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Football
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword3
Introduction4
Chapter 4 Technique 44
NB: In this manual, any terms referring to persons are applicable to both genders.
2
Foreword 3
Welcome message
Football can be described as a school of
life through which valuable skills can be
taught, such as teamwork, dedication,
perseverance and healthy lifestyles. A
special focus on youth training is therefore
important to FIFA, in order to harness the
power of football to secure the future
strength and success of the game.
INTRODUCTION
Professional football
Amateur
football
The two pyramids are dependent on each It should also be mentioned that at the
other. On one side, we have elite youth youth level, the move from amateur status
football providing high-level training for to elite may happen at different ages
young professionals and international depending on the continent and country.
players of tomorrow, and the quality of this The primary focus of this manual targets
professional football is what attracts and elite youth training.
inspires young players. On the other side, Analyses of recent international
football as a leisure activity, which is usually competitions are used to discover the
run by volunteers, gives opportunities to current trends in the game. Chapter 1 will
people of all ages to play football. Clubs examine the various studies that have
and local communities create opportunities been carried out. The analyses of these
to play football whether organised or competitions represent the end result of
informal by providing the infrastructure training and allow us to shape the future.
such as pitches, equipment and changing The subsequent chapters, based on the
facilities for training sessions and matches. final result of the players development,
Introduction 7
form the core of this publication. then systematically evaluating his match
In chapter 2, we look at the football performance, the player and the coach can
players character, and how personal see the results and progress of the work
development fits into an overall training done in training. It is therefore essential
plan, in which different stages are for the development of young players who
identified based in particular on the aspire to the elite level to have access to
intrinsic qualities of the young player. The age-appropriate competitions and suitable
specific stages of development are basic management by the coach.
training (13-15 years old), intermediate The quality of youth training is getting
training (16-18 years old), and advanced better and better, often thanks to national
training, taking into account the character, or regional academies (chapter 12).
physical development and environment of Academies should perform an assisting
each player in order to plan his possible role for the other training structures that
future career. exist for the international players of the
There are numerous requirements to be future, and should meet certain quality
taken into account in the training of young criteria defined by the member association
players, which will be explored in chapter 3. in relation to the football needs of the
The instructor is both a trainer and a coach, particular country.
both a teacher and a trusted confidant for
young players. He understands modern
football and the current trends, and he
knows what to do to make his training
sessions effective. He is aware of how
important competition is for young
people and adapts his training exercises
accordingly. Lastly, he is a role model for
young players and also encourages their
psychological and social development.
The chapters on technical training
(chapter4), strategic approach (chapter5)
and physical preparation (chapter 6)
form the base, but always with an eye
towards the ultimate objective of the
training. Chapter 7 looks at psychological
preparation and discusses the pedagogical
aspects of training, while chapter 8 is
concerned with the importance of training
games.
Chapter 9 covers training for young
goalkeepers the roles and specifics for
training goalkeepers in modern football
has not yet been entirely understood and
should be promoted.
To achieve the set objectives, having
a training plan (chapter 10), whether
medium or long term, forms the
indispensable foundation for all technical
and pedagogical activities.
The closing chapters of the manual deal
with more practical planning matters. It is
not possible to train elite players without
giving them the opportunity to take part in
age-appropriate national and international
competitions (chapter 11). The young
player must regularly have the chance to
put into practice what he has learnt during
the weeks, months and years of training by
playing against other players of the same
level and comparing his performance. By
1 Current trends
in football
11 Different behaviour
15 Individual qualities
16 Game systems and tactical
flexibility
10 1 / Current trends in football
Zonal system
Defensive game
The majority of teams, with some The differences are seen in the zones
exceptions, move in zones with a four- where it is more likely that possession will
man defence, in order to cover as best be regained:
as possible the width of the pitch while
at the same time using the attacking Defensive third pressing
advantages offered by this system. The When playing against technically-skilled
goalkeeper plays an important role in all teams, the defensive block tends to move
teams, being positioned behind the line back a bit and is only able to exert pressure
of four defenders like a sweeper in order between the edge of the penalty area and
to anticipate the long balls behind his the centre of the pitch.
defence, and is responsible for launching Often positioned very deep, these
attacks when possession has been regained. extremely compact defences allow few
In front of the four-man defence is a spaces or opportunities for the opponent
central defensive midfielder (sometimes to play or penetrate.
two), supported by two players on the The whole team then regroups in its own
wings. If possession is lost, a compact half in order to close down space and force
defensive block of nine players is formed the opponent to make a mistake.
with the aim of preventing the opponent As soon as they have regained possession,
from building an attack. they move forward very quickly.
Some teams may organise themselves Often implemented with two defensive
around a three-man central defence, but midfielders, this formation has proved to
only for certain matches or in a particular be more effective if the block is solid, with
situation during a match, hence this system little space between the players, both in
is not often considered for a basic tactical the width and the depth.
formation.
Pressing in midfield
Teams that put pressure on the opponents
in midfield are able to close down space
around the halfway line and put pressure
on the opponent when the ball enters that
area of the field.
The aim is to immediately press the
opponent as soon as possession is lost and
at the same time maintain a high defensive
12 1 / Current trends in football
line. Maintaining this intense pressure The following trends have been observed
on the opponent requires excellent in general for all teams:
fitness, controlled aggression and great When a team plays with only one striker,
determination. In all cases, the player he is supported by a central playmaker
in possession is subjected to active and positioned behind him
aggressive pressing. The wings are always occupied by two
players in the channels, with the full-
Variation in the midfield game backs regularly supporting attacks
The majority of teams play with five When a team plays with two strikers,
midfielders. They have two defensive these two players generally have
central midfielders and three attacking complementary characteristics (tall and
midfielders behind a single striker in a 4-2- athletic v. small, lively and quick)
3-1 formation.
This very flexible formation can be High pressure in attaking third
transformed as the game situation requires The team presses very high up the pitch to
into 4-1-4-1 or 4-1-2-3, or even 4-2-4. systematically try to regain possession in
Other teams deploy four midfielders in the opponents half.
a flat or diamond formation behind two Even after losing possession, the team
attackers in the more traditional 4-4-2, does not allow the opponent to build an
while yet another preference is for a 4-3-3 attack and tries to regain the ball as quickly
formation with three central midfielders as possible by rapidly interrupting the
and three attackers. opponents counter-attack.
It should also be noted that, whatever
formation is chosen, the full-backs This is known as high pressing.
regularly create a numerical advantage in
the midfield, or even further forward, in
overlapping positions.
Attacking game
Broadly speaking, there are two main Firstly, the use of a single defensive
trends: midfielder, an essential player who
An attacking game based mainly on ball continually rebalances the team
possession In front of him, two players with
An attacking game based mainly on excellent technique and high energy
counter-attacks levels, positioned to the left and to the
right to form a triangle
The best teams, however, are able to switch Two wide players very close to the touch
between gradual build-up play and fast line to provide width and to exploit
attacks. opportunities for the overlap
Attacks gradually built up from recovering Finally, to complete the unit, a centre
possession of the ball in midfield and then forward, generally good with his back
playing a succession of (five to seven) short to the goal and in the air, acting as a
passes at pace while looking for gaps in support player and a target player for
order to catch the opponents off balance. build-up play
The build-up generally covers the whole
pitch, starting with a triangular move One constant is the permanent desire to be
between the players in the centre of the in possession of the ball.
pitch between the opponents lines and Average ball possession is around 60%
in the gaps before switching the attack or more, which is extremely significant in
to the free wing either with a cross or by terms of collective technique on the ball,
outnumbering the opponents down the which requires great individual technical
channels. qualities.
In this style of game based primarily on
possession and circulating the ball, the
following basic principles have been
observed:
Current trends in football / 1 13
Several types of moves are possible to off balance in a classic process (playing
speed up the game from the zone where forward and looking for a player ahead
possession has been regained: of the ball; laying the ball off straight
Classic fast attacks or counter-attacks away to a player who is facing the goal
after the team wins the ball back deep and immediately looking to get behind
in their own half and plays a long ball the defender)
or a cross into the other half of the pitch Individual actions by a player who
towards one or two players makes the difference with a burst of
Fast team attacks after the team wins acceleration to find the gap and put the
the ball back in the middle of the pitch opponents off balance
and pushes forward quickly in a group
of three to five players playing quickly
with one or two touches using one-
two passes to throw the opponents
Individual qualities
Individual qualities permanently influence the ball, but above all the ability to shoot
the results of matches at various levels. on target.
In modern football, it is more and more Compact defensive lines
difficult to get past the defensive lines The position of goalkeeper is adapted
because they are very compact, often with according to a system. His first task is
eight or nine players behind the ball. to monitor the space behind his four
It is therefore essential to have players who defenders and anticipate long balls when
know how to win duels with the quality necessary.
of their dribbles, whether in the centre or Nowadays, the majority of defensive lines
along the wings, in order to get closer to are compact, with a strategy oriented
the opponents goal line. towards zone marking combined with
Players with individual initiative are able individual marking depending on the game
to create the space which is lacking in the situation and proximity to the goal.
centre in the modern game. What usually This tendency is generally observed in
happens in this situation is that the player international competitions.
manages, with an aerial cross or with a pass The best teams try above all not to leave
along the ground into the space behind any space for the opponents and are
the defence, to find a team-mate ready to characterised by having excellent defenders
attempt a shot. who are comfortable in one-on-one
Another essential factor for success is situations and are supported by midfielders
having strikers who are quick, skilled and pressing the opposition.
decisive finishers and capable of making It is also particularly noticeable that
the difference. the best teams commit no or very few
fouls near their own penalty area, thus
Effective attacking play not conceding any free kicks that are
Numerous goals and goalscoring dangerous at this distance.
opportunities are generated by passes in
the gaps played from the middle of the Goalkeepers
pitch, as well as by creative play down the The quality, speed and trajectory of shots
wings, which is a valuable way of creating on goal means that the goalkeeper position
space and thus goalscoring opportunities. has become more and more difficult, and at
Teams also need players who are capable a high level a tall goalkeeper is vital.
of keeping the ball and dribbling as far Being in control of their penalty area,
as the goal line in order to then cross the communicating with other players,
ball back to a player who is running into watching out for long shots, reacting to
the space. Because of the high number of shots taken from inside the goal area,
players in the penalty area, the quality of predicting aerial trajectories and quickly
crosses is critical, and the finishing even coming off their line into the feet of
more so. The essential qualities of high- attackers are the defining qualities of great
level strikers are the following: correct goalkeepers, who are often strong and
positioning to receive the crosses, taking spirited characters.
control of the ball while moving, the rapid The ability of goalkeepers to constantly
sequence of controlling and then shooting, raise their level during matches is a gauge
laying the ball off with one touch, heading of the teams success.
16 1 / Current trends in football
PERFORMANCE
ABILITY
Physiological and physical qualities
Psychomotor skills
Coordination skills
Technical-tactical qualities
Tactical skills
Mental and cognitive qualities
These stages form the four pillars of youth In the period of consolidation (basic
football training. training, age 13-15), the focus should be on
development and education. Basic training
Learning objectives forms a key step in the success of the
It is essential to establish objectives to overall training.
be achieved in each of the stages, taking
into account the players age and size, It is the golden age for the development of
psychological development, puberty, technical qualities and laying the technical-
muscular and physical development, tactical and psychological foundations. At
learning speed and level of natural this age, players work on basic technical
potential already achieved. skills, individual tactical awareness and
basic principles of the game, as well
In the initial stage when children are as starting to look at mental attitudes
being introduced to football (age 6-12), such as concentration, self-confidence,
the young players love of football is perseverance, will, etc. The focus is on
awakened and deepened through playing learning, practising and transposing the
the game and he discovers the need to technical skills mastered to real games.
master a certain number of techniques; Learning the principles of the game in
he will also find his position on the pitch order to improve players reading of the
and understand the need to interact game, practising collective technique on
with his team-mates to be able to beat the ball and additional physical training
the opponents. Coordination exercises, devoted specifically to developing aerobic
exercises to develop agility and suppleness capacity and speed, as well as exercises for
as well as games based on reactions and suppleness, coordination and movement,
changes of direction are also part of complete the training programme.
training for this age group.
22 2 / The player in training
The intermediate training stage (age 16-18) These components along with the mental
is the time to reinforce the qualities already qualities form the basic requirements of
acquired to enable the player to improve high-level football. The great footballing
performance. It is also the opportunity to countries have all introduced specific
work both qualitatively and quantitatively development programmes for this stage of
on the key technical, tactical, physical and training.
mental factors:
Focusing on teaching techniques specific At the highest level, it would seem that
to the players position and techniques nowadays a stage of advanced training is
while moving, at the same time as also necessary to continue and complete
continuing to work on basic techniques the training of the most promising players.
Mastering different formations and These players aged 19 to 21 years, who are
organisation (attacking and defensive) playing regularly or occasionally with a
and adapting to different systems of clubs first team (amateurs or professionals),
play are in a tricky situation. It is often the
Reinforcing the athletic and physical case that these young players have not
qualities already acquired, continuing yet completely finished their training
the work started in the younger age development and there are some gaps, in
group, introducing power exercises particular in terms of physical condition
(MAP), stabilising and increasing muscle (for example muscle strength), technique
groups through muscle-strengthening (for example heading the ball) and mental
exercises attitudes (for example perseverance), which
Gaining control over mental attitudes, can hinder a players progress to the ranks
such as concentration, self-confidence, of the elite if not properly developed.
perseverance and will
21
High-performance training
ADVANCED TRAINING
20 Adult
19 INTERMEDIATE
TRAINING
18
Adolescence Fully grown Performance training
17
2nd stage
16
15 Puberty
BASIC
TRAINING
14 1st stage
Building on the foundations
13
2nd growth spurt
12
11
CHILDRENSS FOOTBALL
10 School
9 age Golden age for Forming the foundations
learning
8
7
6
Preschool age 1st growth spurt
5 Introduction
4
3 Golden age of
Early childhood childhood
2 Discovery
1
The player in training / 2 23
As these players have to train with the involves preparing them to meet the
professionals during training sessions highest level of competition. Football
that are essentially focused on the team should be a school of life in the widest
as a whole and the competition, they sense its purpose is not just to train
are unfortunately no longer able to professional players, but also to contribute
regularly keep up their specific training to the holistic development of young
based on individual skills, and therefore people (intelligence, culture, social skills
cannot maintain the rhythm of their etc.). With this in mind, it is essential
development. To alleviate this situation, to place even more emphasis on the
it is recommended that training sessions individuals development, using methods
specifically and individually tailored to the and exercises that are age-appropriate and
needs of these players be organised. take into account growth spurts, the pace
Training future professional players of learning and the natural potential of the
individual.
Stade de la pubert
Puberty Adolescence in the final stages of Maturity (establishing the personality)
Mastering control of
Matrise corporelle etthe body
bases foncires growing Optimum physical preparation
Difficult Specific athleticism and physical training Mental attitude to performance (winning
Passage time psychologically
psychologique diffi cile
Training in basic Age of making definitive choices; mentality)
Entranement destechniques
fondamentaux becoming a young adult; period of
techniques
Technical-tactical skills Appropriate technical responses to
truth specific match situations
Habilets technico-tactiques
Individual ball control under pressure Technique of team and individual Tactical culture (flexibility and adaptability
Individual and collective
Matrise individuelle tacticalsous
du ballon positions under pressure to different tactical situations)
awareness
pression (cognitive skills) Complex technical-tactical skills under Game strategy
Learning the principles
Sens tactique individuelof etthe game
collectif pressure
(qualits cognitives)
Responsibility in the game Individual specific game technique
Apprentissage
Basic des principes
mental attitudes formed dethrough
jeu Collective tactical awareness
experience
Responsabilit dans le jeu Defensive and attacking tactical
Attitudes mentales de base par behaviour in the game concept
lexprience et les formes spcifiques (organisation and playing systems)
Specific tactical behaviour
Mental attitudes affecting performance,
through specific training or other
techniques
Game Exercises with the ball Game Group and specific (individual) training Tactical training
Game format Technical and technical- Tactical versatility in the game
tactical exercises Game Game format Match transition
Strategies for dead-ball situations
24 2 / The player in training
Technical aspects
In top-level football, in which all teams and training should strike a balance
are properly prepared physically and work between specific exercise-based work and
as a well-organised unit, technical quality allowing creativity to come to the forefront
has become more and more important to in free play.
a teams chances of success. The best teams The main technical elements to work on
all have strong individuals who are capable include mastering the art of controlling
of making the difference and unlocking the ball in tight spaces, the ability to
matches. individually elude an opponent with the
In addition to the traditional roles of first touch of the ball, and the ability to
goalscorers and playmakers, there are now retain possession with ones back to the
a number of players who combine the two goal even when under pressure from an
skills creating chances but also capable of opponent.
finishing. The importance of wing play (which
It is no longer enough just to work on leads to about 50% of all goals), means
technique in training, players need to very that the quality of passes (diagonal balls,
quickly have exposure to real-life game balls played in behind the defence, balls
situations. Technique itself is no longer played into gaps, etc.) and the variety and
the be-all and end-all as players also need accuracy of crosses (pull-backs, to the far
determination and efficiency. post, bending crosses, fired across goal,
Therefore, free play should be prioritised etc.) must be worked on.
during training sessions because this Faced with packed defences that leave less
generates creativity and risk-taking. and less space, exercises to improve the
Encouraging initiative, risk-taking and speed of short, sharp penetrating passes in
dribbling from a very young age prepares behind the opponents defence or through
talented players to make the difference gaps need to be prioritised in training
later on because, at the end of the day, in youngsters as this principle, together with
the majority of cases, it is an individual who dribbling, is the only way to catch defences
changes the course of a match. off balance.
As a result, work on individual technique
The traditional approach is no longer in young players is a must, starting from a
appropriate in the training of youngsters, younger and younger age.
Tactical aspects
Tactics should be taught based on the zonal with haste. Thus counter-attacks should
play that dominates football today. be practised, starting from a long pass or
In terms of defensive play, defending an individual action, but also, and what
zonally as a team with two or three tight is much more difficult, with rapid attacks
lines that move around and follow the ball coming from a small group of three, four
is a key tactic to develop when training or five players moving forward, which
youngsters. leads to fast-paced passes with one or two
Training should therefore focus on how to touches of the ball to throw the opponent
recover possession as a team. off balance.
In the modern game, defensive play is more Young players still find it difficult to master
about the number of players (three or controlled build-up play based on ball
four) who surround the man in possession possession, mainly because they do not yet
to block the attack, rather than individual have the necessary individual technique,
defensive actions. because they are not patient enough, or
Learning how to defend as a team in a because they are too quick to try to play
deep position, in the middle of the pitch the ball deep.
or in the opponents half will help young Particular attention should be paid to
players to develop an understanding of teaching the movement of the ball
tactical systems. throughout the team, either by using
Tied in with this idea of defending as a triangles and taking as few touches as
team is the need for attackers to act as possible, by outnumbering opponents
the first line of defence by immediately down a wing, or by using the whole width
pressurising the opponent in the area in of the pitch by switching play with cross-
which possession is lost, not only to prevent field passes.
the opponents from launching an attack Training for this type of situation consists
immediately, but also to allow their team- in teaching players to circulate the ball as
mates to regroup in defence. quickly as possible while staying patient
Finally, while zonal defending is when confronted with a compact defensive
predominant, the best defenders stand out unit. Teams will be able to find gaps and
with their ability to individually win duels catch opponents off guard if they play a
in the air and on the ground. string of passes as quickly as possible, but
also if they use movement around the man
Success starts with zonal defending in possession and use the whole width of
and ends with a one-on-one the pitch.
