Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Wildlife Sanctuaries or wildlife refuges are home to various Maharashtra government has declared the Blue Mormon
endangered species of wild animals and these animals are safe (Papilio polymnestor) as the State butterfly.
from hunting, predation or competition and safeguarded from
extinction in their natural habitat. The Blue Mormon is a large, swallowtail butterfly found
primarily in Sri Lanka and India, mainly restricted to the
Wildlife sanctuaries and national parks attract millions of Western Ghats of Maharashtra, South India and coastal belts.
tourists and nature lovers. In Wildlife sanctuaries harvesting It may occasionally be spotted in the Maharashtrian mainland
timbers, cultivation, a n d c o l l e c t i o n of forest between Vidarbha and Western Maharashtra.
products are allowed with permission.
It is reportedly the second largest butterfly found in India,
Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal
just smaller than the southern birdwing.
ecosystems which are internationally recognized within the
4. Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary of West Bengal has found in southern Myanmar and peninsular Thailand south-
eastward into Borneo and the Philippines.
the most Asian open- billed storks in the country
It was spotted in Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary in West
The Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengals Uttar
Bengals South 24 Parganas on a few occasions but it was
Dinajpur district has the most Asian open-billed storks in the
unable to confirm because it could not be photographed.
country.
Referred to as the flagship species, butterflies are not
Other important habitats of open-billed storks includes -
only pollinators of flowering plants, but also useful in
Danapur Military Cantonment in Bihar, monitoring environmental changes.
Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh and
Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary in Karnataka While there are about 600 known species of butterflies in
West Bengal, India is home to about
(But their number was not as high as it is in 1,500 species of butterflies.
Raiganj)
With this new find, there has been an addition to different
5. Gorumara National Park, West Bengal, one peacock butterflies which are characterised by their powdery
of the smallest national parks in India green pigments.
Gorumara National Park has turned out to be a safe haven West Bengal is probably the only State which is home
for butterflies as evident by recent studies that have recorded to a wide variety of peacock butterflies such as the
more than 330 species of butterflies in the park. rare Krishna Peacock, Blue Peacock, the relatively
common Paris Peacock, Common Peacock and
The Bicolour Cupid and Malayan Nawab species are Common Banded Peacock. The only other Peacock
among the most threatened. butterfly found in the country is Buddha Peacock or
Malabar Banded Peacock, which is endemic to south
The Bicolour Cupid and Malayan Nawab are placed in Schedule India.
I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and the Witch and the
Branded Young Fly are in Schedule II of the Act. 7. India home to 48 species of bumblebees
Animals and insects who are most threatened are slotted India is home to 48 of the 250 known species of
in Schedule I of the Act. bumblebees, the only pollinators of vegetation in high-
altitude regions.
Apart from being home to animals like elephants,
rhinoceros, gaur, leopard and different kinds of deer, the Mostly characterised by black, yellow and reddish body hair,
National Park has a huge collection of lesser known but and often striped, bumblebees are generally found on
interesting species of butterflies. altitudes of 2,000- 15,000 feet along the entire Himalayas,
from Jammu & Kashmir to Nagaland.
6. New butterfly species spotted in West Bumblebees are important to the ecosystem, as without
Bengal Chintamani Kar Bird Sanctuary - them seed setting and fruiting will not take place in many
Malayan Green-banded Peacock. plants. They pollinate vegetables, fruit trees, cash crops and
even ornamental and medicinal plants high in the Himalayas
In a significant addition to the butterfly species in
India, wildlife enthusiasts have found the Malayan Green Like the honeybees, bumblebees are social insects and live in
Banded Peacock (Papilio palinurus), a beautiful specimen colonies the size of which depends on the species.
found in South East Asia, for the first time in India.
Aluminium: new factor in decline of bees?
The butterfly with a dusty green base having a bluish
green band spread over both wings in the shape of an arc is Very high amounts of aluminium have been found in bees,
raising the question of whether aluminium-induced The census, conducted by Assams forest department in
cognitive dysfunction is playing a role in the decline of association with several wildlife NGOs, counted 2,401 rhinos,
bumblebee populations. which indicated increase of 71 rhinos in the park in the past
two years.
More than half the people in some developing countries
could become newly at risk for malnutrition if crop- The census is conducted every three years. Although the last
pollinating animals continue to decline, according to a new census was carried out in 2012, the State government
study. conducted a special census of the rhinos in 2013 after a
large number of rhinos had been poached in the park.
8. Rhino numbers rise in West Bengal Jaldapara
National Park and Gorumara National Park While the 2012 census confirmed 2,290 rhinos in the park,
the special census next in 2013 confirmed that there
West Bengal is now home to the second highest population of were 2,329 rhinos in the park.
the one-horned rhinoceros in the country after Assam, with
the number growing to 250 in the State. 10. NGT adds armour for protection of rhinos in
Assams Kaziranga
A State Forest Department survey has revealed that the
Jaldapara National Park in the State has nearly 200 of these The National Green Tribunal has issued notices to 71 hotels,
endangered animals and the Gorumara National Park, 50. dhabas and resorts for encroaching into the national park after
CAG's damning report.
Jaldapara now has the second highest population of them
after the Kaziranga National Park in Assam, which has over After shocking revelations of the Comptroller and Auditor
2,000. General of India about the dire state of management of
Kaziranga National Park, home to one-horned rhinoceros,
Jaldapara recorded 186 in the previous survey in 2013 and the National Green Tribunal has issued notices to
Gorumara 46 in 2014. The State had just 20 of these animals in 71 hotels, resorts and dhabas which have encroached into the
1990. eco-sensitive zone of the Park.
Admitting to incidents of poaching, the West Bengal The CAG report titled Performance audit of Kaziranga
government had set up a new body involving personnel of National Park Issues and Challenges revealed how 71
forces such as the Border Security Force and the Shashatra resorts, hotels, dhabas and other commercial ventures such as
Seema Bal. (Since the rhino habitat is on Indias borders with eco-camps and even residential houses have come up within
Nepal and Bhutan) one to three kilometers of the boundary of the KNP thereby
endangering wildlife, which is already at risk of unchecked
Reports showed at least five incidents of poaching in north poaching.
Bengal in the past year. The State Wildlife Board has suggested
that forest guards be issued shoot-at-sight orders, but the The report points at rampant construction and parking on vast
government has so far not agreed to it. stretches of contentious National Highway 37 passing through
KNP which figures on the world heritage list and harbours
Experts point out that the rhino population has a skewed male- world's largest population of one-horned Rhinoceros.
female ratio 2:1.4 in Gorumara. Rationalising the ratio is the
next step to ensure a sustainable population. Interestingly, the Park authorities seem unaware of these
illegal commercial ventures on the highland used by animals
9. Number of rhinos up in Kaziranga National for shelter during floods.
Park, Assam: Census
Non declaration of the ESZ for such a long period of time had
The number of world famous one-horned rhinos in Assams a direct bearing on such activities detrimental to the well
Kaziranga National Park has increased to over 2,400, being of animals. The dangerous trend, if not checked
according to a latest census. immediately and permanently could lead to an irreversible
impact on conservation and protection of wildlife with the
potential threat that in case of a major flood, majority of the mining had contributed to blocking majority of stretch of NH
internationally acclaimed species one horned rhinos would 37 including designated animal corridors...
be wiped out forever, the CAG report said.
There is a complete inaction by the State of Assam so far
The Bench also noted that the Assam government had failed to as protection of rhinos is concerned. The CAG report should
utilize funds released towards Kaziranga tiger reserve and have been a wakeup call for the government to take
directed it to release the same in two weeks. urgent action, however the same apathy continues and
government seems to be happy with increase in rhino
The audit report highlighted that From the results of physical population without considering the warning signs of the
verification, interactions with wildlife authorities/ villagers and impending doom, says Ritwick Dutta, a noted Environmental
scrutiny of various correspondences, it would appear that Lawyer.
uncontrolled and ever increasing construction/human
settlements with urbanisation at places, commercial activities/
The Wikipedia page shows only a sketch for an image. The Telangana now has a spider named after it
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), which Telangana crab spider (Thomisus telanganensis).
categorises the bird as vulnerable, has only a colourful
painting at least two decades old as reference. Two wildlife and taxonomy researchers from the Zoology
Department of Osmania University chanced upon a female of
The Chestnut-breasted Partridge (Arborophila mandellii), the species while they were on an expedition at Nagnur in
endemic to the Eastern Himalayas, had eluded shutterbugs, Karimnagar district.
until immense patience and a stroke of luck granted
Bengaluru-based wildlife photographer Gururaj Moorching a The results of the discovery have been published in the
two-minute encounter with the rare bird. recent issue of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, an
International Journal of Conservation and Taxonomy.
There are nearly 45 different species of partridges, of which the
Chestnut-breasted Partridge which gets its scientific name The spiders of the Thomisidae family
from an Italian naturalist is classified as a hill partridge. structurally resemble crabs and are hence called crab
spiders.
IUCN estimates that about 2,500 Chestnut- breasted
Partridges live in Arunachal Pradesh, Bhutan and Lower The Telangana variety has a tendency to walk sideways
Tibet along the Himalayas. like crabs. They are also known as flower spiders as
they lie in wait for prey on flowering plants, the
12. Grey Hypocolius sighted in Narara Marine researchers said.
National Park, Gujarat
The expedition was routine until they stumbled upon the
(Finding to be published by Bombay Natural History spider. The species closely resembles Thomisus labefactus,
Society) well known in Japan. They want to dedicate this species to
the scores of students and the public who had sacrificed their
Two Mumbai-based professionals and keen amateur birders lives for the cause of Telangana.
have recently sighted and photographed a rare bird, Grey
Hypocolius, at the Narara Marine National Park near Jamnagar Unlike traditional spiders, Telangana crab spiders do not
in Gujarat. weave webs. They attack prey all of a sudden and immobilize
them with venom.
The two amateur birders spotted three specimens perched on
the bushes of Pilu trees at the Narara Marine National Park. Eats insects
A slender, long tailed bird the size of Bulbul (about 19- They are important to the ecosystem as they act as bio-
21 cms), Grey Hypocolius is a migratory bird found in controlling agents to keep the insect population under
northern Africa, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and western India control. They are between 3 mm and 23 mm in size with their
(central Asian countries). colour varying from bright and colourful to dull. They are
usually found in plants, shrubs, grasses, flowering plants, leaf
The bird was spotted in Kihim in Alibag district near litter and sometimes under stones.
umbai in 1930 by Salim Ali.
The researchers said the spider had been found only at The macaque was found comfortably perched on the canopy
Nagnur so far. The study was supported by grants from the of a huge peepal tree. The animal attracted a curious crowd
Science and Engineering Research Board, Union Department on Monday and several people photographed it.
of Science and Technology, and the University Grants
Commission. Though the lion-tailed macaque is protected under Schedule
1 of the Wildlife Protection Act, the Forest Department
14. New species of gecko found - World appears to have ignored the entry of the endangered monkey
into human habitat, which it normally avoids.
Heritage Site of Hampi in Karnataka
People who saw the macaque said it appeared to be used to
A new species of the day gecko, a type of lizard human presence.
usually found in warm climates, has been spotted at the ruins
of the World Heritage Site of Hampi in Karnataka. Found only in Silent Valley
The gecko has been named Cnemaspis adii after a young Lion-tailed macaques are reported to be found only
herpetology researcher from Hyderabad, Aditya Srinivasulu. in the Silent Valley area.
This is the first time that day geckos have been But forest officers have records of their presence in the
found in the central regions of peninsular India. Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary in Kollam. In December last,
a pair was spotted near the Thenmala dam site.
The discovery of the gecko and its name were published in
the journal Zootaxa this month by researchers Chelmala But it remains a mystery how the lion-tailed macaque
Srinivasulu, G. Chethan Kumar and Bhargavi Srinivasulu from could reach Kottiyam more than 70 km away from the
the zoology wing of Osmania University in Hyderabad. Shendurney sanctuary skipping the gaze of people through
thickly populated areas. There are rumours that the
The lizard belongs to the family of day geckos characterized animal could have been secretly kept as a pet by
by round pupils unlike regular geckos which have vertical someone not far away from where it was spotted.
pupils.
