GIG 1004 COURSE INFORMATION LITERACY

SEMESTER 1 2016/2017

EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON WOMEN

NAME: SATTHYA A/L PETER

MATRICS NUMBER: CIA 160152

GROUP NUMBER: GROUP 11

FACILITATORS NAME: PN. NOORSUZILA BT MOHAMAD

1

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 16 DECEMBER 2016

MANY WOMEN ARE SMOKING NOWADAYS. DISCUSS
THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THEM.

INTRODUCTION

Smoking can be defined as an activity where inhalation of smoke of burning

tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes and cigars. People usually smoke in a social
situation to relieve their stress. Smoking considered as a physical addiction to tobacco
products. Smoking is bad for our health and everyone know about it. Each and every
organ in our body is harmed by the smoke.

Scientists say there are over 4,000 compounds in cigarette smoke and some of
them are carcinogenic which can cause cancer. The first compound is nicotine which
is not carcinogenic but it is highly addictive nicotine is extremely fast-acting drug
which can reach our brain within 15 seconds. Nicotine is used widely as a highly
controlled insecticide. Exposure to sufficient amount will cause vomiting, seizures,
depressions and growth retardation. The second composite is carbon monoxide which
known as a poisonous gas. This gas is odourless so our body face difficulties in
differentiating carbon monoxide and oxygen so it just absorbs into the bloodstream. In
addition, tar content in cigars also causes cancer. When a smoker inhales cigarette
smoke, 70% of the tar remains in the lung of the smoker.

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, cigarette

smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and produces
substantial health-related economic costs to society. During the time between 1995
and 1999, smoking resulted in approximately 440,000 premature deaths per year and
about $157 billion in health-related
2
economic losses. Smoking has been known to
increase to the risks of, and has been linked to, a plethora of adverse health effects.
For instance, cigarette smoking accounts for about one-third of all cancers, including
90 percent of lung cancer cases. Smoking also causes lung diseases such as chronic
bronchitis and emphysema, increases the risk of heart disease, including stroke, heart
attack, vascular disease, and aneurysm. According to the Surgeon Generals Report of
2004, titled The Health Consequences of Smoking, other consequences of smoking
include increased risk of cataracts, lowered levels of antioxidants, especially vitamin
C, heightened inflammation, and periodontitis.

Today, women who smoke are even more likely than men who smoke to die of
lung cancer. According to a second study in the same journal, women smokers face a
17.8 times greater risk of dying of lung cancer, than women who do not smoke; men
who smoke are at 14.6 times greater risk to die of lung cancer than men who dont.
Women who smoke now face a risk of death from lung cancer that is 50 percent
higher than the estimates reported in the 1980s, according to Dr. Prabhat Jha of the
Center for Global Health Research in Toronto and his colleagues.

Records show that almost 346,000 adult aged 35 and above died of these cancers
in 2011. Lung cancer has the largest portion of percentage of death attributable to
smoking with 80.2%, followed by larynx (voice box) cancer with 76.6% and
continued by 23.6% of liver cancer. According to a study conducted by JAMA
Internal Medicine, a women who smoke have a greater chance of certain pregnancy
problems or having a baby die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Most
people dont know the odds of getting sick as a result of smoking are really that bad
but when we do the numbers that is how they come out. For many people, truly
understanding the very real dangers associated with smoking becomes the motivating
factor that helps them to quit. Although it can be very difficult habit to break, smoking
is ultimately a choice; it is our responsibility to choose whether or not we will
continue to smoke.

3
 SEARCH STRATEGY

Smoking is a very dangerous and bad habit. The nicotine that contain in the
cigarettes causes so many diseases and it eventually damages our brain and lungs.
Through this assignment we learned different types of sources which can be used to
gather all the needed information regarding the topic chosen.

First of all, we recognized the two main concept in the topic which is
smoking and women. Then, we searched synonym words for both concepts by
using thesaurus and for the first concept smoking, we tried to come out with two
synonyms which are cigarette and vape. We also found alternative words for the
second concept women which are ladies and girls. Then we arranged the
alternative words with the concepts as a search statement which is (Smoking OR
Cigarette) AND (Women OR Ladies) and the second search statement is (Smoking
OR Vape ) AND ( Women OR Girls).

Then we carry on with the Section B with the guidance from search statements
from section A. We used Pendeta Discovery which can be accessed through
University of Malaya Library website to find three resources suitable with the topic
and search statements. We able to find three books that related with the topic. Two of
the books can be found in the TJ Danaraj library. One more book is currently not
avalaible in any of the libraries.