With regard to attacking play, the two
main points to concentrate on in training Finally, individual skills and the ability of
are learning to vary the type of attacks certain players to take the initiative will
with both build-up play and rapid attacks, always be a key tactical weapon.
and knowing how to control the speed of All the best teams have one player who is
transitions (between attack and defence capable of unlocking a game on his own.
and vice versa). It is said in this regard: if tactics are
These two basic situations require applied technique, technique is tactics in
concentration and quick analysis and practice.
reaction time at the right moment: keep
the ball and stall for time, advance and Coaches should pay particular attention to
play deep, create a numerical advantage or this type of player, especially at youth level,
choose individual action. within an organised team, and give these
Well-planned training sessions and players a certain level of freedom to use
experience of real-game situations will, their initiative and express their creativity
little by little, enable young players to for the good of the team.
make progress in these essential areas.
Playing the ball forward at pace still
leads too often to an immediate loss of
possession, either as the move has not been
thought out, or because the players do not
have the necessary technique yet.
Playing quickly is commendable, but too
many young players still confuse speed
26 2 / The player in training
Individual ball control Technical actions in game situations Integrating the player into the team
Athletic aspects
Analysis of current trends has shown us the The first objective of psychological
importance of psychological strength as a development is to achieve the ideal
key quality in a footballer. The difference performance state: an individual energetic
between great players and average state.
players is often in their mastery of the
mental aspect. Working on this aspect has
therefore become the fourth pillar in the Quality of Level of
training of young players. performance performance
Development of psychological strength in 100 %
young players is, like technique, tactics and
physical condition, the result of systematic
and logical training and must be integrated
into the planning and organisation of
training sessions and matches. 50 %
0%
0 % 100 %
Mental energy
3 the instructor
There are many demands in terms of never prioritise the competitive aspect
providing youngsters with all-round to the detriment of training and the
training to prepare them for the football development of each young players skills.
of tomorrow. An instructor has to fulfil
several roles: he is a trainer, an educator,
a coach and, as a person of trust, he is
Tell me and I forget.
also a confidant for the players and those
Teach me and I remember.
close to them. In comparison to a coach of
Involve me and I learn.
a professional team, an instructor is more
(Benjamin Franklin)
responsible for the progress of each player
rather than for the teams results.
As an instructor-educator, he has to know
the character of his young players. By As an instructor-confidant, he has to set an
building up a confidential relationship example and assume responsibility for the
between the trainer and the player and by psychological and social management of his
using educational support, the instructor young players. He can only advise them if
can act as a guide and participate in he has human qualities that are recognised
the development of the youngsters and accepted by the youngsters. To that
personalities and mental strength. end, he has to maintain the trust of the
As an instructor-trainer, he must know players family and school circles, without
modern football and its trends, and choose which no career can ever be built upon
the technical, tactical and physical fitness solid foundations.
basics that will enable players to reach
the top. He must know the principles of The key skills of the instructor are
learning as well as the methods need to focused on each youngsters progress. The
make sure training sessions are as effective importance of the instructors various roles
as possible. will change as training progresses: at basic
As an instructor-coach, he has to be fully training level, he mainly needs to be an
aware of the importance of competition educator, and at intermediate training level
and give advice accordingly, but he should he needs to be more of a trainer and a
coach, all for the good of the youngsters.
Educator Trainer
Instructor
Coach Confidant
The instructor / 3 33
The instructor-educator
Human Use of
Art of questioning
values body language
Patience
34 3 / The instructor
The instructor-trainer
Conducting a session
CONTENT OF A
SESSION
Focus
Objectives
Choice of activities
Duration, intensity ADAPTATION OF
THE LAWS OF THE
METHOD OF GAME
The player
TRAINING Occupation of pitch
Choice of zones
Depending on focus and
Dimension of pitches
objectives
Formation of groups, teams
Depending on the players,
Choice and distribution of
their level, their experience
equipment
Training, education
Types of game, types of
exercise
Animation of session
METHODOLOGICAL INTERVENTION
PRINCIPLES MODE
Presentation of objectives Observation (70% of task)
Clear and precise explanations Stimulation, information
Efficient demonstration Correction (constructive
Understanding the message comments)
Memorising, assimilation Evaluation
Execution of activity Explanation, demonstration
and execution
Methodology of instructor-trainer
Transmit
Demonstrate Teach Correct
Coach
OF EDUCATIONAL
IDEA OR INTUITION
OF EDUCATIONAL
A child has preludes or Use this structure as a
schemas starting point to determine
HUMAN BEING AND MOVEMENT
ACT
EXPLICIT CONCEPTION OF
APPROACHES TO
that calls upon the entire between the elements of
DISCIPLINE
individual (cognitive sphere, the activity, and develop a
sensitive sphere, affective structure (subordination of
sphere) element to entity)
Football
Technique Tactics
Conclusion
The advantage of the global method is that
it places the subject in the situation. The
activity is performed freely, and problems
linked to the sport can be posed. It is often
used at the very beginning, when the
environment plays a key role.
As the level increases, the technical skills,
a more in-depth study of the task and
the specialisation of responses lead to an
analytical fragmentation that is more and
more detailed.
Consequently, the coach has to switch
between the global and analytical methods
in his plans.
The global method helps to ensure that
players stay motivated, whereas the
analytical method can lead to a lack of
motivation because it is so repetitive.
The approach chosen by the coach has to
bring both methods together; the global-
analytical-global method is one possible
solution.
Value and limits of repetition in terms of Value and limits of repetition in terms of
energy structure
The same technical route or the same game Exercises and game situations have to be
situation with the same speed of execution varied so that a beginner is able to resolve
(one form of training) will never improve different game problems.
performances due to physical as well as
psychological habituation. Motivation Repetition therefore has to respect the
is destroyed by uniformity, and if there principles of load (intensity) and variety of
is no true desire to perform the activity, situations.
there will only be minimal progress. The
physiological principle of progressive load
has to be respected.
40 3 / The instructor
Even if the global method appears to be analytical approach, and yet not preventing
more interesting, the analytical method still the child from expressing himself creatively.
plays a key role in the educational process. Consequently, the global-analytical-global
It is therefore advisable to use the two method simply uses the global method
methods. in the training process, followed after a
certain length of time by the analytical
This quote explains the reasons behind method to correct or rectify the players
the global-analytical-global method, work in training (while giving them some
closer to matches in its global approach, time to adapt) before finally returning to
more accurate in its corrections due to the the global method.
The instructor-coach
be open-minded:
do not fear change or innovation
question oneself after a run of defeats
or in the event of disputes
be receptive to any constructive
suggestions
The instructor / 3 41
Match coaching
A winner... A loser...
At half-time: Debriefing:
Ensure that players calm down and (the next day):
recuperate Organise a meeting with all of the
Sum up the important points to be players, in a calm and, if possible,
changed or corrected on the basis of neutral place
the notes written during the first half, - convey impressions, verdict
particularly in relation to tactics and - encourage the players to reflect on
any individual errors their own performances
Do not focus on what happened - draw conclusions and look for
during the first half (whats done is solutions
done), but if necessary: - ask for the players opinions
- change certain tactics (encourage them to take
- change the gameplan responsibility)
- change the team by substituting a At the end of the meeting, which
player should be full of constructive criticism,
- give simple, clear, short and precise the players should know:
instructions - the key points and objectives to
- focus on the positive improve on both an individual and
- spur the players on and boost their team level (mental work, technique/
confidence tactics) and the practical ways to
- encourage and motivate make those improvements
- demand more discipline - what they can do to improve
Address players by their first name Using videos to analyse the match is
Make sure that every player feels strongly recommended as it is a great
involved, including substitutes help for the players
Be confident, reassuring and Depending on the importance of the
convincing points on the agenda, and if the match
has been lost, there can be a second
N.B.: post-match meeting:
As half-time is very short, focus on the - the day after the match: coachs
essential. The players have to be able impressions, and possibly any steps to
to return to the pitch, fully aware of be taken to resolve any problems
what they need to do, and not asking - two days after the match: how do we
themselves questions. approach the next match?
Every tactical situation planned for If individual criticism is needed (in
the match including organisational private), talk about the player, not the
changes that may be made at half- person. This can be done, if necessary,
time needs to be practised during with the team
training sessions before matches.
An instructor has a major influence over his
After the match: young players. As he spends a lot of time
Do not make many comments straight with them, his own conduct and behaviour
after the match: do not organise a will shape his players attitudes. A good
team meeting (players are too tired, instructor is fully aware of this. He cannot
nervous, full of emotion) be regarded simply as a coach, but also as a
Speak in a positive manner guide and someone whose example is to be
If the team has lost, stay in control of followed.
the situation, ask assistants for help He should always have a positive and
before addressing the media or the exemplary attitude, both towards physical
directors. Do not look for excuses, do matters (fitness and a healthy lifestyle) and
not criticise the players, the referee, towards his social and emotional behaviour
the fans during matches.
Accept your responsibilities
The instructor / 3 43
The instructor-confidant
An instructor should also try and build with their agents (at least twice per
up a respectful relationship with the season) to analyse and examine the
players family and school circles, and objectives; possibly adapt the personal
increasingly with players agents. Without plans for the medium- or long-term
such mutual respect, it is difficult or nigh Ask a specialist to establish a genuine
on impossible to plan a solid career both career plan within the association or
inside and outside of the game. The club (planning of studies, negotiations
instructor therefore has a responsibility with schools, universities or companies,
to act as a confidant and develop healthy time management, complementary
relationships with the people surrounding programmes, etc.)
his young players. Here is some career- Retrain as soon as professional career
planning advice: has finished
Always communicate with the families
and schools of players
Organise regular meetings with the
people close to the players, and possibly
4 technique
Technique is what creates the content of at the service of the player and not the
the game and facilitates all the tactical reverse.
moves required for a team to work well Work on basic techniques is therefore
together. essential during the stages of learning
To learn good technique, a player requires discussed elsewhere in this manual:
good coordination, which is a psychomotor Basic techniques
function. Childrens psychomotor functions Improving technique in the basic
reach maturity between the ages of 12 and training stage
15, at the same time as they enter puberty, Training and reinforcing technique in
while the qualities affecting functional the intermediate training stage
performance (speed, reflexes and stamina) Having specific sessions devoted to
do not reach maturity until around the age technique as part of training
of 16 to 18.
Psychomotor activity precedes execution The difficulty involved in performing
of movement: it is the origination of different technical movements increases
movement in conscious mental activity, the according to the game conditions, and it is
invisible component. A coach who neglects essential to adapt the level of training in
this aspect will achieve limited success. It order to improve technical skills.
is therefore necessary from an early age
to encourage and activate the mental
mechanisms that precede execution of
movements, especially in the basic training
stage. To improve individual technical
skills in modern football, it is essential to
optimise coordination abilities. Tactics determine where the ball should go, but technique
Good technique is based primarily on determines whether it gets there.
developing a good relationship between (Johan Cruyff)
the body and the ball, with the ball being
Technique / 4 47
Aspects of technique
Body-ball relationship
ATTACKING DEFENSIVE
TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES
1-on-1
NB: In addition to one-on-ones, there are These game formats open the door to
other game formats: attacking and defensive actions in which
From the simplest: tactics also play a part.
Very few players in a small area (2v1, Thus we move from pure technique to the
2v2, 3v2, etc.) area of technical-tactical principles.
To the more complex:
Lots of players, larger area (4v4, 7v5,
8v8, etc.)
Building up to the confrontation
between two full blocks (11v11) with the
ultimate aim: to win the match
48 4 / Technique
Whether a player is new or seasoned, a Two contact points (with both feet)
footballer must practise his drills at the Examples:
beginning of each training session, in the Inner foot - inner foot
same way as a musician has to practise Outer foot - outer foot
scales. Sole - inner foot
The pianists fingers are his point of Practising with the outer foot in this
contact with his instrument, while for the manner is good preparation for performing
footballer it is his feet when the ball is on feints when dribbling.
the ground, and his thighs, head or chest
when it is in the air. Controlling the ball in the air
For example:
Below we will explore how to practise Juggling with right foot only, 100 times
using all the contact points: Juggling with left foot only, 100 times
Ball on the ground directed by the Juggling alternating between right foot
player and left foot, 200 times
Ball in the air controlled by the player Juggling using the head, 50 times
Ball on the ground coming from a team-
mate The exercise can be made more difficult by
Ball in the air coming from a team-mate combining different contact points.
For example:
Always start with the simplest scenario (one Left foot
contact point) and build up to the most Left thigh
complicated scenario (mixing two contact Head
points with just one foot, then with both Right thigh
feet). Right foot, etc.
not forgetting to use the chest.
Controlling the ball on the ground:
One contact point: Controlling the return of the ball in
Surfaces used: the air to the ground
- Inner foot This involves directional control (using both
- Outer foot feet)
- Instep For example:
- Sole Inner foot (in front of the supporting
- Tip of the toes leg)
- Heel Outer foot
Inner foot (behind the supporting leg)
For example:
jogging with the ball using only one Controlling the ball arriving on the
contact point at a time and keeping the ground (pass from a team-mate)
ball close to the feet. This type of ball control can be for
protection or for elimination (using
Two contact points (with the same foot) all possible contact points on the feet as
Examples: well as the upper body, guarding against
Inner foot - inner foot contact with the arms).
Inner foot - outer foot
Sole - outer foot NB: it is possible to use the feint before
taking possession of the ball.
Do not forget to change direction and vary
the pace because sudden changes of pace Controlling the ball arriving in the air
and direction will throw off the opponent. (pass from a team-mate)
As above, using the head, chest, thighs, etc.
Psychology
Presence of opponent
It is well known that some players who
perform very well in training do not
Attacking techniques
Defensive techniques
Definition of a defensive movement The opponent does not have the ball
Defending involves interrupting or even but is calling for it:
stopping the balls progress by using a To the feet
movement (technical aspect) or position Behind the defender
(tactical aspect), the aim being, whether Between two defenders
possession is regained or not, to gain Between two lines
possession of the ball and to launch a
counter-attack towards the oppositions The opponent wants the ball:
goal. Towards the goal
To one side
The coach must not neglect defensive To be played backwards
moves in training, as play starts on recovery
of the ball (with the Interception zones for the defender:
quality of the first pass). In the penalty area (centre, wing)
Outside the penalty area (centre,
The following factors may influence wing)
the defenders behaviour: Far from the goal (centre, wing)
The opponent has the ball
Far from the goal: prevent the speed Defensive movements or individual
from picking up (e.g. overlapping): defensive techniques:
- In front, alongside, behind The tackle (not necessarily a sliding
Near the goal: impede the shot: tackle):
- In front, alongside, behind Facing the opponent
The opponent is trying to: Next to him (dribble, overlap)
Progress the ball (controlling, Never from behind and never with
dribbling) both feet off the ground
Switch the ball (passing, crossing)
Finish (shooting) The right moment for the tackle is when
the opponent is receiving the ball as his
eyes are still on the ball, but watch out
for directional control, and feints.
Technique / 4 51
The duel
Developing technique
Learning how to control and use the ball each technical movement as the nerve
forms the foundation for developing connections weaken over time if they
technique. Thus, the systems and the tools are not regularly used. Moreover, certain
put at the disposal of the young player will neurons may even disappear altogether
be crucial factors for long-term progression. (which is normal), and it is the neurons that
It is therefore imperative to begin working are no longer used that disappear first.
on individual technique with young players That is why it is so important to maintain
as early as possible. those connections during training by
practising technical movements that are
However, all these purely technical not very common in order to avoid players
elements are not done in isolation as technical abilities diminishing and thus the
young players must quickly learn to use number of mistakes they make increasing.
them within a game. Small-sided football
games can be a good way to quickly Work on technique should thus be one
acquire this fundamental skill. of the top priorities in training.
Even if a player has exceptional vision and
Of course, if the player is also in good good physical potential and is playing in a
physical condition, he will feel comfortable rational formation with appropriate tactics,
on the pitch in terms of his movements, the fact of the matter is, if the players level
and thus technique will become an even of technique is limited, it will be impossible
more significant element for success. for him to do what the coach and the game
require.
Ways to encourage development In modern football, defences are compact,
Encouraging initiative, risk-taking and lines are tight and space and time are
dribbling from a very young age prepares reduced, so technical accomplishment is
talented players to make the difference crucial.
later on because, at the end of the day, in
the majority of cases, it is an individual who The periods of basic training and
changes the course of a match. intermediate training are two parts of
a whole, but the two stages should be
The football of the future demands faster treated distinctly, with different priorities
and faster technical movements in less and training standards set in order to
space and time. increase the efficacy of both stages.
It is worth spending time on learning
technical movements right up until the age
of 20 as progress is visible and therefore
encouraging.
This is the best period for learning (this is still true today of players in many
technique (age 13 to 15). developing countries).
Basic training is a key step in the successful At this age, which may be called the golden
training of a future elite footballer. It is age for motor development, training is
the age in which the basic football-specific thus oriented towards the technical aspect
functional skills are learnt, basics which in order to develop firm foundations by
children used to encounter through playing working on the basics.
in physical education lessons, on the street
or in kick-abouts on makeshift pitches
Technique / 4 53
Each players participation is key to the the foot), the knees, the thighs, the chest
game, and training sessions must be and the head.
organised with specific objectives in mind. Factors for success of a technical
Technique is first and foremost the player- movement:
ball relationship. It is the way in which the Good placement: anticipate the
player uses the ball under normal game trajectory and feel its intensity
conditions with partners and opponents Make sure the foot you are standing on
but it is also and in particular playing while is solid, use the arms for balance
moving. Contact point properly angled and
Technique is determined by the ball and flexed (relaxed when controlling the
the points of contact. The ball is an elastic ball, tensed when kicking it)
sphere with which contact can be made At the moment of making the
and which can have rebounds. movement, keep your eye on the ball
There are two factors affecting points of
contact: precision increases with the size of If the coach is only concerned with
the surface area of the contact point; the improving the performance of the team
smaller the surface the greater the speed of as a whole, he will soon realise that
the ball. the individual level of the players is not
The possible points of contact are the feet improving. If they receive individual
(instep, inside of the foot, outside of the attention from the coach, players levels
foot, tips of the toes, heel, sole, bridge of will greatly increase.
Setting challenges
As motivation, the coach should give the
players goals to reach for:
How many crosses did you manage out of
ten attempts? Who can manage to do a
double step-over?
It is also possible for players to set
challenges for each other: Who can score
the most goals out of ten shots?
Football homework
2. Shooting at the goal after the ball has been laid back
Organisation:
A group of 6 to 8 players per exercise + goalkeeper
This exercise can be performed using two goals
Procedure:
A plays the ball to B, B to C
C lays the ball back for A, who shoots at goal
A takes Cs position and C As position
Play is then switched to the side where D is located
Variant:
After the pass from B to C, B runs after A and acts as an opponent.
2. Shooting at the goal after the ball has been laid back
Organisation:
4 to 8 players + goalkeeper
This exercise can be performed using both goals
Procedure:
A plays the ball to B, who has his back to goal
B controls the ball on his outside, runs with it and crosses it for A to
shoot on the run.
A and B swap roles
C and D do the same thing
There should be variation with the crosses: the direct shot on goal
should come from a low or high cross, and also after the ball has
been controlled
After starting play, the goalkeeper comes and opposes A
A connects with the ball after a curved run
2. Quick finishing
Organisation:
4 to 6 players + 2 goalkeepers
Procedure:
The goalkeeper clears from the side of the goal (with a drop kick,
a goal kick or a pass out) to player A
A controls the ball and plays it to B or C
B or C lays the ball back to A, who shoots on the run or takes on
the goalkeeper.