A couple of years ago, a spotted deer was seen on a rubber
The zoologists say Hampi and surrounding areas are estate near Chathannur, which is close to Kottiyam.
potentially rich in biodiversity and not much research has
been done to identify new species of smaller vertebrate and Forests south of the Periyar river are not natural
invertebrates. habitats for the spotted deer
Bangladesh are said to be aiding wildlife smuggling. 18. Uttarakhand spring festival beckons
birdwatchers
Animals are mostly transported by road in private Migratory water birds at Asan Barrage in
vehicles to South Indian States, the bureau says. Uttarakhand.
The number of Lesser Flamingos visiting the Sambhar Lake and The 2015 venue is the Pawalgarh Conservation Reserve,
adjoining water bodies in Rajasthan has declined. in the Ramnagar Forest Division of Kumaon, with over 350
species.
The bird has already been declared an endangered species and
put on the IUCN-Red List, the most comprehensive inventory Great slaty woodpecker, great hornbill, rufous bellied eagle,
of the global conservation status of biological species. white-bellied erpornis, little pied flycatcher, bluebearded
bee-eater and Nepal wren-babbler are among the
The Asian Waterbird Census (AWC), conducted at the Sambhar attractions.
Lake and adjoining Water bodies shown an increase in the
diversity of migratory birds and a jump in the population of 19. Migratory Birds visit Chilka Lake, Odhisha
other waterbirds.
A flock of flamingos take flight at the Chilka lake in
Sambhar is the largest inland saline lake in the country Odishas Khorda district. More than 7 lakh migratory birds of
and the largest Ramsar site in Rajasthan. different species visited the lake this season.
A similar survey was conducted at the 20. Forest owlet sighted in M.P.
Keoladeo Ghana National Park.
Wildlife Research and Conservation Society (WRCS), Pune
The threatened species spotted include Lesser Flamingo, reported that the forest owlet (Athene blewitti), a critically
Eurasian Curlew and Black-tailed Godwit. Among the major endangered species, has been sighted in Madhya Pradeshs
migratory species with larger populations are Bar-headed Betul district.
Geese, Graylag Geese, Northern Shoveler, Eurasian Coot,
Gadwal and Common Teal, and among the resident The owlet, endemic to Central Indian forests was said to
species with a large population are Lesser Whistling be extinct in the wild when it was recently rediscovered
Duck and Indian Moorhen. in 1997.
While the other migratory species found are Bar- headed Survey carried out in winter may have been the reason for the
Geese, Northern Shoveler, Eurasian Coot, Northern Pintail, successful sighting.
Pied Avocet, Common Teal, Common Pochard, Tufted Duck,
Gadwal and Tuff. While it has been seen mainly at the Melghat Tiger
Reserve in Amravati district, the bird was also previously
Other concerns: Kite flying in Rajastan killing rock pigeons, spotted in 2004 in Toranmal in Maharashtras Nandurbar
rose-ringed parakeets, spotted owlets and barn owls. district.
The owlet, endemic to Central Indian forests was said to Though the area is known as the Desert National
be extinct in the wild when it was recently rediscovered Park (DNP), legally it is only a sanctuary.
in 1997.
The GIBs have been vanishing over the years due to
Survey carried out in winter may have been the reason for the shrinking habitat.
successful sighting.
While changing lifestyle in the desert, and unregulated
While it has been seen mainly at the Melghat Tiger human activities have endangered the species, thousands
Reserve in Amravati district, the bird was also previously of windmills around the park are posing a serious threat to
spotted in 2004 in Toranmal in Maharashtras Nandurbar the GIB which has been categorised as critically
district. endangered.
21. Windmills spell doom for Great Indian The status of the remaining area of the DNP (notified
Bustard Desert National Park sanctuary) is still revenue land and not yet mutated in the
name of Forest Department.
The number of Great Indian Bustards, the State Bird
of Rajasthan, is down to less than 50 according to the last There are 73 villages and 300 dhanis (hamlets) living within
official census conducted in the DNP who are living without any basic amenities like
2014. water, electricity, communication lines and schools despite
relaxation granted by the Supreme Court in allowing these
The world population of GIB, or Gudavan as it is locally known facilities inside the protected area.
as, is said to be 150 with India, particularly Rajasthan, and
comprising 70 per cent of this species. Shortage of forest guards is also another issue plaguing the
DNP.
A couple of birds have been spotted in Maharashtra, Gujarat,
and Andhra Pradesh. At some point, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar (In the male-dominated society of Rajasthan, where sex
also had Bustards but have now lost them all. selective abortions, female infanticide and child marriages
are common in rural areas, Sukhpali and her husband stand
In a survey conducted by the State Forest out.
Department last year, there were approximately
103 Bustards (plus-minus 69) as compared to 83 in the winter She is the only woman forest guard in the State working
on the field. She guards a portion of the Desert National Park
of 2013 and 34 in the summer which is the breeding season.
Similarly, the year before that 94 were sighted in winter and (DNP) in the Thar Desert. She belonged to the second batch
60 in summer. of women guards hired by the Forest Department in 2013)
The desert landscape was divided into 18 grids of According to anecdotal estimates, the largest population of
12x12 sq kilomteres and the bird count this bird was in Rajasthan, while it was also found in Gujarat
undertaken, including the Desert National Park spread across and Karnataka.
Jaisalmer and Barmer districts.
52,000 to save the bustard
Over 90,000 Chinkaras (State animal) and
8,000 Desert Fox were also counted in the Pramod Patil, a citybased ornithologist, plans to help
census. conserve the great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps) with
Thar Desert is the only landscape in the world that 52,000 (about Rs. 50 lakh).
provides viable breeding population to GIBs, and it
was with this in mind that over 3,100 sq km of While the 35,000 prize money he got with the Whitley Award
areas was notified as Protected Area and declared for his work to save the critically endangered bird has gone
a sanctuary in the 1980s. into the corpus, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
of the U.K. has promised him 17,000 for his conservation
efforts in the Thar desert.
magnification)
The money will be channeled through BirdLife International,
an international non-governmental organization involved in Sukhna lake, Chandigarh
conserving birds and their habitats.
1. Avian Flu (H5N1)
Echoing the urgency to protect the rapidly declining
numbers of the species, Dr. Patil proposes to spend
much of the money in the desert, which hosts the largest
surviving population of the bird. 23. DHANAURI, PARASAUL MAY BE
DECLARED WETLANDS
Thar desert projects
The National Green Tribunal directed Uttar
The bulk of the funds will have to be devoted to Pradesh to consider declaring Dhanauri and Parasaul in
projects in the Thar desert as it is one of the last refuges of Greater Noida as wetlands. The areas are breeding grounds
this great bird. But other areas that serve as a habitat for for State bird sarus crane.
the bustard will certainly be covered, if and when that
need arises, says Dr. Patil, whose experience while visiting The State government has also been directed to discharge its
London to receive the Green Oscar (as the Whitley Awards responsibilities under the Wetland Rules, 2010, to identify
are popularly known) confirmed his views of landscape-level and submit the inventory of wetlands in U.P. within 90 days.
conservation.
Till the process is completed, status quo has to be ensured by
Ruing the fact that the great Indian bustard, once abundantly the State government on Dhanauri and Parasaul. The State
found in grasslands across the Indian subcontinent, had been had in 2009 wanted all wetlands to be listed, but nothing
driven out of its habitat, Dr. Patil said poor planning and materialized.
failure to involve the local community sounded the death
knell for the bustard, which has been disappearing from
These two places are very important for birding and nesting
several protected areas.
of sarus crane, the tallest flying bird in the world.
Environmentalists are also fighting to save the wetlands in
Solution
view of Dadri facing destruction by encroachers and builders.
The focus is on decentralization as a solution to
conservation, disbursing funds and decision- making at the
local-level instead of merely vesting authority with the
24. Trees felled in Surajpur wetland
government, he said.
The wetlands in Uttar Pradesh continue to be in a
An optimistic sign, though only slightly so, on the horizon was deplorable state. After the Dadri wetland, which has
the recent sighting of three birds at the Great Indian Bustard become a victim of encroachment, trees in the Surajpur
Sanctuary, Nannaj, in the semi-arid district of Solapur of wetland are purportedly being felled and sold off as timber.
Maharashtra.
Despite being an important haunt of bustards, the sanctuary Surajpur wetland has the protection status of a reserved
has seen a decline in numbers of the bird. forest area. Falling under the jurisdiction of the Greater Noida
Development Authority, it is an urban wetland. Surajpur is
not only a wetland but also a reserved forest area. Any activity
inside
22. In news:
a reserved forest area requires permission from the Centre.
Sultanpur National Park, Gurgaon 25. Lucknow zoo renamed after the last
1. Bird flu killing coots (seed eating birds) Nawab
2. Probably seeds sprayed with pesticides (bio- In a historic decision, the Samajwadi Party
Of the new plants, some of the significant findings 27. Capturing the life forces of Western
include nine new taxa of wild Musa (bananas), four species of Ghats
black plum (jamun), three species of wild gingibers and 10
species of orchids. Another film-maker from Chennai bagging an award at the
62nd national film awards has gone unnoticed.
For engagingly revealing the rare and incredible biodiversity KFD is caused by the Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus
of the Western Ghats, Nalla Muthu Subbiah has bagged (KFDV). The virus was identified in 1957 when it was
the Rajat Kamal award for the best exploratory film. Quite isolated from a sick monkey from the Kyasanur Forest in
fittingly, the film is titled Life Force Indias Western Ghats. Karnataka (formerly Mysore State).
Interestingly, Mr. Subbiah began his career as a highspeed
cameraman filming rockets in the Indian Space Research Since then, between 400-500 humans cases per year have
Organisation (ISRO) in the been reported. Hard ticks (Hemaphysalis spinigera) are the
1980s. reservoir of the KFD virus and once infected, remain so for
life.
We used to film the flights of flamingos and pelicans in slow
motion. The inputs were used in rocket design, he recalls. Rodents, shrews, and monkeys are common hosts for
KFDV after being bitten by an infected tick, KFDV can
That is when he began blending his love for birds, science and cause epizootics with high fatality in primates.
technology. Soon, he started working in the Indian Films
Division, but quit at the height of television boom to make Transmission to humans may occur after a tick bite or contact
the series Living on the edge for Doordarshan. with an infected animal, most importantly a sick or recently
dead monkey. No person-to-person transmission has been
Soon, he started his own production company and went into described.
the wild, growing fond of filming tigers. For Life Force, his
team filmed extensively in the Western Ghats, covering 10 Disease as of now was stated to be
endangered species like Lion-tailed Macaque, Great transmitted through monkeys.
Indian Hornbill, Slender Loris and Purple Frog.
Large animals such as goats, cows, and sheep may become
Slender Loris, an elusive primate, is an astonishing species. infected with KFD but play a limited role in the transmission
We have shot how they carry baby cubs, says Mr. Nalla of the disease.
Muthu, still captivated by the images from the nightvision
cameras he used to capture this nocturnal species. There is no evidence of disease transmission via the
unpasteurised milk of any of these animals.
The team camped in makeshift machaans and hid itself on
trees at 200-feet height to capture the Great Indian Hornbill.
They waited for 40 days in the Silent Valley for the chick to 29. Florida panther who helped ensure
come out and fly for the first time. Mr. Subbiah has earlier species survival dies
bagged the national award for best cinematography and best
environment film for his wildlife documentary A Florida panther whose birth 16 years ago helped ensure
Tiger Dynasty, which followed the life of a tigress the survival of her species has died.
translocated from Ranthambore to Sariska Tiger Reserve.
The body of the big cat known as Panther 191 was found in
Now, he is following the life of world famous tigress the Big Cypress National Preserve in Southwest Florida, where
Machili of Ranthamhore Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan. she lived .
Giant pandas have not evolved to eat bamboo Despite A five-year-old leopard was run over and killed by an
two million years of munching almost exclusively on unidentified vehicle on the Kozhikode- Mysore National
bamboo, the giant pandas gut has not adapted to eating Highway 212 inside the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (WWS)
the plant putting the creatures in an evolutionary at Muthanga on the Kerala- Karnataka border.
B. Leopard cub dies in road accident : Aravalli As many as four roads, including two highways, pass
forest through the Aravalli range bifurcating the natural habitat of
the leopard. And two more roads Kundli-Manesar-Palwal
An eight-month-old female leopard was found dead Expressway and Dedicated Freight Corridor passing
on Gurgaon-Faridabad road near the toll plaza. through the mountain range are in the pipeline. Neither the
departments concerned have provided safe passages to the
One of the big reasons for the leopards to come on the animals to cross these roads nor have signages been put for
roads is the encroachments in the Aravalli forest. A large the motorists to drive slow in this area. Ideally, barricades
number of farmhouses have come up in the den of wild should be put on both sides of roads at those points where the
animals, proving to be a security threat for them. These possibility of these wild animals crossing the roads is more,
animals also come on the main road in search of water. said a source in the forest department.
district headquarter.