Moving on to Section C, we were required to search eight materials from

online databases which can be accessed by logging in into the official portal of
University of Malaya using students matrics number and we can choose which
database we want from the list of various databases given. We have successfully
found different types of materials
4 which includes journal articles and newspaper
articles. We tried to gather these materials from two online databases which are
ProQuest (ABI/INFORM Complete), EBSCOhost (Academic Search Complete),
Science Direct and Springer Link.
 After Section C, we were required to move on with Section D. We were asked
to find three journal articles by using search engine. We were taught on how to use
Google scholar to get suitable articles related to our search statement and concepts.
Finally, we were taught on how to do citation for each and every record starting from
Section A till Section D using EndNote software.

5
 OBJECTIVES

1. To recognize the disease that affect smokers especially women.

2. To discover the effect of tobacco use on the various organs in the human body.
3. To find the long term and short term health risk from the consequences of smoking
women.

6
 LITERATURE REVIEW

According to Mohsin, Mohammed and Bauman, Adrian E, most of the

women (84%) reported smoking to have a bad effect on womens health.
When asked about the specific adverse health effects, only one third of them
knew it can cause some kind of respiratory problem, 14% of them reported
that it can cause some kind of cancer and a very small percentage (7%)
responded that it may lead to some heart problem. None of the women knew
that it can lead to infertility or osteoporosis. Almost half of them did not think
or were not sure if smoking occasionally has any effects. When effects of
smoking on fetus was inquired, out of the total 77% of women knew it could
have a bad effect on the fetus, while 18% were not sure if smoking has any
effect on the fetus and 5% reported that it does not affect the fetus at all. When
asked more specifically about type of effects, the responses were small baby
(7%), abnormal baby (5%) and respiratory problems (14%). A very small
percentage knew it could lead to pregnancy loss (0.4%), still birth (0.4%) or
preterm delivery (0.4%). When asked about knowledge of effects of passive
smoking on children, a large proportion (88%) responded that it affects
childrens health negatively. On inquiry about specific diseases, about one
fifth of them knew that it affects lungs in the form of asthma, persistent cough
or breathing problems and similar proportion (19%) had concerns that it can
have a bad influence on children. (Mohsin & Bauman, 2005)

In 2016, Christopoulou, Rebekka and Lillard, Dean R., smoking

prevalence fell among subsequent cohorts, though in the youngest cohort of
women, smoking rates still exceed those of the oldest cohort. An advantage of
the cohort-specific smoking trajectories is that they convey information about
the duration of the average persons smoking habit. In cohorts whose
trajectory has higher kurtosis, people smoked fewer years. Clearly, the average
smoker in the older cohorts smoked more years than the average smoker in
younger cohorts. This intergenerational differential in smoking persistence
creates reasonable expectations of a corresponding differential in smoking-
attributable mortality, which one misses when one pools all cohorts together.
However, cohort-specific rates are not comparable across years and
generations because they do not reflect the changing quantity and quality of
cigarettes. To address this problem, we used data on the number of cigarettes
each person (retrospectively) reported having smoked each day and data on
the sales-weighted average tar yield of cigarettes sold in each year. With these
data, we redefined a smoker to be a person who smokes 20 cigarettes per day,
each of which contains 37 milligrams of tar, and we reconstructed cohort
smoking trajectories by using this standardized measure of smoking status.
(Christopoulou & Lillard, 2016)

Pregnancy offers a unique opportunity for smoking cessation. Between 20

and 45% of women who smoke spontaneously quit during pregnancy [1]. Our
previous work has shown that right after delivery most women intend to stay
abstinent from smoking, however they have doubts about their ability to do so
[2]. In fact, two out of three women return to smoking within 6 months after
delivery and nearly 80% relapse by 1 year [3]. Preventing relapse is critical
not only for the health of the former smoker, but because of the impact that a
parents smoking has on children. An estimated 40 million children in the
United States are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) [4]. ETS
exposure is associated with an increased incidence of asthma, otitis media,
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, and hospitalizations, among other health
issues. (Nguyen, Von Kohorn, Schulman-Green, & Colson, 2012)
Christopoulou, R., & Lillard, D. R. (2016). A Novel Indicator of Life-Course
Smoking Prevalence in the United States Combining Popularity, Duration,
Quantity, and Quality of Smoking. American Journal of Public Health, 106(7),
1329-1335. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303130
Mohsin, M., & Bauman, A. E. (2005). Socio-demographic factors associated with
smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New
South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 5(1), 1.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-5-138
doi:DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-138