After the shot, A takes the place of the player who laid the ball on
for him, and vice versa
The tempo should then be increased
Variant:
The type of delivery can be varied (one-two, cross-field ball, pull back, high cross)
After clearing, the goalkeeper comes out to provide opposition for A
4. 4v4/5v5 + goalkeepers
Organisation:
2 teams of 5 players + 2 goalkeepers
Playing area marked out into 3 zones
2 goals
Procedure:
Unrestricted play in the central zone
The players have to try to cross the opponents defensive line with
the ball at their feet if they are to score a goal
1 point for crossing the line; 2 points for scoring a goal
1 point for the goalkeeper if he saves the shot
Variant:
A defender can chase the attacker into the goal area when the attacker takes on the goalkeeper
Technique / 4 65
1. Basic technique
Organisation:
4 to 6 players per group
Pitch divided into 4 zones (1, 2, 3 and 4) + 2 goals
Procedure:
1 Throw the ball to the player who headers it (without jumping;
standing on two feet; with a run-up), as well as when moving
2 Throw the ball to the player who moves behind the cones
(vary the attack on the ball)
3 Throw the ball over the player in passive opposition. Header while
jumping and varied types of kicks (on the ground, clearance)
4 4v4 game with support players and 2 goals (no goalkeeper)
Handball game (1 point for a header laying the ball off to a support player; 2 points for a header into the goal)
Variant: the ball is kicked in
2. Defensive heading
Organisation:
6 to 8 players
3 defenders and 3 passers
Procedure:
The three defenders in their zone
Alternatively, the passers play the ball to a defender who heads it
Vary the trajectory and the direction of the header
The passer volleys the ball, then does a long kick
Variant:
With defenders in opposition, then in a duel
When regaining possession, head the ball to 3 players, then to
6 while moving
3. Attacking heading
Organisation:
5 to 6 players per exercise + goalkeeper
Procedure (Pitch A):
After passing with the hands, the player heads the ball into the goal
Different runs
Passes with the feet
Also with the passive opposition of a yellow defender
Variant (Pitch B):
Heading crosses: A to B, C to D
B and D set off at the same time (near and far post)
Also with the passive opposition of a yellow defender
2. 2v2/3v2/4v4
Organisation:
8 players per area; play 2v2 and 3v2
Marked-out areas and 4 mini-goals
Play for a limited time, then change roles
Procedure (Pitch A):
The blue team tries to score in the mini-goals
The yellow team defends. When they gain possession, they pass
the ball forward to the yellow attacking players (who are waiting)
Play always starts with the blue attackers
Variant (Pitch B):
4v4 with 2 goalkeepers. Play 2v2 in each zone. Try to score
The team may play with 3 players in the attacking zone (3v2)
3. 6v4/6v6
Organisation:
2 teams of 6 players; 6v4
Marked-out areas + 2 mini-goals per area
Procedure (Pitch A):
The blue team keeps the ball (1 to 2 touches) and tries to make
5 or 6 passes
After 5 or 6 passes, 1 point is awarded for scoring in one of the
mini-goals from a direct pass
The yellow team defends. When they gain possession, they look for
a waiting partner (switching play) and the 4 yellows change side and
the 4 blues become defenders (2 blues are left over)
If the change is successful, the game continues in the other area with 6 yellow against 4 blue
Variant (Pitch B):
Free play 6v6 with 2 goalkeepers Limit the number of touches (2) in the defenders half
4. 7v7 + goalkeepers
Organisation:
2 teams of 7 players + 2 goalkeepers
Area marked out with 3 zones
Game: 2v2 and 3v3 in the zones
Procedure:
The game starts with the goalkeeper, who plays the ball to the
middle of the pitch. Play 2v2
The blue team tries to play with a blue attacker who tries to lose his
marker
If he succeeds, a midfielder can advance into the attacking zone (3v3)
Variant:
Two midfielders can advance into the attacking zone
One or two defenders can advance into the middle zone
68 4 / Technique
Technical-tactical training:
game formats with numerical advantage to improve possession play
1. 6v3 + goalkeeper
Organisation:
2 teams of 6 players + goalkeeper. Play 6 against 3
Marked-out area
1 large goal; 2 mini-goals
Procedure:
The blue team of 6 tries to score in the large goal. After a goal or a
save by the goalkeeper, the ball is put back into play by the blue
team from their half
If the defenders recover the ball, they may score immediately in one
of the mini-goals (first pass)
After a limited period of time, the three defenders switch
Limit the duration of the game
Variant:
If the defenders score in the mini-goals, the roles are immediately reversed. They then play with 6 players and the
3 attackers play as defenders
5 Strategic approach
A general strategic approach consists such a key part of football. As a result, the
of various elements based upon a information that comes from experience
rationalisation of the game to create an and respecting the Laws of the Game will
effective structure on the pitch. help players to move around the pitch.
By taking the time to think and make a
Taken as a whole, a strategic approach is decision, the player does something that
established based on individual resources benefits the teams play.
and qualities. It can sometimes be a
reflection of a group or of an individual, Tactical performances are very dependent
particularly the coach. on the cognitive aspect and physical
resources during movements.
A strategic approach can stem from an
analysis of the sporting culture, the intrinsic Each section presents various methods of
qualities of the main persons involved, and working with young players so that the
the environment in which the players find overall strategic approach is understood
themselves. and appropriate, particularly at the
basic and intermediate training levels. In
In principle, all of the players activities training, mastering the basics of movement
are in line with the required strategic and tactics is key to understanding and
approach, which is part of the groups reading the game.
overall vision.
Strategic approach
Principles of play
Individual and
collective play
(tactics)
Tactics
Victory or defeat is not only down to the as their movement. All of this is worked on
players ability on the ball. As football is a upon during training and put into practice
team sport, it is vital that the team shows by players during matches.
collective intelligence. Tactical play can therefore be defined
The outcome of a match is also inextricably as the spontaneous actions of a player
linked to tactics. The players positioning or a group of players in response to a
on the pitch, the phases of play practised situation in a match, whether attacking or
during training, and more generally defending.
the ability of 11 players to play in a
coordinated manner are all factors that can
significantly affect a teams results.
Consequently, football does not just
require skill, power and resistance, but also
a subtle understanding of the strategic
options that are the best for the team,
which is sometimes referred to as game
intelligence.
Tactical instructions cover the positioning
of players in relation to each other as well
Switching roles
Every player on the pitch now has to play a take the initiative, etc.) can make all the
role in his teams attacking play as well as difference.
defensive play. Versatility is a virtue that a good coach can
Consequently, attackers have to try to use when he deems it necessary, which is
break up the opponents attacks with why players who can operate in a number
effective individual pressing. Conversely, of positions are much sought after by
defenders can push forward to create a coaches.
numerical advantage when their team is on In the modern game, versatility and the
the attack. Midfielders, meanwhile, can join ability to adapt are important, as are
their teams attack or defence depending creativity and the players ability to play in
on the situation in the game, although a the teams basic formation.
teams tactics can radically change during
the course of a match. Today, a teams
ability to adapt its tactics due to a change
in circumstances (goal scored or conceded,
a substitution by the opponents, a sending
off or injury, being dominated or trying to
Tactical evolution
The evolution of tactical cultures depends The trend of fielding more and more
less on clubs than on coaches themselves, defenders seems to have reached its
with the most prominent and experienced limit. Five-man defences have never been
coaches at the elite level preferring one particularly convincing, and having fewer
formation or another. There has also been than three or four attacking players
a levelling out in terms of tactics, mainly (midfielders and attackers), as a number
due to the development of an incredibly of top teams currently do, seems to be
effective new tactical weapon: video counter-productive. The emphasis is now
analysis. on versatility and keeping the lines close
together, often called a unit, which
Strategic approach / 5 79
results in closing down the opponents used, or whether playmakers are wide or
time and space. Defensive play is based on central), giving football analysts many years
key tactics such as full participation of the of observation work.
ten outfield players, regrouping, attackers
pressing the ball, a defensive line, etc.
Attacking play gives teams more room to
experiment and show creativity (depending
on whether one, two or three attackers are
Developing tactics
Although technique is a key part of success, In this regard, he has to improve each
it needs to be combined with good tactical players:
work from the youngest possible age in know-how (motor skills, technique)
order to develop tactical awareness, perception of movement of team-mates
which appears as soon as a player needs and opponents
to find solutions: in other words, the speed of play, which includes the speed
response of a player or a group of players of perception, execution, reaction and
to a situation that occurs during a match. sometimes the frequency of movement
The best response depends on the players
technique and his ability to adapt to the Training is therefore conducted at game
situation, a skill that is learnt and improved speed in situations that are as close as
during training and drills. possible to those that may occur during
Tactics are derived from principles of play, matches, using training games:
which ensure that all players react in the Small-sided games
same way. All of this is learnt in the basic Directed play
training stage. Games focusing on a theme
Attack and defence
Equal teams, or teams with a numerical
advantage/disadvantage
1v1, 2v1, 3v2, 4v2, 4v3, etc.
Tactics start in 1v1!
At the start of the basic training cycle, their opponent even in possession, or an
young footballers have some tactical attacker and never drop back to defend)
problems: The still embryonic notion of team play
Too much is left to chance and not
enough is deliberate In this key phase, it is therefore vital
Poor skills when in possession to define the expectations, roles and
Lack of participation in attack; lack of movements of each position in relation to
anticipation in defence the other positions, as well as to explain
Tendency to continue to mark a player the ideas of positioning on the pitch and
even when the ball is far away play without the ball.
Too focused on being either an attacker
or a defender (youngsters are happy
to be a defender and continue to mark
The more a team is spread out across Help the player with the ball (runs
the pitch, the harder it will be for their towards the ball/ahead of the ball/
opponents because wingers provide behind the ball) to retain possession:
width and depth in attack gradual build-up attacks
The basic principles of zonal defending open up space by giving the player in
are the notions of working as a unit, possession some options
regrouping together, distance between circulate the ball using the width to
the lines, mutual covering, density and get past the defence: wing play
closing down space players running into gaps
show for the ball in between two
General principles of play opponents
The principles of play practised in small- pass and move
sided games (4v4, 5v5, 7v7, etc.) are to Make the difference together:
be expanded upon and developed in a counter-attacks / fast attacks
more specific manner depending on the maximum of 4-6 passes
game situation look for depth quickly
The notion of transition between runs into space / long balls / changes of
defence and attack upon regaining pace
possession has to be addressed play second balls well
(importance of quickly deciding if an Finishing involving:
attack should be launched immediately, shooting: a key part of the game
or whether it is better to wait and retain taking risks
possession) determination
Long balls and fast counter-attacks with runs into the penalty area
a limited number of passes become real mental aptitude
alternatives for attacking play
Players are to be encouraged to show Defensive aspects / regaining the ball:
initiative and take risks Density of numbers the key to defence
In front of goal, players need to be Close down the runner with the ball:
determined to finish a move create a numerical advantage behind
Transitions between defence and attack the ball
need to be worked on: every player do not let him pick up speed
has to play an active role in regaining stop him playing deep
possession, which begins with dropping close down space behind the defence
back quickly into defence or pressing the Control players who are not in
ball as a unit possession:
Little by little, the keys to good regrouping / marking / protection
defensive organisation are revealed to occupation of zones
be the principles of closing down the Regain possession:
opponents space, harrying the player in harass the ball carrier
possession, controlling the opponents regain possession as a team
and behaviour in duels defensive unit, numerical advantage
pressing high up the pitch and in
Tactical foundations: main areas to midfield
work upon Skill in duels:
Attacking aspects / circulating the ball: win duels in important areas
Space the key to attacks (width and
depth)
Play forward quickly when possible, as
first intention
Make an individual difference:
duels / running quickly with the ball
(dribbles)
play the ball into gaps
look and play the ball between two
players
82 5 / Strategic approach
Disadvantages:
Tendency to over-rely on team-mates
Need for players to have very good
coordination in movements
Playing zonally calls upon the players
intelligence and on an excellent
understanding of positioning
It does not always make it easy to regain
possession quickly (unit)
Formations
While progressing towards 11-a-side
football at the basic training level, it is
generally better to use a flexible 4-3-3 as a
teams basic formation.
This is the final stage in a players footballers can no longer rely solely on
development, from the age of 15 onwards. their natural skill. It is only through serious,
In addition to finishing the development high-quality training that a player can
of the players physical and technical become a competitive footballer.
abilities, the intermediate training level is
an opportunity to fine-tune their tactical
understanding in order to prepare them as Basic organisation
+
much as possible for higher level football. Player movement
+
Having digested practically all of the Intelligent movement
technical education, this can now be used
as a basis for more complex individual
and team tactics to improve the players This attacking and defensive play makes
understanding of lines and zones. all the difference, but they are always
At this age, players have acquired an inextricably linked.
understanding of technique and tactics The position of the defensive unit also
that they will need to use for competitive generally determines the type of intended
football. attack.
At basic training level, tactical work is done
The demands and rigours of football, simply to focus on getting the team playing
coupled with the level of commitment well together.
required, mean that modern-day
Transitions from attack to defence and spaces left open by the opponents for a
vice versa are now the key to winning brief moment.
football matches. It is vital that the unit stays well balanced.
Dropping back as quickly as possible, or On the other hand, however, there is only
playing the ball forward as quickly as one way to unbalance a well-positioned
possible after regaining possession to profit defensive unit, and that is through the
from the opponents defensive imbalance players movements, which obviously
is the defining feature of modern-day unbalance the players own team.
football. To win a game, a team has to know when
to accept being unbalanced in order to
A battle of space and time... put their opponents in an even more
unbalanced situation.
In terms of transitions, the seconds lost in
launching an attack are also seconds lost in
which to take advantage and exploit the
Players move around the pitch in order to The extent of these movements differs
attack or defend. Attacking movements from one position to the next, but it is
involve runs (movement towards the goal) an inescapable fact that at some point in
and moving ahead of/behind the ball the match, players will need to do more
(movement towards the ball). than their position actually requires in the
Defensive movements involve covering runs interest of the entire team, for example
and regrouping movements (dropping back a midfielder finding himself playing as a
into defence). winger.
84 5 / Strategic approach
Football is all about movement, and it goes In short, a players position is determined
without saying that without movement by where he is on the pitch and where he is
there can be no team play. in relation to the other players.
Play without the ball represents the lions He has primary and secondary duties.
share of a footballers activity as each The difference between an average player
player will only be in possession for an and an excellent player is therefore his
average of 2-3 minutes per game. ability to do more than his role demands.
The reduction of space, coupled with the
strengthening of central defence, means
that coaches are now trying to stretch
defences by using combinations down
the wings (attackers, midfielders and full
backs).
Defensive play
The principle is to slow down the opponent When and where does defensive play
who is in possession of the ball: begin?
Try to guide him into a specific area When? As soon as the opponent has the
One player jockeys the player in ball
possession Where? In any area of the pitch:
His team-mates drop back to cover In the opponents final third:
the player doing the pressing and use try to stop the opponent from
the offside line to continue to form a launching an attack
compact unit In the midfield:
try to slow down the
Jockeying while dropping back opponents move
In a teams own final third:
protect the goal
Using:
the selected formation
the basic position of the unit on the
pitch
the players individual characteristics
players who do more than their roles
demand
respect for the teams balance
The principle is to protect the goal: Defending = a job for the whole team
One player jockeys the opponent in Regardless of the formation used, the type
possession of play or the basic position of the team
His team-mates drop deep unit, the coach has to ensure that all of his
They form a wall to prevent long-range players understand that one system is used
shots and to stop opponents getting and that each player knows:
closer to goal what he has to do
where he has to do it
Three defensive lines when he has to do it
how he has to do it
Successive pressing
Pressing by zone
Pressing by zone is the first individual Phase 1: closing down the ball carrier
action after the team has lost the ball. It As soon as a team has lost the ball, the
signals the start of collective activity, the player closest to the opponent in possession
primary objective of which is to protect closes him down (without diving in). While
the goal, to slow down the opponents closing a player down, it is also possible to
progression up the pitch, and finally to push him out towards the touch line or to
work together to regain possession. stop him from turning.
Interceptions can be dangerous, because
the team that has just lost the ball is still set Phase 2: covering and marking
up to attack. The team-mates of the player closing down
Pressing by zone is an emergency response the player in possession take up covering
to this situation. The players closest to positions and mark their opposing players
the opponent who has just won the ball who could possibly receive a pass in the
have to circle him and cut out any possible same zone.
passes, particularly any attacking passes.
Forcing him to take his time or to play Close down space and gaps.
a pass backwards will give the teams
defenders time to regroup. Stay in position or start pressing
Depending on the teams objective or
The basics of pressing by zone strategy, closing a player down may
turn into pressing, which becomes more
Defending while pushing up aggressive as the objective is clearly
The principle of pressing by zone is for a to win the ball back either through an
team to constantly close down the ball interception, or by forcing the opponent to
carrier and enable the team-mates to make a mistake.
regroup as a unit.
The objective is to prevent the opponent Collective responsibility
from playing forward and to force him to Several players have to move and work
play sideways (which helps interceptions) or together, as only one or two players doing
backwards. so would be ineffective.
Strategic approach / 5 89
Pressing
Pressing is a way for a team to put the Some basic principles for pressing
opposition under immediate pressure to try Stay as a unit in defence and with a
and regain possession or force a mistake. numerical advantage in the area in
Players need to show excellent athleticism which the pressing will take place
and tactical discipline as well as great Ensure that the unit stays compact and
determination in duels. closed with a numerical advantage
Pressing is also a psychological weapon around the area where the ball is
that gives confidence to a team and instils located
doubt in the opposition: Contain the opposition, slow the play
Press, harass, close down, encircle the down and guide them into the preferred
opponent, put him under pressure to zone for pressing (on a wing, for
regain possession or stop an attack. example)
Pressing is not linked to one specific Harass the player with the ball to
strategic approach. Given the inherent prevent him playing long or deep
risks and the physical demands placed Hold up the opponent, put him under
on the players, it is not used for the pressure, force him to make a mistake
entire match but simply when the (turned back, on his weaker foot, poor
game situation requires it or at specific control, off balance) and look for a duel
moments, such as when a team has Once the pressing has begun with the
fallen behind, for example. ball carrier under pressure, try to regain
It dictates the pace of the opponents possession of the ball with active and
game, and as such it creates a feeling determined anticipatory marking of
of insecurity. It forms the foundations players who may receive a pass
for counter-attacks launched from the Stop or limit passes backwards to the
midfield or a teams own half. sweeper or goalkeeper, which would
allow the opponent to get out of the
pressing zone and play long
90 5 / Strategic approach
PRESSING ZONE 3
PRESSING ZONE 2
PRESSING ZONE 1
Midfield pressing
Attack the opposition in the middle of the Depending on the quality and area in
pitch, drive them out wide or back into the which possession was regained, decide
centre in order to regain possession. whether to attack gradually or quickly.
G
G
G
Strategic approach / 5 91
Attacking pressing
Put the opposition under heavy pressure G
in their own half of the pitch. The team
harasses the opposition to stop them
developing their play, to destabilise them
and to force them to make a mistake so
that the ball can be regained.
Defensive pressing
A team drops back as a unit and waits for
the opposition in their own half of the
pitch. The team is compact, has a numerical G
advantage and closes down space,
especially in the centre of the pitch.
The players have to pay great attention.
Slow the opponents game down,
constantly harass the ball carrier, and force
the opposition to make a mistake (e.g. an
opponent receives the ball with his back to
goal) before stepping in at the right time.
Attacking play
Guiding principles
Depending on
A teams attacking passes and movements
form its attacking play.
Consequently, the coach has to make a
Ball recovery zone
decision and work with his players to
create reflexes that will help the team to
destabilise the opponents. Number of opponents in defensive
A teams attacking play is the method it situation
uses to break down an opponents defence
while taking various phases into account. Positions of team-mates
destabilise the opposition defence. the centre to search for depth by playing in
The objective is for the ball carrier to the gaps.
always have an option for playing a pass.
The basic points are:
It goes without saying that team play could Use the entire width of the pitch
not exist without movement. Use the space on the opposite side of the
pitch
The fundamental points are: Keep the defence on one side to switch
Do not stand level with the player with the play better
the ball so as to avoid square passes, Always keep the wide players involved in
which are easy to intercept, do not force the game (full backs, wide midfielders or
the game forward, and create a situation wingers depending on the formation)
in which there is no defensive security if
the ball is lost Many goals are scored in this manner: the
Take up a position in a triangle, or even defence being kept on one side of the pitch
a diamond, to create more options for because of multiple short passes before
the ball carrier the play is switched towards a player
Move between the opponents defensive making a run on the opposite side of the
lines (midfield/defence) so that depth pitch (alternating between short and long
can be injected into the game play / alternating between wing play and
In the same way, take up a position diagonal balls / play switched with diagonal
between two opponents so that passes balls).
can be played into gaps
Use coordinated runs from the centre Depth or playing deep
to out wide, or vice versa, to disrupt the The general idea is to play an accurate
opponents zonal marking pass, whenever possible, forward to exploit
Runs from the outside to the inside space; in other words, to be able to play
create space down the wings and give between the opponents lines or between
players a chance to push up for an two opponents.
overlap Players must therefore be taught that their
Make diagonal runs to get in behind the main priority is to always exploit the space
defenders in front of them.