Points to remember
34. Lions roar grows louder in Gir - Gir wildlife 1. India has 70% of tiger population in the world
sanctuary 2. 2010-2014 = 30% increase (1706 --> 2226)
3. Largest increase = Western Ghats Landscape Complex
There is more good news for wildlife enthusiasts in
India. After a tiger census earlier this year found a jump in (Mudumalai, Bandipur, Nagarhole and Wayanad)
the numbers of the big cat, the population of Asiatic lions too 4. 18 states & 47 tiger reserves
has been found to have increased considerably in the Gir 5. Sunderbans = no increase; Odisha = fall in number;
wildlife sanctuary from 411 during the last census in 2010
Karnataka = highest population (absolute number)
to 523 in 2015.
6. Project Tiger, 1973
Gujarat government is taking all measures to conserve the
forests in Gir and ensure that the habitat of the pride of Other issues
Gujarat is undisturbed. 1. National Tiger Conservation Authority
(NTCA)
The Gir forest is the only place in the whole of 2. Double sampling; use of camera traps =
Asia where the Asiatic lion is now found. to estimate the assessment & distribution of tigers
3. Demand for Indian tigers in Laos &
The lion census, conducted by over 100 enumerators over Cambodia
five days. The enumerators found 109 adult males 109, 4. ANTI-POACHING
201adult females, and
213 cubs and sub-adults distributed across four A. PERIYAR TIGER RESERVE WINS NTCA AWARD
districts Junagadh, Gir Somnath, Amreli, and
Bhavanagar. Camera traps are set up by the Wildlife Institute of
Pat for Maldharis India (WII) and the World Wildlife Fund for Nature, India
(WWF)
Members of the Maldhari community living next to the Simlipal Tiger Reserve - Mayurbanj, Odisha
forest area had been of great assistance to the Forest
Department in their conservation efforts. Under a Satpura, Pachmari, Panna Tiger Res, & Kanha
government programme, some 300 Vanya prani saathis National Park/Tiger Reserve - MP
(friends of the forest animals) had been recruited to ensure
that lions were not attacked if they strayed into any nearby 4 Tiger Reserves of TN - Anamalai Tiger Reserve Kallakad -
villages. Mundanturai Tiger Res. Sathyamangalam Tiger Res.
Madhumalai Tiger Res.
In order to avoid the danger of overestimation, new methods
were adopted. The enumerators were GPS enabled and only Fully grown tigress was reportedly found dead with its
recorded lions when they saw them physically and not through tooth and nails missing in the buffer zone of the
pugmarks or any other signs like hearing a roar, the results Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradeshs Umeria
are accurate. district.
Periyar Tiger Res., Kerala won NTCA biennial award tarred roads and relocation of eight villages from the core area
of the reserve. The relocation has been due since 1984. Once
For encouraging local pub participation in managing reserve that is done, an inviolate area of 300 sq.km will be
Tribal people dependent on eco- development programmes available for breeding, the study noted.
Community based eco-tourism activities
+ night scouting programmes CCMB Director Ch. Mohan Rao says reproductive studies in
Tourism was supplemented by pepper growing & marketing endangered species are immensely useful in developing
SHGs were involved in honey processing breeding protocols and creating stress-free habitats for tigers
& other income-generating activities and other wild animals.
While the reintroduced tigers have given birth at regular D. SC refuses to lift night ban - Bandipur
intervals in Panna, it is not so in Sariska, though the tigers
have been mating. This led to a study by scientists from the Tiger Reserve
Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species
(LaCONES) of the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular The Supreme Court refused to lift the night ban on
Biology (CCMB); the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), vehicles plying through Bandipur Tiger Reserve, which links
Dehradun; and the Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mysuru to parts of Kerala. National highways 212 and 67
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of (both passing through Bandipur National Park) will remain
Pretoria, South Africa. closed in the night.
Govindhaswamy Umapathy from LaCONES, in collaboration Evoking its 2013 ban on tourists taking the Andaman Nicobar
with Kalyanasundaram Sankar of the WII, studied the stress Trunk Road that passes through Jarawa tribe habitats, the
responses of the reintroduced tigers in relation to human court had then stopped commercial and tourism activities
disturbance. within 5 km of the tribal reserve in Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
They used a non-invasive approach to study stress by
monitoring faecal glucocorticoid (fGCM) metabolite A study by the Wildlife Conservation Foundation had pointed
concentrations in the tigers over 18 months and collected out that 65 per cent of wildlife road- kills were recorded in
120 samples. It was found that 80 per cent of the 881-sq.km the night.
Sariska reserve had some kind of disturbance, such as
livestock movement, woodcutting and human and vehicular E. NH 7 Pench and Kanha Tiger
movement, elevating fGCM concentrations in the monitored Reserve
tigers.
National Highway 7 slices crucial corridor forests between
Dr. Umapathy says prolonged stress might have affected Pench and Kanha Tiger Reserves in Central India.
reproduction. The study recommended regulation of
vehicular traffic, shifting of artificial waterholes away from In mountains, roads may lead to severe forest destruction,
landslides, and erosion, as seen everyday during road elephants died while desperately trying to save their calves
construction in many parts of the Himalayas and the Western from a railway line in West Bengals Jalpaiguri; other
Ghats. herd members, in attempting to save each other, also died.
Power lines also kill unknown numbers of wildlife everyday. In the case of NH 7, an alternative already exists in the form
Poachers draw live wires to kill animals such as rhino and deer, of NH 69. Passing through Chhindwara and Nagpur, this
while accidental electrocution kills many species from birds highway can be upgraded and lengthened to roughly 70
such as Sarus cranes and flamingos to elephants and bison. kilometres more.
Railways, too, take their toll, gaining attention only when large Under its recent compilation of milestones, the MoEF lists
animals such as elephants are killed along the tracks. The daily clearing projects, including construction and widening of NH
death of wildlife shows that linear projects are undertaken 31 (in West Bengal) and NH 13 (Maharashtra) as
with scant attention to conservation needs. achievements.
Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh: the playground for F. Three new havens for tigers - Ratapani in
Rudyard Kiplings man-cub Mowgli, the site for one of Indias
Madhya Pradesh, Sunabeda in Odisha and
most impressive tiger landscapes in India, and the location for
the proposed expansion of a newer, wider, National Highway Guru Ghasidas in Chhattisgarh
(NH).
Centre is set to form three new tiger reserves. In-principle
The National Highways Authority of India wants to widen NH
7 into a four lane highway in areas where it passes through approval has been accorded by the
the Pench Tiger Reserve, and in the living corridor between the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) for
Pench and Kanha Tiger Reserves. With sal forest cover creation of reserves in Ratapani in Madhya Pradesh,
packed with tigers and their prey, this dense and enigmatic Sunabeda in Odisha and Guru Ghasidas in Chhattisgarh, Union
forest complex is one of the most well known in the country. Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar informed the Lok
Sabha
Taking suo moto note of the poor condition of the road, the
Nagpur Bench of the Bombay High Court ordered tree-felling Odisha is among the States where the tiger population has
for expanding and widening (not just repairing) the highway, dwindled. The NTCA also accorded final approval to a
for which many trees have been cut. And this was done proposal to declare Kudremukh National Park in Karnataka
without even requisite clearances. and Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand as tiger reserves.
Roads also bring with them ancillary threats such as more Seeking to provide more protected spaces for the endangered
cars, and light and air pollution. Last month, a rare animal, a species, State governments have been asked to send
black leopard, was found dead on NH 4 in Khindwadi in Satara conservation proposals for the following areas: Suhelwa in
district of Maharashtra. Uttar Pradesh, Mhadei in Goa, Srivilliputtur Grizzled Squirrel
Wildlife Sanctuary/ Meghamalai Wildlife Sanctuary/
Before this, in Jim Corbett National Park, barely seen animals Varushanadu Valley in Tamil Nadu, Dibang in Arunachal
such as leopard cats were found dead on major roads. Pradesh and Cauvery-MM Hills in Karnataka.
For all their agility and velocity, cats are not good at averting G. Ustad (man eating Tiger) escapes cage by a
road collisions. Tigers freeze when light falls on them. Even in
whisker Ranthambore Tiger Reserve
daylight most animals are unable to estimate the speed and
the size of a car hurtling down the road. As a result, thousands
of animals die on the roads each year. Ustad or T-24, the man-eating tiger of Ranthambore,
escaped a caged life in a zoo by a whisker when the Supreme
Court decided that he would continue to stay in the Sajjangarh
Animals move in herds and have deep bonds; they suffer
Biological Park (Rescue Centre) at Udaipur in Rajasthan for
distress beyond just the death of a herd or family member.
now.
For instance, in a recent case in Assam, elephants blocked a
highway after a young one was run over. Earlier, mother
The petitioners are seeking a ban on the use of elephants at Vaquitas habitat - Gulf of California, it is the only place
religious functions, processions and other events. vaquitas are found.
It said scant regard was paid to the Environment and Forest 44. Back from the brink of extinction -
Ministrys guidelines of 2008, which bans captive elephants Corroboree frogs (Kosciuszko national park,
from being made to walk for more than 30 km a day and
Australia)
not more than three hours at a stretch.
There were only four Corroboree frogs in the world at one
The petition pointed out that in States like Tamil Nadu, point of time
temple festivals happen in the hottest months of the year Just four frogs two male, two female in Kosciuszko
and it was common for elephant keepers to make their national park in the southern part of New South Wales
elephants walk on the hot, tarred city roads during peak
summer days. This was in sheer violation of the Tamil Nadu If youre planning on scouring a vast Australian mountain
Captive Elephants (Management and range looking for what is probably the rarest frog in the world,
Maintenance) Rules, 2011. scientists suggest a rudimentary approach works best.
The petition drew the court's attention to how even Endangered southern Corroboree frog measures
'treats' given to temple elephants by devotees add to just 3.5cm in length
their misery.
The frogs the females are largest and pear- shaped when
42. New drugs sought for tranquillising carrying eggs are coloured by flashes of bright yellow as a
elephants warning to predators of the toxins developed from the
gobbling up of ants. But the frogs arent fully visible unless you
Elephant darting experts have suggested the introduction of stoop down for a close look.
new tranquillisers and involvement of a host of officials in
mob-control measures while restive animals are being darted. Chytrid fungus has spread across six continents and has
been blamed for causing the decline or extinction of around
The association said though several new drugs were used 200 frog species since the 1970s. In Australia, six frog species
worldwide for tranquillising wild animals, including elephants, are thought to have been wiped out by the fungus, which is
many of them were still not used or available in India. New carried in water and by other
and safe drugs should be used. They should be purchased The fungus causes a disease called chytridiomycosis on the
and distributed by the Directorate of Animal Husbandry, it skin that fatally impairs frogs ability to maintain electrolyte,
water and oxygen levels. This large-scale exploitation, along with minimal information
about their population status, poaching and smuggling
45. Critically endangered Pangolins trends, places the future of these lesser-known species in
jeopardy, he said.
Pangolins (8 species in world; 4 in Asia) - Critically endangered
- Scaly Anteaters found in Vietnam 47. Saving the shoreline of Puducherry
- World's most trafficked mammals on earth
- poaching is high (for eating, jewellery & medicine The beautiful beaches and shoreline of Puducherry
- Chinese mkt) are facing threats of erosion owing to natural disasters,
- Anteaters = prehistoric looking mammals pollution, exploitation and anthropogenic activities.
46. Outreach on social media against illegal To check such threats, the establishment of artificial reef
trade of lesser-known species structure in the seawater is under the active consideration
of the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences and the territorial
administration.
(Pangolins, monitor lizards, tokay gecko, turtles and
tortoises, lorises, birds, corals, sea cucumbers are some of the
The Puducherry government has been taking several
endangered species)
efforts to restore the beach. The National Institute of Ocean
Technology (NIOT) submitted a status report on Management
A digital media campaign on illegal trade in lesser-known of Coastal Erosion along Puducherry Coast to the
and non-charismatic wildlife species including Puducherry and Tamil Nadu governments. The Marine
pangolins, owls and mongooses claims to have Biology Regional Centre, Chennai, also submitted a
reached out to nearly 1.4 million people on Facebook, proposal to the Department of Forests and Wildlife,
Twitter and Google. Puducherry, for the establishment of artificial reef
structures.