Nguyen, S. N., Von Kohorn, I., Schulman-Green, D., & Colson, E. R. (2012). The
Importance of Social Networks on Smoking: Perspectives of Women Who
Quit Smoking During Pregnancy. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(6),
1312-1318. doi: 10.1007/s10995-011-0896-4
EFFECTS OF SMOKING TO WOMEN

Section A

Effects of smoking to women

CONCEPT A CONCEPT B

Smoking Women

Alternative keyword 1 Alternative keyword 1

Cigarette Ladies

OR OR

Alternative keyword 2 Alternative keyword 2

 Vape Girls

Search Statement

1. Smoking AND Women

2. (Cigarette or Vape) AND (Ladies or Girls)
Section B
RECORD 1

ARTIKEL JURNAL

Pengarang artikel Rosliza A. Manaf, Khadijah Shamsuddin

Tahun artikel 2008

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal
Judul artikel Smoking among young urban Malaysian women and its risk
factors
Judul jurnal Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health

Mukasurat 204-213

Jilid 20

Bilangan 3
RECORD 2

BUKU

Pengarang buku United States, Surgeon Generals Advisory Committee

Tahun buku 1980

diterbitkan

Judul buku The health consequences of smoking for women

Tempat diterbitkan United States

Penerbit U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Service. Office of Surgeon

General
RECORD 3

TESIS

Pengarang tesis Seow, Adeline

Tahun tesis 1999

diserahkan

Judul tesis Domestic exposure to cooking fumes and risk of lung cancer
among Chinese women in Singapore

Jenis bahan(samada Tesis kedoktoran

latihan ilmiah, tesis
sarjana atau tesis
kedoktoran)

Nama universiti di National University of Singapore

mana bahan
diserahkan

Tempat universiti Singapore

14
Section C
RECORD 1

Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Detjen, M. Gabrielle M.S.

Nieto, F. Javier M.D. PhD.
Trentham -Dietz, Amy PhD
Fleming, Michael M.D.
Chasan-Taber, Lisa ScD

Tahun artikel 2007

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal

Judul artikel Acculturation and Cigarette Smoking Among Pregnant Hispanic

Women Residing in United States
Judul jurnal American Journal of Public Health

Jilid 97
Bilangan 11
Muka surat 2040-7
Alamat URL/DOI http://ezproxy.um.edu.my:2048/login?
url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/215092905?accountid=28930

15
RECORD 2

Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Kim, Shin Y. M. P. H.

England, Lucinda J. M. D. Msph
Kendrick, Juliette S. M. D.
Dietz, Patricia M. DrPH
Callaghan, William M. M. D. M. P. H.

Tahun artikel 2009

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal

Judul artikel The Contribution of Clinic-Based Interventions to Reduce Prenatal Smoking

Prevalence Among US Women

Judul jurnal American Journal of Public Health

Jilid 99
Bilangan 5
Muka surat 893-8
Alamat URL/DOI http://ezproxy.um.edu.my:2048/login?
url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/215086556?accountid=28930
RECORD 3

Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Chivers, Laura L.

Hand, Dennis J.
Priest, Jeff S.
Higgins, Stephen T.

Tahun artikel 2016

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal

Judul artikel E-cigarette Use among Women of Reproductive Age: Impulsivity, Cigarette
Smoking Status, and Other Risk Factors
Judul jurnal Preventive Medicine

Jilid 92
Bilangan
Muka surat 126-134
Alamat URL/DOI http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743516302067
RECORD 4

Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Wrzeniak, Marta

Kepinska, Marta
Krlik, Magorzata
Milnerowicz, Halina
Tahun artikel 2016
diterbitkan dalam
jurnal

Judul artikel Influence of tobacco smoking on transferrin sialylation during pregnancy in

smoking and non-smoking women with iron deficiency
Judul jurnal Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology

Jilid 46
Bilangan
Muka surat 95-102
Alamat URL/DOI http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1382668916301697
RECORD 5

Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Brook, Judith S.