Use different depths: centre forwards Quickly switching the ball from one side of
make runs with another player ahead of the pitch to the other creates space in the
the ball to lay the ball off, and another middle of the pitch, which in turns creates
player making a run into space for a ball a chance to look for depth by playing in
in behind the defence the gaps.
Develop counter-movements (runs off
the ball, decoy runs) The main objective, therefore, is to break
through the opposition lines with:
In conclusion, the players mobility depends passes between the opposition lines
on the gameplan and the teams intentions, (midfield and defence)
which relate as much to the occupation of passes between two opponents
space as to working with team-mates and passes in behind the defence
destabilising opponents.
This mobility must result in a positive An attacker who is able to play as a pivot,
circulation of the ball and the creation of either laying the ball off for others or
space, giving the team the opportunity to moving into space behind the defence will
impose its attacking play. also occupy the defence and create space
for his team-mates.
Using the width
Using the width is a key part of football. Quality of passes and changes of pace
The reduction of space, coupled with teams To play in small spaces occupied by many
playing with stronger defensive blocks, defenders, players have to be able to play
means that coaches now try to stretch accurate passes and be able to change the
defences by taking the game out wide. pace of the game.
Using the width allows the teams to do A limited number of touches, flick-ons,
just that, creating gaps on the wings for playing in triangles, one-twos, many short
possible crosses from wingers, or spaces in and fast passes, pauses followed by sudden
96 5 / Strategic approach
acceleration, play on the ground, changes opponents under pressure in terms of time
of direction and pace, change of target at and space:
the last minute in line with the situation Time pressure due to the time that the
any of these tactics can be used to opponents need to regroup
destabilise a defence that has regrouped. Space pressure in terms of playing in the
Consequently, apart from physical speed, space vacated by the opponents while
players have to develop mental speed they were pushing forward to support
during competitive matches to enable them their own attacks
to adapt to any situation and to make the
right choice, and to have enough time to Fast attacks are therefore a way to exploit
process all the information and to make a the opponents defensive instability. They
decision. can be launched from any area of the pitch,
but the higher up the pitch they begin, the
Unpredictability more likely it is that they will be successful.
The ability to take opponents by surprise Such attacks enable teams to get forward
instead of always playing the same way is a quickly and into a shooting position. They
key factor are based on runs into space, which in turn
in effective football. destabilises the opposition defence, and
Good team play requires smooth as such players need good vision to play
coordination between the various elements the ball over a line towards team-mates
that make up a teams structure and who have made runs. Fast attacks are not
gameplan, but it also requires creativity without risk, however,
and individual initiative: as they rely on a quick first pass. If a player
Changes of pace in runs with and takes too long to get his pass away, the
without the ball attack will not be as effective.
Use of feints and dribbles
Use of runs into space and decoy runs Basic tactics for fast attacks
Duels to destabilise the opposition Fast counter-attacks can be grouped into
Ability to change decision at the last various categories:
minute A traditional counter-attack launched
with a long ball towards 1 or 2 players,
Fast attacks: destabilisation by who finish(es) the move as quickly as
surprise possible with the minimum number of
Many teams base their game on meticulous touches
defensive organisation and direct, long A fast attack following a defensive set
play with a limited number of touches in piece (corner kick or indirect free kick),
the middle of the pitch. These teams prey and an interception followed by a quick
on opposition mistakes and tend to excel in long ball from the goalkeeper or a
second-phase play. defender. Such attacks are also finished
Their style of play is all about defending off as quickly as possible and with as few
deep with very tight lines, focusing on touches as possible
one-on-ones, reducing the spaces and gaps A fast attack after an interception in
to prevent balls in behind their defence, midfield, leading to a counter-attack
playing with only a few touches of the ball, with 3 or 4 players swiftly exchanging
and looking for overlaps and gaps before passes to get forward, using as few
breaking forward quickly after regaining touches as possible
possession with a very direct and accurate A fast attack following pressing close
style of play. to the opponents goal, leading to an
immediate pass in behind the defence
Basic principle A fast attack following an individual
A team is at its most vulnerable at the piece of skill based on dribbles and
precise moment that it loses the ball explosive runs
as it has not had the time to regroup
defensively. It is still in attacking mode and More than half of all goals scored at
appears to be disorganised. This is the ideal major international competitions are
moment to launch a fast counter-attack by a direct result of fast counter-attacks
getting the ball up towards the opposition or breakaways, which underlines the
goal as quickly as possible to put the importance of this tactic in modern-day
football.
Strategic approach / 5 97
Successful fast attacks are the conclusion Players who make forward runs do so
of rapid transitions and immediate into space and gaps. Runs into gaps
breakaways, with players committed to give players the chance to play a pass in
supporting the attack, making explosive behind the defence
runs, circulating the ball rapidly, making as If there is no movement, fast attacks
few passes as possible, taking the minimum will fail
number of touches and looking to score as Support the play
quickly as possible. Runs for the ball are linked to losing
Organised defences and the limited space your marker, and they require players
available have made breakaway moves and to always pay attention and anticipate
fast transitions a key tactic in attacking their team-mates moves. If a player
play. moves from his set position to act as
a midfielder or an attacker in a fast
Principles of play for fast attacks attack, he demonstrates his versatility
Play forward / importance of looking and helps to destabilise the opposition
long quickly Furthermore, during fast attacks,
Square or backwards passes are to be runs off the ball on the other side of
avoided, unless they are to set up an the pitch are one of the best ways to
immediate pass forward (e.g. a centre destabilise the opponents
forward laying the ball off for a pass Team pushing up as a unit
in behind the defence). Look to play As soon as possession has been
ball out to the wings or in behind the regained, the team pushes forward as
defence a unit to give the player with the ball
The first pass after regaining three or four options. When play is
possession is always crucial, so always moving forward quickly, the defence
look to play forward whenever should take advantage by pushing
possible forward to the halfway line to close
Limit the number of touches of the ball the lines
Try to use one or two, or three touches Nevertheless, a team may decide to
of the ball at the most, to inject pace leave the defensive unit deep to avoid
into the game giving their opponents the chance to
Unnecessary touches or passes of the launch a counter-attack if they regain
ball and unnecessary dribbles are all possession
detrimental to the success of a fast Finishing off moves and efficiency in
attack front of goal
Quick passes are therefore essential A move often finishes with a pass into
Finally, changing the pace of the game a gap and into the path of an attacker,
after regaining possession is also or with a cross cut back towards
crucial a player on the move. The move
Movement and availability of players therefore has to be quick, but not to
Playing forward quickly does not mean the detriment of efficiency
that every single player particularly The principles behind fast attacks
the attackers and wide midfielders could therefore be described as the
have to run towards the opposition intention to quickly bring danger into
goal. Diagonal runs are the runs that the opposition half and to use the
destabilise opposition defences the space in behind the defence
most: importance of long runs (20-40m)
without the ball
Football is all about movement.
Coordinated player movements are
essential to ensure that ball circulation
is as effective as possible as part of
attempts to destabilise the opposition
defence
The objective is for players to always
create an angle for the ball carrier to
play a pass in behind the defence
98 5 / Strategic approach
Speed
Players have to keep their thinking time to In football, the word speed can be
an absolute minimum because opponents deceptive.
cause them all manner of problems. It is better to talk about acceleration,
It is in this direction that football, which which is closer to the truth in football:
is now all about playing as a team, will learn to control the ball, work as part of a
continue to develop in the future. finely tuned team game and then, all of a
Speed is acceptable and desirable when it sudden, stun your opponent with decisive
is allied to technical precision, or technique and unexpected bursts of acceleration that
on the move. will catch your opponent off guard because
The need for speed must not lead to any it is a break from the norm.
hint of haste or mistakes. It is therefore better to talk about fast
After all, what use is speed if a player can mental reflexes, because such reflexes are
run quickly but not control the ball? at the root of all types of speed.
Why rush if you dont know which direction
to go or how?
Transitions
Football is a game of two distinct phases Exploiting those seconds in which a team is
determined by possession and non- unbalanced will give a team more chance
possession of the ball: the attacking of success, either in its attacking moves
phase, when a team has the ball, and during transitions between defence and
the defending phase, when a team does attack, or in regrouping its defence during
not have the ball and tries to win it back. transitions between attack and defence.
There is, however, another phase that Nevertheless, to keep the duration of the
occurs throughout each game. The period imbalance to an absolute minimum and to
between these two phases is called a profit from that imbalance, teams have to
transition, which is a very short interruption retain some balance so that they are well
in the match (3-4 seconds) in which the positioned when possession changes hands:
team that was not initially in possession of they need to make sure that there is some
the ball can benefit. defensive cover when attacking, or keep
the team compact as a unit to facilitate
The concept of transition could also pressing and to counter a counter-attack
be understood as the moment when when defending.
possession moves from one team to the
other: This ability to quickly and correctly manage
Transition between attack and defence: the transition from one phase to another is
the situation in which a team loses crucial and requires players to concentrate
possession and has to regroup in defence all the time.
as quickly as possible
Transition between defence and attack:
the situation in which a team regains
possession and launches an attack as
quickly as possible
Some training principles enable coaches to use training games to develop the ability to
launch various speeds of play:
In attack, tactics are based on general movements, etc. have been supplemented
game principles such as playing on the by new defensive strategies such as
move, looking for space, getting away from defending high up the pitch and pressing.
a marker (ahead of the ball, behind the
ball), communication between players (ball Working on tactics by teaching general
carrier and team-mates), and play specific principles of play requires time. Not
to the position. everything can be taught and learnt at the
Defensive tactics have also developed in same time, which is why it is better to work
recent years, and have been influenced by in cycles, focusing on one principle per
the evolution of the game at the highest week.
level. Established tactics such as switching
positions, covering team-mates, jockeying
Cycle I
Do not lose the ball in the attacking For the ball carrier
phase Keep the ball away from the opponent
and close to your own body
For the team Protect the ball (use your own body as
Create as many passing options as an obstacle)
possible Pass the ball quickly (and firmly) away
Increase the number of switching from your team-mates direct opponent
options (ahead of/behind the ball) Make basic choices in order to achieve
Anticipate to increase the options for the set of objectives
the ball carrier Play alone or with a team-mate
Use all of the space on the pitch Shoot or pass
Use the width Play short or long
Be committed to the teams play and
try and score more goals than the For the team-mates of the ball carrier
opposition Move to a suitable distance for a pass
Respect the Laws of the Game and away from the defenders reach
Break the alignment of ball carrier,
Master some techniques for the specific defender and non-ball carrier
type of game regarding Move while changing speed
the occupation of space Occupy space
the act of shooting and scoring
movement with the ball Comments: in the basic training phase,
the link between recipient and non- the skills and knowledge to be acquired
recipient, between ball carrier and from small-sided games should enable a
non-ball carrier whenever necessary and player to work with his team-mates to pose
possible difficulties for the opposing team and play
towards goal.
Strategic approach / 5 101
For the team-mates of the ball carrier For the ball carrier
Control the ball while on the move Feint: combine changes of pace, space,
Move into the ball carriers field of vision orientation and control
Feint to pass, shoot, dribble: pretend to
Create and use space shoot or pass on one side but shoot or
pass on the other
For the team
Keep the defence in one zone and play For the team-mates of the ball carrier
into another Feint: vary movements by combining
Switch between direct and indirect play, changes of pace and direction, making
between short and long play more runs for the ball
Execute the tasks needed for continuity:
Ball carrier: pass, shoot, possibly
dribble
Team-mates: play ahead of the ball,
behind the ball, or square
Alternate between playing long and
playing wide
Cycle II
Cycle III
Systems of play
A system of play involves giving each Attacking and defensive play makes all
player on the pitch a task, which is why the difference between teams but they
it is also referred to as a teams basic are inextricably linked. The position of the
organisation. Nevertheless, it is the players team unit while defending also generally
movements within this basic organisation determines the type of attack.
the skeleton of a team that will allow
the team to express itself. But to be able The basic training phase should focus
to move, this skeleton needs a muscular first on the 4-3-3 as it not only allows for
system (movement of players) and a a significant number of team moves and
nervous system (intelligence of movements a rational occupation of the pitch, but it
and players tactical intelligence) to give it also helps players to progress without any
orders. difficulty to more sophisticated systems.
4-3-3
During basic training, it is better to start The players in this system will normally be
with a flexible 4-3-3 as a teams basic as follows: a traditional defence with, if
organisation as it allows for a rational possible, two attacking full backs; three
occupation of the pitch and ensures that midfielders (two passers and one ball
the team is always balanced, in addition winner, playing in a similar fashion to a
to offering many triangles for attacking 4-4-2 diamond formation) who are capable
play. of covering a lot of ground to compensate
This system helps to improve the players for the missing fourth midfielder); two fast
understanding of tactics by encouraging wide players with powerful shots; and an
players to move around the pitch, attacker, preferably athletic and good in
defenders to participate in attacks, and the air.
attackers to drop back into defence. It should also be noted that the 4-1-4-1
They gradually learn about playing in a formation used by some coaches is merely
team with three lines, and how to act a defensive version of the 4-3-3. In a 4-1-
or react depending on the situation, 4-1, there is still one ball winner and two
with the objectives of finding a perfect passers, as well as two wide players who
balance between defending and attacking are attacking midfielders who do more
movements, and of obtaining a specific defensive work.
form of tactical awareness.
The 4-3-3 (four defenders, three midfielders General use of four-man defence and zonal
and three attackers) has a defence that system
often acts in a line like in the 4-4-2, but the An increasing number of teams are now
midfielders roles can change. The midfield using a zonal defence of four players who
is generally more defensive, and has to get cover each other and move around the
the ball forward quickly to the attackers, pitch depending on the position of the ball.
generally one centre forward and two wide Zonal play is therefore dominant, and
attackers. teams only differ from each other in terms
of midfield organisation.
Strategic approach / 5 105
Differences in midfield
The differences in midfield organisation
and the distribution of tasks means that
three, four or five players can occupy the
midfield, with logical consequences: the
number of players in attack depends on the
number of players in midfield.
4-3-3 system
4-3-3: defensive play ... towards 4-5-1 4-3-3: defensive play ... towards 5-4-1
4-3-3: attacking play ... towards 4-2-4 4-3-3: attacking play ... towards 2-3-1-4
4-4-2
4-4-2 with one defensive midfielder and three 4-4-2 with one attacking midfielder and three
attackers ball winners
Strategic approach / 5 107
The 4-2-3-1 (four defenders, five there is only one player in attack, he is
midfielders, one attacker) is a system supported by three attacking midfielders.
that, like the 4-3-3, tries to suffocate the This formation accentuates the qualities of
opposition in the midfield by using two a playmaker, who covers a lot of ground in
defensive midfielders, generally one good the centre of the pitch. It is also one of the
passer of the ball and one ball winner. The most popular formations among coaches.
midfield is that of a diamond 4-4-2 with
an extra attacking central midfielder, who
is the playmaker and needs to have the
vision and technique to create goalscoring
opportunities on his own. Although
4-5-1 / 4-2-3-1 with two defensive midfielders 4-5-1 / 4-1-4-1 with a midfield sweeper and
and three players supporting an attacker four supporting attackers
Formation with three central defenders In this type of system, the teams intentions
Some teams still use three central influence:
defenders in defence, either when needed the basic system (defence of five or
in a match, or as their system of choice. three)
These defenders: the position of the players in the
either play zonally and cover each other; channels (more defensive-minded or
or more midfield-based)
are two markers with one sweeper the positioning and number of players in
covering. midfield
3 central defenders playing zonally and covering 3 central defenders, with two markers with one
each other player covering
108 5 / Strategic approach
The 3-5-2 can easily become more defensive defensive variation, with a line of four ball
in the form of a 5-3-2, with the wide winners ahead of the defence and one
players dropping back to the level of the solitary central playmaker behind the two
central defenders. This formation is very attackers. These formations are mainly used
similar to the 3-5-2 but with wide players by South American teams.
who are more defensive. Unlike the 3-5-2,
however, it is generally used by teams The 3-5-2 is slightly more attack-minded
that are weaker than their opponents and than the 5-3-2. Instead of reinforcing the
overly cautious. defence with two defenders supporting the
midfield, teams try to create a numerical
The 3-5-2 provides more options in the advantage in midfield with two more
middle: the attacking variation of this attacking players.
formation, with two defensive midfielders
ahead of the defence and three players
supporting two attackers, and the
3-5-2 / 3-3-2-2 with three midfield ball winners 3-5-2 / 3-4-1-2 with four midfield ball winners and
and two attacking support players. Essential one attacking support player. Essential tactical role
tactical role of defensive midfielders of two players playing as full backs/midfielders
5-4-1: five defenders, four midfielders, one 5-3-2: five defenders, three midfielders, two
attacker attackers
This extremely defensive formation is attack. In the case of the 5-4-1, there is
generally developed during the course of often a four-man defence together with
a match by a team that has either scored a sweeper who covers the space and
enough goals or wants to avoid defeat intercepts any through-balls. The midfield
at all costs by operating on the counter- is the same as in a flat 4-4-2.
110 5 / Strategic approach
Team as a unit
The quality and efficiency of a teams improvisation and risk-tasking, all of which
technique form the basis of the teams can make a difference and help a team to
tactics as soon as it has regained possession. swing a match in its favour.
Good control and a good first pass are key A teams gameplan is not linked to its
to attacking play and changing the pace of formation and organisation. A team set up
the game. in a 3-5-2 or a 3-4-3 formation, for example,
Nevertheless, the players tactical behaviour can still attack gradually or quickly.
is based on cognitive qualities (vision, Such a choice depends on the game
anticipation), concentration, self-belief and situation, where possession is regained,
in-game communication. the number of players available to join
The quality of tactics also depends on the an attack, the possible imbalance of the
experience that players have acquired in opponents, and above all the positioning
training and competitive play, as well as on of the defensive unit.
their tactical awareness. The area in which position is regained
Intelligence and a good understanding therefore determines the type of attack as
of the game promote inspiration, well as a teams style of play.
Conclusion
The current trend is to position the avoid leaving too much space behind the
defensive unit in the middle of the pitch defence, keeping a 30-35m zone in attack
and not press too high up the pitch so as to for all kinds of attacks (fast or gradual).
Strategic approach / 5 111
Diamond why?
The virtual surface (in green), covered
by four players organised in a diamond
formation and keeping the same distance
between themselves, is greater than the
surface in the square (in blue ). The players
therefore expend less energy in covering
the space, which explains why some teams
use a diamond formation. Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
Furthermore, it also enables teams uses to Short left channel Long left channel
use basic tactical principles: support play
and runs into space, and pressing/covering Short central Long central channel
in defence. channel
If the ball is played out to the oppositions In the midfield area, the three midfielders
left channel, the winger has to press the have to cover the space with the help of
ball and be covered by his wide midfielder. at least one of the two wingers. It is vital
The centre forward will enter an indirect that the team stays compact and balanced,
duel with the left-sided central defender using delaying and slowing-down tactics
to neutralise him, whereas the winger on and not trying to push and regain
the weaker side (left) gauges the tactical possession immediately.
situation before deciding whether to join
the pressing zone or whether to wait and Pressing should only commence once the
assume a more cautious position. technical and tactical foundations are in
place. If pressing is not conducted with
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
intelligence, it can be dangerous and costly
in terms of energy.