The campaign, Preserving the Future: Stop Illegal Wildlife
Trade was jointly run by TRAFFIC, WWF- India and the
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB), a nodal agency for 48. Great Barrier Reef: Australia
curbing wildlife crime in India.
The Australian Greens party and 350.org and other
The growing demand for wildlife from India that threatens organisations have called for an immediate moratorium on the
the existence of the tiger, elephant, rhino and various Adani Groups proposal to dredge the Great Barrier Reef for a
other flagship species has been well publicised. However, controversial coal port expansion at Abbot Point in
illegal trade in non- charismatic or lesser known species like Queensland, Australia.
pangolins, monitor lizards, tokay gecko, turtles and tortoises,
lorises, birds, corals, sea cucumbers and others has Adani Enterprises bought the Abbot Point terminal for about $2
remained largely unreported, said a release issued by billion in May 2011.
TRAFFIC (India), which is a wildlife trade monitoring network.
Great Barrier Reefs faces threat
The campaign was launched in New Delhi on the social media - Corals are eating small plastic debris in the ocean
platforms of TRAFFICs India Office and WWF-India, and
as Google Adverts in February 2015, noted TRAFFIC - Great Barrier Reef is a World- Heritage Site
India head Shekhar Kumar Niraj. - Plastic, CC, poor water quality from land based run-offs,
Dr. Niraj added that hundreds of pangolins, lizards and coastal developments & fishing
tortoises are poached each year in India; nearly 7,00,000
birds illegally trapped, and several tonnes of sea cucumbers Solution
caught, yet the levels of exploitation of these species are A new technique involves injecting gas into the stratosphere,
rarely reported. forming microscopic particles which reflect some of the
sun's energy and so help limit rising sea surface temperatures,
saving corals.
The Adelie penguin is one of the most easily
49. Australia lobbying to stop Great identifiable penguin species with its blue black back and
Barrier Reef making in danger list white chest and belly. It is the smallest penguin found
in the Southern Ocean.
Australia has embarked on a whole of government During winter, the birds migrate north only to return in
diplomatic and ministerial lobbying campaign to correct summer months, Dr. Balan said.
misinformation and prevent the Great Barrier Reef from
being placed on the UNESCO world heritage committees in The CMLRE had earlier surveyed the ice-free areas of the
danger list, a Senate committee has been told. Indian Ocean sector of the Ocean during the austral ummer of
2004. Researchers had then identified Antarctic minke whales
(Balaenoptera bonaerensis), fin whales (B. physalus), sei
A total of 21 countries provide representatives to UNESCOs
whales (B. borealis) and blue whales (B. musculus).
World Heritage committee, and the group is set to gather
in Bonn in June to decide, among other things, whether the
Adelies are a highly migratory species. After breeding, they do
reef should be put on the endangered list.
not return to their colonies until the next spring. They feed on
krill and fish. Little is known about the non-breeding
The 21 countries include India, Jamaica, Japan, Portugal and
distribution of this species. Records on the migration of
Germany.
Adelies, commonly sighted in the Antarctic coast, into the
Southern Ocean almost 5 degree North are significant, said M.
50. Chile: forest fire threatens historic port city Sudhakar, director CMLRE, who led the first Indian expedition
to SO in 2004.
Chile declared a state of emergency and ordered the
evacuation of up to 16,000 people as a raging forest fire led The Southern Ocean accounts for about 10 per cent of the
to at least one death and threatened the historic port city of worlds oceans and supports more than 50 per cent of the
Valparaiso. worlds marine mammal biomass, including six species of
pinnipeds, eight species of baleen whales, and at least
The fire started in an area of grassland and pine forest near a seven species of odontocete whales.
major thoroughfare connecting Valparaiso a UNESCO
world heritage site once dubbed the jewel of the Pacific The seas around Antarctica are home to a rich and diverse
with several villages. group of species that have evolved some unique ways of
coping with the cold and hence represent a unique polar
51. Migratory spotting throws up an marine ecosystem.
Adelie surprise
1. Neela Kurinji found in W.Ghats A new tree species that gives out strong smell of
camphor when its leaves and stem are crushed has been
Plant Harmones/florigens reported from southern Western Ghats.
Gibberellins
IAA The species, which is endemic to the Ghats region of Kerala,
Cytokinins was named as Cinnamomum agasthyamalayanum after the
Ethylene type locality, Agasthyamala hills, from where it was reported.
Neela Kurinji in W.Ghats blooms once in 12yrs (certain The find attains significance as this is considered the only
Bamboos bloom once in hundred years) endemic species that gives out the smell of camphor. Now,
the challenge is to find out whether camphor can be
(The period between each flowering season is called the distilled from the plant at commercially viable level. While
Oscillatory period) natural camphor is extracted by distilling the leaves and bark
of Cinnamomum camphora, a native to China, Taiwan,
Neela Kurinji is found in Shola forests, W.Ghats & Nilgiri Hills, southern parts of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, it is also
S.India synthetically produced.
Gregarious flowering plants = dies immediately after producing Camphor oil is extracted by steam from the chipped
seeds. wood, root stumps and branches of the camphor tree. It is
then rectified under vacuum and filter pressed, explained
Phytochromes (receptors present in leaves) scientists.
2. New species highlight Palakkads Camphor has a wide range of medicinal applications
especially in Ayurveda. Camphor has pain-relieving effect. It
plant diversity is an ingredient in a few externally applied oils to relieve
muscle spasm. It also has mild mucolitic property and can
A team of scientists from four research institutions in Kerala reduce bronchospasm. It is also used in mild dosage in
has reported the discovery of a rare species of plant from the internal medicines.
Palakkad gap region of the Western Ghats, highlighting the
floral diversity in the region and triggering the demand for Cinnamomum agasthyamalayanum was found distributed
strict curbs on quarrying in biodiversity pockets. between Attayar and Chemungi of Agasthyamala in
Thiruvananthapuram. Isolated populations were also
The team came across the plant in a quarry during an recorded from Rosemala in Kollam district of Kerala. The
exploration of the Nenmara region south of Palakkad in the finding was recently published in the International Journal of
valley of the Nelliyampathy hills. Advanced Research. Though Cinnamomum camphora would
grow in Indian climatic conditions, it need not yield
Detailed studies established it as a new species. Named camphor at commercially viable levels.
Oldenlandia dineshi, the plant is a shrub with long linear
tapering leaves and dark blue flowers.
The new species can grow up to 8 metres in the dense wet
evergreen forests of the Ghats at an altitude between 500m
The flowering period is from July to September and fruiting
and 1400m, said scientists. It was found distributed in the
from September to October.
windward evergreen forests of Agasthyamalai
phytogeographical region of southern Western Ghats. The
Based on IUCN criteria, the researchers have classified population was found to be very low in all regions which were
Oldenlandia dineshii as an endangered species. surveyed.
4. Plant genus named after Sir David chlorophyll so their stems are usually white or yellow. They
Attenborough either lack leaves or have rudimentary leaves. Examples
include dodder and Rafflesia.
Grasshoppers, shrimps, spiders and other creatures have all
been named after Sir David Attenborough, but now a whole 6. Light pollution shown to affect plant growth
genus of endangered plants will bear the naturalists name. Artificial night time light from sources
such as street lamps affects the growth and flowering of
Identified by a team of researchers in Gabon, a renowned plants and even the number of insects that depend on those
botanical hot spot, the Sirdavidia flowering plants are believed plants for food, a study confirms.
to be the first plant genus named after the broadcaster (Life
on Earth). Wetlands & Mangroves
5. How do non-green coloured leaves in a plant
1. Haryana to mark 500-metre buffer zone for
photosynthesise?
Mangar Bani: sacred grove
We all know that most plants are green. This green colour is
caused by the presence of green chlorophyll pigments After nearly seven years of debate, the Mangar Bani
found in the leaves which are involved in photosynthesis. forest area of Faridabad has finally got the protection it
rightly deserves. The National Capital Region Planning Board
These pigments capture light energy from the sun which is (NCRPB) approved a buffer zone of 500 metres around the
used to fuel photosynthesis. Plants need photosynthesis to sacred grove against the earlier proposed restriction of just
make energy in the form of sugars. Even the green leaves 60 metres.
often contain non- green pigments, such as carotenoids and
xamthophylls, in addition to green chlorophylls in the plastids Environmentalists called it a major decision towards
of their cells. There are many plants with non-green leaves in preserving the last virgin forest, but at the same time
which anthocyanins the purple cytoplasmic pigments that are remained wary of the concept of urbanisable areas which
present in such large amount which can mask the green colour they fear is blanket exclusion for defining Natural
of the chlorophyll and make the plant appear purple. But the Conservation Zones (NCZs).
photosynthesis is still happening underneath. This is because
of the presence of chlorophyll pigments. Haryana Chief Minister decided to stick to the 500 metre No
Construction Zone after he did a three-hour long aerial
Even in chlorophyll there are different kinds based on inspection in his chopper.
molecular structure and wavelength absorption. Only those
plants which have Chlorophyll-a (Ch-a) can do photosynthesis After looking at the dense green cover from Mangar Bani to
as only Ch-a in the reaction centre of photo-system is the Western Ridge of the Aravalis, he acknowledged the dense
involved in the transfer of light energy into chemical energy, forests in the entire stretch.
the essential process of light reaction of photosynthesis.
Carotenoids and xanthophylls have only accessory and 2. Drying Okhla wetlands
protective functions: they help harvest the light energy and
pass it to Chlorophyll-a, they help dissipate the excess Environmentalists have cautioned against the drying up of
light and they quench reactive oxygen species and hence they wetlands at the Okhla Bird Sanctuary. Ecologists warn
have antioxidant, protective function. that Uttar Pradesh Irrigation Department's bid to replace
Okhla Barrage sluice gate is harming the natural habitat of the
This is the case found in non-green algae which synthesis birds.
their food by doing photosynthesis. In addition to the
principle pigments, the non-green algae contain Chlorophyll- The authorities move to replace the sluice gates of Okhla
as in their chromatophores. Barrage is drying up the wetlands which is causing habitat
destruction and forcing migratory birds as well resident birds
There are a few hundred parasitic plant species that lack to leave.
The temporary marshland attracted few wader species like the As much as 1,607 hectares of the eroded area had vegetation,
pied avocet, marsh sandpiper, blackt tailed godwit and says the study comparing satellite data from February of 2003
ruff. Mixed flocks of winter migratory ducks like northern and 2014.
shoveler, common pochard, Eurasian wigeon, black-headed
gull, garganey, common teal, ruddy shelduck, bar- headed During the 10 years, 216 hectares of landmass had been
geese and greater flamingo which usually stay till end of March added, of which 121 hectares has green vegetation.
or mid April have already left.
Environmentalists say that from April onward breeding season The Eastern Zone Bench of the National Green Tribunal, which
starts for the resident water birds (spot billed duck, is hearing a case of environmental violations in the
purple swamp hen, little grebe, purple heron, common Sunderbans, directed holding the study.
moorhen, white-breasted water hen, black-crowned night
heron, oriental darter, black-winged stilts) as well few Indian The study shows that about 95.14 per cent of the green cover
migratory birds (lesser whistling duck, streaked weaver) has not undergone gone any change, while fresh vegetation
in the sanctuary. has come up in 1.1 per cent of the entire area.
This drying process will completely disturb them and also The satellite mapping, which has not gone into the details of
force these birds to abandon the sanctuary skipping their the reason for loss of green cover, says the depletion may be
annual breeding, Mr. Roy said. He added that similar due to natural and anthropogenic (human intervention)
disturbance happened earlier during winter migratory season processes.
of 2010.
The 9,600-sq.km Indian Sunderbans is highly susceptible to
coastal erosion and coastal land dynamics. A recent World
3. Sunderbans facing population Bank report pointed out that the carrying capacity of the
pressure: report landmass had exceeded with the population density of
over 1,000 a sq.km. The ISRO study once again
The carrying capacity of the Indian Sunderbans has highlighted that the Sunderbans was a very fragile and
been exceeded, and the increased population is exerting dynamic landscape.
pressure on the fragile and richest ecosystem of the world, a
World Bank report has said. 5. Millions at risk from sea rise in
Report name - Building resilience for sustainable
Sundarbans
evelopment of the Sunderbans
Seas are rising more than twice as fast as the global average
Sunderbans Concerns in the Sundarbans, where some 13 million Indians and
1. Encroachment of forestland & unauthorised Bangladeshis live. Much of the Sundarbans could be
constructions underwater in 15-25 years.
