urals" offered to consider the
territory of the Komi (republic in the north of the
collection of waste and recycling stages in the
Russian Federation), perhaps will now re? ops in the
Ekaterinburgs? com plant processing non-ferrous
Urals.
metals.
As reported by "Interfax" in the Pont? delnik
the press? Service Administration

Tundra will be cleared from the

rocket stages?
Komi, this issue, in particular, was discussed during
a recent meeting of the working reality? gatsii Komi
Republic with the leadership financially? Industrial
Group "Drago? values Ural "from Ekaterinburg.

According to the source, the spaceport plait? Setskaya

(Arkhangelsk region, north of the Russian Federation),
which triggered the Russian military and civilian
communications satellites, is located 300 km from Komi
borders. Since 1960, when the first spacecraft was
launched from here over 12 thousand. Missile was
launched.
Separating rocket stages fall into the territory
Udorsky, Ust? Tsilemsky, Izhma, Pechora, and
Vuktylsky of Usinsk, Komi regions. A large amount
of spent rockets dropping?

26 NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998


"I know a lot of people think
that we may be, we know
about the Moon all there is
to know, but the reality is
that we have only scratched
the surface. We have still a
lot to learn. "
Maykl Dreyk, director of the
Lunar? Planetary Laboratory
The University of Arizona.
AMC Lunar Prospector
I.Lisov by NASA reports, LMMS,
Primex Aerospace, ISIR Newsline and
Dzh.Mak Dowell.
Automatic interplanetary station
mission and spacecraft
design tasks
Lunar Prospector created within the pro
gram NASA Discovery ( Opening") for a global
survey of the elemental composition of the surface
of the moon, study its gravitational field and internal
structure, the magnetic field and the release of
volatile substances. During the lunar expeditions on
Apollo ships such studies have been conducted
us only in the equatorial regions of the square, is
only about 25% of the Moon.
The station should be within a year to operate at an
altitude of 100 20 km. During blowing follows
approximately 6 months will be performed on more
particularly interest GOVERNMENTAL shot areas with
orbits to 10 km altitude. Rabo that the station will be
terminated either as a result of fuel exhaustion, or after
the first lunar eclipse. Soon after this the second, as a
result of the natural evolution of Op bits, the station will
fall on the lunar surface.
This is NASA's first device, prednazna chenny for the
exploration of the Moon for the last of 25 years and only the
fourth in the world after the flight of "Luna 24" in 1976
Japanese spacecraft Muses A ( Hiten) w
soi just 195 kg, was launched January 24, 1990 into
a high orbit and a half years performed 10 spans
Moon March 19, July 10, Aug. 4, 7 Septem convent
and 2 October 1990, January 3, January 27, March
3, April 26 and October 2, 1991 during the flight of 19
March 1990 on the LIS orbit microsatellite was
launched Hagoro mo. February 15, 1992 Hiten
took place at a distance of 423 km from the moon
and you had is led to the LIS orbit, and April 10, 1993
fell to its surface.
December 8, 1990 and December 8, 1992 shooting of
the polar regions of the moon flight
trajectory fulfilled the American AMC Galileo. The
result was the wife of the South Pole Detect
Depression - Depression around 2000 km in diameter.
(Studies of the Moon with a span carry out at the end
of January 1998, another American interplanetary
spacecraft - NEAR.)
But one of the main events that led PWM for a
contract to build the spacecraft Lunar
Prospector, began work on the LIS orbit in 1994,
the US military The investigations dovatelskogo SC
Clementine. With the help of its data has been
obtained that there is a water ice in polar craters
Moon forming "lake" 95 km area 2
and a depth of 15 m If the discovery was confirmed,
would be greatly simplified the problem of
organizing the Moon permanent lunar base:. no
longer for the cottage water supply becomes
possible degree of production in place of oxygen
and hydrogen for the launch of the ships to Earth or
Mars. These researchers working with Shih SC
Clementine, has not yet been confirmed.
Lunar Prospector - the third and so far the
cheapest Research the apparatus of the family
Discovery, as part of a swarm of koto created AMC
cost no more than $ 150 million dollars in the 1992 fiscal
year February 28, 1995, he was selected for the
development and start-up on the basis of the announced
in August 1994 competition, the first issued under
Program Discovery. The project cost - only $ 63 million,
of which the development of the device has left 34 million,
the purchase of media -.. 26 million and on the
management and treatment given GOVERNMENTAL - 4
million from the start of development to ready the
machine to Nost launch took only 22 months.. However,
start-up, initially pla tionate to June 1997, due to his
willingness media took a delay of 7 months.
The developer of the concept vehicle, the
scientific director and director of the project Lunar
Prospector is Alan Binder (Alan Binder) of the Moon
Explore vatelskogo Institute (Gilroy, californium Nia). I
worked in Lockheed Corp. company in the 1970s,
he was a scientific handle on the driver chamber
boarding the Machine AMC Viking, and at the
beginning of realizations of Lunar Prospector
project.
As NASA develops the station Lunar
Prospector led the Research Center named
Joseph S. Ames (g.Mof Fett Field, California). This
center also led the development of AMC Pioneer
6..9, Pioneer 10" and Pioneer 11, Pioneer
Venus and atmospheric probe Galileo station,
while the majority of the American AMC was
established under the leadership of the Laboratory
reactive motion
niya.KA was made by the order Lockheed Martin
Missiles & Space Ames Center company in
g.Sanniveyl, California, under the direction of
Thomas Dougherty (Thomas A. Dougherty), based
on the base model.
Moon Projects
Alana Bayndera
Research interests Alana Bayndera - origin,
and petrological of structural evolution of the
Moon, as well as The possibilities of its economic
use. After the "Viking" it for 10 years, Mr. Botha
teachers and researchers in Germany. Binder
was an advisor of European Space Agency, with
the elaboration of the project of the polar satellite
of the Moon. He was also one of the main
participants in the gap Botko German American
project Selene, which included the launch of a
series of lunar landers to create a network of
geophysical and delivery of soil samples. Next,
on the basis of this project was worked lunar
lander American general desig cheniya (Common
Lunar Lander) Artemis. Prior to the
implementation of reached only Lunar
Prospector.
NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 27
 Automatic interplanetary station
LM100. LMMS attracted to the work of about 30
subcontractors. Factory and landfill nye CA tests
were performed on specialist lysed stand created
by special- ists Hewlett Packard company.
The basis of the spacecraft structure is a
triangular prism (half spacecraft Iridi um), which
carries the outer cylindrical, shell diameter of 1.40
and a length hydrochloric 1.25 m. From the cylinder
in directions perpendicular to the axis, extend three
rods scientific instrumentation for 2.4 m long. Mas ca
seasoned CA - 295 kg. Station are stabilized
hydrochloric rotation around the longitudinal axis;
because the device length cf ma with its diameter,
this orientation does not require an active damping.
Power supply system includes smon ted on
the cylindrical shell of the solar cells to the output
cardinality of 206 W and a nickel hydrogen battery
Accu mulyatornye.
The control and processing system data that
the developed Spectrum Astro, Inc., no on-board
computer. Started station melts on commands
issued from the control center, which is equipped in
the center of The investigations dovatelskom Ames.
Menedemos Jerome mission is Scott Hubbard
(G.Scott Hubbard), his deputy - Silviya Koks (Sylvia
Cox).
Communication with the station via the
transmitter and receiver band S, Started melt through
an omnidirectional antenna or an antenna gain
medium MGA. Both antennas are located on the top
end an apparatus of omni-directional over MGA.
Vsenaprav Retained antenna needed to transmit
commands on board during the flight, and MGA - to
transmit data from lunar orbit on NASA station
long-distance network. a radio frequency "board
Earth" 2273.000 MHz, lines of "Earth board" -
2093.0541 MHz.
The upper stage engine with TLI Star 37FM
company Thiokol be encouraged as part of the
spacecraft, one to to the mass does not include the
above. Six LRE orientation and maneuvering
spacecraft manufactured by Primex Aero space
in g.Redmond, Washington.
tse. Doppler gravity experiment carried DGE
performed without special device.
On most interesting question about the Nali
chii ice on the Moon must answer ny neutron
spectrometer. This device captures neutrons from
the knock-out surface Lu us nuclei cosmic rays and
determines their energy. Those neutrons which
interac modeystvovali with hydrogen should be
very specific energy levels. Since hydrogen is part
of the water already in the middle of February,
scientists will know whether Indeed on the surface
of the moon has a significant amount of water ice.
Alan Binder, however, refers to The possibilities of
the existence of one billion tons of ice on the Moon
skeptical; Indeed if ice is much smaller-it will
discovered after careful obrabot ki measurement
data. Neutron spectrometers "sees" by about one
meter deep and its sensitivity allows detection of
approximately 100 g of water in cubo meter of soil.
Instrument station complex will allow to map and
other mineral re LAS. By April 1998 gamma spectro
meter GRS allows to find and map May 6 main
elements of the lunar crust, including potassium and
phosphorus. Later they Doba vyatsya titanium,
silicon, aluminum and iron. It is these data the
scientists are interested in more than the polar ice.
Map of the distribution of elements in the lunar crust
(water born, helium, oxygen, magnesium, aluminum,
silicon, potassium, calcium, titanium, iron, then ry,
uranium) would answer important Chiyah questions
about the origin and evolution of the Moon and the
Earth and the solar system.
Alpha spectrometer designed for searching
gases released from the lunar surface as a result
of tectonic or volcanic phenomena - nitrogen oxide
yz leroda, carbon dioxide and radioactive radon,
and the interaction of these phenomena with a faint
lunar atmosphere. Perhaps, it can be confirmed by
the discovery of Kozyrev's first Regist Update to
the 1958 release of gases from the crater
Alphonsus.
to obtain magnetic properties as a result of
collisions with asteroids and comets.
Camera in the visible range mill tion no. This is
explained on the one hand by the fact that the moon has
long been filmed in detail, and on the other - that place
the camera on the one whom lightweight device with the
specified restriction cheniyami Energy and radio system
was impossible.
Part of the station devices are designed for
continuous operation, for others, the optimum
shooting with the smallest distance. By combining
core of 12 month and 6 month additional program
provides good opportunities for both types of
devices.
By mid-March, according to measurements of
Doppler frequency shift radiosig catch Station (DGE
experiment - Doppler Gravity Experiment), it will be
composed of the GRU bai gravity map of the moon.
By the end of the flight characteristics of the
gravitational field of the moon, including on the
reverse side will be set accurately enough to reliably
predictive Vat evolution of the lunar orbit and,
respectively, the required amount of fuel for future
lunar spacecraft. The same experiment will reveal
variations in the density of the crust and the inner
layers of the Moon and the nature of the core.
At a press conference on January 4 Scott
Hubbard said of the project Lunar Prospector:
We wanted to show that an amount equal to the
cost of a typical Golly Woods film, you can explore
the interplanetary space. Personally, I think it's the
best of the possible missions, koto rye can be
purchased for $ 63 million. "

Lunar Prospector has five instru moat:

magnetometer MAG, electronic Ref lektometr ER, a
neutron spectrometer NS, GRS gamma
spectrometer and alpha spectrometers APS, made
at the top of the bar of scientific equipment for
insulation from the housing, and a simplified
interface. All three spectrometers manufactured Los
Alamos na tional laboratory. Scientific Teli led the
experiments are listed in Table
Magnetometer and electronic Reflect meter will
determine whether weakly by the residual magnetism
of lunar rocks purely superficial phenomenon, or
whether these symptoms are related to the lunar core.
It may be possible to determine the size and
composition of the core. The station must also answer
the question of whether those heavenly lo, not having
an appreciable atmosphere,

Experiment scientific adviser Organization

MAG D p & Mario Acuna, Center Goddard Space Flight Center,

d p & Lon Hood Lunar & Planetary Laboratory University of Arizona in
Tucson
ER D & Dr. Robert Lin Space Science Laboratory, University of
California at Berkeley
NS D p & William Feldman & Los Alamos National Laboratory
GRS Scott Hubbard Ames Research Center
SC Lunar Prospector with
APS D & P Alan Binder Lunar Research Institute TLE stage.
DGE D p & Aleksander Konopliv JPL