Set-piece strategies
Mixed marking
(man-to-man and zonal)
Halfway
line
Summary
Phase 2 The kicker prepares to take Watch all opponents Watch direct opponent
the kick Start to move
Phase 3 The ball is kicked Watch the ball Watch direct opponent
Keep moving Follow direct opponent
Phase 4 The ball is in front of the Be the first to the ball in own zone Win the duel
goal
Phase 5 The ball is cleared Push out as a unit while staying in Push out individually and
own zone re-assume position
Phase 6 The team is in possession of Unit repositions itself quickly Unit more difficult to reposition
the ball Ball carrier: play deep Ball carrier: play deep
Attackers: sprint forwards Attackers: sprint forwards
Corner Corner
K K
x x
xx
Man-to-man The coach can give precise instructions (who marks The organisation always has to be adapted to each
whom): the task is defined for the player opponent
marking If there is a block or a feint, the opponent can
A player can be paired with another player who
has the same qualities (good heading ability, speed) escape
Responsibility for direct opponent Good movement can create space right in front of
Possibility of blocking known running lines goal
Physical duels can lead to a penalty being awarded
Possible confusion in unexpected situations: the
designated opponent not playing, leading to a
change in either own team or opponents team (a
good header of the ball is replaced by a player who
is not as good in the air)
If a corner is cleared, it takes too long to put the
basic organisation back in place
Difficult to see movement behind
The player always has delayed reactions to the
movement of opponent
Use of zonal marking is leading to the
disappearance of man-to-man marking
Vulnerability if designated opponent moves for a
short corner as it creates space
Zonal marking Organisation to be determined in advance, Who attacks the ball if it is between two zones?
regardless of opponents (little or no influence of It is not always clear as to who is responsible for
replacements, fixed organisation even for short which zone
corners with three players in the penalty area) Numerical disadvantage in a specific zone if
Best headers of the ball in the most dangerous several attackers who are good in the air run
areas in front of goal towards this zone and the ball lands there
Specific movements and manoeuvres do not lead Not possible to reach maximum jumping height
to disorganisation in the team from standing position
Possibility of rapid regrouping: Space can be left at crosses from short corners
If a corner is cleared, the players return to their due to poor positioning
positions quickly The ball can be played towards the most aerially
If a corner is cleared, positions may be occupied powerful opponent, who attacks the zone
more quickly by other players covered by the player with the weakest aerial
Better overall vision of game and pitch ability
Players act instead of reacting
116 5 / Strategic approach
G G G G
1. Direct outswinging corner 2. Direct inswinging corner 3. Directly to near post 4. Directly to far post
(from the right: with right (from the right: with left
foot; from the left: with foot; from the left: with
left foot) right foot)
G G G G
5. To near post for a player to 6. To near post for a player to 7. Direct low corner towards 8. Two-person play: the
flick on with head behind flick on towards centre of a player who dummies the receiver passes the ball
him goal ball for a second player back to the passer, who
crosses
G G
Variants
G G
G G G G
1. Kick taken with the right 2. Kick taken with the right 3. Kick taken with the instep 4. Two-person play: pass to a
foot from the left; and with foot from the right; and or the outside of the foot player running in
the left foot from the right with the left foot from the
(near or far post) left, looking for the far
corner of the goal
G G G G
2 1 2
2 1 3
1 2 3 1
3
5. Two-person play: 1 runs 6. Three-person play: 1 runs 7. Three-person play: 1 and 8. Three-person play: 1 passes
towards ball, dummies it towards ball, gets in front 2 dummy the ball (1 from to 2, who puts his foot on
and 2 shoots of passer (2) who taps the the right, 2 from the left), 3 the ball, and 3 shoots
ball to 3 behind him, who shoots
shoots
G G
3
1 2 1
2
It has been recognised that the ideal period During this stage of training, known as
for training in technical and technical- performance training, it is of primary
tactical qualities, as well as coordination importance that all players are not grouped
and cognitive capacity, is between the first together at the same level in physical
and second growth spurt (between 9-10 training sessions, but rather that the
and 13-14), that is, during the golden age particular physical development of each
for learning. player should be respected. In terms of the
It is the period in which childhood development of the musculoskeletal system
kickabouts end and basic training begins. (bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
This age, which favours the development and muscles), the cardio-vascular and
of psychomotor skills, is also the period respiratory systems (energy pathways),
in which young players experience for and coordination, as well as in terms of
the first time demands on their physical psychological strength, it is often possible
capacities, particularly in terms of to observe vast differences between players
flexibility, reaction speed and the aerobic of the same age.
metabolism for endurance. However, the
training methodology at this level places From this stage onwards, the planning and
the emphasis on the relationship between scheduling of training become important as
player and ball, and on the different game a methodological process for the regulation
formats and match experience. At this of training:
age, integrated training (also known as duration intensity recovery.
dissociated) is very important.
The specific methods and forms of
Already from the second phase of puberty, training should therefore be adapted
the first physical foundations are in place, to these different levels of learning. If,
particularly in terms of speed, endurance during development, a balance needs to
and even muscular strength, all of which be maintained between the isolated and
is engaged in strength training and core integrated forms of physical training,
strength training for the upper body and significant efforts at this age could also
reaction speed. be made to bring in technical and tactical
Physical conditioning at this stage of aspects with combined and more complex
basic training is essentially centred forms of training.
around physical capacity training, which However, the content as well as the
means instilling in youngsters the key methods of the training must be adapted
importance of this type of training in order to the age of the players and their personal
to understand that both attacking and levels of development.
defensive play also depend on physical
qualities. It is also the age at which to
start training mental attitudes, particularly
related to physical condition: desire,
perseverance, bravery, self-confidence,
focus, etc.
Speed
Coordination
Strength-speed Endurance-speed
Suppleness
Endurance-
Strength strength
Endurance
Coordination: an essential quality in the 15-16 years for boys (N.B. for young girls,
control of the body, which demonstrates the ideal age for speed training is between
the interaction between the nervous system 13 and 14 years). It is important to find
and the muscles during the execution of opportunities to include speed or speed-
a movement. Good coordination enables strength elements in every training session
a faster and more effective learning of for young players.
psychomotor skills.
Coordination is the basis for learning Strength: strength training has become an
technical movements. It should be worked integral part of modern football, but with
on in training from an early age and is specific strength characteristics adapted
best taught between the ages of 8 and to the sport. Even among youngsters in
13 years. Coordination training is also training, strain on the muscles is an integral
highly recommended for balance in young part of the training, particularly with
adolescents during a period of fast growth. the aim of achieving balanced physical
development. The recommended age for
Speed: a desired attribute in modern dedicated strength training is about 12 to
football, most often connected to genetic 20 months after peak growth (i.e. around
characteristics related to the nervous 15-16 years for boys and 13-14 for girls,
system and muscle fibres. It should be which tends to coincide with the beginning
worked on in training very early with of menstruation), but with lighter loads to
youngsters when the nervous system is start with.
adaptable. The first recognised opportunity Muscular strength can start to be utilised
for speed training comes at the age of 7-9 particularly for physical well-being and
years, and the second comes at around as strength training from the age of 9-10
the age of basic training, between 13 and
Physical preparation of young players / 6 123
years through methods that are, of course, Suppleness: a natural capacity that can
adapted for the age group and emphasise be developed very quickly from the initial
the use of the core muscles, meaning a years of the first growth spurt, around
general focus on the upper body and 5-6 years, and during the ideal period
primarily the abdominal and back muscles for building on this, between 12 and 14
and using their own body weight. years. It is a particularly interesting age
Leg strength is developed through regular for suppleness, notably in the spine, with
activity in running, sprinting, jumping and significant mobility favouring the passage
kicking the ball during training and games. of stimuli of the nervous system and
important adductor-abductor movements.
Endurance: optimal development of basic The second phase of puberty, around
endurance (aerobic capacity) should be 15-16 years, is also an important phase
initiated before the second growth spurt, in the training of suppleness as well as
i.e. from the age of 11-12 years. Endurance coordination, particularly among certain
specific to football (strength-endurance) youngsters whose rapid growth has caused
can be worked on later by phasing it into an imbalance in the development of joints
training around the age of 14-15 years. and muscles.
The ideal period for endurance training While it is not an essential physical factor in
among males is between 14 and 22 years, football, working on suppleness also helps
and between 12 and 17-18 years among to prevent injuries.
females.
Age 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Coordination
Aerobic capacity
Aerobic power
Speed
Strength
Suppleness
124 6 / Physical preparation of young players
Speed Distance
with ball
over 23.1km/h
19.1-23km/h
14.1-19km/h 0-11km/h
11.1-14km/h
Football is therefore a sport of intermittent However, match analysis has shown that it
activity that constantly requires all of the is possible to observe that physical exertion
essential aspects of the game, whether varies a great deal from one player to
physical, tactical, technical or mental. another according to the positions of the
The physical demands during matches players. This reinforces the guidance of
and, above all, the varied running with individualised training, i.e. training tailored
and without the ball have increased according to the potential and individual
considerably in recent years, including for qualities of the player. Here, the notion
youth players. It is particularly through of tailored individual training becomes
high-speed running (19-23km/h) and indispensable in the optimum physical
sprinting (over 24-25km/h) that physical development of young players.
progress is most notable, enabling a faster Furthermore, in modern training, physical
and more dynamic game. Several years preparation must, as with technical-tactical
observing high-level football have proven aspects, be as close to the reality of the
that the teams that retain possession of the game as possible, in its action and in all of
ball also run the most during a match. the factors of match performance.
In light of these observations, physical
Power (strength-speed) and speed are training for players during different
unquestionably the physical capacities stages of development appears to be
that are most important and even decisive indispensable for ensuring that young
in modern football. Nevertheless, for the players will be prepared for the game at
regular repetition of all of the different the highest level.
types of movement around the pitch and Preparing a proper physical foundation
changes of pace during a match, aerobic- at this age also ensures good health and
anaerobic endurance capacity also appears strengthens the immune system.
to be a key factor in performance, just as
muscular strength forms the basis for this
speed and strength.
Physical preparation of young players / 6 127
Coordination boosts psychomotor skills and Coordination is the basis for technique
enables athletes to perform predictable
(automatic) and unpredictable (adapted)
actions with precision and efficiency in
terms of energy usage, and, if necessary, to
learn movements as quickly as possible.
ORIENTATION
Sense of positioning RHYTHM DIFFERENTIATION
in space Movement at (MEASUREMENT)
(space-time) the same tempo Sense of tensing-
Position of body or a varied tempo relaxing of muscles
in relation to the ground, Variation of pace (depending on muscles used)
in relation to the ball Measurement of passing
REACTION EQUILIBRIUM
Motor response between
Capacity to keep a stable
the arrival of a signal and
position (stationary or moving)
the movement action
(balance of the body for the
depends on perceptiveness
technical movement)
128 6 / Physical preparation of young players
Objectives Exercises
Orientation/Differentiation With back to goal, directional control and then shoot into the corner of the
Equilibrium net (precision)
Orientation/Differentiation Shot on target (specify front or back post) after a forward roll and directional
Equilibrium/Reaction control of the ball
Orientation/Differentiation Series of jumps (right/left foot) in hoops before receiving the ball and then
Rhythm/Equilibrium slaloming between cones and performing a precise long pass (or cross)
Differentiation Juggling various different balls (football, tennis ball, volleyball, etc.).
(measurement) Alternate high and low juggling
Differentiation/Orientation Juggling individually or in pairs, with movement off the ball, half turn, etc.
Rhythm/Equilibrium Running with the ball in a slalom (+ cones), using the inside and outside of
the foot, double touches and triple touches
Very early for youngsters to Elements of form separated Varied coordination exercises
learn movements (8-12 years) between exercises, but quickly with the ball (separate and
integrated (with the ball) integrated)
During a period of growth Running course with various
(adolescence) to achieve a good Integrated form exercises (for stamina) with and
physical, neuromuscular and combination of movements without the ball
psychological balance (16-18 with the ball Mastering full bodily control
years) (on feet and on the ground)
Game format + game forward roll, getting up
At elite level + high level with emphasis on the various to standing position and
(18-21 years) for maintaining, elements of coordination controlling the ball +
adjusting, finding a more (ORDER) sequence
economical use of energy and Running session, varied jumping
personalised workload: Multiple sporting ability (other exercises
Intra- and inter-muscular sports) emphasis on posture,
coordination steadiness on feet, step rate
(skipping rope, hoops)
Technical exercises with the
emphasis on coordination skills
orientation and balance
with controlling the ball and
shooting on goal
Development of proprioception
balance (strengthening of the
ankles and knees)
All game formats (small-sided
pitch)
At each specialised training session Repetition of movements, actions, Use of balls, smaller balls or other
for children or during warm-up combinations of movements coordination equipment
agility ladder, skipping rope,
Duration 10-15 or 2 x 7-8 Analytical approach to the action circular wobble board, etc.
2-3 times per week during + global and sequential approach
basic training (sequences of actions)
1-2 times per week during
intermediate training Increasing the speed of execution
+ 1x tailored individual
programme
Endurance training
The general aim of endurance in football 1. Building the players oxygen reserve
is to maintain intensive efforts until the (fuel):
end of the match, and decent work on Fundamental and natural endurance
aerobic and anaerobic qualities enables Endurance through aerobic capacity
the development of physical qualities that (AC)
involve the two following criteria:
2. Developing the players engine and
turbo:
Specific endurance intensive
endurance
Endurance through aerobic power (AP)
and maximum aerobic power (MAP)
Proteins Carbohydrates
ATP
Lipids Vitamins and
(fats) minerals
The functioning of the muscles happens fuel, oxygen (O2), to produce the necessary
through the supply of energy substrates fuel for the bodily metabolism:
from food energy sources and a natural adrenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Oxidative Glycolitic
channel channel
ATP
Threshold HR
Max. lactate value Aanaerobic threshold
FC.
VO2 MAX
4
MAS
VO2
INTENSITY (watts or km/h)
LACTATES
Intensity of effort required
before the lactic anaerobic
pathway becomes the main
energy provider.
Awareness of the anaerobic threshold and maximum aerobic speed (MAS) provides
important reference points for measuring the quality of an endurance training session.
Training focused on aerobic power and For this method to be most effective,
maximum aerobic power (AP+MAP) partial recovery between periods of intense
(intensity zones 3-4) exertion must not allow the heart rate
Total training time: 30 to go below 160-150bpm. It is therefore
Intermittent different to the interval method, which
>7 generally allows the heart rate to go down
10-20/Recovery 3 to 140-130, or even 120bpm.
practice game
>6 With this isolated or mixed (isolated +
6v6 + 4 interchangeable substitutes/ integrated) method, awareness of the
Recovery 3 maximum aerobic speed (MAS) is necessary
fartlek running for the precision of the training.
>6
dribbling with the ball 1 moderate The total duration of exertion varies
and 30 fast with changes of direction/ between 4-5 and 8-10 depending on the
Recovery 3 intensity of the MAS with short training
final game periods.
>6
3x2 3v3 + goalkeepers/Recovery 2 The number of sets varies between two and
four, depending on the workload and the
For practice games, the structure of the period of training.
playing surface is very important, not just
for technical-tactical aspects but also, and Recognised intensities in football: 30-30
especially, for endurance training. / 15-15 / 10-20 / 5-20 / 5-25 or 5-
30 (for the youngest players)
This form has come into modern training
with variations on match situations and Example of intermittent training:
different workloads practiced in the same Duration 3 x 8
training session. This is particularly highly 10 running at 110% of the MAS and
recommended in intermediate training 20 of recovery
where the youngsters are undergoing gentle running or technical work: ball
integrated training. juggling
or
Intermittence method (MAS) 5 running at 140-160% of the MAS and
Intermittent training is a recent endurance- 25-30 of recovery
power training method with exertion gentle running or technical work
levels tailored to the reality of a match amongst 4 players (passing or ball
incorporating changes of pace. It is juggling) duration 4 x 4
recommended especially for AP and MAP training with workloads of 5-25 or
training. 5-30 is beneficial for speed-endurance
It is a continuous succession of periods of work
increasing levels of intensity (85-90% of within a single training session, it is
HRmax and 80-100-120% of the MAS), possible to use 2 or 3 different types of
active or passive recovery breaks (75-80% intermittent exercises
of the HRmax and 50-60% of the MAS),
which depends on the duration and
intensity of the workload.
Using this method, the HR increases
according to exertion, but decreases very
little during the short recovery time; it
reaches a plateau with maximum drops of
10-15bpm between exertion and recovery.
The recovery can be active or passive,
depending on the workload, the duration
and the intensity of MAS.
In addition, an exertion intensity of more
than 90% of the MAS also calls on the fast
twitch muscle fibres.
Physical preparation of young players / 6 139
Intensity zones in aerobic training for developing a players reserve (max. VO2)
INTENSITY ZONE 5 Lactic-anaerobic system Training beyond the High anaerobic intensity
Red zone Resistance-heavy workload anaerobic threshold HR 95100%
Training under training Training under oxygen debt (MAS 90140%)
oxygen debt with the Tolerance of lactates Maximum to beyond-maximum > 11-16 mmol/l
production of lactate (Desire, mental strength) intensity 7-8 of a match
> Tolerance of lactate Working of the fast twitch
muscle fibres
INTENSITY ZONE 3 Aerobic system (+anaerobic) Training below and at the limit High aerobic intensity
Zone for developing Aerobic-power endurance of the threshold/intensity HR 80-90%
workloads over a (AP) Calling on the fast twitch (MAS 85-100%)
prolonged period Specific endurance (general) muscle fibres > 5-8/9 mmol/l
> developing the Average match pace 28-30 of a match
engine (HR 173-180)
INTENSITY ZONE 2 Aerobic system (alone) Pure aerobic training Moderate aerobic intensity
Natural base zone Aerobic-capacity endurance Moderate intensity HR 70-80/85%
> Building the reserve (AC) Training pace (MAS 70-80%)
Natural endurance (general) for basic TE-TA work > 3-4 mmol/l
40-42 of a match
INTENSITY ZONE 1 Aerobic oxygenation system Recovery and Low aerobic intensity
Basic endurance zone Basic aerobic endurance fitness training HR 60-70%
> Stimulation of the Working of the capillaries Low to moderate intensity (MAS 50-70%)
system of cardiovascular Pace of TA training (blocks) Lactate > 1-3 mmol/l
channels
140 6 / Physical preparation of young players
The training of endurance capacity begins the results of specific aerobic endurance
very early among young players: from tests.
the age of 12-13 years, this element can In gentle to moderate running (intensity
be built into all technical or technical- zone 1), the player should be able to talk
tactical training sessions, particularly during the exercise. It is also important
in practice games. It is therefore in the to observe the running, posture, the
types and content of training that the relaxing of the stride, balance on the
difference between youngsters in basic and feet and even the breathing of the
intermediate training is notable. player, without forgetting the heart rate
In basic training, practice games are control.
essential, particularly small-sided games, The explanation of the concept of heart
with on-the-ball training, but striving for rate and learning how to measure it
a fun approach in training. Therefore, during training is fundamental for
an integrated form of training (with the youngsters in intermediate training.
ball) is a priority at this age, particularly
in basic training. However, it is not a Endurance training must therefore be
bad idea to gradually introduce the introduced to increase this aerobic capacity
isolated form of training (without the with moderate workloads at 70-85% of
ball) through fartlek or intermittent the HRmax. The emphasis should be on
exercises to increase the training load. the volume of the workload rather than
This isolated form can also be carried out intensity.
with the ball (ball control, dribbling or Youngsters who regularly play football
passing technique on the move in twos and who practice other sporting activities
or threes) develop this capacity easily. All continuous
From the end of the second growth exercises performed with a ball, interval
spurt (13-14 years), with increasing game play and practice games are all
training loads, the isolated form of effective in contributing to this capacity:
training becomes more important in Aerobic-power (AP) endurance can be
developing training capacities and worked on specifically from the age
primarily for maximum aerobic power of puberty (14-15 years) with a higher
(MAP) endurance intensity zones 4 to intensity at 85-90% of the HRmax to
5 through intermittent training (100- increase the potential of the aerobic-
120% of the MAS) or interval training. power and build the engine of the
Training through small-sided games is, of player.
course, still ideal for this type of training Small-sided practice games are
and especially during a competition recognised for helping to develop the
period. The coach should find a decent AP, while also putting the emphasis
balance between the forms and methods of training on technical-tactical and
of training cognitive skills.