2. Violations of the Coastal Regulation Zone
3. Conversion of mangrove forestland for fisheries & other Satellite images reveal ocean acidification
unauthorised structures The use of satellites orbiting the Earth some 700 km above to
4. 15 depts are in charge of Sunderbans but there is no monitor ocean acidification is set to revolutionize the way
coordination among them Solution NGT directed Govt of West that marine biologists and climate scientists study the ocean.
Bengal to constitute a committee to oversee the issue
6. Impact of climate change to be
4. Sunderbans losing green cover and land examined in Sunderbans
mass, says ISRO study
The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) has proposed to
The Indian Sunderbans has lost 3.71 per cent of its mangrove set up long-term permanent monitoring plots in Sunderbans,
and other forest cover, while losing 9,990 hectares of its a world heritage site, having maximum mangrove cover in
landmass to erosion in one decade, according to a satellite the world to study the impacts of climate change on its
analysis conducted by the Indian Space Research Organisation. flora and fauna.
The purpose of setting up the long-term permanent While the forest cover has decreased by 176 sq km in Madhya
monitoring plots in Sunderbans is to come up with a Pradesh and 53 km in Chhattishgarh, it has increased by 496
strategic action plan for Sunderban Mangroves, along sq km in Jharkhand and 446 sq km in Bihar.
with finding out ways to mitigate the effect of climate
change. There has been an increase of 31 sq km of very dense forest
cover moderately dense forest has decreased by 1,991 sq
The ZSI has set up a similar long-term permanent monitoring km while open forests have increased by 7,891 sq km,
system in Andaman Nicobar islands along with Malvan putting the overall increase at 5,871 sq km.
coast in Maharashtra to study the impacts of climate change
of coral reefs. Naming of Cyclones (water/wind or lightening,
flowers/birds/precious stones)
7. Phenology
1. First cyclone was named in 2004
The ZSI is collaborating with the Botanical Survey of
India (BSI) to study phenology (periodic life cycle events of 2. The system of naming cyclones was formalised in 2000 by
plants influenced by variations of climate) of the flora of the WMO & ESCAP
Sunderbans.
3. Aila, 2009 - Maldives (fire); Phailin, 2013 - Thailand
Scientists at the ZSI said that research is in tune with the (Saphire); Hud Hud, 2014 - Oman (Bird);
policies of the Government of India. Recently the Ministry of Nilofar - Pakistan (Water lily/lotus)
Environment of Forest has changed its name to Ministry of
Environment, Forest and Climate Change with a mandate to
study the climate change and mitigate its effects. 9. Mission Mangroves in Sri Lanka
8. Indias forest cover up by 5,871 sq km More than half the worlds mangroves have been
lost over the last century, but all of those surviving in Sri
Of the 5,871 sq km increase in the forest cover of Lanka, one of their most important havens, are now to be
protected in an unprecedented operation. The organizer of
India, West Bengal accounts for nearly 64 per cent of this
the project, the biggest of its kind, sees the role of women as
rise, reveals the latest report of Forest Survey of India. the key to its success.
A study conducted by the Forest Survey of India
Mangroves are an important protection against
climate change as they sequester up to five times more
West Bengals forest cover has increased by 3,810 sq km,
carbon than other forests, area for area.
which is followed by Odisha where increase in forest
cover has been 1,444 km and Kerala where the increase has They protect coastlines against flooding and tsunamis, and
been about 622 sq km.
provide a vital habitat for marine animals, especially crabs,
shrimp and juvenile fish.
West Bengal, a state with high population density, has only
18.93 percent forest cover. States from northeast like In an initiative designed to prevent any more being cut
Nagaland, Arunanchal Pradesh, Tripura and Manipur, whose down in Sri Lanka and to boost some of the poorest
forest cover comprises over 75 percent of the States communities in the world, women will be offered small loans
area, have shown a decrease in forest cover. The main reason and training to start businesses. In return for the
for this is attributed to the biotic pressure and shifting microloans, the
cultivation in the region 15,000 women, including thousands of widows from the civil
war, will be expected to stop using the trees for firewood
In Andhra Pradesh, a State with 16.77 percent of its area and to guard the forests near their homes.
covered by forest, there has been a decrease of 273 km of
forest area.
Conservationists behind the scheme, which is backed by the
Sri Lankan government, believe the focus on women will systems and involves women from
bring huge benefits to living standards in coastal 1,500 communities. Women involved in the
communities. scheme will protect mangroves by ensuring no one in their
communities, or from outside, cuts down the trees.
The 2.2-m initiative announced is designed to save
mangroves covering 21,782 acres (8,815 ha) in 48 lagoon
It also made clear that the responsibility of implementing the 4. Green clearances ignored for Patel statue
NGT order rests not only with the Delhi Government, but also project: activists (Sardar Patel Statue on
with the Centre.
Sadhu Bet island on the Narmada)
2. NGT cant settle issues on climate change, says A group of environmental activists from Gujarat has
MoEF filed a petition with National Green Tribunal seeking a stay
on the construction of the proposed 182 metre Sardar Patel
The Ministry of Environment & Forests has said Statue on Sadhu Bet island on the Narmada.
the National Green Tribunal cannot settle the issue or any
application on climate change as it is a subject of The activists said the project had not obtained the
international conventions and protocols. mandatory permissions required under the Environment
Impact Assessment Notification and also Social Impact
Section 14 of the NGT Act deals with the jurisdiction and Assessment. Moreover, the site was on an active tectonic
powers of the Tribunal to settle disputes. It grants the plate in a fault line area. They said the statue was just one
Tribunal the jurisdiction over all civil cases where a part of a big tourism project for which environmental and
substantial question relating to environment is involved. wetland laws and safety and disaster-management norms
had been given the go-by.
Such questions arise out of implementation of enactments
specified in Schedule 1 of the Act. The project would require extensive construction work on
the active riverbed of the perennial Narmada and was STPs are developed by the Bhabha Atomic Research
likely to fall within a critical wetlands area to be notified Centre (BARC) and the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).
under the Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules,
2010. 7. Clean Ganga project seeks corporate, NRI
participation
5. NGT restrictions have hit tourism in
Himachal The Rs. 20,000 crore Namami Gange project is
spread over five years and covers 41 tributaries of Ganga.
The Himachal Pradesh government blamed the
National Green Tribunal for imposing heavy restrictions and The National Mission for Clean Ganga that has been
environment cess on tourist taxis plying to Manali, saying the assigned the task of cleaning the river, is focussed on
State is facing revenue loss despite record tourist flow after abatement of pollution and has designed its
the Nepal earthquake. interventions around this.
The State government told a vacation Bench led by Justice However, it is seeking partnerships and is tailoring its
A.K. Sikri that tourists for Nepal are now eying to come to projects so that state governments, local municipalities and
Manali for summer, but in vain. panchayats have a stake and take ownership of the projects
for sustainability.
A order from the tribunal effectively clamped down on
tourism by introducing stringent curbs as a means to To speed up the process of cleaning the river, the Mission
prevent further pollution to the ecologically fragile has sought the participation of institutions, donors,
Rohtang Pass and the Himalayan ranges. overseas Indians, business and corporate houses to donate
their might and money for projects or sponsoring projects to
The restrictions include payment of an environmental cess clean up the river . Already pilot projects have been launched
at the rate of Rs1,000 for petrol vehicles per visit. For in eight cities.
diesel vehicles, the cess is Rs 2,500.
The urgent need is to bring down lean season BOD levels in
The NGT order further permits only 1000 vehicles to enter the river to 10 mg/ litre/day, the Total Suspended Solid levels
the Rohtang Pass a day on a first-come first- serve basis. to 10 mg/ litre/day and Total Faecal Coliform to 100
Of this, 600 can be petrol vehicles and the remaining 400 mg/litre/ day. Stopping pollutants from coming into the
diesel. Ganga are a priority, say senior officials of the Mission.
3. Revival of river through river inter- linking projects known as endophytic meaning they are microscopic in
was a dangerous sign size and found living inside macroscopic seaweeds.
(Inter-linking two rivers will kill both rivers eventually)
Belonging to the species, Ulvella leptochaete, they are
Commenting on the Centres ambitious project to interlink believed to confer ecological advantage to the host such as
rivers, he says it is not a good idea. disease resistance.
Mr. Rajendra Singh has started a Jal Jan Jodo campaign to The discovery in the Indian Ocean gains significance
spread the message of water literacy and efficiency now. because these algae may very well be an important source of
anticancer compounds such as Taxol and this discovery may
Role and Uses of Algae contribute in anticancer drug development.
A species of algae previously reported to inhabit the seas A highlight of the process is sequential extraction of the
around the British Isles and the East China Sea has now been derivatives leading to full utilisation of the feedstock.
found thriving in the Indian Ocean. The algae belong to a type
The recent study, published in the journal Phylogenetics and A group of ocean scientists from the Centre for Marine Living
Evolutionary Biology, confirmed that the red colour in the rain Resources (CMLRE), Kochi, of the Ministry of Earth Sciences,
was caused by the presence of spores of a European who had been tracking the algal blooms in many water
species of green microalgae, Trentepohlia annulata that was bodies, claimed to have perfected the algorithm for
reported previously only from Austria a Central European identification of Noctiluca scintillans, the algal bloom and a
country. diatom, which gives dark green colour to the oceanic waters.
The study confirmed that the blood rain is nothing but a The team led by R. Dwivedi of CMLRE consisted of researchers
mechanism employed by this alga to disperse its spores from CMLRE, the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean
(similar to plant seeds) to a very large area at once, so that Research, Goa, and Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad,
algae can quickly colonize a large area. has described the approach for detection of bloom-forming
algae N. scintillans and its discrimination from diatoms using warming over this country
moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer in a mixed
species oceanic environment. How aerosols affect tropical rainfall?
The research paper was recently published in the journal The inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a belt of
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. precipitation (caused by northeast and southeast trade winds
coming together) has been shifting southwards in Central
The algorithm could be applied for real-time identification of America since 1900, when the industrial revolution
the algal bloom anywhere in Indian waters, said Dr.K.B. and associated atmospheric pollution began in real earnest,
Padmakumar of CMLRE. notes a paper published recently in the journal Nature
Geoscience.
Efforts on
The reason for this shift, according to the study, is the cooling
The new approach will help ocean researchers in quickly effect of aerosols that were produced in large quantities due
identifying algal blooms without venturing into the water. to industrialisation.
Efforts are on for identification and discrimination of more
algal blooms and associated diatoms, he said. Cooling of the atmosphere results in less rainfall and dry
conditions while warming leads to evaporation, convection
The present analysis has been carried out by utilizing species- and rainfall. The study found that since 1900 there has
specific response of phytoplankton from remote sensing been a steady increase in rainfall in the southern tropics, in
reflectance spectra obtained with a Satlantic underwater contrast to a steady decrease in the northern tropics.
profiling radiometer.
POLLUTION RELATED
1. Impact of Aerosols
The researchers analysed a stalagmite found in a cave in Belize The stalagmite portions were dated by measuring uranium-
(a Central American nation) to construct a record of rainfall thorium isotope ratios over the past centuries.
patterns in the region over the past 450 years. This site is near
the northernmost extent of the ITCZ, a remarkably sensitive A key factor in the method is that uranium is soluble in
location for reconstructing even minor variations in ITCZ water while the daughter products are non-soluble. This means
position. The team measured Carbon-13 isotope levels over that uranium is present in water which seeps into limestone
this period in the various layers of the stalagmite. Carbon caves and is incorporated into stalagmites but its non-soluble
isotope serves as a good proxy for rainfall as recorded in the daughter products (thorium) are not. Daughter isotopes
stalagmite over the thousands of years of its formation. present in the sample increase through time as the uranium
Stalagmites grow incrementally as drops of water seep decays and the ratio of the uranium to the thorium is
through the overlying rock. measured to provide an age estimate, Dr. Harriet E. Ridley
from the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Durham,
The growth of the stalagmite is therefore linked to the amount U.K., and the first author clarified in an email to this
of water reaching it, which is in part controlled by rainfall. correspondent.