28 NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998


AMS flight
Lunar Prospector
As planned, Jan. 6 to 19:47 PST (January 7 at
03:47 UTC), by 78 minutes after the start, established
a connection with an Paratov station through the
telecommunication network NASA in Goldstone,
California. Measurements navigation parameters
showed that the station has entered the trajectory of
the moon with a deviation from the calculated speed
of 1 m / s, which provides a regular flight duration of
105 hours. Telemetry showed that the spacecraft
battery charge normal supply current is 3 amps.
In the early hours of flight link with the spacecraft
Lunar Prospector was difficult. Station housing is between
the antenna and the earth, bringing pied signal was weak and
contained a lot of numerical errors, and commands the
transfer was impossible. (However, the telemetry was and Th
Moments major flight events AMC
Lunar Prospector
DATE AND TIME, PST EVENT
06/01/1998, 18:29 Start
07.01.1998,? Correction of TCM & 1
08.01.1998, 00:25 Correction TCM & 2
01/11/1998, 03:45 The yield on the initial orbit LOI & LIS 1
12.01.1998, 2:58 Orbit correction LIS LOI & 2
13.01.1998, 3:27 orbit correction ISL LOI & 3. The first working orbit.
15.01.1998, 13:44 Correction ISL orbit. The nominal operational orbit.
cut geostationary TDRS relay.) Because of this, it
was necessary to postpone the nominal orientations
and deploy booms scientific ap- paratus. To this
deployment it was normally required set station time
orientation by changing the direction of the axis by
approximately 30 - so that the fur nisms
deployment rod and other elements of the structure
are not overheated.
Jan. 7. By 04:30 PST (12:30 UTC) were fully
deployed boom of scientific equipment (using
pyrotechnic devices: Grilled charge melts the wax
"seal" and gives the possibility to turn the rod
WHO) and supplies power to all scientific
instruments. Then it was successful but held its
first trajectory correction (TCM 1). (The first reports
about the problems
Automatic interplanetary station
a communication mentioned that it will be delayed for a
day.) The plant was transferred to the native orientation
provided by physicians scheniem at a rate of 11.2 /
min.
On the second day of flight between 22:09 and
23:44 PST after the daily degassing surfed the moat
was a high voltage to the electron reflectometer, a
neutron spectrometer and a gamma spectrometer.
Remark Nij to the instrument no.
The second correction TCM 2 was held at 00:25
00:40 PST on January 8. The increment rate was 8.4 m /
s. After it pla nirovalos transfer station from a flight
hydrochloric native orientation for braking the moon, but
engineer spacecraft dynamics forces lock the extra time
for the evaluation TEKU boiling orientation station,
several measurable currently logged during correction of
orientirova and postponed until the morning of January
9.
As of 09:00 PST Lunar Prospector I had the
speed of rotation
12,685 rev / min. Transfer was carried out the
scientific data at 3600 bits / s through a directional
antenna. All systems mill were operating normally, the
transfer of commands and receive telemetry were no
losses.
was transferred on board only 8 of commands control
January 8. ( the third day of the flight) In the
hour and a half of the Techa station DSS 24 in Gold
Stone could not establish a reliable pa diokontakt
with the device, the data were for Shumla. To
achieve stable connection ud elk after a small
change in frequency subcarrier. 53 minutes of data
from that of the interval may be reduced, as recorded
on the looped memorize present device subsystem
commands and drawing Botko data.
On the third day of the flight performed main consideration
way calibration and adjustment of scientific
NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
The last journey of
Eugene Shoemaker
Station Lunar Prospector delivered to the
Moon container with one ounce (28 g) dust
remarkable American astronomers planetologist,
Eugene Shoemaker (Eugene Shoemaker),
engaged by vre Moon changed project Ranger.
"The fact that I was not able to knock on the moon
... his own hammer, was the greatest
disappointment of my life in it", - he said.
Shoemaker died in a car accident near Alice
Springs (Australia) July 18, 1997
Post France Presse that the moon also sent
ashes Caroline Shoemaker and Devida Levi,
co-authors of Yud Jin discovery of Comet
Shoemaker Levy 9, wrongly. Caroline and David,
weakly wa God alive. "He always wanted to go to
the moon", - said Karolina Shumeyker, watch the
launch at Cape Canaveral. - He would be
delighted. "
Container provided computer Nia Celestis,
was decorated picture E Hale Bopp, Arizona Mete
NICU crater and carrying lines of "Romeo and
Juliet" of William Shakespeare.
Navajo tribe representatives condemned the
space Shoemaker funeral. "Chelo vecheskie
remains should not fall on the moon, as it is sacred
ground," - they said. NASA had to bring fact,
official apology.
hydrochloric apparatus by commands from the earth. After
analyzing the results of the manager TCM 2 flight
operation times Marsi Smit said that the station is almost
exactly on the calculated trajectory. The station has been
successfully transferred to the orientation required for
BRAKING Niya the moon (called the orientation of the
LOI) and is ready for it. By midnight, January 8 on board,
only 250 teams were sent.
January 9 correction trajectory TCM 3, scheduled for
five o'clock the next morning, was declared redundant
and has been canceled because the estimated duration
of the work tor motion was less than one second.
Similarly, not needed, and plan on January 11 reserve
reversal in the orientation of the LOI in the night. By
ballistic couple races, the station should have reached
the minimal distance from the moon within 4 seconds
from the calculated time and 3 kilometers from the
calculation hydrochloric point.
Within 39 hours, 10 to 15:00 PST Yan Varya,
scientific equipment.
January 11 Lunar Prospector went into orbit
an artificial satellite of the Moon (LIS). It was critical
operation is possible only within two hours of near
the point of closest approach to the Moon. At 02:45
PST station command output orbit maneuver at sput
was loaded nick Moon 1 LOI (Lunar Orbit Insertion)
and the timer started up. The station went to the
moon on a trajectory with an inclination of 89.7
(calculated
89.9 ), passed over the surface of the moon at the height
of 71 km, 11 km lower than planirova
29
 Automatic interplanetary station
elk, and 33 seconds before the calculated time. Near
the point of closest approach were obtained with the
first test results spectrometers station.
At 03:45 PST (11:45 UTC), exactly on graph ku,
Lunar Prospector started braking by means of two
motors in the lower bottom. It was a very tense
moment: targeting to web stations far svya
communication on braking period were calc thanes
wrong, and during deceleration communication with
the machine and five minutes of data were ryany
sweat. However, the worked 32.2 minutes, engines
provided access to the LIS initial orbit ( "orbit
capture") with a height of about 8500 km apocenter
and 11.8 hour period (12 hour), at which it was Detect
wives. the rotational speed of the station after neuritis
was 13.2 mA / min and remained close to the
settlement. Reserve maneuver speed change was
canceled. Reasons for issuing an erroneous
prediction elucidated.
on 12 January. At 02:58 03:25 PST (10:58
11:25 UTC), near perilune (03:12 PST), the orbit
correction was performed LIS LOI 2 after 27
minutes of engine operation station switched to orbit
with ne riseleniem 83 km , apolune 1870 km and a
period of 210 minutes. After LOI of 2 138 kg of fuel
left in the tank station 58 kg.
orbital plane was almost perpen direc- tions to
the earth, and peri villages located above 30 N
Moon, top right, as viewed from Earth. This
arrangement provides the orbits of continuous
communication with Earth. Moreover, the orbit is
nearly perpendicular Moon Sun line and the station
is constantly illuminated.
The device is rotated at a speed of 12.15 / min. The
transfer was conducted at a speed of 3600 bits / s via the
omnidirectional antenna.
13th of January. ma neuritis third
operational orbit formation was performed, LOI 3.
Two tail station supervisor engine hoist 27 min
(03:27 03:54 PST, 11:27 11:54 UTC) in order to
convert the machine for about a circular orbit of
about 100 km altitude. Planning LOI 3 it was carried
out by a "conservative" scheme too strong inhibition
would cause decayed. It was better nedotormozit
than peretormo zit. Minimum height during
maneuvering RA was 89 km; issued by the pulse
was 4% less than the nominal, and the station you
went into orbit with an inclination of 89.93 and you
cell 92x160 km. From 58 kg of fuel was 24 kg
consumes. Remaining after three maneuvers 34 kg
is enough to adjust the orbit to maintain its standard
and those in chenie principal annual and additional
programs of the station.
After LOI station 3 rotation speed was set at
12 rev / min. All spacecraft systems and scientific
instruments were working fine.
Handling of the Moon around the Earth leads to the
fact that starting from 13 January Lunar Prospector will
go for the moon on each house 2 hour turns. Sunset over
the moon is accompanied by radio occultation, the first
koto ryh started at 10:54 PST, after about 9 hours after
LOI 3 and lasted for 7 min.
thirty NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
At a press conference on January 13 Alan
Baynder said control station was very easy (
"child's play") and that the scientific data received
"much better than expected."
morning January 14 new team on board were
not transferred. During the first non-Delhi flight,
almost all major works were carried out about the
night Pacific Time, but now the operator is ready to
shift them on the day. At 11:34 PST on board were
sent to 10 teams setting the coefficients of the gain
for SC spectrometers.
Refined first operational orbit parameters were:
Inclination 90.1 , that SEASON 92x153 km, the
period of 120 min (118 min calculated). By noon,
January 14 a duration of radio occultation has
increased to 33.5 minutes, and by 20 January is the
time to rise to the maximum of - 47 min. During their
stay on the back side of the moon Re cording ik-
information on board. radio occultation cycle with
stavlyaet 14 days, about half of peri ode of the Moon,
of which 11 days eclipses occur and 3 days - no.
January 15. The station switched to the WTO Rui
optimal for shooting a working orbit with. At 12:31 it was
enabled to move in! Teley display, and 13:44 PST in
perilune they would if incorporated at 76.6 seconds to
reduce the speed of 12.1 m / s and lower the height of
apo settlement from 153 to 100 km. Repeated heating of
beneath been inserted at 14:06, and be followed by a
second shaft, upper stage pulse a duration of 16.4 sec
and a value of 2.6 m / s to lift perilune from 92 to 99 km.
The actual height of the second operational
orbit constituted 99x100 km with a period of 118
min. Orbit inclination of 90 . Orbital angular speed
- 1.63 km / s. Ballistiches cue forecast shows that a
deviation from this orbit to the characteristics of the
gravitational field of the Moon not exceed 20 km for
about two weeks. After that, the orbit will be
adjusted again.
At 15:57 PST motors included in a pulsating
mode in order to turn to the work station with the
orientation axis of revolution is almost
perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. Total has
been granted 139 momenta to the axis of rotation
at 31.5 . Estimated ecliptic coordinates north con
ca axes are: latitude 89 , longitude 296 , the
actual - 87.1 and 218 , respectively. of the
calculated axis deviation put Nia was 2.7 ,
however, it is within the tolerance. tion mill rotation
rate - 12.09 / min.
On the same day it was planned to go to the
omni-directional antenna to antenna average gain
MGA.
On January 22 the station will not only go for the moon,
but also get into the shadow. According to the shadow of
wear orbit Lunar Prospector'a" it is arranged so that there
is a 187 sous detailed cycle: 40 days without shadows, then
147 days with taps in shadow.
The story about the launch and flight of AMC
Lunar Prospector would have been impossible
without of regular and detailed press releases vypus
Kai David Morse (David Morse) research centers in
Ames.

In the vastness of the solar system
(State of interplanetary probes)
E.Devyatyarov reported JPL spacecraft
and control groups.
Cassini
January 8 . After nearly three
months of flight tion mill is in excellent
condition and continues to approach
to Saturn. To flight software
subsystem was not of commands and
comments CDS data. Management
Group experts have completed all
planned for the flight phase of initial
events.
In January will prevail Kie periodical
maintenance checks an apparatus of other routine
work, nye aimed at maintaining the functioning of
the spacecraft. Scientists continue to develop
command sequences for the station on the periods
of scientific observations.
Furthermore, in the first two years, while with
an intensity of sunlight at the second operable
spacecraft will remain high for the heating panels
for engineers decided had used a high gain
antenna HGA (NK 21, 1997). Sun oriented
antenna of HGA capable of reflecting most of the
heat. Therefore it is necessary in connection with
the position of the vehicle within 14 months varied
units will be supported micro rodvigateley operating
on hydrazine.
On January 8 spacecraft was 22.5 million. Km
from the Earth, and its speed is composed la 109.2
thousand. Km / h. To the planet Venus, where the
station is to be executed by April 26, 1998 its first
gravity ma neuritis, left 27.5 million. Km.
Galileo
January 16 . Ninety-seventh year of the
vertices is not very good for the management team
specialists station. Exactly one month ago, on
December 16 in the spacecraft control system, as
already reported in NC 26, 1997, about the crash
emanated. Experts were at first inclined to attribute
this incident to the NIJ the influence of radiation
emission from Jupiter. However, a few days during
the next trajectory correction fails repeated. And it
has become a real headache for the engineers. Until
now, they continue to receive and hammered out an
information, which could help to clarify the situation
of the present occurring in the control system
electronics.
As the most probable prichi
Automatic interplanetary station
us failures experts see the failure of one of the two
gyroscopes station. Typically, the position in the
space station defines a starry using the scanner,
which explores the space around the machine and
orientation based on the visible stars. However, in
the case when the required very accurate
determination of the position, for example, while
carrying on observations or during the correction of
the trajectory, and if the star insufficiently view us,
or there is danger of damage to the optics of the
scanner is too bright light, its function assigned to
gyroscopes . And the scanner, and gyroscopes are
part of the hardware device control system.
While the causes of problems are found out, the
specialists are already trying to fix their impact, as
they almost led to the "loss" antenna of the earth:
the angle between the board on-board antenna and
earth station line up to ten degrees. Because of this,
the radio transmission conditions have deteriorated,
but because John formation transmission rate
decreased significantly. For optimal transmission
conditions angle should be less than four degrees.
Therefore, late at night on January 11, flight
operators, using the orientation direction of the
sunlight, failed to turn cor pus apparatus so that this
angle is reduced to 3.1 . As a result, the amount
received from the station scientific information has
grown.
Mars Global Surveyor
January 9 . In the past few not del station
inhibition rate was not much higher than planned.
Due to the relatively stable state of the atmosphere
of Mars and the temporary absence of dust storms,
management team specialists up Paraty managed
to reduce the period of its revolution about the
planet to 23.5 hours, 45 minutes. less than planned.
In T ime last few passes through the atmosphere of
the planet pericentre motion trajectory station has
been reduced to the height at which the pressure
was 0.35 N / m 2.
And it is scheduled that the maximum pressure for
a given period was roofing to 0.25 N / m 2.
After 428 days since the start of the spacecraft was totally
infectious to 324.47 mln. Km from Earth ellipsoids
NEWS KOCMONAVTIKI * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
cal orbit around Mars with apotsent rum - 32744
km pericenter - 122 km. Going implementation of
the command sequence P88. All MGS system
worked perfectly.
NEAR
I.Lisov reportedly spacecraft
control group.
January 16 . Status Nearing Gosia to Earth from
the constellation of Taurus the spacecraft NEAR staff.
Of scientific equipment in the X-ray and gamma
spectrometers XGRS and magnetometer MAG. The
last recorded data of these devices dumped vayutsya
in each session through distance communication it
DSN Network, held with the participation NEAR
management group. Full reset of scientific information
scheduled chit law by 18 January.
Correction TCM path 10 was formed yc
Peshnoy January 9 to 15:00 EST (20:00 UTC) at a
distance of 8.10 million. Km from the earth. To do
this, 11:01 EST station was temporarily deployed in
staff orientation to the sun in the orientation of the
Earth. Engines on the side X 'pulse was issued 7.8
cm / s, and the reverse develop mouth solar
orientation was vypol nen in 16:26 EST. Attempt to
capture "the solar nye bunnies" during these
reversals and thus beat the record range in optical
observation satellites Observatory TIRGO
Gornergrat, Switzerland, it was not successful.
January 21 may be conducted PFC TCM 11.
Further refinement of the trajectory of flight of the
Earth, apparently, is not required, but the correction
may turn out to be necessary in order to avoid
collisions Nia with any satellite.
on 12 January. On board were loaded commands
for the laser rangefinder to the target NLR Center
Goddard Space Flight Center. This experimental design
Rowan on the first clear night in the period from 15 to 19
January, but neither 15 nor 16 yanva convent did not take
place because of the cloud cover.
The world is still going Botko reflection on the
model of the Earth span script (ESB - Earth Swing by)
January 23. Final judgment on the implementation of
the work plan on the ESB will be made on January 20.
Judging by the careful wording of the report, in
the period of the Earth span NEAR station will
observe the US military but research spacecraft
MSX.
The station will be held at a minimum SEASON
those on Earth January 23, 1998 at 07:23 UTC.
Perigee hyperbolic trajectory NEAR spacecraft is over
g.Ahvaz (Iran) to the cell you 533 km. Flight direction
of otno sheniyu to this point - from the north east to
south west.
31
 Artificial earth satellite
FROM kaniruyuschy
Shiro kopolosny radio meter
CERES on the TRMM
satellite Ameri Kansk,
launched 27 November
1997, successfully operates
after opening the main cover
of the telescope about 30
days after launch. The
instrument measures the
reflected sunlight from the
thermal radiation of the
earth. Two similar tool's
mouth will Credited on SC
EOS AM 1 and operate in
different modes of scanning.
Three more CERES will be
installed on satellites EOS
PM 1 and 2 EOS AM.
32 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
The next stage of the project
"Spectrum? RG" completed
4 January.
"Interfax".
In 1997, ground ispy completed? Tania
scientific equipment for interna? native space
project "Spectrum? X-rays? Gamma. "
This was to "Interfax" reported the handle? the
driver of the project, the head of al department?
trofiziki High Energy Institute braid? nomic
Research (IKI) Academician Rashid Sunyaev.
According to him, "Spectrum? WG" is a big
international project, which brings together 15
countries, including Russia, Denmark, Great?
Britain, Germany, USA, Italy.
Astrophysical instrument, such as from?
methyl R.Syunyaev, designed to be placed on
NGOs im.C.A.Lavochkina satellite series
"Spectrum". The complex Appa? ture consists of
two X-ray telescope on? PA: SODART joint
Russian date? Skog production and the combined
Euro? pean X-ray telescope "Jet? X ". In addition,
three ultraviolet telescope will be displayed in the
space of developers? tannyh Israeli scientists, as
well as the American X-ray polarimeter. Project
manager believes that the launch of the
International Space? Observatory "Spectrum?
x-ray? Gamma" can be held in 1999 provided
sufficient? accurate financial hundred Russian?
Rhone works on creation of the satellite and its
control system. Meanwhile, he said, for the full
readiness of the spacecraft to the launch of Russia
should be spent "tens of millions of US? moat ".
According to the academician R.Syunyaeva,
sex? hydrochloric cost of the project is difficult to
assess, but today only the western countries to
establish scientific instruments, spent about $ 220
million. This project, pa? boats in which are carried
out from 1987 th? Yes, it focuses on detailed
research and discovery of new sources of x? ray
emission: quasars, sverhmas? sive black holes in
galactic nuclei, bullets? Sarov, isolated neutron
stars and IP? superluminal source of emissions.
A wide range of X-ray Chuv? the real and high
angular and spec?
tral resolution of the apparatus cosmic? cal
observatory "Spektr? x-ray? Gum? ma, "she said
Rashid Sunyaev, give her susches? idents
advantage compared to bo? Lee earlier X-orbital?
E Observatory (US obser? Vator Einstein,
German ROESAT, the Japanese ASCA). The
X-ray telescope on? nN SODART and Jet? X
are as you? sokochuvstvitelnymi devices that,
according to the academician, "we will be able to
observe our universe at a very early stage of its
evolution, until the moment when it began to be
born the first space objects."
It is assumed that about 70% of an? present
the amount of data received orbit? tal laboratory
"Spectrum? RG", will be available to Russian
Universit? Comrade, observatories and research?
scholar? Sgiach institutions. The remaining 30% of
information? tion will first be at the disposal? zhenii
foreign partners of Russia. After three years, these
data open to scientists around the world.
USA. The struggle for the
salvation of the spacecraft EarlyBird 1"
M.Tarasenko, NC.
As previously reported, December 24, 1997 the
Russian rocket "Start? 1" was launched sput? remote
sensing nickname Early? Bird 1 "American firm
EarthWatch Inc. [1]. The satellite was launched on a
calculation? hydrochloric sunny? synchronous orbit, the
department? of the spacecraft from the last stage of the
launch took place normally, solar panels races apparatus?
wing and he began functioning normally? Rova. However, in
the evening on December 28 two hundred? sided
communication with the satellite was lost.
According to the press? Earth company
releases? Watch, the data obtained by terrestrial
camp? tions observation revealed that the satellite
is in orbit calculation, but operates on a lack of
Ener? gosnabzheniya. Group of computer experts?
Nij EarthWatch and Orbital Sciences Corp.
(firm? spacecraft manufacturer), created a
searching? tion stand of the elements of a similar
spacecraft EarlyBird 2" of mathematical and
developed? Kie model in order to determine the
energy? matic machine status and communication
mode. In An attempt being made? ki loading on
board the spacecraft modified? Foot Software in
order to disable all secondary consumers of
electricity and provide charging ak? battery;. If in
this way be able to achieve energy balance and
restore the two-way radio, it will be possible to
decide on inspections and calibration of optical
equ? been concerned. In the case of the success
of all of these studies the satellite can be put into
burrows mode? mal functioning. "EarthWatch"
stated that she was "optimistic about the chances
of contact with the restoration of" an EarlyBird 1
"and its success in the future." For our part, we
note that if the satellite operation will fail Sun?