Starting from the principle that Fartlek training with changes of pace,
endurance capacity varies from one and intermittent training based on the
player to another, the heart rate values players MAS are decent alternatives for
will therefore be different, as will be the this kind of training.
maximum aerobic speed (MAS), and it is Maximum aerobic power training, with
therefore important that development high and intense workloads, becomes
of this capacity is done on an individual a major priority in training for the
basis. It is wrong, and even dangerous development of the players turbo
especially in the development and mode.
improvement of endurance to make
all players follow the same pace as that
of the player(s) who naturally have a
stronger potential because they are
growing more quickly.
Players must therefore be allowed to
run at their own pace and according to
Physical preparation of young players / 6 141
Strength in football
Strength is an important factor in football and more explosive in his movements, with
and is also often decisive in certain increased strength in starting off on runs
circumstances. The muscles or muscle and power when shooting or in one-on-
groups exert tension in order to bear one situations.
the loads that are becoming increasingly
significant in the modern game. The pace of play in football matches has
risen sharply: an increase of 37% since
As such, strength is highly involved in 1990.
an overall process of development that More specifically and for the players
comprises different phases: positions on the field, certain repeated
speed exercises have increased and, as a
Building an athletic and solid muscular result, the use of strength has also risen
foundation. significantly.
(With the advantage of preventing
injuries) Defenders: 130 to 150 sprints
Developing a dynamic and explosive (10m to 30m)
performance potential for a functional Midfielders: 100 to 120 sprints
foundation. (10m to 40m)
(With training of intra and inter- Attackers: 140 to 170 sprints
muscular coordination) (10m to 25m)
Improving muscle performance.
(With adjustment of energy levels
according to the needs of the player)
Functional and neural adaptation.
Developing a dynamic and explosive
performance potential.
Facilitating the development of a better Building strength over time
psychological fitness.
INTENSIVE PHASE
Maximum strength
PERIOD OF (intramuscular coordination)
GENERAL
Reactive explosive
PREPARATION
(medium and high-
level plyometrics)
EXTENSIVE PHASE
Muscular strength development (volume)
(medium-level running courses or circuit training)
Reactive explosive
(learning phase
light plyometrics)
Isotonic
Concentric Eccentric
Isometric
Plyometric
144 6 / Physical preparation of young players
Biceps Hamstrings
Shoulder flexion Hip extension
Arm flexion Knee flexion and rotation
Tibialis anterior
Extension (or dorsal flexion) of
the foot
STRENGTH
100%
85%
70%
50%
30%
0% SPEED
Mixed strength levels (heavy-light) Multi-form method > Static strength/isometrics 15-30 or with a load
Game-like scenario training to be performed on the pitch 30-60% of the maximum strength or dynamic
strength
30-50% of max strength
+ 5-8 jumps and sprinting 6-10m
Isometric strength (for young players or players > Maintain posture for 15 to 20 or 30
recovering from injury) (depending on age) / 2 to 3 sets
Plyometrics
Speed in football
Speed is primarily defined by the capacity Elements and forms of speed training
to cover a given distance as quickly as
possible with the maximum exertion Cyclic speed:
(100%) and also by the maximum speed Speed under the same cycle of action,
at which a movement or a series of movement and frequency of action
movements are performed. (frequency of strides)
The fundamental quality in football is a pure basic speed
performance ability of the neuromuscular
system. Acyclic speed:
In fact, a great player stands out from Speed that is not part of the same cycle
the others by having an above-average during exertion, running, an action
technical-tactical awareness and a degree speed of a simple motor activity (jumps,
of speed that allows him to capitalise on his shooting at goal).
other qualities.
Isolated speed:
As such, different types of speed allow Purely athletic work (setting off, running
a player to be judged on this physical without the ball)
condition: specific training to look at running, work
on stride and achieve the maximum pure
Speed of reaction: speed
Ability to react as quickly as possible to a
given signal: Integrated speed:
in football, this signal is most often Training for different types of speed or
visual: a game play, a complex game action, but with the ball:
situation, the behaviour of the other sprinting and ball control + link-up,
players, etc. one-on-one over 20-30m, counter-
it is often influenced by the speed of attacking move
response (perception, anticipation, sprinting with the ball, combination of
decision). play in a three-on-one situation with a
shot on goal within 7-10 max
Speed off the mark:
This capacity, so often decisive in Speed during practice games:
football, is based on reaction, but Transformation of athletic speed into
requires strength-speed (muscle power) game speed (optimal speed)
and mental attitudes (concentration + the game reflects the reality of a match
aggressiveness). with its different types of speed and
particularly speed of response and action
Acceleration speed: however, maintaining control of the
A capacity that requires an increase of speed trained is difficult in a game
speed over time
influenced by muscle power (concentric Maximum speed:
and eccentric strength). Pure sprinting speed at the greatest level
of intensity (100%) that is not reached
Speed of action (or execution) before 40m in youngsters and is trained
The capacity to execute cyclic and acyclic without the ball
movements at high and very high speed:
pure running, varied running, running Optimum speed:
combined with real-game actions The speed of the footballer
the higher the intensity and the sprinting speed or speed of execution
longer the duration, the more speed is
influenced by strength.
150 6 / Physical preparation of young players
Neural Muscular
factors strength
Speed of reaction Muscle structure
Sprinting, one-on-ones
The nature of most of the different fibres indispensable in order to increase the small
is inherited genetically, but targeted speed margin of likelihood of making progress
training can develop the diameter of the in speed. Of course, the energy source in
fast twitch fibres without losing the phosphocreatine (PC) remains the source of
muscle elasticity that is essential for good the movement.
coordination. The energy from adenosine triphosphate
Strength development improves speed, and (ATP) for training pure speed specifically in
technical impetus is a decisive factor. football comes from the alactic-anaerobic
As such, the relationship between system.
the agonist and antagonist muscles It should also be noted that sprinting speed
is fundamental, and the elements of increases during the course of puberty
coordination (such as pace or balance) are thanks to the development of the muscles.
The preferred method for training speed (50-60m), total recovery is necessary
and developing maximum and optimal and can last up to 2-3 minutes.
speed (of the footballer) with all of the Recovery between repetitions is generally
other elements of speed and the alactic- semi-active (walking) or passive. Between
anaerobic system (ATP-PC). sets, which can last 3 to 6-7 minutes
Sprints must always be performed at 100% depending on the volume of sprints,
with a duration of 3-5 seconds, up to a recovery is generally semi-active (walking,
maximum of 8-10 seconds. gentle running, ball juggling between 4-5
To work on and reach the maximum speed players or even conditioning/stabilisation
(frequency training), an exertion of at least upper-body muscle work, or even dynamic
approximately 6 seconds is required (45- suppleness):
55/60m). No stretching between speed training
To work on the specific speed of the sets.
footballer, sprints of 20-40m are required.
Working on short reaction speed (2-3m up For speed training on the lactic-anaerobic
to 10m) using the repetition method allows system, the time of exertion is 10-15
a higher number of repetitions than for seconds up to a maximum of 30 seconds.
acceleration speed or speed of action. For youngsters, sets of fewer repetitions
Recovery between each sprint should (2-4) are recommended, although more sets
always be complete (1:10/1:15 up to 1:20 can be performed (3-5) according to the
of the exertion time), according to the volume of training.
distance covered. For a set at maximum
Physical preparation of young players / 6 151
Speed
of
perception
with good
anticipation
Speed of
decision-making
with the right
movement
0 to 3 metres
Speed
of reaction 2 to 15 metres
Speed
off the mark 10 to 30 metres
Speed
of acceleration More than 20 metres
Speed
Integrated in the game of action and
response
By running (maximum and optimum sprints)
Define the type of speed and the form of Choice of training content following a
training: speed session:
Cyclic or acyclic speed It depends on the training day, but often
integrated or isolated form with sequences based on technical-
tactical skills.
Define the volume of training suitable for
the level: In training that focuses on speed or speed-
This varies, depending on the age of strength, it is necessary to bear in mind the
the players and the day of the session, physiological effects and adapt the training
between 120 and 350 metres content to be performed in the session
do a global assessment of the distances accordingly.
in the integrated and isolated forms For training of purely technical-tactical
football using the aerobic endurance
Divide the training volume into sets and system, the workload of the speed section
repetitions: can be more intensive.
For example, 5 to 8 repetitions for On the other hand, if the focus on speed
a distance of 10 metres followed by is adapted to the content that follows
another set of another form this session, then it will be necessary to
adapt the planned workload. Therefore,
The recovery time between repetitions with the attacking work of a technical move
a ratio of between 10 and 20 times the at speed should be calculated as part of
workout time: the total volume of speed in order to
For example, for a 5 run, the recovery avoid overloading on neuromuscular and
time can be up to twenty times that, muscular training.
at 140 and between sets it can be Good results, particularly among young
between 4 and 8, depending on the players in intermediate training, have been
load in each set achieved: they have shown the advantages
of a daily double session with training in
Type of recovery break: the morning focusing on speed and late-
Semi-active to passive between afternoon training using speed in football
repetitions, particularly by walking through technical-tactical work and game
passive + active between sets; technical play.
work with movement is often
recommended
Speed of reaction Max. speed 1-4 5-6 x 2-3 Passive 20-45 3-4
100% of the (0-2/6-8m) (1:10) active
maximum speed
Speed off the mark Max. speed 2-4 4-5 x 2-3 Passive 30-45 3-4
95-100% of the (10-20m) Semi-active (1:10) active
maximum speed
All physical exertion requires time for For youngsters in intermediate training,
recovery, rest or even full physical and respect for this process is all the more
psychological recuperation, so as to important. Players going through training
regenerate and rebuild the energy levels, do not just have to cope with the demands
both biological and mental, of the body of sporting exertion, but they also often
and to regain strength. As in all other have to deal with school work, studying or
sports, this regeneration of energy in learning a trade.
football must be done as quickly as
possible, whether after a match or in Targeted recovery has the following
between training sessions, in order to primary aims:
be able to quickly repeat the workloads To prevent and eliminate physical and
demanded every day by the coach. psychological fatigue after exertion
Recovery is therefore an integral part of To avoid the overload of training
the training process. To allow the recovery of energy
In the planning of each training session expended during exertion
and each training cycle (microcycle, To reduce stress
mesocycle, macrocycle), the periods for rest, To reduce the risk of injury
elimination of toxins and, above all, specific
recovery must be incorporated alongside After intensive exertion, such as that of
the technical, tactical and physical training a match, a period of at least 48 hours
content. is needed to replenish the reserves of
When well planned as part of training, glycogen and other energy sources.
the recovery-regeneration process allows It is possible to reduce that time to 24-
the player to quickly recover the ability to 30 hours with oxygenation training and
perform a certain level of exertion. A well- targeted recovery, based on physical work
paced programme of training and recovery and treatment, and with a balanced diet
allows the player to maintain an optimum that is rich in carbohydrates, (pasta, rice,
physical and psychological state in order potatoes, cassava, vegetables, fruit, drinks,
to handle the workloads of training (pay etc.)
attention to avoid overtraining) and to In this way, the individuals performance
avoid injury. capacity increases right from the
regeneration of tissue during the recovery
phase.
These recovery times take into account balanced diet, rest time and sleep needed
the natural internal biological and for a balanced life.
physiological processes at work in the The recovery times are also optimised for
player, but also require the support of a targeted recovery training.
156 6 / Physical preparation of young players
Complementary treatments
Baths, sauna, treatments, massages
158 6 / Physical preparation of young players
Although they are not as precise as the Muscular strength and explosiveness
other tests, the two Cooper tests have the Explosive strength Sargent (vertical
advantage of the fact that the player is jump) test
alone in his performance and his frame horizontal strength two-footed long
of mind is very influential on the result. jump test/five-stride test/or the Bosco
Players are allowed to decide on the test and Myotest (the latter two tests
intensity of their own running. For the are performed with specific measuring
other tests, the intensity is set by the test equipment).
itself (steps, beep, whistle).
160 6 / Physical preparation of young players
Adapt training to the age and level of It goes without saying that the
the players responsibility for the tests and the choice
Use recognised, measurable and of tests depends on the culture of the
repeatable tests (comparable and club, the instructor and, of course, the
personal scales) structures and means of the club. A club
Provide clear explanations on the with tradition and experience in providing
procedure for the test, ensure that every basic training will select the most scientific
player has understood the test laboratory tests (including blood testing,
The players must know the objective urine samples, fat mass, muscle mass, etc.).
of the test in order to optimise their
motivation
Repetition of the same tests and
procedures:
always carry out the tests under the
same conditions
Have an understanding of the test and
practice it once or twice to get used to
the effort required
Communicate the results:
explain the complete set of results to
the team (provide the average for the
team per test)
hold individual evaluation and
discussion with the players (progress/
lack of progress/training).
7 The mental and
educational aspects
of basic training
165 The educational potential of football
166 Training mental strength
164 7 / The mental and educational aspects of basic training
Mental strength
Being determined, taking risks, showing the effect of lowering performance and
aggression, playing together or, slowing down the learning and progress
alternatively, letting ones head drop after of players. The difference between great
every defeat, lacking desire, having self- players and average players is in their
doubt, being afraid of shooting at goal, mastery of the mental aspect. Mental
lacking concentration, etc. are mental strength, with its many factors, is a key part
attitudes that can be observed in players, of their talent and their performance.
whether during a match or in a training
session. Negative mental attitudes have
The mental and educational aspects of basic training / 7 167
Education through football and on the pitch, but also through specific
development of mental strength, on and work. An instructor must be ready to
off the pitch, are not automatic, and the consciously support the development of
instructor must be aware that neither one youngsters in real situations and to stick,
nor the other comes from just a few theory in the activities, to his projected targets
or training sessions. Just as with tactical and values, as well as take responsibility.
awareness and technical and physical Here, the instructor must be an educator
preparation for high-level competition, and behave accordingly. During the various
mental attitudes and personality aspects phases of training, education must be given
must also be an integral part of the its place, especially in basic training, but
planning, organisation and progress the development of mental strength takes
of training over the years, prominently place more in intermediate and advanced
integrated, meaning as part of training training.
The mental and educational aspects of basic training / 7 171
8 Training games
Training games help to make training They can respond to different objectives
more appealing, more fun, more dynamic and consider, for example:
and more intense. During training sessions the capacities of the players
organised around games, the motivation their aspirations
of the players is higher and the mentality different psychological aspects:
required for competition is strengthened. motivation, mood, recovery, etc.
Training by playing is possible, but it technical, athletic or tactical qualities or
requires strong footballing ability and faults
understanding on the part of the coach. training objectives
Training games constitute a broad range of available facilities
training situations, providing the instructor
with the main necessary elements of the
objectives that he sets himself for his team.
Training games / 8 177
Example:
However, in the same way, the coach can also organise his training session as follows:
Topic: 4v4 game with small goals and a small-sided pitch with
players supporting up front
Athletic emphasis: Aerobic power (2 work,
2 active recovery)
Technical-tactical
supporting activity: Retaining possession and passing the ball as a group
Comments
Practice games with goals (large or small)
improve the motivation of the players
because they are similar to competitive
games. It is possible to distinguish between
several types of game:
Mental Athletic
Confidence Aerobic capacity
Respect Aerobic power
Concentration Speed
Positive aggressiveness Jumping
Coordination
Pace and change in pace
Emphasis
Technical Tactical
General ball control Organisation of play
Control and passing Zonal play
Short passing Regaining possession as a
Long passing team
Crossing Pressing
Shooting Retaining possession
Heading and passing the ball as a
1- or 2-touch play group
One-on-ones Using the width of the
pitch
Play between the lines
Wing play
Attempts to play in
behind the defence
Counter-attacking
Attack-defence transition
Defence-attack transition
Playing second balls
Training games / 8 179
Game 1
Description:
5v5 + 1 goalkeeper, or 6v6 + 1 goalkeeper
Pitch: double the size of the penalty area
Ball source: near the goals
Technical objective: shooting
Instructions: shoot after controlling or first time
Game 2
Description:
7v7, or 8v8 + 1 goalkeeper
Pitch: the width of the pitch and part of the length (1 goal on the
16.5-metre line)
Technical objective: fast transition from defensive zone to
attacking zone
Instructions:
Each team plays with 1 goalkeeper, 3 defenders, 2 or 3 midfielders
and 2 attackers.
Players may not leave their zone, unless:
a defender passes to a midfielder
a midfielder passes to an attacker In this case, the passing player can
move into the zone into which he has played the ball and create a
numerical advantage (3 against 2)
Game 3
Description:
6v6 + 1 goalkeeper
Half the length of a full pitch
2 wide channels
Technical objective: to improve crosses
Instructions: the two teams both have two wide channels that are
protected and allow a player to cross without being challenged.
Players may not enter these channels with the ball at their feet, or
simply wait there for the ball. They must enter these channels to
demand the ball (run) and to receive it while running.
Game 4
Description:
The players in the same team play with each other as well as with the
support players wearing the same colour.
Duration of the game: 3
Duration of recovery: 3
Type of recovery: active (jogging or skipping)
Repetitions: 4
The support players are resting
4 periods
Athletic objective: aerobic power
Instructions:
18 players
Length of the pitch: double the size of the penalty area (33m)
Width of the pitch: length of the penalty area
4v4 + goalkeepers + support players in each channel and at the side
of each goal.
Spare balls around the pitch and in the goals
180 8 / Training games
Game 5
Description: 2 teams of 8 players attempt to retain possession and
complete 10 passes to score 1 point. The support players are placed
on different wings and come into play each time they touch the ball.
Another player in that team then comes into the support zone. One
team plays across the width of the pitch and the other plays along
the length. Swap direction of play regularly.
Athletic objective: aerobic capacity
Movement into space and control on the turn to escape difficult
situations, eliminate an opponent with the first touch or protect the
ball
Instructions:
Topic: keeping possession
Form: practice game
Goals: to improve team play in short play and on the ground under
pressure
The player will be able to adapt his choices depending on the stress
created by the game conditions
Game 6
Topic: keeping possession and play in small spaces
Description: 2 teams of 7 players. The team in possession of the ball
attempts to score in the goals in the corners (small spaces). For a
goal to be scored, the ball must be played back and forth, but not
necessarily between the same two players. As soon as 3 new passes
have been completed, it is possible to score again in the same goal or
in another goal.
Objective: to improve possession and play in small spaces, be able to
adapt choices to the zones and instructions, and provide solutions
adapted to zones.
Variant: it is possible to add a third team to play 2 teams against 1, or
add floating players to create a numerical advantage.
Game 7
Topic: playing between the lines (at the right moment)
Description: 2 teams of 3 players spread out around an oblong (size
adapted according to the quality of the players). The players stay
close to the line and pass the ball squarely with 1 or 2 touches of
the ball. They attempt to pass the ball in between the lines for
the floating player who is inside the area. By communicating,
the floating player decides the direction of the game (one-two,
or receiving the ball and playing the other way). The floating
player attempts to play with 1 or 2 touches of the ball and listens
to information to choose his position and make a decision. The
defenders attempt to regain possession but are not allowed to
individually mark the floating player.
Objectives: improve control of the game
Methodology: strive for quality by working in short periods.
Regularly change the floating player and defenders (team
rotation)
Game 8
Topic: attacking with a numerical advantage
Description: the team with the ball attacks in a 5v3 situation.
The defending team loses 2 players, who leave the pitch.
Upon regaining possession or at the end of the action, the
2 players who had left the team playing with 3 return to the pitch
and it is the turn of the other team to lose 2 players.
Objective: tactical work
Training games / 8 181
Game 9
Topic: 5v5 across 3 zones, with 2 floating players
Description: the pitch is divided into 3 zones with 2 channels. Players
play in the zones marked on the adjacent diagram. In an attacking
move, only one player can move between the zones to provide
support to the striker. The support players play with their team along
the whole length of the pitch and have to respect the specified
number of touches of the ball.