Furthermore, every drop of water reaching the cave has a
unique chemical signature which is controlled by the The authors point to increased aerosol concentrations in the
prevailing climate, most often temperature and rainfall northern tropics of Central America as the likely cause.
amount. There have been drying events even before
1900, but these coincided with northern hemisphere volcanic
This chemical signature is then incorporated into the eruptions which sent aerosols into the atmosphere causing
stalagmite layers as it grows. cooling and therefore, dry conditions.
By chemical signature in this case, is meant
oxygen and carbon isotopes. One can see how rainfall has 2. Urban Heat Island
changed over the years by measuring the change in Carbon-
13 isotope value through time.
Urban areas were affected by the warming occurring as a interventions - a Chief Resilience Officer (CRO) in each city, or
result of climate change as well as the urban heat island a senior person to work in municipal government usually
effect whereby built-up places trapped heat more than with mayors to work across the sectors and silos and engage
surrounding rural areas with private sector and all stakeholders (Central, State Govts,
Civil societies etc) to promote and coordinate on the resilience
Thane named Indias Earth Hour Capital agenda.
The city represented India in the Global Earth Hour Helps cities put together a resilience strategy and to put
Capital Competition of 16 countries in Seoul. The host city was together a risk analysis to understand what the city is doing, is
declared the winner and acknowledged as the Global Earth it doing it well enough, what are the key objectives for
Hour Capital building resilience and initiatives to support that.
2015.
The project focusses on urbanisation, globalisation and climate
The year-long competition among cities is aimed at change and how they affect cities.
promoting renewable energy and pre-paring for climate
change. Focuses on infrastructure, access to a platform of resources,
information on everything from big data analytics,
Last year, Coimbtore was selected as the National infrastructure, databases, economic risk analysis and steps to
Earth Hour Capital. mitigate them, handling natural disasters, cyber security and
so on.
3. Making eco-friendly toilets
the possibility of natural groundwater recharge while critically safe usage of crop protection products and methodologies
upsetting the entire ecology. that would be followed to reduce pesticide residues in tea.
Increasing concretization of soil with concrete and cemented The code is based on the Codex Alimentarius, which is a set of
slabs in our towns and cities augment climate change, as soil is international food standards and guidelines.
the biggest carbon sink after forests and oceans, noted the
letter. Recently Greenpeace had released a report alleging
presence of pesticide residues in Indian tea. It said that
Environmentalists have warned that the situation has turned chemical use should be restricted not only in tea estates, but
so critical that there are virtually no soil areas left in cities also near water bodies, wildlife habitats and human dwelling
and towns for rainwater to percolate and recharge the to check contamination.
groundwater aquifers.
In India food safety standards are stipulated by the
6. The menace of plastic waste Food Safety & Standards Authority of India.
If there is one type of municipal solid waste that has 8. Is your food safe enough?
become ubiquitous in India and most developing countries,
and largely seen along the shores and waterways of many World Health Day on April 7 marks the founding of
developed countries, it is plastic waste. Much of it is not the World Health Organization, with a theme for each year.
recycled, and ends up in landfills or as litter on land, in This year it is Food Safety, to ensure that everyone has the
waterways and the ocean. answers to a few questions: What is in your meal and where
did the ingredients come from? Were they properly, and
Eight million tones of plastic being dumped into the oceans safely, handled at every stage, from farm to plate ?
by 192 coastal countries in 2010
WHO is asking for action to understand and streamline the
At twelfth position, India is one of the worst performers. It supply chain and ask stakeholders to promote food safety.
has dumped up to 0.24 million tonnes of plastic into the Funding requirement challenges for cold chains to cut wastage
ocean every year; the amount of mismanaged plastic waste figured in recent debates on foreign direct investment in
per year is multi-brand retail. With increasing pressure on groundwater
0.6 million tonnes. In the case of China, the No. 1 resources and other factors, farm markets have moved
polluter, the coastal population sends up to 3.53 million towards 'chemically managed crops. The deterioration in the
tonnes of plastic waste into the oceans each year. quality of topsoil is an issue. There is a growing awareness of
the need to grow food awareness or the need to grow food
Alarmingly, an unknown quantity of degraded plastic in the that is natural and toxin-free. The organic food industry has
form of particles enters the food chain. Besides affecting spawned a new health awareness. Considering modern
marine life, plastic that gets into the food chain has serious lifestyles that promote automation and restrict opportunities
health implications for humans. to do things manually, the stress on right eating has grown.
7. Plant Protection Code - Codex India has stringent food safety standards set in the Food Safety
Alimentarius and Standards Act of 2006 and the Food Safety and
Standards Rules and Regulations, 2011. Yet, the quality of
Plant Protection Code rolls out to make tea a safer food remains a concern. Fitness and good health
beverage Plant Protection Code (PPC), a set of guidelines for have more to do with dietary choices than
regulating the chemical inputs in tea cultivation, was rolled number exercise regimes. On World Health Day, let's pledge to
out on January eat healthy, beat obesity, and stay fit.
1, 2015. The aim is to make Indian tea a safe and healthy
drink.
9. Maharashtra tops in solid waste: e- waste shipments, China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan are
report the main destinations, says the report. In Africa, Ghana
and Nigeria are the biggest recipients of e-waste.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has
indicted Maharashtra for generating the highest amount of Destination India
solid waste in the country.
Illegal trade is driven by the relatively low costs of
shipment and the high costs of treatment in the developed
10. India fifth biggest generator of e- waste in countries. Quoting an U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2014: U.N. report study, the UNEP report says that exporting e-waste to Asia
worked out 10 times cheaper than processing it in within
India is the fifth biggest producer of e- waste in the these countries.
world, discarding 1.7 million tones (Mt) of electronic and
electrical equipment in The Indian subcontinent has turned into an important
2014, a UN report has warned that the volume of global e- destination for European waste. This goes beyond ewaste to
waste is likely to rise by 21 per cent in next three years. include household waste, metals, textiles and tires which
are exported to India and Pakistan, says the report Waste
The Global E-Waste Monitor 2014, compiled by U.N.s think Crimes, Waste Risks: Gaps and Challenges in the Waste
tank United Nations University (UNU), said at 32 per cent, the Sector.
U.S. and China produced the most e-waste overall in 2014.
India is behind the U.S., China, Japan and Germany. There is a significant trade in compressors to Pakistan. These
should be depolluted prior to export, but waste operators
Most e-waste in the world in 2014 was generated in Asia at 16 seeking to avoid expense often omit this step, the report
Mt or 3.7 kg per inhabitant. The top three Asian nations with notes.
the highest e-waste generation in absolute quantities are
China (6.0 Toxic time bomb
Mt), Japan (2.2 Mt) and India (1.7 Mt).
The vast majority of illegal e-waste ends up in
The top per capita producers by far are the wealthy landfills, incinerators, and in ill-equipped recycling facilities.
nations of northern and western Europe, the top five being
Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Denmark, and the U.K. The waste is dumped in areas where local residents and
workers disassemble the units and collect whatever is of
The lowest amount of e--waste per inhabitant was generated value... What is not reusable is simply dumped as waste,
in Africa (1.7 kg/inhabitant). The continent generated 1.9 Mt of creating immense problems and leading to what has been
e-waste in total. described as a toxic time bomb.
11. India, a victim of e-waste crime While Europe and North America are by far the largest
producers of e-waste, Asias cities are fast catching up as
Exporting e-waste to Asia works out 10 times cheaper consumers of electronic goods and as generators of e-waste.
In China, for instance, 73.9 million computers, 0.25
Much of the 40 million tonnes of electronic waste billion mobile phones, and 56.6 million televisions were
produced around the world old smartphones, TVs, sold in 2011, the report says.
laptops and obsolete kitchen appliances finds its way
illegally to Asia and Africa every year, says a report by the Forecasts say that in just two years, the total quantum of e-
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). waste generated around the world will be 50 million tonnes.
Close to 90 per cent of the worlds electronic waste 12. Thousands of tonnes of fake food and drink
worth nearly $19 billion is illegally traded or dumped each seized
year, to destinations half way across the world. While the
European Union the U.S. and Japan are the primary origins of
Global police crackdown on counterfeit produce has netted Amid growing concerns over deteriorating air quality in
thousands of tonnes of fake food and drink, including imitation Indias major cities, the government launched the National
caviar, Interpol. Air Quality Index (AQI) that will put out real time data about
the level of pollutants in the air and inform people about the
Operation Opson 4 was run by Interpol and Europol. possible impacts on health.
The haul included 20,000 litres of fake whisky in Thailand, false The new index will initially cover 10 cities each of which
malt in Uganda and fake beer in Rwanda. would have monitoring stations with AQI display boards. The
aim was to eventually deploy the index in all cities with a
Interpol Headquarters: Lyon-based, France population of over one million.
Dark green, the first level, indicates good air quality while
maroon at the other end indicates severe pollution.
rooftop solar power is promoted through a national scheme. long way in safeguarding public health and environment, say
U.S. cities are leasing out to homes solar panels. It is such CSE experts.
smart solutions that can dramatically improve the air in urban
India, without affecting the high quality of life that citizens 19. Green Rating Project was done to evaluate
aspire for. environmental performance of the plants
Solutions to Air Pollution Indian coal-based thermal power plants are some of the most
inefficient in the world, noted a two year- long research study
NGT rulings by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).
1. to scrap 10yrs old diesel and 15yrs old petrol vehicles
2. capping the no. of vehicles on road Conducted under CSEs Green Rating Project (GRP), the
3. hike in parking charges study is the first of its kind done for this industrial sector by
4. incentives for car pooling evaluating its environmental performance and compliance.
The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has welcomed 20. GROSS MISMANAGEMENT of
the step taken by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forests
and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) to tighten the pollution
CFL waste containing mercury
norms for coal-based power plants in the country.
Massive amount of CFL waste get accumulated in and around
The MoEF&CC had published a draft notification to tighten cities, and those are mismanaged thus emitting poisonous
norms for emissions of particulate matter (PM), SO2 NOx and mercury, says the latest report of Toxics Link, titled The
mercury and cut water use by coal-based thermal power Dark End-CFL Need Better Management. The study states
plants. in 2014, the household CFL waste in Delhi accounted for
India currently has no standards for SO2, NOx and 14.93 million pieces of CFL releasing 74.65 kg of mercury.
mercury emissions from this sector.
Mercury enters the body through skin or inhalation, and can
Earlier this year, CSE had released its environmental rating of lead to recurrent coughs, sore throat, shortness of breath,
the coal-based thermal power sector, under its Green Rating chest pain, nausea, increased blood pressure and headache.
Project.
According to the WHO, inhalation of mercury vapour leads to
Forty seven plants adding up to 55 per cent of the nations adverse effects on nervous, digestive and immune systems.
capacity were rated: the sector ranked poorly on all the Once into the environment it can turn into a deadlier form
parametres. Of the total pollution from the sector, the coal- called methyl mercury, which is extremely harmful to humans
based power sector currently accounts for approximately and wildlife. For human consumption, Food Safety and
60 per cent of particulate emissions, 45-50 per cent of Standards (Contaminations, Toxins and Residues)
SO2 emissions, 30 per cent of NOx emissions and more than Regulations, 2011, have set the limit of 0.5 ppm mercury
80 per cent of mercury emissions. content in fish and 1 ppm mercury content in other foods.
The survey, which was released here on Tuesday, was carried
There are currently no standards to curb emissions out in Delhi and Bhopal with the objective of conducting
of SO2, NOx and mercury. field-level investigation into the management practices of
CFLs that contain mercury. It used both qualitative and
The ministrys proposed changes, if implemented, may go a qualitative approach and surveyed two important
stakeholders consumers and recyclers - comprising There is no doubt that the Western Ghats have to be
household consumers, bulkconsumers, kabadiwala, and protected for various reasons. At the same time, the
recyclers who are important constituents in the Central sentiments of local residents too have to be considered, while
Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines for management of taking up development activities. As soon as the Union
mercury- laded CFLs. government receives comments from all the States, a meeting
of Chief Ministers would be convened, Environment Minister
Madhav Gadgil wins Tyler Prize said.