P eredatchik MS 40 - the
current model of the first
Soviet satellite launched
November 3, 1997 on board
the station "Mir" - stopped
29 December 1997, shortly
after 21:00 UTC. As the
bulletin Amsat News
Service, the last ones at
nyal signal PS 40 were
radio amateurs in
Washington (USA) and on
Reunion Island (France).
Sputnik has worked 55 days
and blocked the settlement
period almost doubled; in
the last days of the
temperature inside the MS
40, rate Vai audio frequency
tones reached + 40 C.
becoming, it will be a very heavy blow to
EarthWatch business plans.
The system concept provides for the
deployment of a constellation of four satellites
equipped mnogospektral equipment? Foot fiber?
electronic surveillance of two types. Two more
simple spacecraft, dubbed EarlyBird, should
work on solar? Synchronous orbit at an altitude of
470? 490 km. Their optical equipment, calc?
tannaya to work in 3 wavelength bands vie?
dimogo and near-IR? range should provide a shot
from the ground to allow this? Niemi at the nadir of
3 meters in panchromatic mode and 15 meters in
multispectral mode. More perfect QuickBird
spacecraft is designed for imaging with time?
resolution of up to 0.8 meters in panchromatic
mode, or up to 4 meters in mnogospektral? nom.
Unlike EarlyBird, QuickBird should be put into 1997 EarthWatch announced the postponement
orbit with an inclination? it 52.5 degrees. Its orbit,
combined with the possibility of redirecting the
machine? ry 30 should provide a possibility?
NOSTA retake areas within 1 day (latitude 35
degrees) in comparison? NIJ 3 day in SC
EarlyBird (hence the title of QuickBird -?
fastest bird).
deployment plan preamp? matrival anticipating
the launch of a pro? grained KA (hence its name
EarlyBird
- early bird). The satellite was supposed to ensure
a leading position Earth? Watch on just yet
emerging markets? ke VHR space shooting and
ensure the flow of funds to complete the creation
of improved satellite QuickBird. However, a
significant delay of the launch of the first unit has
called with? opinion of the reliability of the chosen
strategy. Initially launching of the EarlyBird 1"
pla? nirovalsya even at the end of 1996 in order to
start commercial operation in yang? Vare 1997
QuickBird Commissioned before? It sees the
start in the 1? th quarter 1998
Artificial earth satellite
Delayed more than a year has meant that the
gap EarthWatch by competi? Comrade preparing
a similar system, with? Kratom to a minimum. In the
area in March 1998 plans to launch the spacecraft
Ikonos 1 company Space Imaging Eosat. This
Appa? Rath must provide a resolution of 1 meter.
Another potential competitor is? etsya Orbital
Imaging Corp., a subsidiary of Orbital Sciences
Corp.. The on? standing time Orbital Imaging
eksplua? commutes launched August 1, 1997 under
a contract with NASA spacecraft OrbView 2". His
opti? Cesky equipment has low resolution, but
working under contract with NASA, OrbImage has
the ability to IP? podvol develop its Custom
Network? lei, and in 1999 the company plans to
launch its spacecraft OrbView 3", since the
high-definition equipment. Meanwhile, at the end of
of the launch of QuickBird since the end of 1998
to 1999 [2]. Thus, even if the Early? Bird 1 "will be
able to revive, if successful Ikonos 1 "The expected
inflow of funds for the completion of the QuickBird
may be much weaker pro? forcast.
If "an EarlyBird 1," "die", the company can count
on the insurance reimbursed? of up to $ 25 million,
for What are the day? Guy apparently she could
complete CREATE? of similar spacecraft EarlyBird
2" and osusches? tweet it to run. At the same time,
however, the struggle with the competing systems
more wasps? false of? the extra lagging? Nia time.
The total amount of financing? Project Bani unknown.
We only know that at least $ 120 million has been TO ompaniya Spectrum
invested? but New? York banker? investor Astro Inc. January 5
Morganom Stenli (Morgan Stanley). announced that it developed
a solar Imaging spektros cop
high energy (HESSI)
And most importantly what? That we [Russia] selected by NASA to perform
here quite well, and. cosmic-health-related
At the press? Scientific Conference? Ma? centers research, carried out in the
were "complex? MIT" on January 15 on the results of the framework of the Small Mykh
launch rocket "Start? 1" with the spacecraft "an EarlyBird research program SMEX
1", the company's management explained that the technical Cent ra floor space etov
problems, the WHO? nikshie satellite, do not have any on? Goddard (NK21, 1997).
wearing a rocket? wearer. HESSI fixtures are set on the
spacecraft, which will be
STC "complex? MIT" fully vypol? Nilo its contractual launched in the direction of
obligations for? start-up and no financial loss after? the Sun to study the
Corollary failure spacecraft it will not get any. General processes of particle
Director of STC "complex? MIT" S.M.Zinchen? to acceleration and
announced that the contract between "complexes? energetiches FIR emission in
catfish "and EarthWatch provides a cart? possibility of solar flares and radiation
subsequent launches of spacecraft this company, but the monitoring rentgenovs FIR
realization of these opportunities depends on and gamma rays. The cost
EarthWatch plans. For its part, I venture to suggest of this project is estimated at
that the opti? mal for EarthWatch strategy in SLE? tea 12 million. $. The launch is
loss of the spacecraft "an EarlyBird 1" would be an scheduled for July 2000
urgent launch "an EarlyBird 2" on the PH "Start? 1", aboard a rocket Pegasus.
which would ensure a minimum period of commissioning
of the system.
sources
1. Space News, vol.7., 26 (167)
1997.
2. QuickBird Project Delayed - Space News,
vol.8 No.46 Dec.1? 7 1997, pp.1,20
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 33
34
period, min

Elements)
8 - Appointment of the SC
M.Tarasenko, NC

to the left "1997-")

6 - National SC affiliation;
carrier plane L 1011???)

9 & 12 - orbital 9 - treatment

7 - the nationality of the RN;
6a - Organization - Customer KA
Designation column of the table

7a launch operator or owner of RN

publications in the open vstechatsya)

10 - inclination to the equatorial plane, degrees

Summary table
Artificial earth satellite

space launches,

3 - the name of the spacecraft (official and other

1a - CA catalog number US Space Command

the fatherland GOVERNMENTAL polygons?)

Features Bring out? Nia and functioning

(specified variable component designation,

surface and - if indicated as source VCS)

13 - the source from which the settings are taken op? bits (ssr -
us to the Earth's surface with a radius R =

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998

outputted to the main spacecraft specified time

6378.14 km - if QUALITY ve source orbital

carried out in 1997

4 - launch vehicle (the name and the notation?)?

eleven - the minimum height above the Earth's surface, km

1 - the international registration notation? inclusion

of videoconferencing;? TLE - translated from the Two Line

12 - the maximum height above the surface of the Earth, km
start time specified with the reset RN SC from the
2 - date and start time (in cases subsatellite separation

14 - the date and the method of termination ballistic

newsletters Jonathan's Space Report; VKS - the press service
5 - Polygon and launch site (Site / PU for launches from
subsatellite compartment; RN for Pegasus XL as the

information indicated ssr, jsr or TLE;?? Ellipsoid

existence; Place on geosin? Chron orbit (GSO);

newsletters GSFC NASA Weekly Satellite Situation Report; jsr -
(Given in the table height rasschita sferricheskoy
supplemented to complete about? attributing values

1 1a 2 3 4 5 6 6a 7 7a 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 14

01A 24711 12.01 9:27:23 Atlantis F? 18 STS KSC LC39B USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight 88,961 51,655 157.4 295.9 TLE landing 22.01
STS? 81 / SMM? 5)

- 17.01 16:28 GPS IIR? 1 (SVN 42) Delta 7925 CCAS LC17A USA AF USA AF / MDAC Navigation - - - - - not entered orbit

02A 24713 30.01 22:04:00 GE? 2 Ariane 44L (V93) GSC ELA2 USA GE Americom Arianespace link 637.0 7.5 241 36049 TLE 85 W The geostationary orbit.

02B 24714 "? Nahuel? 1A "? "? Argentina Nahuelsat "? "? link 1431.4 0.2 35491 35899 ssr 71.8 W The geostationary orbit.

03A 24717 10.02 14:09:30 Soyuz TM? 25 Union? Y (11A511U) B pl.1 RF RSA RF RSA GAC (Shipping 90.2 51.6 262 310 ssr landing 14.08
(11F732 74) EO? 23 and Mir? 97)

04A 24719 11.02 8:55:17 Discovery F? 22 STS KSC LC39A USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight STS? 82) 96.5 28.5 350 579 11.02 jsr
28.4 589 593 ssr landing 21.02

05A 24720 12.02 4:50 Haruka Mu? 5? 1 Kagoshima Japan ISAS Japan ISAS scientific 374.9 31.3 232 21462 ssr perigee raised
(MUSES? B, HALCA) (Radio astronomy) to 576 km

06A 24725 14.02 3:47:22 Space? 2337 Cyclone? 3 (11K68) Pl.32 P / 1 RF VKS RF VKS link 114.1 82.6 1412 1422 ssr

06B 24726 "? Space? 2338 "? "? RF VKS "? "? link 114.2 82.6 1412 1428 ssr

06C 24727 "? Space? 2339 "? "? RF VKS "? "? link 114.0 82.6 1409 1414 ssr

06D 24728 "? Messenger? D1 4 "? "? RF RSA "? "? link 113.9 82.6 1401 1413 ssr

06E 24729 "? Messenger? D1 5 "? "? RF RSA "? "? link 114.0 82.6 1410 1415 ssr

06F 24730 "? Messenger? D1 6 "? "? RF RSA "? "? link 114.0 82.6 1412 1415 ssr

07A 24732 17.02 1:42:02 JCSat? 4 Atlas 2AS (AC? 127) CCAS LC36B Japan JSAT USA LMCLS link 2480.1 65 14339 94293 jsr GSO 150 east longitude.

08A 24737 23.02 20:20 USA? 130 (DSP F18) Titan 402B CCAS LC40 USA AF USA AF EOP - - - - no data GSO 82 east longitude.

(B? 24) + IUS

09A 24742 01.03 1:07:42 Intelsat 801 Ariane 44P (V94) GSC ELA2 ITSO Arianespace link 1142.2 0.7 23945 35718 ssr GSO 64 east longitude.

10A 24744 04.03 2:00:02 Zeya 01 Start? 1 With pl.5 RF MO RF VKS Experimental 94.0 97.3 467 480 TLE

(P / l. St., Nav).

11A 24748 08.03 6:01 Tempo 2 Atlas 2A (AC? 128) CCAS LC36A USA TCI USA LMCLS Communication (NTV) 369.9 25.1 256 21125 TLE 118.8 W The geostationary orbit.