Objective: tactical work
Game 10
No
Topic: forbidden zones
Description: the players may move within the highlighted zones but
the ball cannot enter these zones. In a second period, passes over
the highlighted zones can be allowed. This game helps to force No
the players to play across the centre and down the wings, and then
switch play or pass the ball into space.
Objective: tactical work
No
No
Game 11
Topic: 7v7 + 2 goalkeepers + 3 floating players
Description: of the 3 floating players, 2 are involved in a move. The
third regains possession. The game therefore creates situations of
9v7. The floating players change sides only when the ball comes into
the possession of the defending team.
Objective: tactical work
Game 12
Topic: game of 8v8 or 6v6 with goalkeepers
Organisation:
2 teams of 8 players
Area marked out (with cones, markers, etc.)
2 neutral goalkeepers play behind the line
Procedure:
Retain possession and occupy the pitch
3-touch (maximum) play
To score 1 point, a team must complete 5 passes and
one aerial pass into the hands of the goalkeeper in the opposite half of the pitch
Variant:
2-touch play, the same but with 2 goals
After 5 passes, players are allowed to score in either of the two goals
Game 13
Game of 4v4 or 8v8 + 2 floating players
Organisation:
2 teams of 8 players + 2 neutral floating players (goalkeepers)
Pitch divided into 2 zones (A + B) with 4 mini-goals in the corners
Procedure:
Game of 4v4 in each zone (1 or 2 touches of the ball). The neutral
floating player can only play with 1 touch
A team scores 1 point every time it completes 6 consecutive passes
(not including the passes from the floating player)
Then play 8v8 using the whole area; the neutral floating players each
stay in one zone
1 point after 10 passes
Variant:
Play with mini-goals
After 6 passes, a goal may be scored in one of the 4 mini-goals
Each team defends 2 goals and attacks the other 2
182 8 / Training games
Game 14
Game of 4v4 or 3v3 + goalkeepers
Organisation:
2 teams of 4 players + 2 goalkeepers; 4 support players per team
Marked-out area
2 goals
Procedure:
Free play
The support players have 1 touch (or 2) and may not play the ball to
each other
Players switch
Variant:
Goal after first-time shot in attacking zone
Goal after first-time shot on receiving lay-off
Goal from shot within own half
Game 15
Game of 5v5 or 6v6 + goalkeepers
Organisation:
2 teams of 5 + 2 neutral support players (orange) and 2 goalkeepers
Area marked out + 2 neutral channel zones + 2 goals
Procedure:
Free play, try to score from a cross
Goals from a cross (2 points); from a cross and direct follow-up (3
points); normal goal (1 point)
Players must make 4 passes before crossing
Variant:
5v5 with maximum of 3 touches
No fixed support players. Play on the wings by calling for the ball
Game 16
Game of 4v4 or 5v5 + goalkeepers
Organisation:
2 teams of 5 players + 2 goalkeepers
The pitch is divided into 3 zones
2 goals
Procedure:
Free play in the central zone
Attempt to break through the opposing defensive line with the ball
at feet in order to score a goal
1 point awarded for breaking through the line; 2 points for scoring a
goal
1 point awarded to the goalkeeper for saving a shot
Variant:
A defender can follow the attacker into the scoring zone when the
attacker is taking on the goalkeeper
Game 17
Game of 7v7 + goalkeepers
Organisation:
The pitch is divided into 3 zones
2v2 and 3v3 in the zones
Procedure:
The game starts with the goalkeeper, who plays the ball to the middle of
the pitch
Game of 2v2
The blue team tries to play with a blue attacker who tries to lose his marker
If he succeeds, a midfielder can advance into the attacking zone (3v3)
Variant:
Two midfielders can advance into the attacking zone
One or two defenders can advance into the middle zone
Training games / 8 183
Game 18
Game of 3v3v3 (4v4v4) + 2 goalkeepers
Organisation:
3 teams of 3 (or 4) players + 2 goalkeepers
Marked-out area
2 large goals
Procedure:
The blue team tries to score. If they lose the ball, the yellow team
attacks the other goal defended by the orange team. The blue team
leaves the game. The team that scores a goal keeps the ball and stays
in the game to attack the other goal
Free play
Variant:
If the attackers lose the ball in the attacking zone, they can try to
regain possession by pressing and marking
Game 19
Game of 5v5 or 6v6 + goalkeepers
Organisation:
2 teams of 6 players + 2 goalkeepers
Marked-out area + 2 large goals
Procedure:
Free play. 4v4 + 2 support players per team on the wings
When a support player receives the ball, he may take two touches or
dribble with the ball
The player who passed to the support player takes his place
Variant:
Limited number of touches of the ball in the game
Goal scored from a cross from a support player = 2 points
Game 20
Game of 3v3v3: finishing
Organisation:
3 teams of 3 players (3 different colours) + 3 goalkeepers
Marked-out playing area
3 large goals (also possible with poles)
1 ball in play
Procedure:
Each team plays against the two other teams
Players try to score in the goals of the two other teams
Free play
Make the right choice
Variant:
Play without a goalkeeper
One floating player playing with all 3 teams
Vary the size of the playing area and the number of players per team
Game 21
Game of 4v4: maximum aerobic power
Organisation:
2 teams of 8 players + 2 goalkeepers
Marked-out area + 2 large goals
Balls provided by the goalkeepers
Duration: 15 to 20
Periods: 4 or 5 periods of 3 or 4
Break: 3 or 4
Intensity level: HR 170 to 190
Procedure:
Game of 4v4; the goalkeepers can only play with 1 touch of the ball
When the ball leaves the pitch, including for a corner, the goalkeeper of the team that had possession of the ball quickly
puts the ball back into play After each period (3 or 4), the coach changes the players
Variant:
Game of 4v4 with support players for each team (playing with 1 touch)
9 The goalkeeper
187 The young goalkeeper (6 to 12 years old)
introductory phase
188 The young goalkeeper (13 to 15 years old)
basic training
202 The young goalkeeper (16 to 18 years old)
intermediate training
186 9 / The goalkeeper
9 THE GOALKEEPER
Individualising training by level and This role is not fully recognised as far
position is becoming increasingly as their development and training is
important for all young players, and concerned, which is why goalkeepers need
training goalkeepers requires more effort to be prepared from as young an age as
than for other positions. Recent major possible.
championships have demonstrated the
vital importance of the goalkeeper and Although different working conditions and
how his role has changed over the past approaches with regard to goalkeeping
20 years. Controlling the penalty area is technique exist in every country, a young
no longer enough: understanding and goalkeepers development can nevertheless
communicating with the other players, be broken down into three stages:
being able to use both feet, being in 6 to 12 years old (introductory phase):
the right position behind the defence learning basic technique
and releasing the ball immediately have (acquiring and perfecting the necessary
all become indispensable. While the movements)
goalkeeper may join the rest of the team 13 to 15 years old (basic training):
in training to experience match situations, perfecting the acquired technique
specific training sessions need to be 16 to 18 years old (intermediate
organised around his particular tasks. training):
The key factors that goalkeepers need to preparing for high-level competition
focus on over the course of their career (constant strengthening of acquired
are acquiring specific techniques, tactical technique)
work, physical preparation and developing
personality traits such as self-confidence, This chapter provides a guide for
character and determination. Football developing specific programmes in member
needs goalkeepers who have strong associations.
personalities and are leaders.
The goalkeeper / 9 187
These days, a new approach is needed for Focusing on one movement enables it
starting a young goalkeepers training. The to be repeated ad infinitum
sooner he learns the basics, the better he
will be able to develop them while training Stages:
with the team. Getting the introductory Stage1:
phase right from the start will enable Basic positioning, ball control,
the player to avoid bad habits, which moving with and without the ball
are difficult to eliminate later. However, and standing saves (catching the ball
goalkeeper training must not be carried from the front, in the midriff, with
out to the detriment of training with the bent knees, from crosses)
team. Young goalkeepers should develop Stage 2:
in the same way as outfield players, as Dives (low shots, ball arriving at mid-
controlling the ball with the feet is as height, bouncing ball)
important as controlling it with the hands Stage 3:
in todays game. Footwork and initial release of the
ball together with stages 1 and 2
The goalkeeper is an integral part of
the team, which is why the coach has Perfecting movement techniques
to find the time to instruct him on Goalkeepers continue to perfect
goalkeeping movements outside of team movement techniques until they hang
sessions. It is vital to adapt the content up their gloves: only the difficulty of
and methodology. Even today, many the exercises changes. Provided young
coaches still use the same exercises for goalkeepers are ready to tackle complex
beginners, teenagers and adults. During exercises, they will continue to develop.
this introductory phase, it is not necessary As well as improving their motor skills,
to spend time on physical preparation: the aim of including small activities
technical preparation is the sole focus here (hoops, small hurdles, cones) in these
(acquiring goalkeeping skills). exercises is to put the goalkeeper in
Young goalkeepers acquire their physical difficult situations before he can carry
qualities naturally through their physical out his specific movement to stop or
activities: they simply need to be allowed parry the ball. If the goalkeeper has
time to develop their technique and acquired the basics well, it is possible to
coordination skills. create a variety of exercises based on the
same basic movements.
There are two distinct phases of working
with beginner goalkeepers:
Acquiring movement techniques
Acquiring movement techniques is
carried out in a series of interconnected
stages. All movements are of equal
importance to the goalkeeper, although
each takes a different amount of time
to learn. A stage in this context is
defined by a variable period, during
which a specific goalkeeping movement
is the main focus of the session.
Why proceed in this way?
Breaking it down in this way enables Three-part exercises
young goalkeepers to understand the
movement in question and they are
not bombarded with information on
different subjects
In the majority of countries, children start more difficult, involving more complex
to play 11-a-side football on full-sized interventions, and the young goalkeeper
pitches between the ages of 13 and 15. In makes progress in every area with a
this age group, goalkeepers will already corresponding increase in the training load.
have acquired a solid base on which So what do we need to work on?
to build. Training becomes gradually
Goalkeepers positioning in the large goal, reading the balls trajectory, managing space,
controlling the penalty area
Penalty spot
Goal line
When the ball is in the oppositions is. To have the most possible opportunities
half, the goalkeepers role changes as to intercept the ball in this space, he must
he is responsible for the space that has be in a position where he is ready to set off
opened up between him and his defence and sprint.
(managing the depth). His positioning in
the penalty area depends on where the ball
The goalkeeper / 9 189
The goalkeeper has learnt how to dive for part of this training, he has to deal with
low shots, balls arriving at mid-height and shots from various distances, angles and
those that are bouncing dives that we can trajectories in succession. As he goes along,
continue to improve during warm-up with the goalkeeper must learn how to dive for
balls that are thrown at him. In the main high balls and lobs.
Training example (diving for a lob): 1. breaking down this complex movement
into several basic movements
2. learning part-movements (A, B... F)
3. putting the movements back together
and working on the complete save
Diving exercises
Exercise 1
Change of goalkeeper
Exercise 2
1. Dive (mid-height)
2. Movement
3. Dive (high ball)
Change of goalkeeper
One-on-one
The goalkeepers ability to make the right The goalkeeper must deal with these
decision enables him to know when to situations:
come out and when to stay where he
is, when to dive at the attackers feet or in the penalty area
when to wait and get the ball another intervene without diving
way. There are four steps involved in such intervene by diving at feet (dribble or
situations: analysing the situation, making shot by opponent: if the opponent is
the decision, sprinting and making the dribbling with the ball, the goalkeeper
appropriate movement. must be stationary)
outside the penalty area
(advanced positioning and anticipation
enables the situation to be dealt with
effectively)
Starting position
When the
opponent dribbles,
the goalkeeper
must be stationary
One-on-one exercises
Exercise 1
Change of goalkeeper
Exercise 2
Aerial balls
Inswinging ball
Outswinging ball
The goalkeepers movement is dictated by The closer the crosser is to the goal, the
that of the striker. closer the goalkeeper must be to the
near post;
The further away the crosser is to the
goal, the more the goalkeeper must
move towards the crosser without
running the risk of being lobbed.
Every goalkeeper has a stronger foot on the imbalance is started early enough,
for pushing off with than the other. This thus enabling the goalkeeper to use both
difference can be eliminated provided work feet in the same way later on.
2a. Saves
Catching the ball
The goalkeeper / 9 193
2b. Saves
Parrying or punching the ball
These movements must be learnt gradually, tends to reduce the number of possible
taking into account technique and repetitions during the session. The coach
coordination aspects. We start without the crosses the ball with his foot as soon as he
ball (just the movement), then with a ball senses that the goalkeeper has mastered
held by the coach, and finally with a ball the movement, thus lowering the risk of
thrown by the coach. Using this method, needless injuries.
the coach has a better control over the
ball, unlike when he kicks the ball or fails
to release it with 100% accuracy, which
Crossing exercises
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Change of zone
194 9 / The goalkeeper
The goalkeeper has already learned how important, accuracy remains the key. The
to clear the ball in his own way. As the goalkeeper must be trained to use both
first line of attack, his role calls for perfect feet to prepare him for different situations
distribution of the ball. In this respect, during a match. He must be familiar with
playing on a full-sized pitch opens up a every method of clearance (including
whole range of options for him. Although volleying) and find the one that suits him
the distance travelled by the ball is best.
Overhead throw
The best way to progress is to stay after exercises facing up the pitch, or if not then
training and work on releasing the ball. facing the goal, using both feet.
If there are enough balls, perform the
The goalkeeper / 9 195
The backpass
The goalkeeper is an integral part of the This situation requires the goalkeeper to
team and his team-mates are increasingly have an excellent understanding with his
reliant on him, which is why it is important team-mates.
to devote sufficient time to this position
and role. Exercises aimed at dealing with The goalkeeper must:
the backpass need to be included in request the ball (with his voice, a
specific training. It is also important to gesture or a movement)
work on establishing a rapport with the choose the appropriate release
other players (particularly the defenders)
in group training and to create exercises The player must:
that simulate real-match situations. The always place the ball where the
goalkeeper should be virtually a two- goalkeeper requests it (and, if possible,
footed player and feel comfortable with only if he requests it)
every type of ball that comes his way (on offer a solution after passing the
the ground, in the air, bouncing). ball to the goalkeeper (particularly
if the latter is being pressed by the
opponent)
Passback exercises
Exercise 1
Change of goalkeeper
Exercise 2
Change of goalkeeper
Tactical preparation
1 2
3 3
The goalkeeper / 9 197
The goalkeeping coach should attend the pitch, even if they will be exposed to
tactical training sessions with the team certain risks (5). Doing so from as young
to show the goalkeeper on the pitch an age as possible will enable them to
how he should act in different situations, adapt more easily later on to the quality
what to look out for and how he should of their opponent. By the same token, if
communicate with his team-mates (4). they play in too deep a position, they will
For the future, it is beneficial for subsequently find it very difficult to play
goalkeepers to learn to play very high up high up (6).
4 5 6
7 8 9
One of the goalkeepers roles is to direct He instructs the defence at set pieces.
his team-mates, thanks to his position Examples:
facing the play. He can anticipate and react He gives instructions and tells the
quickly depending on the situations that defence where to stand
develop and have an influence on play. He shouts, when coming to claim the
There are two methods of communication ball: Keepers! or Leave!
open to him: making gestures and If he stays where he is, he continues
shouting. to direct his team-mates: Away! or
Out!
Verbal communication
The goalkeeper responds verbally in the The goalkeepers verbal instructions must
following situations: be short, precise and powerful. For their
He directs his team-mates during the part, the outfield players must warn the
game and warns them when he is goalkeeper if an opponent is nearby when
making interventions. Examples: he is moving towards the ball.
He warns them of the presence of
opposing players who are free Communication using gestures
He can shout to them: Time!, Man In certain situations, the goalkeeper has to
on! or Away! use gestures:
He can communicate with them during Lining up the wall at free kicks
backpasses: Back! Indicating where he wants to receive a
He can shout, when coming to claim backpass
the ball: Keepers! or Leave! Telling the defence to move out
198 9 / The goalkeeper
Physical preparation
Coordination exercises
Exercise 1
Change of goalkeeper
Exercise 2
1. Roll
2. Jump
3. Dive below the hurdle
4. Dive (mid-height)
Change of goalkeeper
Suppleness
Daily exercises provided by experienced
personnel will provide good results,
particularly in the period of growth, which
is also a period of physiological imbalance.
200 9 / The goalkeeper
Psychological preparation
Planning
It is essential that the coach has a good The coach has enough time during this
knowledge of the goalkeepers needs period to work on the young goalkeepers
during this period to support planning. development, and can include new
Acquiring good habits helps young movements in the weekly programme
goalkeepers adapt to playing on full-sized or incorporate cycles for a specific
pitches. The coach can use the time to movement. The difference between the
provide the goalkeeper with plenty of two approaches varies according to the
information both on and off the pitch by amount of information and above all to
means of discussions and video analysis. the number of repetitions.
Main part
Cool-down
Planning the exercises in cycles is beneficial in line with the task in hand (such as aerial
and is the reason why it is recommended in balls) and that also enable the goalkeeper
these young player categories. These cycles to perform well during shots on goal.
should last for one or two weeks maximum,
the objective being to focus on a single Example of organising different cycles:
technique and to provide the goalkeeper Cycle 1: Taking the ball with and
with as much information as possible. He without diving in various situations (on
can then repeat the exercises without the ground, bouncing, at mid-height)
being pressed for time, thus preventing Cycle 2: Aerial balls (releases)
the session from being turned into physical Cycle 3: 1v1 (reflex saves)
work for which he is ill-suited at such a Cycle 4: Work on individual technique
tender age. The young goalkeeper can (footwork, backpasses, releases)
sense his progress during warm-up and
particularly in the main part. However, this
does not mean that he cannot dive if he
is working on aerial balls, for example. If
he needs to take part in a shooting session
with the rest of the team after his specific
training, he must be prepared accordingly.
The challenge for the coach, therefore, is
to find a way of creating exercises that are
202 9 / The goalkeeper
At this age, the goalkeeper masters all of and cunning. The physical impact of one-
the techniques for his position, at least on-ones will also intensify. Towards the age
in theory. From now on right through of 17, some goalkeepers will gain their first
to the end of his career, he will improve taste of senior football and therefore need
his technique at the training ground and to be ready technically, tactically, physically
during matches, and will gain his own and mentally. This gives an idea of the
experience. As he gets older and depending areas that can be worked on with young
on the level of performance, the speed at goalkeepers, in the same way that they can
which the game is played will increase and be worked on with adults. The transition to
he will have less time to analyse situations. adult coaching will take place gradually.
His opponents will be more experienced
The goalkeeper is influencing his teams are as important as training on the pitch.
play more and more through his attacking The coach will increasingly use exercises
and defensive decisions, and as such is a that approximate to real-match situations.
key figure when the coach decides on his During specific training, he uses other
tactics. He has overall responsibility for goalkeepers or items of equipment
defending dead-ball scenarios and can (dummies) or he can arrange for a small
use his communication skills to help his group of players to participate. As already
outfield team-mates in complex situations mentioned, it is a good idea to choose
or to anticipate potential danger. Watching exercises that help both the other players
matches and attending theoretical sessions and the goalkeeper to progress.
4
The goalkeeper / 9 203
Specific training
with a group of players
(work on aerial balls)
Group training
Example of a group exercise that also enables the goalkeeper to perfect his release
(together with the teams head coach).
Release exercises
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
1. Shot
2. Release with the hand
3. Directional control
4. Pass along the ground
Physical preparation
Strength
Number of drills: 12
Duration of load: 30
Recovery time 1:1
(including change of drill) 30
Number of sets: 3
Between sets: 3
Strength exercises
Exercise 1
Change of goalkeeper
Speed
Speed exercises
Exercise 1
Change of goalkeeper
4 repetitions
Exercise 2
Change of goalkeeper
Exercise 3
Change of goalkeeper
4 repetitions
The goalkeeper / 9 207
Coordination
Goalkeepers develop some of their powers Proprioception exercises are also very
of coordination on the pitch. They can beneficial for goalkeepers; when general
also benefit greatly from acrobatic and proficiency has been reached in this area,
gymnastic exercises in a well-equipped the ball can be introduced.
room (or on the pitch).