Dr. Gadgils report on the preservation of the unique The seawater contains millions of tiny,
ecosystem of the Western Ghats was specially cited as the microscopic photosynthetic phytoplankton which utilizes
reason for the honour, besides his contributions to the CO2 during photosynthesis. They convert the CO2 into
crafting of the National Biodiversity Act, 2002. sugars and other carbon compounds which ultimately enters
the food web. The biological pump transfers carbon dioxide
from the surface of the ocean to the deep sea.
Kasturirangan report to be implemented by
year-end Unlike other gases, CO2 reacts with seawater to form
dissolved inorganic carbon, ionic and non- ionic species like
Government of India announced that the recommendations dissolved free Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbonic Acid (H2CO3),
made by the Kasturirangan Committee report on eco- Bicarbonate (HCO3-
sensitive zones in the Western Ghats would be ) and Carbonate (CO32-). The carbonate system is the unique
implemented by this year-end. phenomenon of marine ecosystem. The pH of seawater is
regulated by the bicarbonate and carbonate
Union government had asked the State concentrations. Marine organisms combine calcium and
governments concerned to hold consultation with the local carbonate ions in the calcification process and manufacture
population and submit their comments. While Kerala has calcareous material. As the organisms die, the skeletal
submitted its comments, Karnataka is yet to do so. material sinks and buried in sediments.
Tamil Nadu, Goa, Maharashtra, and Gujarat are expected to
submit
PT Exclusive
their reports. (W.Ghats States )
22. Taj Mahal, a case of monumental gligence to build roads and other infrastructure.
Agra lies in a semi-arid zone, and experiences very hot
The Taj Protection Mission remains a nonstarter summers when the temperature touches 49 degrees Celsius.
despite environmental scientists repeatedly warning about Mineral impurities present in the marble get oxidised and
the discolouration of the monument by pollutants. create brown stains. Rain also has a weathering effect on
the marble and can cause chipping and cracking. The iron
The Taj Mahal, which generated Rs. 20.67 crore in revenue dowels used to fix the marble slabs on the building get rusted
during the financial year 2014-15, according to the and the rust flows down with rain, getting deposited on the
Archaeological Survey of India, has been allocated only Rs. 2 marble.
lakh so far for its preservation under the Central Plan.
Hot dusty winds have an abrasive effect on the marble.
The mission was set up as a joint venture between the Uttar Increasing green cover and water bodies is one way of curbing
Pradesh government and the Centre in dust pollution.
1996, based on a Supreme Court order.
Taj Heritage Corridor, the riverfront project, comprising food
Increasing pollution has taken a toll on the Taj, a symbol of plazas and malls, planned between the Agra Fort and the Taj
national pride and heritage. was shelved on the Supreme Courts orders as it could have
been a threat to the monument.
Discolouration was mainly caused equally by deposition of
dust particles and carbonaceous particles, such as black and Sand accumulated in the reclaimed river bed can erode the
brown carbon. marble surface during sand storms, says the ASI. The site is yet
to be turned into a green belt as directed by the court.
The primary sources of these pollutants were biomass
burning, vehicular pollution and burning of trash in and National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
around Agra and crematorium located nearby on the banks of (NEMMP)
the Yamuna is also contributing to pollution. - aims at promoting electric vehicle sales (esp. in
eco-sensitive zones)
The Taj Mahal is losing its sheen due to unchecked vehicular
pollution, tourism and several other reasons, noted a release Taj Mahal Corridor gets 1st set of electric vans (to make it
issued by the Centre for Science and Environment. pollution free zone)
A sector-wise analysis revealed that transportation turned energy research but there is no new proposal from the
out to be biggest source of emission in cities where rail ministry to increase the cess further.
transportation was either absent or was just being put in
place. Of the seven cities studied, Delhi turned out to be the The National Adaptation Fund has Rs. 100 crore but this is
highest emitter of greenhouse gases from the transportation way short of what is needed for adaptation programmes.
sector. Vehicles in Delhi emitted over 12 million tonnes of While the government has embarked on ambitious adaptation
greenhouse gases during the study period. plans, funds are an issue as was the case of the National
Agriculture Mission which had to incorporate itself into
The paper has looked into all sources of greenhouse gas existing government programmes with a vastly scaled down
emissions transportation, domestic sector, electricity budget.
consumption, industry, agriculture and livestock, and solid
and liquid waste. According to the Mission document in 2010, the
implementation of the NMSA from 2011-2012 to the end of
the 12th Five-year Plan would require an additional budgetary
CLIMATE CHANGE RELATED TOPICS support of Rs.1,08,000 crore.
1. National Mission for Sustainable 3. States climate action plans to be approved soon and
Agriculture (NMSA) an additional Rs.150 crore has been sought in this budget
for the National Adaptation Fund.
The NMSA was one of the eight missions under the
National Action Plan for Climate Change launched in 2008 The Centre does not propose to fund any of these State action
which was aimed at transforming Indian agriculture into a plans. These will be linked to national climate change missions
climate resilient production system through suitable on adaptation and funds could also come from the Green
adaptation and mitigation measures in the domain of crops and Climate Fund. Its more a wish list of the States intentions.
animal husbandry.
There has been criticism that the countrys adaptation plans
New programmes under NMSA are not adequately funded or coordinated. The Centre is also
looking at fine- tuning coordination of the various national
National Mission on Food Security missions on climate adaptation and setting up a mechanism
for that purpose.
National Horticulture Mission
organic farming and bio-fertilisers;
soil-analysis based nutrient application Eight missions
micro-irrigation
After a review by the Prime Ministers Council on Climate
Innovative solutions Change, it was decided to scale up actions in adaptation and
SRI (System of Rice Intensification) uses mitigation nationwide.
less water
Climate Resilient crop varieties by ICAR Crop diversification There are eight missions under the National Action Plan for
Tackling livestock Climate Change launched in 2008, but most of the missions
got off the ground only in
2014 due to financial issues. It will be a while before there is
2. National Adaptation Fund some visible impact, the officials said.
MoEF seeks enhanced budget for National Puducherry has, however, submitted its State action plan for
Adaptation Fund In 2014, the government allocated Rs. 100 funding to the World Bank.
crore to set up the Fund. Ministry had sought concessions
for pollution abatement, climate-related instrumentation and The government is considering dovetailing the State action
reduction in the cost of pollution measuring equipment. plans with some of the national missions and some funds
can be given to the States from the National
The government had doubled the coal cess to finance clean
4. National Clean Energy Fund expecting government announcements with regard to access
of low cost funds and various other avenues such as ECBs
India 2010-11 budget introduced a cess of Rs.50 per tonne of (external commercial borrowings). But no announcement was
both domestically produced & imported coal. (Now doubled = made on finance side.
Rs100)
But this cess was less to curb carbon emissions but more The government has set an ambitious target of generating
to raise revenues for the National Clean Energy Fund 175,000 MW of energy through renewable energy sources by
National Clean Energy Fund= supports carbon mitigation 2022. In this, solar is expected to contribute 100,000 MW,
initiatives followed by wind (60,000 MW), biomass (10,000 MW) and
But Finance Ministers are using this fund to mitigate fiscal small hydro (5000 MW).
deficit rather than to mitigate carbon
As of December 2014, Indias total renewable energy installed
capacity stood at 33,792 MW. However, it would require
5. Budget fails to cheer clean energy sector
about Rs. 250,000 crore of investments to reach this target,
according to industry estimates.
Though budget reiterated governments ambitious capacity
addition plans in renewable energy sector, it failed to talk
However, the proposal to increase the clean energy
about funds towards development of clean energy, feels the
Cess Rs. 100 to Rs. 200 will benefit the industry as it
would significantly boost the National Clean Energy On April 22, India will be among the group of countries
Fund to finance clean energy and related initiatives. discussing the phase-down of hydro fluorocarbons at the
6. Nod for climate change action plan 35th Session of the Open- Ended Working Group of the
Parties to the Montreal Protocol in Bangkok.
Armed with a stimulus from the Centre, Kerala is all set to
In a proposal submitted on April 17, India has discussed the
launch a long-term programme to develop resilience to climate
modalities of the phase-down to be undertaken, which
change. The Ministry of Forest, Environment, and Climate
includes financial assistance for industry to switch to
Change (MoEFCC) has approved the Kerala State Action Plan
alternative green technologies, if the agreement comes
on Climate Change (SAPCC), strengthening the hands of the
through. According to a March 2015 research paper
State in taking up a slew of climate change mitigation and
brought out by the Institute of Governance and Sustainable
adaptation projects.
Development, authors Durwood Zaelke, Nathan Borgford-
Parnell and Stephen O. Andersen note that fast action under
The five-year package envisages a budget requirement of
the Montreal Protocol can limit the growth of HFCs, prevent
Rs.1,170 crore for projects in eight key sectors, namely
100 to 200 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent
agriculture and animal husbandry, fisheries and coastal
emissions by 2050, and avoid up to 0.5C of warming by 2100.
ecosystem, forest and biodiversity, water resources, health,
energy, urban front, and transport and tourism.
Professor V. Ramanathan, Distinguished Professor of Climate
Sciences at the University of California at San Diego, told
The State plan identifies Alappuzha, Palakkad, Wayanad, and
that it was way back in 1975 that he had discovered the
Idukki districts as climate change hotspots in Kerala, with a
dangerous impact of halocarbons, the class of chemical
high degree of vulnerability to natural hazards such as flood
compounds, including chlorofluorocarbons and HFCs.
and drought and impact on biodiversity and human life.
Under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change,
According to the projected climate change scenario, the
there was an agreement to reimburse full incremental cost of
atmospheric temperature across Kerala would rise by 2
any project/scheme to developing countries switching to
degrees Celsius by 2050. It estimates that if the sea level
greener technologies. But under the Montreal Protocol,
rises by one metre,
whether that would be the case is yet to be seen. Although,
169 sq km of the coastal region surrounding Kochi would be
Mr. Bledsoe pointed out that countries bound by its
inundated.
agreement could access the Montreal Protocol Fund for their
transition needs.
The report estimates that paddy production in the State
would drop by six per cent with each degree rise in
temperature. Crops such as cardamom, coffee, tea, and black 8. Geneva Climate Change talks
pepper were also likely to be affected by higher temperature
and changing rainfall pattern. Countries agreed on a negotiating text for the
2015 agreement Climate Action Network in
Geneva
7. Crucial meet today on climate action
It was important to scale up financial support and ensure a
On Earth Day, India will be among the countries high level meeting for loss and damage. The important thing is
discussing the phase-down of hydro fluorocarbons. that there are enough good options in the text including a call
to end fossil fuel emissions
For a long time, climate action has been associated
with cutting Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. And while the A number of countries have to ratify a second
number one global greenhouse gas continues to retain its commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol. The pre-2020
top spot, the evolving consensus is that cutting short-term ambitions also needed to be enhanced.
pollutants such as hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs) and black
carbon, is equally, if not less crucial. Keeping up the trend in global climate talks by
industrialized nations to deny historical responsibilities, the
U.S. had sprung a new term bifurcation and ending the two 4. Polluters pay principle
different categories of developed and developing countries at 5. Tech transfer & IPR issue
the ongoing talks in Geneva. Lima, Peru Talks
An Indian official here said even if the U.S. uses different 1. India volunteered to reduce energy intensity of its GDP by
words, India would stick to its stand of common but 20-25% by 2020 (base year 2005)
differentiated responsibilities. 2. UK's separate allocation of funds (Development
aid for climate actions)
The agreement is set to be reached in Paris at the end of 3. Develop cleaner tech + promote renewable energy (eg-
2015 and will come into effect in 2020. Investment in solar energy & PV by Europe)
The Lima Draft has now been transformed into the 9. G7 leaders discuss Greece; agree to phase
negotiating text and enjoys the full ownership of all countries
out fossil fuels
Formal work and negotiations on the text will continue
at the Climate Change Group of Seven (G7) leaders agreed to wean their economies
Conference in Bonn in June off carbon fuels and supported a global goal for reducing
greenhouse gas emissions, but they stopped short of
Geneva CC Talks agreeing their own immediate binding targets.
11. Totten Glacier: Largest Glacier in could not, however, make calculations based on how much
Antartica developed countries needed to do or pay.
The largest glacier in East Antarctica (Totten Glacier)
containing ice equivalent to a six- metre (20-foot) rise in However, it could be a reference point for country-
global sea levels is melting due to warm ocean water until level calculations and was a flexible tool, said Ritu Mathur,
recently, the East Antarctica ice sheet had been thought of as from The Energy and Resources Institute. Eleven countries,
being surrounded by cold waters and therefore very stable. including India, were using this tool and nine more were
preparing their own versions.