12A 24753 04.04 16:47 USA? 131 Titan 23G? 6 VAFB SLC4W USA AF USA AF Meteorology 101.9 98.9 843 854 ssr
(DMSP 5D? 2 F? 14)

13A 24755 04.04 19:20:32 Columbia F? 22 STS KSC LC39A USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight 90.5 28.4 298 303 ssr landing 08.04
STS? 83 / MSL? 1)

14A 24757 06.04 16:04:05 Progress M? 34 Union? Y (11A511U) B pl.1 RF RSA RF RSA TC (Supply 92.2 51.6 377 391 ssr Dock 8.04,
(A55 11A615 234) "Mir") sunk 2.07
 1 1a 2 3 4 5 6 6a 7 7a 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 14

15A 24761 09.04 8:58:45 Space? 2340 Lightning? M (8K78M) P pl.16 RF MO RF VKS EOP 708.4 62.9 527 39367 ssr
("Eye")

16A 24768 16.04 23:08:44 Thaicom 3 Ariane 44LP (V95) GSC ELA2 Thailand Shinawatra Arianespace Communication (NTV) 630.7 7.0 221 35751 ssr GSO 78.5 east longitude.

16B 24769 "? BSAT 1a "? "? Japan BSS "? Telecommunication (NTV) 632.5 7.0 187 35874 ssr GSO 110 east longitude.

17A 24772 17.04 13:03:22 Space? 2341 Cosmos? 3M (11K65M) Pl.132 P / 1 RF MO RF VKS Navigation 104.8 82.9 995 1027 VKS

("Sail") 82.9 977 1014 jsr

18A 24779 21.04 11:59:32 Minisat? 01 pegasus XL Gando, L? 1011 Spain INTA USA OSC technology adjustment 96.1 150.9 562 581 ssr
and scientific tests were

performed. (Astronomy microg.)

18B 24780 "? Celestis "? "? USA Celestis Inc. "? "? burial 96.0 150.9 554 582 ssr unmated. 3? th century. RN

in space

19A 24786 25.04 5:49 GOES 10 (GOES? K) Atlas I (AC? 79) CCAS LC36B USA NOAA USA LMCLS Meteorology 991.8 8.1 10907 42228 ssr 105 W The geostationary orbit.

20E 24796 05.05 14:55:29 Iridium SV004 Delta 7920 VAFB SLC2W Iridium LLC USA MDAC link 97.4 86.3 626 643 ssr height withdrawn.

to ~ 780 km

20D 24795 "? Iridium SV005 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.4 86.3 629 641 ssr "?

20C 24794 "? Iridium SV006 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.4 86.3 629 642 ssr "?

20B 24793 "? Iridium SV007 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.4 86.3 629 642 ssr "?

20A 24792 5:05 14:55:59 Iridium SV008 Delta 7920 VAFB SLC2W Iridium LLC USA MDAC link 97.4 86.3 629 642 ssr "?

21A 24798 11.05 16:17 Zhongxing 6 Chang Zheng 3A Xichang LC2 China Chinasat China link 1342.5 0.6 31867 35999 ssr GSO 125 E
(DFH 3? 2)

22A 24800 14.05 00:33:58 Space? 2342 Lightning? M (8K78M) Pl.43 n / 4 RF MO RF VKS EOP 708.4 62.8 521 39388 ssr
("Eye")

23A 24804 15.05 8:07:48 Atlantis F? 19 STS KSC LC39A USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight 92.3 51.7 388 404 ssr landing 24.05
STS? 84 / SMM? 6)

24A 24805 15.05 12:10:00 Space? 2343 Union? Y (11A511U) B pl.31 / 6 RF MO RF VKS photoreconnaissance 89.7 64.9 220 334 ssr flooded 17.09

- 20.05 7:07:00 - Zenit R2 (11K77) Pl.45 B / 1 RF MO RF VKS RTR not entered orbit

25A 24808 21.05 22:39 thor 2A Delta 7925 CCAS LC17A Norway Telenor USA MDAC link 668.2 19.6 1281 36595 ssr 0.6 W The geostationary orbit.

26A 24812 24.05 17:00:00 Telstar 5 Proton? K (+ 8K82K DM4) B pl.81 / 23 USA AT & T RF VKS / ILS link 1403.3 0.3 34475 35807 ssr 97 W The geostationary orbit.

27A 24819 03.06 23:21 Inmarsat 3 F4 Ariane 44L (V97) GSC ELA2 IMSO ariane space link 630.4 7.0 223 35726 ssr 54 W The geostationary orbit.

27B 24820 "? Insat 2D "? "? India ISRO "? "? link 631.0 7.0 221 35759 ssr GSO 74.1 east longitude.

28A 24827 06.06 17:56:54 Space? 2344 Proton? To B pl.200 / 39 RF MO RF VKS Optical? E 130.1 63.4 1509 2748 ssr
(11F644) (+ 8K82K 17S40) intelligence service

29A 24834 10.06 12:01 FengYung? 2B Chang Zheng 3 Xichang China China Meteorology 28.4 206 35987 jsr
1436.2 1.2 35782 35796 ssr GSO 104.1 east longitude.

30D 24839 18.06 14:02:45 Iridium SV009 Proton? K + DM2 B pl.81 / 23 Iridium LLC RF FSI / link 94.9 86.4 504 524 ssr height withdrawn.

(8K82K) Khrunichev to ~ 780 km

30C 24838 "? Iridium SV010 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.9 86.4 503 524 "?

30G 24842 "? Iridium SV011 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.8 86.4 520 539 "?
Artificial earth satellite

30B 24837 "? Iridium SV012 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.3 86.4 525 538 "?

30E 24840 "? Iridium SV013 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.9 86.4 505 524 "?

30A 24836 "? Iridium SV014 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.9 86.4 503 524 "?

30F 24841 "? Iridium SV016 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.9 86.4 503 524 "?

31A 24846 25.06 23:44 Intelsat 802 Ariane 44P (V96) GSC ELA2 ITSO Arianespace link 631.4 7.0 219 35785 GSO 174 east longitude.

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998

32A 24849 01.07 18:02:02 Columbia F? 23 STS KSC LC39A USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight 90.6 28.5 304 308 ssr landing 17.07

35
STS-94 / MSL? 1R)

33A 24851 05.07 4:11:54 Progress M? 35 Union? Y (11A511U) B pl.1 / 5 RF RSA RF RSA TC (Supply 90.4 51.6 269 315 ssr sunk 8.10
(11A615A55 235) "Mir")
36
1 1a 2 3 4 5 6 6a 7 7a 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 14

34A 24869 09.07 13:04:30 Iridium SV015 Delta 7920 VAFB SLC2W Iridium LLC USA MDAC link 97.3 86.4 636 652 ssr height withdrawn.

to about 780 km.

34B 24870 "? Iridium SV017 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.4 628 644 ssr "?

34C 24871 "? Iridium SV018 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.4 627 643 ssr "?

34D 24872 "? Iridium SV020 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.4 642 653 ssr "?

34E 24873 "? Iridium SV021 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.4 625 642 ssr He remained in the
initial orbit

35A 24876 23.07 3:43:00 USA? 132 Delta 7925 CCAS LC17A USA AF USA Navigation 713.2 54.9 19903 20224 ssr
(GPS IIR? 2, SVN 43)

36A 24880 28.07 1:15 Superbird C Atlas 2AS (AC? 133) CCAS LC36B Japan SCC USA LMCLS link 1971.1 25.3 333 91064 ssr GSO 144 east longitude.
Artificial earth satellite

37A 24883 01.08 20:20 OrbView 2 pegasus XL VAFB, L? 1011 USA OrbImage / USA OSC ERS 90.7 98.2 297 319 ssr height withdrawn. before

(SeaStar) NASA 707? 708 km

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998

38A 24886 05.08 15:35:54 Soyuz TM? 26 Union? Y (11A511U) B pl.1 / 5 RF RSA RF RSA GAC 88,625 51,639 192.9 248.8 VKS

(11F732 75) (EO? 24 on "The World") 92.3 51.6 385 392 ssr docking 7.08

39A 24889 07.08 14:41:00 Discovery F? 23 STS KSC LC39A USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight STS? 85) 90.4 57.0 298 309 ssr landing 19.08

39B 24890 07.08 22:27 CRISTA? SPAS - Discovery Germany DLR "? "? scientific 90.4 57.0 300 311 ssr Upland. 15:14 16.08.
(Issl.atmosfery)

40A 24890 08.08 6:46 PAS 6 Ariane 44P (V98) GSC ELA2 USA PanAmSat Arianespace link 631.1 7.0 175 35810 ssr 43.2 W The geostationary orbit.

41A 24894 14.08 20:49 Space? 2345 Proton? K + DM? 2M B pl.200 / 39 RF MO RF VKS EOP 1444.2 1.3 34292 37598 ssr 24 W The geostationary orbit.

(+ 8K82K 11S681)

42A 24901 19.08 17:50 Agila 2 Chang Zheng 3B Xichang LC2 Philippines Mabuhay China link 1038.4 7.7 12268 42912 ssr GSO 146 east longitude.

(Mabuhay 1)

43E 24907 21.08 00:38:40 Iridium SV022 Delta 7920 VAFB SLC2W Iridium LLC USA Boeing 1) link 95.7 86.7 542 561 ssr height withdrawn.

to ~ 780 km

43D 24906 "? Iridium SV023 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.7 86.7 543 561 ssr "?

43C 24905 "? Iridium SV024 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.7 86.7 544 561 ssr "?

43B 24904 "? Iridium SV025 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.7 86.7 544 561 ssr "?

43A 24903 "? Iridium SV026 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.7 86.7 545 561 ssr "?

44A 24909 23.08 6:51:01 Lewis Athena? 1 (b.LMLV? 1) VAFB SLC6 USA TRW / NASA USA LMA ERS 90.6 97.6 307 331 ssr descended 28.09

45A 24912 25.08 14:39 ACE Delta 7920? 8 CCAS LC17A USA NASA USA Boeing scientific - - - - point system L1 C? H.

46A 24916 28.08 00:33:30 PAS 5 Proton? K + dm3 (8K82K) B pl.81 / 23 USA PanAmSat RF VKS / ILS link 974.0 7.1 16348 35992 ssr

47A 24920 29.08 15:02:22 FORTE pegasus XL VAFB, L? 1011 USA LANL USA OSC technologies working out 101.2 70.0 799 833 ssr
and the study of the ionosphere

48A 24925 01.09 14:00 Iridium MFS? 1 Chang Zheng 2C + SD Taiyuan China China Iridium LLC testing of PH 97.2 86.3 618 630 ssr
(KA layout)

48B 24926 "? Iridium MFS? 2 "? "? China "? testing of PH 97.2 86.3 623 634 ssr

49A 24931 02.09 22:21 Hot Bird 3 Ariane 44LP (V99) GSC ELA2 ETSO Arianespace link 632.1 7.0 214 35822 ssr GSO 13 east longitude.

49B 24932 "? Meteosat 7 "? "? EMSO "? "? Meteorology 629.0 1.8 186 35696 ssr GSO 10 east longitude.

50A 24936 04.09 12:03 GE? 3 Atlas 2AS (AC? 146) CCAS LC36A USA GE Americom USA LMCLS link 1587.9 0.8 33539 43876 ssr 87 W The geostationary orbit.

51D 24947 14.09 1:36:54 Iridium SV027 Proton? K + DM2 B pl.81 / 23 Iridium LLC RF FSI / link 94.9 86.6 522 541 ssr ost. in-orbit
(8K82K) Khrunichev elimination

51E 24948 "? Iridium SV028 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.8 86.6 520 541 ssr height withdrawn.

51A 24944 "? Iridium SV029 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.9 86.6 523 543 ssr to ~ 780 km

51F 24949 "? Iridium SV030 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.8 86.6 520 539 ssr "?

51G 24950 "? Iridium SV031 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.8 86.6 520 540 ssr "?

51B 24945 "? Iridium SV032 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.9 86.6 523 542 ssr "?

51C 24946 "? Iridium SV033 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 94.9 86.6 522 542 ssr "?
 1 1a 2 3 4 5 6 6a 7 7a 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 14

52A 24953 23.09 16:44:51 Space? 2346 Cosmos? 3M (11K65M) Pl.132 P / 1 RF MO RF VKS Navigation 104.4 82.9 953 1015 ssr
104,479 82,925 958,134 1008.358 VKS

52B 24954 23.09 22:04:07 FAIsat? 2V "? Space? 2346 USA FAI "? "? link 104.4 82.9 956 1012 ssr

53A 24957 23.09 23:58:00 Intelsat 803 Ariane 42L (V100) GSC ELA2 ITSO Arianespace link 634.1 7.0 293 35850 ssr 27.5 W The geostationary orbit.

54A 24960 24.09 21:31:44 Lightning? 1T Lightning? M (8K78M) Pl.43 n / 4 RF MO RF VKS link 717.7 62.8 465 39920 ssr

55A 24964 26.09 2:34:19 Atlantis STS KSC LC39A USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight 92.3 51.7 383 391 ssr landing 06.10
STS? 86 / SMM? 7)

56A 24965 27.09 1:23:37 Iridium SV019 Delta 7920 VAFB SLC2W Iridium LLC USA Boeing link 95.6 86.7 548 565 ssr height withdrawn.

to ~ 780 km

56E 24969 "? Iridium SV034 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.6 86.7 548 565 ssr "?

56D 24968 "? Iridium SV035 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.6 86.7 550 565 ssr "?

56C 24967 "? Iridium SV036 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.6 86.7 549 566 ssr "?

56B 24966 "? Iridium SV037 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 95.6 86.7 552 567 ssr "?

57A 24971 29.09 4:47 IRS? 1D PSLV Sriharikota India ISRO India ISRO ERS 96.1 98.6 327 821 ssr Perigee is raised to
737 km

58A 25002 5.10 15:08:57 Progress M? 36 Union? Y (11A511U) B pl.1 / 5 RF RSA RF RSA TC (Supply 91.7 51.7 342 391 ssr flooded 19.12
(11F615 A55) "Mir")

59A 25004 5.10 21:01 Echostar 3 Atlas 2AS (AC? 135) CCAS LC36B USA Echostar USA LMCLS link 818.8 12.0 6571 38655 ssr GSO 61 W

60A 25006 09.10 18:00 Photon (34KS 11) Union? Y (11A511U) P RF RSA RF RVSN outer 90.4 62.8 232 385 ssr landing 23.10
Materials Science

61A 25008 15.10 8:43 cassini / Titan? 401B (B? 33) CCAS LC40 USA NASA USA ? Inst. Saturn geliotsentricheskayaorbita

"? "? Huygens + Centaur "? ESA "? "? Inst. Titan mounted on the Cassini

62A 25010 16.10 19:13 Apstar 2R Chang Zheng 3B Xichang LC2 PRC 3) APT China GWIC link 1707.4 0.1 34276 47609 ssr GSO 76 east longitude.