Balka, Elinor B.
Chenshu, Zhang

Tahun artikel 2012

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal

Judul artikel The Smoking Patterns of Women in their Forties: Their Relationship to Later
Osteoporosis

Judul jurnal Psychological Reports

Jilid 110
Bilangan 2
Muka surat 351-362
Alamat URL/DOI http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bth&AN=83480931&site=ehost-live

RECORD 6

Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Christopoulou, Rebekka

19
Lillard, Dean R.

Tahun artikel 2016

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal
Judul artikel A Novel Indicator of Life-Course Smoking Prevalence in the United States
Combining Popularity, Duration, Quantity, and Quality of Smoking

Judul jurnal American Journal of Public Health

Jilid 106
Bilangan 7
Muka surat 1329-1335
Alamat URL/DOI http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=bth&AN=116097673&site=ehost-live

RECORD 7

20
Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Nguyen, Stephanie N.

Von Kohorn, Isabelle
Schulman-Green, Dena
Colson, Eve R.

Tahun artikel 2012

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal

Judul artikel The Importance of Social Networks on Smoking: Perspectives of Women

Who Quit Smoking During Pregnancy

Judul jurnal Maternal and Child Health Journal

Jilid 16
Bilangan 6
Muka surat 1312-1318
Alamat URL/DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0896-4

RECORD 8

Jenis bahan Artikel Jurnal dari Pangkalan Data Dalam Talian

Pengarang artikel Usmani, Zara C.

Craig, Pauline
Shipton, Deborah
Tappin, David

Tahun artikel 2008

diterbitkan dalam
jurnal

Judul artikel Comparison of CO breath testing and women's self-reporting of smoking

behaviour for identifying smoking during pregnancy

Judul jurnal Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

Jilid 3
Bilangan 1
Muka surat 4
Alamat URL/DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-3-4

21
22
Section D
RECORD 1

Jenis Bahan Artikel jurnal dari Sumber Web

Bhanji, Seema
23 Andrades, Marie
Pengarang artikel
Taj, Fawad
Khuwaja, Ali K
 Tahun artikel diterbitkan
2011
dalam jurnal
Factors related to knowledge and perception of women
about smoking: a cross sectional study from a developing
Judul artikel country

Judul jurnal BMC women's health

Jilid 11
Bilangan 1
Mukasurat 1

URL laman web artikel https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.

tersebut 1186/1472-6874-11-16

Tarikh mendapat bahan 30 November 2016

GAYA APA: Bhanji, S., Andrades, M., Taj, F., & Khuwaja, A. K. (2011). Factors
related to knowledge and perception of women about smoking: a cross sectional study
from a developing country. BMC women's health, 11(1), 1.
doi: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-16

24
RECORD 2

Jenis Bahan Artikel jurnal dari Sumber Web

Mohsin, Mohammed
Pengarang artikel
Bauman, Adrian E
Tahun artikel diterbitkan
2005
dalam jurnal

Socio-demographic factors associated with smoking and

Judul artikel smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in
New South Wales, Australia

Judul jurnal BMC Public Health

Jilid 5
Bilangan 1
Mukasurat 1
 https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11
86/1471-2458-5-138
URL laman web artikel
tersebut

Tarikh mendapat bahan 30 November 2016

Gaya APA: Mohsin, M., & Bauman, A. E. (2005). Socio-demographic factors

associated with smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in
New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 5(1), 1.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-5-138
doi:DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-138

RECORD 3
 Jenis Bahan Artikel jurnal dari Sumber Web
Ward, Corinne
Lewis, Sarah
Pengarang artikel
Coleman, Tim

Tahun artikel diterbitkan

2007
dalam jurnal
Prevalence of maternal smoking and environmental
tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on
birth weight: retrospective study using Millennium
Judul artikel
Cohort

Judul jurnal BMC public health

Jilid 7
Bilangan 1
Mukasurat 1
URL laman web artikel http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.11
tersebut 86/1471-2458-7-81

Tarikh mendapat bahan 30 November 2016

Gaya APA: Ward, C., Lewis, S., & Coleman, T. (2007). Prevalence of maternal
smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on
birth weight: retrospective study using Millennium Cohort. BMC Public Health, 7(1),
1. http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-7-81
doi:DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-81
Section E