Ball control exercises, such as juggling two goalkeepers to have fun while developing
balls in different ways (see pictures) can be coordination at the same time.
used for warming up. This exercise enables
Suppleness
Where developing suppleness and choosing depend on the goalkeepers profile, the
the right moment for stretching are aim being to support his progress to the
concerned, opinions differ greatly. The best possible effect.
exercises selected and their frequency will
208 9 / The goalkeeper
Psychological preparation
As he gets older and especially as his level The goalkeepers performance in a match is
of performance improves, the goalkeepers dependent on his state of mind and ability
role becomes increasingly important, and to deploy his personality traits judiciously.
the demands placed on him increase as
a result. The goalkeepers psychological Support information can be gathered from
preparation helps him to better handle the his daily work:
psychological pressure that goes with his Empirical observation of the goalkeeper:
position, to resist the external factors that his habits and reactions in training and
are always present but also to remain true during a match
to his personality and character. Simple analysis of his personality
The particularities of the goalkeepers Discussions with him
position are: Observation of the influence of the
Only one goalkeeper out of several may environment and other external factors
play
A high level of responsibility for the This information is used to find ways of
result facilitating the goalkeepers work and
He is left to his own devices in difficult showing when and how to react with the
situations goalkeeper. It is vital to have an individual
The pressure to which he is subject approach with each goalkeeper: a good
coach knows and senses when to criticise,
The goalkeepers performance can be to encourage, to raise his voice or to turn
influenced by many positive factors a blind eye. The goalkeepers expression,
(family, good coach, good agent, etc.), but his reactions and his performances often
unfortunately he is also constantly exposed provide clues. Each goalkeeper prepares
to factors that can have a negative effect differently for training and for a match, so
on him. it is necessary to pay particular attention
when choosing the right way of supporting
The goalkeepers personality and character him. He can only benefit from this support
The goalkeepers personality and character before the match and at half-time, as
can have a direct impact on his frame during the match, he must rely on himself
of mind and performance. His main and his preparation.
personality traits are:
The ability to motivate himself Any psychological problems that could
Self-esteem affect his performance can be tackled
His capacity to control his emotions by an expert. It is the goalkeeping coach
who must spot these problems, so it is
We consider that the goalkeepers important that the coach maintains a good
psychological preparation will always take relationship with the goalkeeper in order
the following forms: for the latter to confide in him.
Natural: the goalkeeper analyses,
sorts and memorises the daily flood of This understanding develops over a period
information and events and transforms of time and not as a result of a single
them into experience act. The big clubs work systematically
Organised: the coach or someone else on psychological preparation in order to
exerts a direct and positive influence on optimise the performances of their players,
the goalkeeper particularly their goalkeepers.
The goalkeeper / 9 209
Planning
The level of performance determines the The planning depends on the coach being
programme of work. If a goalkeeper only present on either a part-time or full-time
trains once or twice a week at the most, basis. He can combine certain categories.
the focus should be on his technical and Provided the session is well organised,
tactical development, in cycles. four to six goalkeepers enable real-match
conditions to be simulated, although all
At well-structured clubs and the best must be involved either as goalkeepers or
training centres, there is more time for outfield players (development of individual
specific training, which also enables technique) to avoid inactivity.
physical development to be included.
Tailoring the work based on tests and
development programmes improves
the quality of work. To ensure that
the goalkeeper is not overloaded, the
goalkeeping coach must know the teams
programme.
Examples of exercises
Exercise 1
1. Shot
2. Clearances with the foot
3. Directional control
4. Crosses with opposition
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
1. Dribbling
2. Cross along the ground
3. Strong shot
10 Planning
Good planning is about time management The main elements of planning are:
and mapping out the way forward with a A calendar with various cycles
view to ensuring progress via structured A training programme with training
work and intermediate checks. methods and principles, organisation
Planning is influenced by a number of and appropriate structures plus content
factors, and different types of planning are (exercises, game formats, etc.)
possible depending on the objectives and A training mix in line with the age and
the means at ones disposal. level of the players, the cycles and the
The age of the players, the infrastructure in workload
place, the match calendar not to mention
various other factors to be managed for
good progress are the main aspects to be
taken into account for optimal planning.
The periods of competition will have a key
impact on all of the phases of preparation
and transition.
It also needs to be borne in mind that a
young players preparation takes place
over a long period and, as such, long-term
planning will serve as a stabilising element
for his progress.
This concept is firmly established in the
philosophy of personalised development,
depending on the objectives and means at
ones disposal.
The data and knowledge of the goals
remain the structural basis of a balanced
programme.
This would leave little open to chance,
although intuition and experience will also
contribute to the progress of the work.
A well organised and planned programme
will therefore enable the content to be
controlled more effectively will help in
setting the number of repetitions required
to support long-term development.
Objectives
Build
Develop
Prepare
Performance
Result
When developing young players, planning The players individual development and
and programming the training are not acquisition of technical, tactical, physical
based solely on team performances. and mental aspects are the priority when it
comes to planning his training programme.
al
l
sica
nica
cal
ic
tal
l
nica
l
sica
Tact
cal
tal
Tech
cal
Phy
Tact
Men
Tech
tal
Men
i
Tech
si
Phy
Tact
Men
Phy
Intermediate Advanced
Basic training
training training
214 10 / Planning
Starts with the resumption Starts with the first match Starts with the final match
of training and involves of the competition and of the competition and
preparing the players and involves maintaining the ends with the resumption
team for the competition. players and teams level of of training, and involves
performance. ensuring the players
mental and physical
For young players, this recovery.
means improving their
learning skills.
the specific physical preparation (SPP). When training young players, it is essential
These training cycles with heavy workloads to respect the phases of recovery and to
must be planned with the required effort- explain to the players the importance of
recovery mix in mind. It is therefore crucial recovery phases and the methods available
to plan recovery microcycles in order for to facilitate regeneration.
the player to regain the energy exerted
both physically and mentally. In these
weeks of winding down, the frequency
and duration of training sessions are
reduced, resulting in shorter duration of
effort but not a lower intensity: the week
could also include two or three days of rest,
depending on the load of the week before
the recovery cycle.
Basic structure for planning the preparation at the basic training age (13 to 15 years old)
Moderate load Higher load Reduced load Gradually reducing Reduced and
4 to 6 sessions of 90 5 to 7 sessions 2-3 team sessions of load decreasing load
to 100 of 90 to 110 80 to 90 + possibly 4 to 6 sessions of 90 4 to 5 sessions of 80
(1 to 2 days of 1-2 individual sessions to 100 to 90
+ 1 warm-up match possible double (coordination + (higher load at start
sessions with a technique) of week and lower at + possibly 1 warm-up
maximum daily end) match
amount of 130 to
140) + 1 warm-up match
+ 1 or 2 warm-up
matches
+ 1 or 2 warm-up
matches
Weekly model of a period of preparation at the basic training age of 13 to 15 years old (GPP and SPP)
WEEK 1
Endurance
(70-80%
HRmax)
REST REST REST REST REST REST
Coordination
Basic
strength REST DAY
Coordination
Basic
strength REST DAY REST DAY
WEEK 4 Session 2
at 60
Endurance Technical REST
(85-100% coordination
Basic
HRmax) or
REST strength REST REST REST
Suppleness
Coordination REST DAY
Basic
strength REST DAY
WEEK 5 Session 3
at 50
Endurance Position-
(80-90% specific
Basic
HRmax)
REST REST REST strength REST
Coordination
Basic
strength REST DAY REST DAY
Basic structure for pre-season planning at the intermediate training age (16 to 18 years old)
SPP CPP
GPP GPP SPP Unwinding
Fine-tuning Fine-tuning
General physical General physical Specific physical Week off for Specific physical Pre-competition
preparation I preparation II preparation I unwinding, preparation III physical fine-
coordination- tuning
Basic preparation Basic preparation Match loads specific II Pre-competition
warm-up match Week of the
Warm-up match competition start
Gradual increase Gradual increase Gradual increase Reduced load Gradually Reduced load
5 to 6 sessions of 6 to 8 sessions of 5 to 7 sessions of Unwinding cycle reducing load 4 to 5 sessions of
80 to 110 80 to 100 70 to 100 3 to 4 team 4 to 5 sessions of 70 to 80
(possible 2-3 (2 days of double sessions of 70 80 to 90
For this week, days of double sessions of 70 to to 90 + possibly 1
it is possible to sessions) 90) + possibly 1 + 1 or 2 warm-up warm-up match
schedule 1 or 2 + 1 or 2 warm-up to 2 individual matches
days with 2 daily + 1 warm-up matches sessions
sessions of 70 (strength) Work on physical
match (maximum and mental
to 80 duration of 120 + 2 warm-up freshness
to 130 per day) matches
Model of a pre-season period of preparation for players in basic intermediate training (16 to 18 years old)
Curves of training loads for a competition microcycle with one session per week
The two curves show possible variations of loads between microcycles
REST
CONGE
Model of a competition microcycle in the basic training phase (13 to 15 years old)
Model of a football academy microcycle during the period of competition (16 to 18 years old)
2. 60 to 70 40 to 50 Warm-up
exercises
Speed or Specific
strength technical (30 to 40)
speed Individual (dep. on time
-without + Technical of match)
with ball position
(dep. on cycle) (dep. on
players)
DAY
Tuesday Warm-up 3 3 3 Recovery
Saturday Warm-up 2 3 2
Sunday Match Recovery
Level of intensity:
1 = low intensity 2 = slow intensity 3 = moderate intensity 4 = high intensity 5 = very high intensity
228 10 / Planning
Objectives: perfect the pass and directional control (receiving the ball) Duration: 90
6. Cool-down (10)
One lap of the pitch, light jog
Recovery stretches
The player can manage this phase of the training unaided
Planning / 10 231
6. Cool-down (10-12)
Recovery run
Intensive stretching
232 10 / Planning
Planning / 10 233
The process of warming up is intended so temperature of the body and the muscles,
that the player reaches an optimal level preparing the cardio-pulmonary system
of physical, muscular and psychological according to the exertion that will be
preparation before training or a match. required after the warm-up.
In various forms, it should increase the
General objectives
The variety of warm-up methods is their muscles are not yet ready (muscle
very important, particularly in terms temperature too low)
of organisation (in a team, in groups, At intermediate training level, players
individual), form (with or without the who have been well instructed in
ball) and types of running (with or warming up should be instilled with a
without ball), but they should all respect sense of responsibility and warm up by
the physiological and psychological themselves, either individually or with
principles at the start the team (led by a player)
The players must know the content Although three to five minutes may
of their warm-up sessions to avoid be enough to increase the body
constantly interruptions for explanations temperature, it is not enough to prepare
or corrections; warming up is a phase of for a performance or even for a training
preparation, not of learning session.
For young players, introduce the ball on
a regular basis via ball control, dribbling,
feinting, including during suppleness
exercises
The warm-up rhythm should be fluid,
progressive and performed with
concentration, although it should also be
enjoyable
Care is needed in game formats for
young players, who are often introduced
too quickly to warming up and at an
excessive intensity at an age when
234 10 / Planning
For a player to be able to train for a whole difficulties (over-training) or even getting
season at five to six sessions (or more) per injured, there are certain key conditions
week, plus competitions, while developing regarding the right workload mix and
performance levels and maintaining them especially periods of rest and recovery that
over the season without experiencing must be respected.
Volume
Length of
Intensity
exertion
Load
Repetitions Recovery
Sets Rest
Frequency
Volume: Total amount of training work, i.e. total distance covered in an endurance session, number of exercises,
total weight lifted or pushed.
Length of exertion: Time spent exercising without rest. Example: actual duration of an exercise or game of 8 repeated three
times.
Intensity: Amount of exertion corresponding to an exercise and at an increased level of quality and concentration.
Exertion, pace, going to the limit. In sport, intensity is often measured by running speed, heart rate and
muscular strength (weight lifted).
Repetitions: Number of times that an act of exertion, an exercise, a game or a learning activity is repeated. (Example:
5 repetitions of 20m sprints / 6 repetitions of an attacking move / 30 repetitions of abdominal exercises)
Sets: Total repetitions that follow each other at a given intensity. Multiple repetitions make a set. (Example:
2 sets of sprints, 5 at 30m and 6 at 20m. 3 sets of 5 in a game format at 6v6). Rest periods are applied
between sets according to the required load of volume and intensity.
Recovery
(rest): Restoring the players energy sources and regaining his mental fitness depend enormously on the
amount of time devoted to recovery and whether the latter is active or passive. The amount of rest
depends on the required load during training (long, short, intensity, type practised). The rest between
repetitions is shorter than that required between sets, which is also often more active.
Recovery represents the time allocated between training sessions and cycles, and varies according to the
overall training loads, the competition and even to the mental loads resulting from the physical activity,
but also from daily life. This type of total recovery also calls for passive or active forms, albeit with
specific physical or sports-medical methods.
Frequency: Number of training sessions per week. Team training, specific training per position/groups of same level,
especially at the intermediate training stage, or individual (talent, rehabilitation).
The number of sessions per week depends on the age of the players, the level of learning and the
performance level.
During a week of unwinding, i.e. in a recovery microcycle, it is essential, particularly among 13 to
15-year-olds, that the number of training sessions is reduced so that the player can better recharge his
batteries.
11Youth competitions
239 Structuring youth competitions
240 Evaluating the match
238 11 / Youth competitions
11 YOUTH COMPETITIONS
It goes without saying that football
is a game involving team-mates and Experience is definitely the most important thing
opponents. Two key distinctions need in life. Whether you play in a final as a teenager, at
to be made in order to understand its school or at the highest level, you must be able to
educational and formative value: free take the essence of tomorrows success from these
play is different in training than it is in unique moments.
a competition, and a competitive match (Johann Cruyff)
while players are still learning their trade is
different to one played by professionals or
adult amateurs.
The intermediate training objectives are
mainly long-term ones while those for
top-level competitions are unfortunately
short-term, which often has a huge adverse
effect on players in advanced training.
The training simply must avoid suffering
the effects of a competition that is not
age-appropriate, and the instructor-
coach must be aware of this. The training
philosophy for young players of each
member association and club is crucial,
and must not be restricted to the results
of a match or season of competition. The
youth competition must cover all types of
formations, tactics, etc., and the coaching
before, during and after the match takes
this into account (see chapter 3).
Youth competitions / 11 239
11 D: 9 against 9 Grassroots
10 E: 7 against 7 Grassroots
9 E: 7 against 7 Grassroots
8 F: 5 against 5 Grassroots
7 F: 5 against 5 Grassroots
Observation: Observer:
Teams (A/B): /
Place: Date: Time:
Climatic conditions / state of pitch:
Result: (half-time: )
Positions of players and numbers
Team A
Team B
Youth competitions / 11 241
Objectives: Progression:
(planning topics) (application, progress)
Consequences / steps:
(general and individual planning)
12 FOOTBALL ACADEMIES
Ensuring that budding stars receive training courses for coaches and officials
the best possible training is the job of enable an academy to show how such a
training centres and academies. The centre should be run.
term academy covers a multitude This chapter outlines some quality criteria
of organisations and embraces private for implementing this social, educational
training centres, communities, clubs and an and training structure, with the focus on
associations regional or national centres. the key issue of talent and how to uncover
Each of them operates according to a it. Scouting is a major priority for clubs
training philosophy that is adapted to the and associations that want to offer ideal
cultural, social and educational demands conditions for training top players.
of the country or region concerned and
the traditions of the club or the ideas
of its leaders the crucial factor being
the available infrastructure and financial
means.
In every case, an academy is an important
pillar in terms of training, with two
main objectives and an appropriate set
of requirements. First and foremost, the
academy must offer its players high-quality
sports, educational and social training. It
should provide a developed and efficient
scouting and recruitment process so that
certain players can benefit from the
best possible structure and organisation
and from a training programme that is
tailored to their needs. At the same time,
the centres structure and organisation
are a model for other training structures.
Organising guided tours or advanced
Football academies / 12 245
Young players
Training programme
Welcome centre:
Main building of the academy
Administration
Accommodation
Medical surgery
Classrooms (studies)
Dressing rooms
Accommodation is not essential.
The youngsters can stay at home,
with a relative or at the home of a
staff member.
246 12 / Football academies
Theory Theory
Training
School School or
journey
Practice Training Practice
AFTERNOON
School Rest
School
Personal
homework Match Match
School or or
Recovery Other rest rest
training Training activities Training
248 12 / Football academies
Football academies / 12 249
Unearthing young talent is no easy matter, proceeding on this quest, however, the
and often only occurs once the professional players main quality criteria need to be
scout has carefully and methodically discussed and decided on.
observed the player in question. Before
Player Personality
(behaviour)
Talented players thus have better than many occasions and in different situations
average abilities, but it must be possible for (behaviour on the pitch during training,
these abilities to fully blossom. Weaknesses in matches, with his team-mates and
may appear, which may be difficult to his coach, and outside football, with his
detect sometimes (lower performance parents and friends) in order to be certain
levels for a variety of reasons: latent that his psychomotor, physical and mental
depression, weakness of character, little abilities will enable him to develop and
appetite for prolonged exertion, quickly eventually reach the desired level.
demotivated, gaps in education, etc.) Although eight years is the norm for a
and which seriously hamper the players players ideal sporting development, it
progress, even causing him to shy away is difficult to define the exact period in
from the obstacles that he is bound to which he must work towards the goal
encounter in top-flight football. of being able to compete at the highest
This goes to show that recruiting a talented level. Experience shows that not all young
young player may involve some hidden footballers develop at the same rate and
surprises somewhere along the line. they cannot be forced to share the same
Good scouting is not simply about training load or regime if the demands
watching a match and ticking off a list of made of them are too heavy. Such are
criteria the player must be observed on
250 12 / Football academies
the factors that can hinder a players offer him a solid training structure along
development. with quality care in terms of his social and
A proper recruitment concept must educational development.
therefore extend well beyond merely
discovering a young talent and signing him
up for a club. It must be possible to monitor
his progress, to let him flourish and to
Evaluation sheet
Physical condition
Strength (explosiveness)
Speed
Endurance
Suppleness (mobility)
Other .....................
Tactical/cognitive qualities
Game intelligence
Attacking behaviour
Defensive behaviour
Other ...........................................
Coordination
Orientation
Rhythm
Differentiation
Reactions
Balance
Mental
Concentration
Determination
Perseverance
Confidence
Taking risks
Creativity
Social environment
Communication
Behaviour
Aura/personality
Conscientiousness
Sense of responsibility
Physical condition
Constitution (height, weight: ..)
Health
Date: .
Football academies / 12 253
254 12 / Football academies
Other positions:
Evaluation of my performance
If I compare my level of performance to that of other good players
of my age, I would assess my performance potential as follows:
Tactical
Attacking one-on-one
Defending one-on-one
Attacking behaviour
Defensive behaviour
Playing without the ball
Transition
Physical condition
Speed
Power, explosiveness
Core muscles
Endurance
Sturdiness, health
Signature
of coach:
Football academies / 12 255
Conclusion
It would be wrong to think that a
talented young player recruited at
the age of 13 or 14 will experience
a seamless development. The path
to success is long and arduous and
involves a lot of training, work and
perseverance along the way.
Todays young players are often
motivated to progress but some lack
the necessary character. To give them
the best possible chance of proving
their worth and reaching their full
potential in football, they must be
placed at a club that has a genuine
training structure and be taken care of
by high-quality personnel.
Young players should be recruited
for their considerable potential, not
to strengthen a team. Too often, the
criteria used for their recruitment
are dubious and unscientific (one-off
achievements, getting carried away,
incomplete or false information).
256
Youth Football
Concept: FIFA Education and Technical Development Department,
Jean-Michel Bnzet, Hansruedi Hasler
Photos: FIFA, Getty Images, foto-net
Translation: FIFA Language Services
Layout: FIFA / mbDesign, Zurich, Switzerland
Printing: Galledia AG, Berneck, Switzerland 07.16 E 2200 JNE/JMC/MBE