63A 25013 22.10 13:15 STEP M4 pegasus XL o.Uollops, USA AF USA OSC Experimental 93.9 44.9 434 501 ssr Communication with the spacecraft

L? 1011 It has not been established

64A 25018 24.10 2:32 USA? 133 Titan? 403A (A? 18) VAFB SLC4E USA NRO USA AF Radar 98.2 57.0 665 683 TLE

(Lacrosse 3) intelligence service

65A 25019 25.10 00:46 USA? 134 Atlas 2A (AC? 131) CCAS LC36A USA AF USA AF? link - - - - no data GSO

(DSCS? 3 F10 (B? 13))

65B 25020 "? Falcon Gold "? "? USA AFA / UoC "? "? working off 621.2 26.3 221 35257 ssr mounted on
technologies (GPS) RB Centaur

66A 25023 30.10 13:43:15 Maqsat H Ariane 5 (V502) GSC ELA3 ESA Arianespace testing of PH 467.8 7.7 554 26612 ssr
(KA layout)

66A 25023 "? TEAMSAT "? "? ESA "? Experimental "? "? "? "? ssr Mount. on MAQSAT? H

66B 25024 "? Maqsat B "? "? ESA "? testing of PH 466.7 7.7 531 26572 ssr SC separation from the 2? Th

(KA layout) stupas. PH is not planned.

66C 25025 2:11 17:30 YES "? TEAMSAT ESA ESA / DUT "? Experimental 467.9 7.7 545 26626 ssr

- 02.11 12:25 SCD? 2A VLS Alcantara Brazil INPE Brazil INPE ERS - - - - - not entered orbit
Artificial earth satellite

58C 24958 03.11 4:05 Sputnik? 40 - "Peace" RF ? - - demonstration 92.3 51.7 383 392 ssr

67A 25030 06.11 00:30:00 USA? 135 Delta 7925 CCAS LC17A USA AF USA AF / Boeing Navigation 721.6 54.9 19923 20644 ssr
(GPS 2A? 28, SVN 38)

68A 25034 08.11 2:05:02 USA? 136 Titan? 401A (A? 17) CCAS LC41 USA NRO USA AF? DER - - - - no data
(TRUMPET 3?) + Centaur (713.8) (63.6) (1102) (39,058) nominal. orbit

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998

69E 25043 09.11 1:34 Iridium SV038 Delta 7920 VAFB SLC2W Iridium LLC USA Boeing link 97.3 86.6 632 649 ssr height withdrawn.

to ~ 780 km

37
69D 25042 "? Iridium SV039 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.6 633 649 ssr "?

69C 25041 "? Iridium SV040 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.4 86.6 640 656 ssr "?

69B 25040 "? Iridium SV041 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.6 633 651 ssr "?
38
1 1a 2 3 4 5 6 6a 7 7a 8 9 10 eleven 12 13 14

69A 25039 "? Iridium SV043 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.4 86.6 636 651 ssr "?

70A 25045 12.11 17:00:00 Coupon Proton? To B pl.200 / 39 RF CBA RF SMF 2) link 1448.9 0.1? 36039 36032 ssr GSO 55 east longitude.

(8K82K 11S861 +?)

71A 25049 12.11 21:48 Sirius 2 Ariane 44L (V102) GSC ELA2 Sweden NSAB Arianespace link 1424.7 0.1 35432 35695 ssr GSO 5 east longitude.

71B 25050 "? Cakrawarta 1 "? "? Indonesia Indostar "? "? link 1436.2 0.3 35779 35796 ssr GSO 100.6 east longitude.

(Indostar? 1)

72A 25059 18.11 11:15 Resource F? 1M Union? Y (11A511U) Pl.43 n / 3 RF RSA RF RVSN ERS 88.6 82.3 196 252 ssr landing 13.12

73A 25061 19.11 19:46:00 Columbia STS KSC LC39B USA NASA USA NASA GAC (flight STS? 87 / USMP? 4) 90.2 28.4 280 286 ssr planting 5.12

73B 25062 21.11 21:05 Spartan 201 - Columbia USA NASA "? "? Science (astronomy) 90.1 ? 278 284 ssr returned

74A 25063 27.11 21:27 TRMM H? 2 Tanegashima USA NASA / NASDA Japan NASDA ERS 92.1 35.0 370 385 ssr
Artificial earth satellite

74B 25064 "? Hikoboshi (ETS? 7) "? "? Japan NASDA "? "? working off 93.8 35.0 387 546 ssr orbit to 550 km
docking technology

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998

- - "? Orihime "? "? Japan NASDA "? "? "? (target) "? "? "? "? not separated (31.12.)

75A 25067 02.12 22:52:32 JCsat? 5 Ariane 44P (V103) GSC Japan JSAT Arianespace link 631.6 4.0 221 35790 ssr GSO 139.4 east longitude.

75B 25068 "? Equator? S "? "? Germany MPI "? scientific 633.5 4.0 212 35901 ssr
(Inst. Magnitofery) 496 67232 jsr

76A 25071 02.12 23:10 astra 1G Proton? K + dm3 B pl.81 / 23 Luxembourg SES RF RVSN / ILS link 837.7 12.4 10163 35951 ssr GSO 24 east longitude.

(8K82K)

77A 25077 08.12 7:16:49 Iridium SV042 Chang Zheng 2C + SD Taiyuan Iridium LLC China GWIC link 97.3 86.3 644 654 ssr height withdrawn.

to ~ 780 km

77B 25078 "? Iridium SV044 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.3 643 654 ssr "?

78A 25086 08.12 23:52:02 Galaxy 8I Atlas 2AS (AC? 149) CCAS LC36B USA PanAmSat USA LMCLS link 936.3 27.0 158 50491 ssr 79 W The geostationary orbit.

79A 25088 09.12 7:17 Space? 2347 Cyclone R2 (11K69) B pl.90 / 19 RF MO RF RVSN offshore exploration 92.8 65.0 420 434 ssr

80A 25095 15.12 15:40? Space? 2348 Union? Y (11A511U) P RF MO RF RVSN photoreconnaissance 89.5 67.1 181 353 ssr

58D 17.12 7:37 X? Mir Inspector Progress M? 36 Germany DARA - - development of technology 92.2 51.7 384 392
SC dist.semki

81A 25102 20.12 8:45 Progress M? 37 Union? Y (11A511U) B pl.1 / 5 RF RSA RF RCA TK (Supply "Mir") 92.2 51.7 388 399 ssr dock 22.12
(A55 11F615 236)

82A 25104 20.12 13:16 Iridium SV045 Delta 7920? 10C VAFB SLC2W Iridium LLC USA Boeing link 97.3 86.6 634 650 ssr

82B 25105 "? Iridium SV046 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.6 635 650 ssr

82C 25106 "? Iridium SV047 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.6 635 650 ssr

82D 25107 "? Iridium SV048 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.6 633 649 ssr

82E 25108 "? Iridium SV049 "? "? Iridium LLC "? "? link 97.3 86.6 631 635 ssr

83A 25110 22.12 00:17 Intelsat 804 Ariane 42L (V104) GSC ELA2 ITSO Arianespace link 632.1 7.0 265 35771 ssr GSO 47 east longitude.

84A 25112 23.12 19:11:42 Orbcomm A4 / FM? 8 Pegasus XL + HAPS o.Uollops, USA Orbcomm USA OSC link 101.3 45.0 822 829 ssr designation A1? A8
L? 1011 given for information

84B 25113 "? Orbcomm A5 / FM? 10 "? "? USA Orbcomm "? "? link 101.3 45.0 821 832 ssr OSC;

84C 25114 "? Orbcomm A8 / FM11 "? "? USA Orbcomm "? "? link 101.3 45.0 826 834 ssr FM5? FM12 on

84D 25115 "? Orbcomm A7 / FM? 12 "? "? USA Orbcomm "? "? link 101.3 45.0 825 833 ssr information

84E 25116 "? Orbcomm A6 / FM? 9 "? "? USA Orbcomm "? "? link 101.3 45.0 821 831 ssr space

84F 25117 "? Orbcomm A1 / FM? 5 "? "? USA Orbcomm "? "? link 101.4 45.0 827 838 ssr command

84G 25118 "? Orbcomm A2 / FM? 6 "? "? USA Orbcomm "? "? link 101.3 45.0 825 836 ssr USA

84H 25119 "? Orbcomm A3 / FM? 7 "? "? USA Orbcomm "? "? link 101.4 45.0 829 837 ssr

85A 25123 24.12 13:32:13 EarlyBird? 1 Start? 1 FROM USA EarthWatch RF RVSN / ERS 94.3 97.2 479 488 ssr communication with the spacecraft lost

Complex 12/28/97

86A 25126 24.12 23:19:00 Asiasat 3 Proton? K + dm3 B pl.81 / 23 KNR3) Asiasat RF RVSN / ILS link 638.3 51.0 369 35990 ssr He remained at pkerehodnoy

(8K82K) orbit
 Artificial earth satellite

Abbreviations used

in column 3: The graph 6a:

ACE - Advanced Composition Explorer AFA - Air Force Academy, Colorado

DMSP - Defensce Meteorological Satellite Program Springs, Colorado.
APT - Asia? Pacific Telecommunications Satellite
FORTE - Fast On? Orbit Recording of Co., Ltd
Transient Events AT & T - American Telephone and
GOES - Geostationary Operational Telegraph TO ompaniya Orbital
Environmental Satellite BSS - Broadcasting Satellite System Corp. of Sciences Corporation
HALCA - Highly Advanced Laboratory for Tokyo announced on January 8, the
Communications and Astronomy DUT - Delft University of Technology receipt of a contract worth
GPS - Global Positioning System Echostar - Echostar Communications Corp., 16.5 mln. $ of the California
IRS - Indian Remote Satellite Denver, Colorado Institute of Technology
MFS - Mass Frequency Simulator FAI - Final Analysis, Inc., Greenbelt, (CalTech) in the design,
TEAMSAT - Technology, Science and Maryland testing and izgo tovlenie
Education experiments Added to Maqsat Indostar - PT MediaCitra Indostar; GALEX satellite (NK21,
INPE - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 1997). CM loviyam contract
DSCS - Defense Satellite Communication System Espaciais (National Space Orbital will have to put a
Research Institute) platform for the machine, the
TRMM - Tropical Rainfall Measurement Charter twist on it and ispy
Mission INTA - Instituto Nacional de Tecnica thief GALEX instrument to
YES - Young Engineers Satellite Aerospacial (National Institute of build ground station satellite
Aerospace Technology) control, to provide vehicle and
in column 5: ensure Spend of flight
JSAT - Japan Satellite Systems Inc, Kabushiki? operations. GALEX spacecraft
B - Baikonur (5 th State who searches? launch swim tionate to 2001
Gaisha Nihon Sateraito Sisutemuzu
tion cosmodrome Russian Ministry of Defense)
aboard the RN Pegasus,
P - Plesetsk (1st State who searches?
LANL - Langley National Laboratory which will bring up to Paraty
tion cosmodrome Russian Ministry of Defense)
Mabuhay - Mabuhay Phillipine Satellite Corp. circular orbit with a height of
C - Free (2nd State who searches?
MPI - Max Plank Institute, Garching, Germany 690 km and an inclination of
tion cosmodrome Russian Ministry of Defense)
NSAB - Nordiska Satellit aktiebolaget 28.5 . The project is
CCAS - Cape Canaveral Air Station (United States Air
SES - Societe Europeene des Satellites calculated at approximately
Force Station "Cape Canaveral", sht.Florida)
(firm "European Society for 28 months.
Satellites")
Gando - Gando Air Force Base (o.Gran?
SCC - Space Communications Corp.
Canaria, 27.5 N, 15.2 W)
Shinawatra - Shinawatra Satellite Public Co.,
GSC - Guiana Space Center (ESA's Guiana
Bangkok, Thailand
Space Center, Kourou, French
TCI - Tele? Communications Inc.,
Guiana)
Englewood, Colorado.
KSC - Kennedy Space Center (cosmic? Sky
Kennedy Center US NASA, Cape
The graph 7a:
Canaveral, sht.Florida)
VAFB - Vandenberg Air Force Base GWIC - Great Wall Industrial Company
(Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA) MDAC - McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corp.

Column 6: ISAS - Institute of Space and Astronomic Studies

ITSO - International Telecommunications Satellite

ILS - International Launch Services
Organization (Interna? Sput own
LMCLS - Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch
organization?-Twinned connection?
Services
"Intelsat")
OSC - Orbital Sciences Corp.
IMSO - International Maritime communi?
cations Satellite Organization Column 8:
(International Maritime Satellite
Organization? "Inmarsat") GAC - manned spacecraft

ETSO - European Telecommunications Satellite DER - electronic intelligence

Organization (? Europay Skye EOP - missile attack warning
Telecommunications Satellite Organization -
"Eutelsat") NTV - direct broadcast
EMSO - European Meteorologic Satellite
Organization (European orga?
Nization for Meteorological Satellite?
"Eumetsat")

notes
1) On 1 August 1997 the firm McDonnell Douglas Aerospace Corp. combined with Boeing Corp.

2) C 1 November 1997 Military? Cosmic forces are integrated into the Strategic Missile Forces.

3) On July 1, 1997 Hong Kong, where the company was registered - KA owner, placed under the control of China.