Bhanji, S., Andrades, M., Taj, F., & Khuwaja, A. K. (2011). Factors related to
knowledge and perception of women about smoking: a cross sectional study
from a developing country. BMC women's health, 11(1), 1.
https://bmcwomenshealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6874-11-
16 doi:10.1186/1472-6874-11-16
Brook, J. S., Balka, E. B., & Chenshu, Z. (2012). The Smoking Patterns Of Women In
Their Forties: Their Relationship To Later Osteoporosis. Psychological
Reports, 110(2), 351-362. doi: 10.2466/13.18.PR0.110.2.351-362
Chivers, L. L., Hand, D. J., Priest, J. S., & Higgins, S. T. (2016). E-cigarette use
among women of reproductive age: Impulsivity, cigarette smoking status, and
other risk factors. Preventive Medicine, 92, 126-134. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.07.029
Christopoulou, R., & Lillard, D. R. (2016). A Novel Indicator of Life-Course
Smoking Prevalence in the United States Combining Popularity, Duration,
Quantity, and Quality of Smoking. American Journal of Public Health, 106(7),
1329-1335. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303130
Detjen, M. G. M. S., Nieto, F. J. M. D. P., Trentham-Dietz, A. P., Fleming, M. M. D.,
& Chasan-Taber, L. S. (2007). Acculturation and Cigarette Smoking Among
Pregnant Hispanic Women Residing in the United States. American Journal of
Public Health, 97(11), 2040-2047.
Kim, S. Y. M. P. H., England, L. J. M. D. M., Kendrick, J. S. M. D., Dietz, P. M. D., &
Callaghan, W. M. M. D. M. P. H. (2009). The Contribution of Clinic-Based
Interventions to Reduce Prenatal Smoking Prevalence Among US Women.
American Journal of Public Health, 99(5), 893-898.
Mohsin, M., & Bauman, A. E. (2005). Socio-demographic factors associated with
smoking and smoking cessation among 426,344 pregnant women in New
South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health, 5(1), 1.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-5-138
doi:DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-138
Nguyen, S. N., Von Kohorn, I., Schulman-Green, D., & Colson, E. R. (2012). The
Importance of Social Networks on Smoking: Perspectives of Women Who
Quit Smoking During Pregnancy. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(6),
1312-1318. doi: 10.1007/s10995-011-0896-4
Rosliza A. Manaf, K. S. (2008). Smoking among young urban Malaysian women and
its risk factors. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 20(3), 204-213.
Seow, A. (1999). Domestic exposure to cooking fumes and risk of lung cancer among
Chinese women in Singapore National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Retrieved from
http://pendeta.um.edu.my/client/en_AU/default/search/detailnonmodal/ent:
$002f$002fSD_ILS$002f0$002fSD_ILS:689375/ada?
qu=smoking+and+women&qf=ITYPE%09Material+Type%091%3ATESIS
%09Thesis+and+Dissertation
United States, S. G. s. A. C. (1980). The health consequences of smoking for women.
United States: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Service. Office of Surgeon
General.
Usmani, Z. C., Craig, P., Shipton, D., & Tappin, D. (2008). Comparison of CO breath
testing and women's self-reporting of smoking behaviour for identifying
smoking during pregnancy. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and
Policy, 3(1), 4. doi: 10.1186/1747-597x-3-4
Ward, C., Lewis, S., & Coleman, T. (2007). Prevalence of maternal smoking and
environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on birth
weight: retrospective study using Millennium Cohort. BMC Public Health,
7(1), 1. http://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-
2458-7-81 doi:DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-81
Wrzeniak, M., Kepinska, M., Krlik, M., & Milnerowicz, H. (2016). Influence of
tobacco smoking on transferrin sialylation during pregnancy in smoking and
non-smoking women with iron deficiency. Environmental Toxicology and
Pharmacology, 46, 95-102. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.07.001
 CONCLUSION

Smoking is a habit, usually easy to pick up but extremely difficult to let go.
Several youths in their prime find smoking a cool indulgence and in most cases do
not draw any direct pleasure from it. With time though, they become addicted to the
nicotine and in the process grow as older smoking. With it come the health risks such
as cancer, lung disease, stroke, heart attack, gum disease among others. Other
undesirable outcomes have long been associated with smoking. In retrospect, it is of
vital importance that individuals should quit smoking. It begins by the individual
admitting that the practice is dangerous, health-wise and therefore must quit. The next
step is draw a plan on when and how to stop smoking. The individual should develop
activities that would replace time spent during smoking. Either, a change of character
will be paramount for the individual to do away with things that remind them of the
smoky past. Finally, quitters who need additional pharmaceutical therapy may seek
such therapy with the assistance of qualified physicians.