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 39

 SATELLITE CONNECTION
Satellite digital TV in Georgia
Jan. 7. T.Pachkoriya. ITAR? TASS Tbilisi held
a ceremony on? covering of satellite digital Televid?
Nia. The initiator of its creation was the Mi? Ministries
of Communication of Georgia.
Satellite digital television, to which the system
is connected first channel
Status of works on creation of a
communication system "Iridium"
As of January, 1998 .:
- put into orbit and are in the floor? Noah
operational readiness 46 satellite? Cove "Iridium"
system;
- until the end of March 1998 be certified?
Chenault formation of complete satellite constellation (66
major space up Paratov + 6 redundant?);
- date of commencement of full-scale tests? tion
equipment gateway featuring satellite constellation 12
yang? cooking 1998
- the date of readiness of the base station and on?
chala testing in conjunction with the vendor? E services of
the subscribers to activate procedures, etc .: March 31,
1998
- date of commencement of full-scale (pre?
commercial) tests with common? apart first batch of
subscriber funds in the amount of 250 pcs .: 1 June
1998
- built and put into operation center oop? Government
& control system in the United States; Zavar? Chenault
construction of command and control centers in Italy;
- built and put into operation the couple? D tracking
and telemetry station satellite? howling groups (in
Canada - 2 station in Isa Landi and the Hawaiian
Islands?);
- in the manufacturing stage is the experience?
naya party personal subscriber camp? tions in the
amount of 500 pieces. Two major? E manufacturers
equip subscriber? Bani firms Motorola and Kuosera
gap? nerds large range of user agents, including
personal, mobile, multi-channel User The collective?
Niya, avionics;
- from July 1997 conducted joint testing space
group, the control center and the base station interface
120 thousand. subscribers, built in the United States,
Arizona. Successfully audited between? satellite
communications, alarm systems, paging; is checking
mode body? fonii;
- Investors Company Iridium LLC, do you? suppl
features exclusive regio? tional representatives, create
regio? base-functional station "Iridi system? mind "and
organize the infrastructure for before? leaving the
services the user's system? we "Iridium" in selected
regions of the? Serviceability. Installation of
equipments? Niya, performed commissioning works at
the US gateway to 120 thousand. abo? nents.
Completed the installation of equipment at the gateway
to Italy, Brazil, Japan, South Korea and Russia.
40 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
Georgia and wasps state television? novnoy national
radio channel, OAPC? lit. receive transmissions from
Georgia to 15 Stra? nah - Russia, Armenia,
Azerbaijan, the Tour? tion, Cyprus, Greece,
Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, Syria, Lebanon,
Jordan, Ezra? le, Iran, Iraq.
All with the company Motorola Inc. conclude?
cheny contracts to supply equipment for 13 base
stations that plan? Xia to be operational by the
beginning of the regular EC? spluatatsii system in
September 1998.
- in some countries (USA, Canada, Australia,
Colombia, Taiwan, and others.) obtained licenses and
frequency assignments are given, it is necessary?
"Iridium" mye for providing system services. In some
countries (Italy, Brazil, Argentina) issued pilot it?
qualifications.
- with mobile operators around the world are
signed roaming agreements and agreements of
suppliers "Iridium" system services.
Russia:
- the date of commencement of commercial ekspluata? tion of the
Russian segment of the system: September 23? tember 1998
- founded and operates the opera? Torskaya
company OJSC "? Iridium Eurasia" - regional operator
"Iridium" system, pending receipt of the operator's
license;
- The State Committee for the clock radio? totam
Russian Federation has allocated the necessary
frequency band of L? band for ispy? tany UE "Iridium"
system;
- The first stage of work before? stizheniyu EMC
"Iridium" and GLONASS, the beginning of the second
stage laboratory who searches? Nij is scheduled for
January 1998 .;
- The State Committee for the clock radio? totam
Russian Federation allocated the necessary frequency
bands in Ca? to create a range of camp? tion interface, its
certification and testing? Bani;
- The solution prepared Glavgossvyaz? RF
surveillance intended nominal frequency for base pairing
station received all the required approval;
- institutions of the State Committee of the Russian
Federation CNIIS GIPROSVYAZ, SSLI PTB developed a
systematic project of the Russian segment of the "Iri system?
Bureaux "to define the basic principles of" Iridium "system
functioning in Russia and its interaction with the BCC Russia;
- institutions of the State Committee of the Russian
Federation GIPROS? Ligature, SSLI PTB developed a
working draft of the gateway, and its connection to the
telephone network of general use Th? Res International
Switching Center;
- completed the construction of facilities and
auxiliary systems gateway in Moscow on the territory of
the State
On Wednesday evening, but using? howling
communication system with the participation of the President
of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze took those? lemost with
the Georgian embassy in Baku and An? quads, as well as
acting in Tel? Aviv "Georgian house".
Khrunichev Space Center;
- completed the construction of four en? tennyh
gateway terminals (two in Moscow and two in Korolev
Mosk Oblast.);
- FOCL completed between the gateway and the
International Switching Center (21 km long at 155 Mbit /
s to MTS 9 3 MH (5)?);
- completed installation of basic communications
equipment 'Iridium' systems;
- Perform a pre-tested? vanie base station
equipment, including switching equipment D 900?;
- Testing performed by ACS 7 with the
International Switching Center?;
- held equipments certification? Nia gateway on
the contract between the company and the Motorola R &
D. Planned completion: March 1998 .;
- developed and are on soglasova? Research Institute of
the State Committee of the Russian Federation in units General
technical requirements for equipment "Iridium" system
requirements on Con? chenie to telephone networks User The
general? Nia;
- work on a particular party? ers roaming, service
providers, system? we "Iridium" in Russia, the
signature? ik- relevant agreements. Behind? key
contracts and determined service? providers in the Altai,
Primorsky and Ha? Barovsky Territories, Amur, the
Kaliningrad? Coy, Kamchatka, Novosibirsk, Rostov and
Samara, Arkhangelsk, Al? trahanskoy, Volgograd,
Voronezh, Lipetsk, Murmansk, Penza and Sarah?
Rostov Region, Republic of Komi, Mari El and
Chuvashia.
- started negotiations with OJSC "Rostelecom" for
traffic service on the general telephone network?
"Rostelecom" of the Russian Federation to use, the CIS
and Baltic countries through technical means.
- during 1997 the Russian spe? Alista trained in
special courses organized by the company Motorola,
Siemens and other manufacturers about? rudovaniya
gateway, training will continue until mid-1998.
Belarus, Kazakhstan,
Uzbekistan, Moldova, Latvia,
Lithuania, Estonia, Georgia:
- negotiations with the administrations? tions link
all countries signed a number of acc? solutions of
cooperation to provide "Iridium" system services on the
territory of these states;
- defined by national operators, service providers,
roaming partners and signed by the relevant acc?
sheniya.
 cosmodrome
I.Lisov
by NASA materials, the US Air Force and
Florida Today.
Space Florida
The name "Space Florida ( Spa? Ceport
Florida Authority) belongs to whom? cial (private)
spaceport, referring? Call of Florida authorities.
Execu? tive director of the company "Cosmo? Port
Florida "is Edward O'Connor (Edward A. O'Connor).
Spaceport leases from the US Air Force a space
center on the mill? tion Force "Cape Canaveral",
and certain services to ensure startup.
To the position and function of "Cosmo? Port
Florida "become more apparent, nuzh? on a small
historical reference. On? title "Cape Canaveral", "East
poly? gon "and the" Kennedy Center "is often used? Xia
interchangeably, but there is a su between them?
nificant difference. With administrative? legal point of
view, since 1962 there existed two separate Air Force
Space Center NASA and the United States. This 45? E
kosmiches? some wing of the Air Force, which occupies
the airbase Patrick Air Force Station and the "Cape
Canaveral" and performs with the help of contractors
from a pro? Thinking launches of Titan 4, Atlas and Red Tigress. Secondary site was the law?
Delta. Hence, the same forces promyshlennos? ty to
conduct commercial launches of Atlas and Delta.
North of Cape Canaveral and about? Ve Merritt is
located Kosmiches? cue Center John F. Kennedy
NASA, which operate technical positions and two launch
complex shuttles.
The boundaries between the centers identified?
Noah as conditional: NASA for ten? lety exploited
starts "Atlas" and "Delta" on land belonging to the Air
Force, and one of the RN starts "the Titan 4",
conversely? mouth, is located in the NASA.
Both the center space are interconnected
through the network polygon measurement points
(monitoring stations), some of which were used or
used together, and starts the security service. The
name "East polygon" IS? uses for the joint
designation
DATE NAME 45 th Space Wing
10/01/1949 Joint training ground long-range US Armed Forces
(Joint Long Range Proving Ground)
16.05.1950 Division test range long-range Air Force
(Long Range Proving Ground Division)
30/06/1951 Rocket Air Force Test Center (Air Force Missile Test Center, AFMTC)
15/05/1964 East Proving Ground Force (Air Force Eastern Test Range, ETR)
02/01/1977 Rocket Air Force Space Test Center
(Space & Missile Test Center, SAMTEC)
01.10.1979 East Rocket Space Center (Eastern Space & Missile Center, ESMC)
12.11.1991 45 th Space Wing Air Force (45th Space Wing)
Kennedy Space Center
07/01/1960 Directorate of starting operations of the Center Marshall Space Flight
(Launch Operations Directorate)
07.01.1962 Center for NASA launching operations (Launch Operations Center)
29/11/1963 Space Center John F. Kennedy (John F. Kennedy Space Center)
42 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
the two organizations, though sometimes, by tradition,
applies only in relation to the landfill
VVS.Nam seemed useful to give names of two
previous table kosmiches? FIR centers of the
Eastern polygon.
Space Florida is the third company to launch a
space but? CITEL, on the Eastern poly? rut.
Running the station Lunar Prospector became its
first space launch.
Space Florida uses to great? Islands rental
center on the PLO? schadke 46, where previously
carried out a searching? SLBM Trident 2 tion starts. 7 January St.?
For Reconstruction? tion LC? 46 cost $ 8 million. $, Petersburg arrived build
and he was offi? cially opened May 29, 1997 Complex ship and pack? systematic
you? full well that he had had a few US light carriers way Sea Launch
can be run: LMLV, Taurus, IDB Minuteman in Commander - MSG?
variant missile carrier?. Services 45? Of the US Air schili January 9 RIA?
Force wings are about 0.3 million. $ For the launch. News. On Kanonersky
shipbuilding? repair plant
in Vyborg, a former drilling
May 25, 1997, the organization has also called platform will be converted
on the BBC asking rent located a few kilometers into a floating cosmo?
north of the 20? th area, where there was a rocket Drom equipped testing
launch site Titan 2". (Since the late 1960? S to the facility, hangar three
late 1980? S complex was not used. Then, the rockets and flight control
Organization for the wasp? Schestvleniyu SDI center.
served here starts pilot missiles Starbird and
Served in 1994)
It is planned not only Execu? Call of the old
"titanovskuyu" launcher, but also to build two new
START? O table for easy missiles (including the
Israeli Shavit), as well as the management of the
bunker and technical position for small satellites.
This program is estimated at 2.5 million. $.
The complex is to be used for launches into low
orbit and Pinetum compositum? bitalnym paths with a
short training period: the time of issuing the command
to start can be a total of 6 hours. Prep? Preparations
will be carried out by carriers' rossiys? Coy "scheme -
in the MIK horizontal floor? dix, in contrast to the
usual gathering for the US? ki at the start. 20? Th
area is planned to enter service in spring 1999
 cosmodrome
boratornogo, housing, the Node 1, a small tight
Kennedy Center supply MPLM module. Guests can then go to the
gallery, with koto? Roy inspect the work area real
Excursions prelaunch ISS elements.

S.Golovkov
at KSC reported.
January 16 Space Center IME? nor
Kennedy (KSC) in Florida opened two new routes
for tourists remarkable? nye as close to real life?
Noah the assembly, testing and launch of
spacecraft.
The first route allows you to explore the special
viewing platform at a height of 20 meters with all-round
visibility is old? nels complexes LC? 39A and LC? 39B.
VAB building system assembly and the track export
shat? tlov at the start, as well as the territory of the
commandments? Nick Merritt? Island. It is also possible
to examine samples of the thermal protection of the
shuttle and the original of the propulsion MOTOR? To
SSME, used in 15 flights, on? watch a movie on the
preparations for the launch of Kos? nomic transport
system, which is the leading astronaut Marsha Hay?
Vince, the current layout of the starting com? plex and
layout VAB, obtained by computer stations Technical
Institute? formation about the program Space
Shuttle.
The second object is to be opened for the
POS? scheniya - is the International Center of
cosmic? cal station, located next to the Corps
prepare the space station NASA in the industrial
zone. Here GO? telyam show a film in which the
astro? navt Robert Cabana talks about the ISS.
They can explore the outside and come inside the
US module layouts - la?
At the opening ceremony of the new routes 16
January was attended by Director Roy Bridges KSC
and NASA astronaut Dzhon Blaha. The press is
shown a photovoltaic module PV1 IEA - one of the
four modules providing reception, storage and
distribution of electrical energy to the ISS. PV1 IEA
will be delivered to the ISS in the STS flight? 97
April 1999 Explanations will give Vice? President
Boeing Co. Systems ISS Brewster Shaw supply.
New routes are characterized by the fact that
visitors do not involve a rigid schedule of a
traditional bus tour, and when? There are objects
on the shuttle buses and may be on them
practically? limited time.
These routes are the second oche? Excursion KSC
red reconstruction center. In December 1996, spe
opened here? Center-exponential Apollo / Saturn 5",
the exposure? tion of which is dedicated to the American
moons? Noah program.
Excursion KSC complex, open from nine in the
morning until dusk all year round, with the EC?
exception of Christmas and the days of launch, is
very popular: in the de? Cabra 1997. it was visited
by about 200 are you? syach people. He is the fifth
had? emosti tourist destination of Florida and one
of the cheapest: an ordinary bus? naya tour costs
$ 14, and with viewing IMAX movie - $ 19. As
shown by simple calculations, anyone? Plex brings
to 3-4 mln. $ per month.

GROUND EQUIPMENT

Russia will be informed of the test laser

weapons
January 2.
France? Press.
United States proposition? We lived in Russia
to provide part of information? tion obtained in the
course of testing the laser? Foot space weapons,
reported the CE? Useful official from the White
House.
The proposal was retaliatory action? it to the
letter of Russian President Borisa Eltsina US
President Bill Clinton, which was expressed
concerned? Nost of American held October 17?
laser at a young lion military trials? earth
installation MIRACLE.
Russia is the only Stra? Noah, which the
United States made such a proposition? voltage.
Account was taken pain? Shai Russian space
program. However, Russia does not formally
otreagi? Rowan on the proposal. But prorea?
spond critics of the Pentagon's policy to? torye
stated that such actions could harm the country's
interests. Representat? Applicants have the White
House, in turn, Kate?
goricheski rejected possible before? chi information
that would threaten in? Teresa's national security.
Ros? And this will only be warned about the pla?
niruemyh who searches the space laser? niyah to
avoid guaranteed SLU? tea defeat a satellite or
other object in orbit. The question of granting of the
vulnerability of US satellites data does not.
The growth of military and commercial
dependence? dence of the country from satellites
has led to the definition of their extent is vulnerable?
steel bridge is now one of the central themes of the
research carried out by ministries? stvom US
Department of Defense. According to some US
officials, from 20 to 30 countries already have land
la? grain plant, capable of attacking space objects. At
the same time before? resentative Russian Foreign
Minister expressed his belief that such anti-satellite
weapons can significantly change the strategic si?
tuatsiyu.

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 43

 INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

New fuel tank ready shuttle

January 16 .
Specialists of the company Lockheed Martin
was made the new fuel tank. With the same
H and Vashin gtone will sign
NASA message. submit telyami 29 Jan. 16
dimensions as the old (length - 47 m, diameter - 8.2
countries between
Today in the assembly shop of the city Michud m), its weight is less than 3,400 kg. This has been
government agreements
(Michoud) near New Orleans held a ceremony on the achieved pull the one hand, through the use of a new
between the People's Space
occasion of the windows? Chania manufacturing the material - aluminum alloy with whether Thieme?. It is
Station. On the same day, will
first lightweight external tank of the shuttle, Predna? lighter and stronger than that of the metal from which
be signed Me Memorandum of
Values for the launch under the ISS program. the old tank was made. And on the other hand, by
Mutual Understanding
changing the design of the tank walls - they have
between the space agencies
Energy characteristics of the shuttle did not meet the purchased the wafer structure.
mi gosu darstva participants
requirements necessary for the launching into orbit of
about EKTA.
equipment braid? Nomic station. There were two ways of
solving the problem is either to reduce the weight of the A week later, a new fuel tank boo? Children sent
equipments Nia ISS, or to reduce the "Space Shuttle" mass by barge to the Kennedy Space Center. Shuttle
of the system?. The designers went on the WTO? Rum launch with the ba? Com is planned for May of this
way. year (pro? Gram of the STS? 91).

Space biology and medicine

Prevention of radiation astronauts

Jan. 7.
IRIS message.
Company International Remote Ima? Ging
Systems, Inc. (IRIS) today announced that its
division Perceptive Scientific Instruments (PSI)
has put in the Johnson Space Center newer? Shy
microscope with the computer provided? Niemi
Automated Rare Event Finder , koto? ing will be
used for circuit-whom measuring radiation having
an impact on the health of astronauts and braid?
monavtov during flight.
The microscope was developed in Correspondingly?
dance with the research program of the Johnson
Center, aimed at limiting the total residence time of
the astronauts in space missions from? the risk of
cancer.
The study of blood cells before? Meth chromosomal
damage is the most accurate method of determining the
degree of the WHO? The effect of radiation on health. The
action of radiation leads to the destruction of chromosomes,
which increases the risk of developing cancer slaughtering?
Levan.
Analysis of the chromium damage? Catfish is
chemical staining? DNA Research Institute in
fluorescent colors and the definition?
dividing the number of parts into which collapsed
chromosome using micro? ROSCOP. At low levels
of radiation? GOVERNMENTAL doses that are
astronauts, the destruction of chromosomes
happens rarely. It is therefore necessary to examine
hundreds of cells to determine - the beginning of the
process of destruction or not. Developed a new
microscope accelerates this process. He is able to
simultaneously study Trid? Tsat slides automatically
focuses? Vatsya on the chromosomes and bring
their day? Mapping to a computer which analyzes?
Ruet information and creates statistics of damaged
cells.

NEWS Astronomy

Overview of astronomical discoveries

Geminga, she was in 98.47563 long? You and + Muma in the radiation of the star. What is the reason?
January 15.
17.77025 latitude of the sky map. Error of Maybe this is due to the presence of a third object? As long
According to ESA reports, NASA, and Reuters.
0.00001. as it remains in question.
In the early days of the The name of the star was given in 1976, one of its On the other hand, it may soon allow other,
new year, some cosmic? discoverers Italian Giovanni Big? Us (Giovanni more important, a mystery. Astronomers were able to
Cal and information? Bignami). At Milan the heat? Rut word "Geminga ( detect infrared light, n? Nerirovanny in those days,
Tional agency opub? gheminga) meaning? Is "it's not there." Thus, there when galaxies were just beginning to emerge.
Jubilant reports of recent was a? Emphasize its invisibility at radio frequencies. Because of this finding, can be defined? Divide the
discoveries made with the total amount of energy emitted is the star during its
help of Meanwhile, one of the biggest stars in the development. This study should make a major
spacecraft in astro-? Milky Way This Kiel to action? Range may be a contribution to the creation of a model of nucleation
mii.Blagodarya satellite Hipparcos, while? double? to that? anyone conclusion the group of and Evo? Lucie stars and galaxies after the Big
proper ESA and is used to determine the exact astronomers after a recent study using RXTE Bang. This discovery was made after several years
American satellite. Star This Carinae is 7500 light of treatment and analysis of the infor? Mation
position of stars, as well as those using space?
years from Earth. According to estimates obtained from the American satellite? Ka COBE
telescopes Hubble up to 0.04 seconds was
specialist? Sheets, if the stars would be two, each (Cosmic Background Explorer), koto? Ing was
determined neutron position? Noah Geminga stars unit must be 70 times greater than the sun. launched in 1989
(Geminga).

This star is unique objects? That. It does not
emit radio signals, but at the same time is a source
of great them? Pulsed X-ray radiation and din?
Ma? Rays. This is the first time that such a high
degree of accuracy was defined place? Position so
indistinct object. Astronomers have announced that
on March 17, 1995, the time of receipt "Hubble"
star shot
The reasons that led to calculate that the star's
orbit drawn array? Naya "neighbor" was the
discovery not? Normal changes in the intensity of
the Wren? Tgenovskogo radiation from the surface
of the eye? Lozvezdnogo hot gas.
However, in this case, there is still a mystery.
Observations show that kazh? Dyje 85 days there
are unusual maxi?
A number of shots that made the telescope Hubble,
become arguments in favor of the theory? Ree, by which
it is possible the development of planets outside the
solar system. For example, convex? Smallness, located
in the dust cloud in? Circle of Stars Beta Painter, said 8
yang? Cooking scientists may be young pla? Neta
having the opportunities of potential? Ti for the
emergence of primitive life.

44 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998


35 years ago, back in 1963, for? administer
schematic design uni? Kalnoy missiles? ur
support? 500, this day being one of the most
reliable pa? kW Russia, which are related to the
great? hope for the coming decade. About how to
build the missile, and tells correspondent NK NGO
Engineering Igor Afanasyev.
Part I.
From "paper" to "iron"
Introduction
30 years not a single Soviet missile? the carrier
does not attract so intently? of interest and does not
deserve such a mind? are controversial estimates of
experts in the field of rocket? space technology
(including historians, economists and ecologists), as
the "Proton". As Korolyevskiy famous "Seven", the
missile has become the "cornerstone" in the
development of Soviet cosmonaut? ki, although for
a long time remained in the shadows. "Proton",
developed in the first half? barn 60? s, still remains
far odes? him of the most powerful, sophisticated
and above? ezhnyh carriers in the world. In all the
years eq? spluatatsii with it on vyve orbit? Deno
wide variety of devices, including space camp? tion
"Salute" series, "Diamond" and "The World", Tran?
Sportna supply ships and modules, as well as
running a lot of heavy satellites and stations in the
"Proton" at the start. interplanetary space. In addition, the "Proton" is still
Photo V.Antipova 1996. united?
35 years of "Proton"
I.Afanasev. NC. stvennoj missile in Russia, capable of you? to drive
satellites in geostationary op? bit.
However, apart from the positive qualities, the
opponents of this powerful medium fast? Janno
say that its engines are working with toxic
propellants and eksplua? ting it is associated with
environmental challenges. How, "Proton" can su?
schestvovat together such contradictory traits?
The first stage engine block Today we can talk about this "workhorse" of the
"Proton? K". Russian kosmonav? tics more.
Photo I.Marinina.
project Background
"Proton" was conceived as a powerful uni?
versal rocket? vehicle (LV) to vyve? Denia space
of various loads, OS? novnom, military (while all
Soviet rocket had, as a priori? tetnogo, military
applications).
Designing a rocket? Prototype "Pro? tone "began
in the era of" unprecedented rise to? -Soviet missile
technology. " In addition to the rocket? E of the middle
class, the military? the political leadership of the Soviet
Union in the early 1960? s expressed interest in heavy
pa? Kete capable display space large military loads
and carry a warhead with
NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
ANNIVERSARIES
TNT equivalent of several tens of megatons. The
"backlog" at that time was not? how many projects.
SP Korolev Design Bureau proposes to create
a huge "lunar" rocket H? 1. The "asset" of the team
were the first Soviet intercontinental? naya ballistic
missile (ICBM) P? 7, which is designed on the
basis of a whole family of space rocket, including
the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, the
first astronaut and the first camp? tions for flights to
the Moon and planets. I came from? rabotka ICBM
R? 9.
M.K.Yangelya Design Bureau proposes to
create two missiles - heavy ICBMs P 46 and P 56
heavy rocket;? their totality could provide the full
range of needs of military customers. Through the
efforts of this office have been created first ballistic
pa? chum (BR), which have become truly mass
"workers" weapons of the Soviet Strategic Missile
Forces appointed? Nia? P? 12 and P? 14 mean
radius of the action? Wii and IDB P? 16.
Experimental Design Bureau 52 (? 52 EDB)
under the leadership of Chelomei proposes to create
a whole family of rockets - middle class ICBMs
UR-200, UR ICBM heavy class 500 (which could be
used as a camping and heavy media space?) And
heavy-duty? RN UR? 700.
(? OKB 52 was formed in 1953 for the
development of cruise missiles and by the end of
the 1950s managed to create several self-guided
cruise missiles complexes for as an armed navy
-??? IA)
To work on new projects V.Chelomeyu needed
to expand its capacity. This can be done at the
expense of the former aviation companies, some of
which are supposed to (according to, in the first
place, the views Khrushchev) convert to the new
technology. So now was the bureau? 23, which was
incorporated into the bureau? 52 as a branch 1
according to the Decision of the Central Committee
of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers on
October 3, 1960
Prior to the merger with the Design Bureau
V.Chelomeya it is a powerful self? yours elf
aviation enterprise to? torym directed by famous
Soviet aircraft designer Vladimir Mihaylovich
Myasischev. Its structure consists of its own
bureau? 23, who had experience in creating thee?
heavy modern aircraft? Bombardier? rovschikov,
as well as machine-building plant Khrunichev,
mastered the production of heavy aircraft ma? ki.
And the factory, and design bureaus Otley? chalis
high pro culture? duction and extensive
experience. This was conditioned by the rapid and
"Quality? Noah 'development of missile technology
a new branch of the company V.Chelomeya.
Chelomei "was able to file a" kosmiches? Kie
project EDB and its "get good" for the development
of SD? 200 and SD? 500. Vigorously developing the
work on SD? 500, it is faster and better than all
coped with for? cottage: provide reliable tyazhe
USSR? lym space vehicle.
45
 ANNIVERSARIES
Ur circuit? 200 and
"bundles" of 4 UR? 200.
A.Yasinsky 1993.
Ur circuit? 500 "monoblock"
and "multiblock".
I.Afanasev, 1998.
46 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998
The choice of the prototype circuit
As the first new development in accordance with
the Resolutions of the CC CPSU and the USSR on
March 16, and August 1, 1961, EDO? 52 designed a
strategic ballistic missile UR? 200 (8K81). According
to the project the missile was to be the trans? vym in
the Soviet Union but the universal? CITEL a number
of interchangeable payloads (GHG) emissions and to
provide ballistic firing of? Karlovna parts at a
distance of over 12,000 km, and the withdrawal of
the satellites in orbit? uc? consumer of anti-space
defense of IP, a global maritime reconnaissance
satellites and launch FF warhead to attack enemy
targets from orbit. A special feature on? Latter
system is input into the atmosphere with little
aerodynamic efficiency, providing a maneuver in the
vertical and horizontal planes in zones mind?
vovozdushnoy and antispace Oboro? us the enemy,
making it virtually invulnerable warhead.
Draft missile project was released in July 1962
According to their tactical? Ur technical
characteristics? 200 respectively about? update
themselves of R? 9 S.Korolo design? va and P? 16
M.Yangelya design. Flight? Con? struktorskie tests
(LCI), during the koto? UR ryh nine missiles were
launched? 200 in the ballistic version, but were 4?
yabrya 1963 to October 20, 1964
Still in the process of preparation of conceptual
design of SD? 200, it was decided to create on its
basis a heavy universal RN UR? 500 to? Thoraya
about five times gruzopodem? Nost exceed the
original missile. In Ba? ve design requirements were
the UE? mammary glands of transporting missiles?
Noah road from the factory? manufacturer at the
start? vy complex, fast assembly in the installation?
but? a test case, a full check? ki all its systems on
technical position and run with automated (
"deserted? th") start.
Design UR missiles? 500 (index 8K82) has been
deployed in accordance with the Resolution of the CC
CPSU and the USSR from 24 up? relational in 1962,
but preliminary pro? rabotki media started much
earlier - in the second half of 1961 and ini? tsiative
V.Chelomeya.
First, the designers suggested "just" connected in
parallel 4 Two hundred? UR-stage rocket? 200, adding
received? ny "package" of the third stage (modifitsi?
rovannyya second stage of the rocket UR? 200). The
detailed evaluation of the system was carried out, and
even made it dynamic similitude? ny layout. Calculations
have shown that such a con? struction is not optimal from
the point of view of? in relative carrying capacity (weight
GHG) and is necessary to conduct an in-depth
breakthrough? Botko missile concept.
It was agreed that the rocket UR? 500 will be
built on a three-stage scheme for? Hence (tandem)
located? Niemi steps. To accelerate the
development of the project, as the upper stage, it
was decided to apply a deep modification of the
rocket UR? 200.
Decision "substitute" under the modified? en
existing missile new START? stage-hand seemed
logical: because
Americans do, offering to equip a two-stage rocket
"Titan? 2" either? -equilibrium solid boosters or
powerful liquid first stage. The first option has been
implemented in the project RN "Titan? 3" and the
second altered in RA? chum "Saturn? 1".
V.Chelomey in their quest went further: based on
the UR 500 about that? Kim the same way he had
expected in the future to create a heavy duty rocket
UR? 700.
Thus, the main objective of about? ektirovaniya
UR? 500 was the choice of constructions? tively? layout
scheme and design characteristics of the first stage. It
was the solution? but taken as the node element the
largest block size. This could be either the oxidizer tank
or fuel tank of the propulsion system. Around this blo?
ka actually lined up all the Conceptualism? tion
missiles. On the one hand, the maximum? hydrochloric
block length and diameter dictated Gaba? Rita railcars
and boards? forms, as well as the width of the path and
size of tran? Sportna tunnels, bridges and interchanges.
On the other hand, the dimensions of the block (and
respectively? Governmental, volume and weight of filled
com? Fuel Ponente) asked a launch weight of all the
characteristics of a future missile.
Two variants of the first stage: polyblock and
monoblock.
The first option (monoblock) podrazume? shaft
that stage will consist of two for? therefore
connected transport? Bel'nov blocks of the same
size: the upper (oxidizer tank) and lower (fuel tank
and propulsion system). In the assembly? Ispy?
tatelnom housing blocks are joined together; they
set the top stu? fines and payload. The
advantages of that? whom options were relatively
small "dry" stage of the mass, the simplicity of its
assembly and laying of fuel lines to move in!? tion
unit. Elaboration of the boil? anta led designers
branch 1 (chief designer V.N.Bugaysky) under
the supervision? tion leading designer
M.K.Mishetyana.
The second option (multiblock) podrazume?
shaft that stage will consist of a control panel?
Foot block? oxidizer tank of large dia? meters and
a few external units? tanks of fuel of small
diameter. In the assembly? testing facility using
spe? cial pile side blocks hanging? are the central;
made sty? Forging fuel lines, installation of
motion? tor and installation of upper stages and
payload. The advantages of options: a small length
of the stage assembled with? standing and use as
a bear? conducting element only the central unit.
Elaborate options were designers fi? liala 1
under the guidance of master con? struktora
E.T.Radchenko.
In January 1962 constructions was selected?
tively? layout scheme of the first mortar? no. From the
combination of factors, including the koto? ryh (besides
those already set out) were the restriction? cheniya for
wind loads and bending moments, won polyblock
component? Novki the original location ba? Cove?
blocks, on which the main Developer of? ki - Chelomei,
V.N.Bugaysky, V.A.Vyro? poisons G.D.Dermichev,
N.I.Egorov, V.K.Karrask, Yu.P.Kolesnikov,
Ya.B.Nodelman, E.T.Rad?
 ANNIVERSARIES

Marchenko - received a copyright certificate 36616 on July part of a transportable unit oxidizer tank, oscillating We assumed that their offspring will have plenty? vym
26, 1966 In May 1962 was released preliminary design of UR - hinged blo? Cove? tanks of fuel. space vehicle. On the basis of this? th (caring about the
500?. pace of creation, on the? Product reliability and
The second stage of SD? 500 represented with? dependability), the gap? handler attached great
The choice of engines bout a modified version of the first stage of the rocket importance to con? constructively perfection missiles.
Second pillar of the decision was the choice of UR 200: her as a pro? prototypes, decided to install
the propulsion system of the first stage. In an effort four MOTOR? To S.Kosberga, increasing the degree Therefore Chelomey addressed VPGlushko
to unify the ground equipment to prepare the of extension? Nia nozzles. missile flight control on the requesting change of engine design, it rearranged and
rocket for launch, developers assumed Execu? call site of the second stage was performed ka? chaniem setting the suspension assembly for controlling thrust
of all stages of the UR? 500 one are you? engines with four ru? Left machines. vectoring. Glushko complied with the request, after
sokokipyaschee dolgohranimoe fuel koto? POE spending a couple? allel a number of activities aimed at
provides operation over a wide ambient simplification? of LRE and increasing its reliability. From
temperature range, allowing to increase the Propulsion third stage SD? 500 as well as the 1961 to 1963 he conducted test department?
residence time in the filled state without the use of second-stage SD? 200, was designed and GOVERNMENTAL units and units and selects the
temperature control, it is necessary, for example? consisted of S.Kosbergom fixedly installed main nominal motor circuit. From June 1963 to January 1965
measures for certain products in the cryogenic fuel. engine (altitude modification MOTOR? SD A first was conducted testing of the launch rocket engine in
stage of the rocket? 200) and steer? open circuit of the conditions close to the flight, and modes, more
the engine with a four-ka? aspirants cameras. Of? intense compared to presented in the technical? esk
Of the requirements to provide the same diameter job.
Hypergolic propellants (nitrogen tetraksid and the second
oxidant, burn Others -? Unsymmetrical
dimethylhydrazine) used on the original rocket and
UR-200, respectively, will be at the upper stages? Features SD steps # 500 for preliminary design
conductive UR? 500 to simplify the engine?
hydrochloric setup and to increase its reliability. Parameter First stage ? option Second stage Third stage
"Monoblock" "multiblock"
It should be noted that in the crucified in this time?
The transverse dimension, m 6,200 7,400 4,100 4,100
Costumed designers from the bureau? 52 were
roofing? to 50 ton thrust engines for missiles UR? 200, step length, m 30,00 21.180 10.882 3,700
which were created in the design of chemical Fuel weight, t 341.8 352,00 121.70 21.76
automation Office (KBKhA) under the leadership of stage weight, t 25.56 26.90 16,00 2.18
S.A.Kosberga. By the beginning of work on SD? 500
The type and number of engines 4h8D43 + 4h11D43 4 x 8D48 1 x 8D49 *)
was carried out more than 700 ispy? tany these
Thrust, kN **) 7926.5 / 8989.8 3183.3 613.1
engines, including the 225 EC? tests carried on the
resource. Engines have feathers? ising a closed circuit Specific Impulse m / s 2742/3041 3139 3139

with a high-pressure chambers, units gimbal to control Operating time with 115.2 118.6 118.8 110.3
the missile and the difference? were high efficiency and
reliability? Nost. ? However, their dimension for SD 500 * ) The propulsion system consists of a twin-engine 8D48 closed circuit and the couple? rehkamernogo
was insufficient: to enter the demanding? directly pull steering motor 8D611 open circuit.
the first stage would be necessary? lo install a bunch of * * ) In the numerator? on the ground, in the denominator? in vacuo.
15? 16 engines that, from the point of view of
Chelomei, was too much.
Design Characteristics of heavy scientific "Proton" stations
INDEX STATION N? 4 N? 6

In November 1961, a group of EDO staff? 52 appointment The study of the nature of cosmic rays with energy
visited OKB? 456, where under the leadership? stvom 1013 eV 1015 eV
Glushko were design breakthrough? Botko powertrain rocket type? Media UR? 500 (2 steps) UR? 500K (3 stops)
150 are for N? 1. SPKorolyov, chief designer of H? 1 is Weight in orbit, kg 8300 16000
not received from the engine?, Because the latter had
The mass of scientific equipment, kg 3500 12500
worked with toxic components, and did not provide the
Working hours in orbit, the day 45 100
conditions for a given project specific impulse. Korolev
Orbital parameters:
insisted on reworking the engine under fuel "sour?
Perigee altitude, km 190 250
Genus of kerosene "; Glushko, considering the
difficulties in the way of such adaptations, categorically apogee, km 600 500
otka? out to be doing it. As a result, leading to? inclination angle, deg. 63.5 65.0
designers-Soviet? rocket men had a falling out? I was
forever bated each other objectionable? yazn. Korolev the third stage appeared necessary to design with
had to ask for the engine to N? 1 in aviadvigatelestroi? the latest Tore ba? kami. Preliminary design

tion OKB ND Kuznetsov. A Chelomei up? Speaking
with Glushko that after nekoto? Roy rework the engine
will go to the first stage of the rocket UR? 500.
Since the new engine had gimbal, it was
decided to construct? it propulsion first stage of
SD? 500, combining its four not? mobile LRE
V.Glushko (center) and the couple? PEX swinging
LRE S.Kosberga, which were to provide cancer
control? that. The central engine is a
As you can see, on a circuit solution? NIJ and
the design of the propulsion system first stage
rockets UR? 500 and "Saturn? 1" were close.
However, the US wear? Tel was created by
combining a bunch of blocks in existing missiles
(from the tank? sekov "Redstone" and "Jupiter" in
combinations? tion with the modified last LRE
rocket) and was intended primarily for the
development of new elements missiles? wear?
motors or spacecraft, including the upper-stage
cryogenic fuel "oxygen? hydrogen." UR rocket?
500 pre? tendovala something more: its creators
After the modification of the engine had to
rearrange the first stage. Conceptualism? tion has
become more logical and coherent: those? per
symmetrically on stage by setting? six were swinging
LRE development V.Glushko; decreased the number
of engines and traction propulsion system increased by
12.5%. transportable structure and the number of
blocks have been changed: first elements? Nye's
concept implies Utilized? of one block? oxidizer
tank with a price? sweeping engines and four
blocks of eight fuel tanks with peripheral motor?;
Now there was one central? ny and six hinged
blocks. each of

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 47

 ANNIVERSARIES

The latter consisted of a tank of fuel and DWI? tor.
The central block was "clean" and represents only
oxidizer tank, whose length and capacity (for a
given di? Ametre) increased. Accordingly, the
increased mass fueled fuel components and steps
starting weight. Power circuit stage and pipe laying
scheme greatly simplified.
At the beginning of 1962 a proposal V.N.Chelo?
Mey to create ur missiles? 500 was the races? Look
at the government level, and then April 29, 1962
came acting? of the USSR to develop a new product.
Before designers and constructors for? presents a
challenge: for three years they had to create a
powerful, but at the same time simple and reliable
vehicle with you? sokoy degree of workability of
assembly at the factory? manufacturing and prepare
it for pus? ku on the launch pad.
UR Development? 500 started under the leadership?
duction of the main leading designer P.A.Ivensena
threads. In 1962, this expected? Nost appointed
Yu.N.Trufanova. The project? Mr stage directly involved
in the definition? division of the technical parameters of
the missile took D.A.Poluhin (later - the principal term
leading theme?), V.K.Karrask, G.D.Dermi? Chev,
V.A.Vyrodov, E.T.Radchenko, E.S.Kulaga, N.N.Mirkin,
Yu.P.Kolosnov, V.F.Gusev and A.T.Tarasov.
He estimated the missile, surprised its size and
capabilities. He remained in general-Euclidean? flax,
not failing to notice critical about the military option,
"So that we boo? dem build - communism or mine for
SD? 500? ". It was clear that the military option Hru?
scheva not very inspired.
It seemed to the UR? 500, everything went perfectly.
However, by the end of ok? tember 1964, after the
resignation of Khrushchev, the attitude of the country's
leadership to the firm Chelomei changed dramatically. "A P of the Chairperson and IP?
new broom sweeps clean on the new"? all that was svya? additionally Derek? Company
associated with a Sun Khrushchev and his work? taken torus Loral Space & Com?
new General secret? rem the CPSU Central Committee munications Bernard Shvartts
Leonid Brezhnev and his entourage with suspicion. announced 8 yang? cooking
that as president and chief
executive computer? SRI 53?
The bureau? 52 was sent to the commission, year-old Michael Targoffa
chaired by Keldysh, koto? Paradise was to examine replaces the 54? year-old d? p
the relevance of the enterprise. She decided to stop Gregory Clark. D? P Clark in
work on a strategic UR? 200 "it does not compete 1994 was the Presidio? that
with products M.L.Yangelya". IDB P? 16, had News Technology Group,
already been put into service, and developed a subdivision
versatile missile R? 36 was superior to SD? 200
throws? my weight. UR? 500 managed to defend,
but, in general, not as heavy duty ICBMs, and as a
carrier of artificial satellites and the braid? nomic
machines.

Work on the rocket? Temati space? ke in the

As the payloads for SD? 500 V.Chelomey
considered a wide range of spacecraft designed
for defensive, scientific? Explore? vatelskih and
People? business for? dachas. The main direction
of development of General Designer believed so
called? Vai rocket planes - manned braid? nomic
units designed to address targets in space.
bureau? 52 was allowed to continue. Theme
"rocket plane" it was decided to stop, and to work
is a priority across the country? program pilot? Rui
flying by the moon? allocate additional? tion
Launch Complex rocket
resources ( To be continued). "Proton? K". Photo
O.Shinkovicha.

For example, the orbital rocket planes to be

used for reconnaissance, satellite inspection and
even destroy them? Niya, if necessary. To this
end, Dr.? ketoplany equipped motor mouth? Novki
orbital maneuvering and rendezvous guidance
systems, as well as a class "space? Space" shells.

Distant rocket planes were used? vatsya for

scientific purposes, including flying by the moon to
return to Earth and on? Putnam study of
near-Earth kosmiches? one space.

With its aerodynamic efficiency, after the

rocket planes task could? Do make a guided
descent to Atmos? Feret and landing in a
predetermined area sovets? Coy area.

Draft project UR? 500 was completed in 1963.

The basic design? Technological? Kie task of
creating the new missiles were re? sheny by the
end of 1964. In early autumn of the same year,
during a visit to the Baikonur Bajko? nur political
leadership, not without pride Chelomei the
evidence for? Stegeman NS Khrushchev full-size
mock-up of SD? 500 installed on the launch pad of
the newly created start-com? Plex. There were
also presented soil? Vai transport trolleys and ... a
large-scale layout silo? launcher combat version of
SD? 500. Prime positively

48 NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998

 ROCKET? RAM

TO ompaniya Northrop Grum?

The rocket carrier # Athena 2" man Corporation announced on
January 5 on receipt of a contract
worth 145 million. $ from Kistler
Aero? space Corporation on
Jan. 7.
about? report has to konstruirova?
I.Lisov. Niya, development and
by NASA reports, Lockheed Martin, the US Air MANUFACTURING? Lenia
Force. To run AWS Lunar Prospector January 7 designs on pro? gram multiple
was first used by Dr.? chum? media "the Athena 2" ( braids? nomic vehicle TO? 1.
"Athena? 2"), developed by the company Lockheed Northrop Grumman currently
Mar? tin Astronautics (Denver, Colorado) and already working on designs for the
elements of a launch platform and
formerly known under the designation LLV? 2 and
the orbiter to the? 1, a contract for
LMLV? 2.
a break? Botko which was the
floor? chen in January 1997, Two?
To speed RN? 1 Scone?
Athena 2" is considered trehstupencha? fifth
struirovana company Kistler and
carrier. Its total length is 23 m and di? ametr -.? 2.34
is designed to output satellites into
m at 1 st and 2 nd stage of IP? used solid engines
low-Earth orbit? followed by the
Castor 120" of the company Thiokol. These stu?
RETURN? scheniem to Earth for
penalties are analogous to 1? th-stage ICBM MX (
under? cooking to a new start. It is
Peacemaker). 3? Th stage should Tver?
expected that the media will be
dotoplivny engine Orbus 21D com? panii Pratt &
able to carry up to one hundred
Whitney with thrust vector control.
restarts. In addition, the cost of
starting services when one uses?
mations K? 1 will be less than
Lapping (actually - the fourth) level OAM (
when using disposable rockets.
Primex Aerospace) Predna? So to compensate
for the dispersion of a couple? m the end of the
active site and dovyve? Denia into low Earth orbit. It
is composed of the instrument compartment media
management and system orientation? tion and
maneuvering, including six tanks with 580 kg of
hydrazine and about engines? spatial translation
and rotation in three axes. Diameter stage OAM
2.34 m, a length of about 1 m.

Athena 2 (LMLV? 2) different from the

Athena 1 (LMLV? 1) the presence of additional?
tion of the second stage, that is the same than
different Russian "Start" and "Start? 1".

cost carrier, used to launch the AMC Lunar

Prospector - $ 26 million.. The first launch of a
new vehicle was flawless. P odrazdelenie Software
Technology, Inc. (STI) Company
Exigent Inter? national, Inc.
announced on January 7, on
receipt of the contract value

4.2 mln. $ Of the company

Motorola Satellite Communi?
cations for the supply of
Start PH Athena 2" to station Lunar
software for satellite control
photo: Reuters Prospector
system comprising the
constellation Iridium . Of the 72
satellites Iridium in orbit to
behold? Useful are 46. ency-?
Schedule regular launches of Ariane as of January 5, 1998 meline system allows you to
as follows: control all of the satellites at
once.
DATE NUMBER type RN Payload

January 27 V105 Ariane 4 Brasilsat B3, Inmarsat 3 F5

end of February V106 Ariane 4 Hot Bird 4

2? I have the floor. Martha V107 Ariane 4 SPOT 4

2? I have the floor. April V108 Ariane 4 Insat 2E, Nilesat 1

the end of May A503 Ariane 5 ARD and commercial unit

August V112 Ariane 4 skynet 4E

NEWS COSMONAUTICS * 1 / 2 (168/169) * 1998 49