But the voyage found that waters around the glacier were
some 1.5degree Celsius warmer than other areas visited on CLEAN/GREEN ENERGY
the same trip during the southern hemisphere summer.
The fact that warm water can reach this glacier is a sign that 1. 343 companies commit to green energy
East Antarctica is potentially more vulnerable to changes in As many as 343 companies, including
the ocean driven by climate change than we used to think. global firms, have committed to building green energy
capacity of 2.7-lakh MW in five years as India gives thrust to
12. India to deploy global calculator to renewable energy production to ensure universal energy
access for the poor.
study climate impact
SunEdison Energy India Pvt. Ltd. tops the list with a
Nearly 20 nations, including India, will deploy a global commitment of 15,200 MW 10,000-MW solar and 5,200-
calculator, similar to those launched in London and Beijing, to MW wind energy.
calculate climate impact scenarios in their territories.
The Chennai-based company is a subsidiary of
Showcasing the calculator at the Delhi Sustainable U.S.- based SunEdison Inc.
Development Summit on Wednesday, Laura Aylett of the U.K.
Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) said it was Other companies which made commitments in excess of
a free, open-source interactive tool to help assess climate 10,000 MW are: Axis Energy Group, Essel Infraprojects Ltd.,
change scenarios over a period and make changes in lifestyle. Renew Power, Welspun Renewables Energy Pvt. Ltd., Azure
Power, Raasi Solar Energy Pvt. Ltd. And Hindustan Clean
The calculator could illustrate climate impacts based on Energy Ltd. Adani Power Ltd. and Reliance Power have
different choices and was linked to the latest committed to creating 6,000 MW each of solar energy
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change generation capacity. Private sector companies pledged to
(IPCC) reports. generate 2,51,511 MW
1,55,597 MW from solar energy, 47,865 MW from
India was among the first countries to develop its own tool to wind energy and 4,185 MW from other green energy and so
assess energy security under the aegis of the former Planning on and 24 government-run firms
Commission, which was launched last year. 18,819 MW.
New version for India promised to generate 18,819 MW of green energy capacity in
A newer version of the Indian Energy five years include NTPC Ltd., Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd., Coal
Security Scenarios (IESS) would be out soon. India Ltd., National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd. and
The tool was an improved version, which looked at all options SAIL (India) Ltd.
in India, including emissions while calculating scenarios.
Colombia had developed a country calculator to present its 2. Mega Solar Project (Ind_US)
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) later
this year before the climate change talks at Paris. The 1. SunEdison Inc., US and India's Adani group to invest $4
calculator allowed for the use of temperature as a factor, but billion
II. Concerns with RE As of February this year, total installed capacity of solar power
1. 3 prolonged challenges - was 3,383 MW, constituting 10 per cent of total installed
intermittency/variability; location-specific potential (away from renewable power capacity in the country.
grid/consumers); higher cost
2. Implications of grid system (handling capacity, load- Gujarat contributed 949 MW and Rajasthans installed
shedding, weak & unstable) capacity was 902 MW. Madhya Pradesh has added 500 MW,
3. Economically nonviable + retail tariffs while Maharashtras commissioned solar power capacity was
(least profitable consumers) 334 MW. Other states, that have added more than 100 MW in
4. Citizens mindset (price-sensitive) solar, include Andhra Pradesh (237 MW), Punjab (120)
and Tamil Nadu (112 MW).
Solar Energy -- poor storage tech & expensive
(high imports) The country has achieved more than its targets in grid solar
Wind Energy -- affected by seasonality and off-grid solar under the Phase-1 (2010-2013) of Solar
Hydropower - land, social & environmental challenges Mission. Against the target of
(stored vs released) 1100 MW of grid solar power, 1686 MW of projects
Natural Gas - supply constraints (including large plants, rooftops and distribution grid plants)
were commissioned.
III. Why Intermittency/Variabilty?
1. Weak & unstable grid - lack of ancillary services, The Indian government has set an ambitious target of
Vulture conservation included on gram sabha than 300 times by the Pathankote Wildlife Division, which has
agenda provided medically tested safe carcass.
of the said Task Force are as below: continents, seven regional programmes in 25 countries and
territories, with ongoing research and activities in several
1. Reinvigorating the constitution of governance. others.
2. Strengthening efforts towards protection of tiger,
checking poaching, convicting wildlife criminals and Since its founding, TRAFFIC has grown to become the world's
breaking the international trade network in wildlife largest wildlife trade monitoring programme, and a global
body parts and derivatives. expert on wildlife trade issues. TRAFFIC actively monitors and
3. Expanding the undisturbed areas for tiger by reducing investigates wildlife trade and provides its information to a
human pressure. diverse audience world-wide, as a basis for effective
4. Repair the relationship with local people who share conservation policies and programmes. It has a considerable
the tigers habitat by fielding strategies for international reputation for helping to identify and address
coexistence. conservation challenges linked to wildlife trade.
5. Regenerate the forest habitats in the fringes of the
tigers protective enclaves by investing in forest, water This non-governmental organization undertakes its activities in
and grassland economies of the people. close collaboration with governments and the Convention on
Considering the urgency of the situation, Project Tiger has International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
been converted into a statutory authority (NTCA) by providing Flora (CITES) Secretariat.
enabling provisions in the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
through an amendment, viz. Wild Life (Protection) TRAFFICs goal is to ensure that trade in wild plants and
Amendment Act, 2006. This forms one of the urgent animals is not a threat to the conservation of nature.
recommendations of the Tiger Task Force appointed by the
Prime Minister. The NTCA addresses the ecological as well as TRAFFIC's vision is of a world in which trade in wild animals
administrative concerns for conserving tigers, by providing a and plants will be managed at sustainable levels without
statutory basis for protection of tiger reserves, apart from damaging the integrity of ecological systems and in such a
providing strengthened institutional mechanisms for the manner that it makes a significant contribution to human
protection of ecologically sensitive areas and endangered needs, supports local and national economies and helps to
species. The Authority also ensures enforcing of guidelines for motivate commitments to the conservation of wild species and
tiger conservation and monitoring compliance of the same, their habitats.
apart from placement of motivated and trained officers having
good track record as Field Directors of tiger reserves. It also TRAFFIC came to India in 1991, operating as a division of
facilitates capacity building of officers and staff posted in tiger WWF-India. It has since worked closely with the National and
reserves, apart from a time bound staff development plan. the State Governments and various agencies to help study
monitor and influence action to curb illegal wildlife trade. After
The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 has come a brief hiatus since 2002, it has resumed work once again in
into force with effect from the 4th of September, 2006, and December 2006.
the NTCA has also been constituted on the same date.
TRAFFIC India carries out research and provides analysis,
support and encouragement to efforts aimed to ensure that
TRAFFIC wildlife trade is not a threat to the conservation of nature in
India. It is committed to work together with government
TRAFFIC is a joint conservation programme of WWF, the global agencies, NGOs, and all like-minded individuals and
conservation organization and IUCN, the International Union organisations to curb illegal wildlife trade that has become a
for Conservation of Nature. It was established in 1976 by the growing threat to our natural treasures.
Species Survival Commission of IUCN, principally as a response
to the entry into force during the previous year of the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act,
Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). 2006
TRAFFIC is an international network, consisting of TRAFFIC The Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2006 (No. 39 of
International, based in Cambridge, UK with offices on five 2006) has come into force on 4 September 2006. The Act
provides for creating the National Tiger Conservation Authority Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment,
and the Tiger and Other Endangered Species Crime Control Chairperson, National Commission for the Scheduled Tribes,
Bureau (Wildlife Crime Control Bureau). Chairperson National Commission for the Scheduled Castes,
Secretary, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Director, Wildlife
The implementation over the years has highlighted the need Preservation, Ministry of Environment and Forests and six
for a statutory authority with legal backing to ensure tiger Chief Wildlife Wardens (in rotation from Tiger Reserve States)
conservation. On the basis of the recommendations of (Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil
National Board for Wild Life, a Task Force was set up to look Nadu and Uttaranchal). Three Members of Parliament would
into the problems of tiger conservation in the country. The be nominated by the Parliament. The Ministry of Law and
recommendations of the Task Force, inter alia include Justice would also be nominating an officer. The Ministry of
strengthening of Project Tiger by giving it statutory and Environment and Forests is in the process of selecting the
administrative powers, apart from creating the Wildlife Crime eight non-official experts or professionals having prescribed
Control Bureau. It has also recommended that an annual qualifications and experience, of which at least two shall be
report should be submitted to the Central Government for from the field of tribal development. The Inspector General of
laying in Parliament, so that commitment to Project Tiger is Forests in charge of Project Tiger shall be the Member
reviewed from time to time, in addition to addressing the Secretary of the Authority.
concerns of local people.
The Ministry is in the process of creating the Wildlife Crime
The National Tiger Conservation Authority would facilitate Control Bureau, invoking the provisions created after the
MoU with States within our federal set up for tiger recent amendment. The Bureau would collate intelligence
conservation. It will provide for an oversight by Parliament as relating to wildlife crime, ensure coordination with State
well. Further, it will address livelihood interests of local people Governments and other Authorities through its set up, apart
in areas surrounding Tiger Reserves, apart from ensuring that from developing infrastructure and capacity building for
the rights of Scheduled Tribes and such other people living scientific and professional investigation into wildlife crimes
nearby are not interfered or adversely affected. The core and assist the State Governments in successful prosecution of
(critical) and buffer (peripheral) areas have been defined, such crimes.
while safeguarding the interests of Scheduled Tribes and such
other forest dwellers. The penalty for an offence relating to the core area of a tiger
reserve or hunting in the reserve has been increased. The first
The functions and powers of the Authority, inter alia include : conviction in such offence shall be punishable with
approval of Tiger Conservation Plan prepared by States, laying imprisonment not less than three years but may extend to
down normative standards for tiger conservation, providing seven years, and also with fine not less than fifty thousand
information on several aspects which include protection, tiger rupees but may extend to two lakh rupees. The second or
estimation, patrolling, etc., ensuring measures for addressing subsequent conviction would lead to imprisonment not less
man-wild animal conflicts and fostering co-existence with local than seven years, and also with fine not less than five lakh
people, preparing annual report for laying before Parliament, rupees, which may extend to fifty lakh rupees.
constitution of Steering Committee by States, preparation of
tiger protection and conservation plans by States, ensuring Three new havens for tigers
agricultural, livelihood interests of people living in and around
In a move that comes soon after the tiger census in January
Tiger Reserves, establishing the tiger conservation foundation
showed an overall rise in numbers of the big cat, the Centre is
by States for supporting their development.
set to form three new tiger reserves.
The Notification of the National Tiger Conservation Authority
In-principle approval has been accorded by the National Tiger
has been issued on 4 September 2006, for a period of three
Conservation Authority (NTCA) for creation of reserves in
years, with the Minister for Environment and Forests as its
Ratapani in Madhya Pradesh, Sunabeda in Odisha and Guru
Chairperson and the Minister of State for Environment and
Ghasidas in Chhattisgarh, Union Environment Minister Prakash
Forests as the Vice-chairperson. The official members include
Javadekar informed the Lok Sabha on Tuesday.
Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Director
General of Forests and Special Secretary, Ministry of
Odisha is among the States where the tiger population has
Environment and Forests, Secretary, Ministry of Tribal Affairs,
REDD+
Deforestation and forest degradation, through agricultural
expansion, conversion to pastureland, infrastructure
development, destructive logging, fires etc., account for
nearly 20% of global greenhouse gas emissions, more than
the entire global transportation sector and second only to the
energy sector. It is now clear that in order to constrain the
impacts of climate change within limits that society will
reasonably be able to tolerate, the global average
temperatures must be stabilized within two degrees Celsius.
This will be practically impossible to achieve without reducing
emissions from the forest sector, in addition to other
mitigation actions.
developing and supporting. Other multilateral REDD+ of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
initiatives include the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Change, countries will be able to assess the amount of carbon
(FCPF) and Forest Investment Program (FIP), hosted by The stored in their forests as well as other benefits from REDD.
World Bank. The UN-REDD Programme is supporting countries to develop
cost-effective, robust and compatible systems for MRV. These
What is "REDD+ readiness"? systems are designed to use field inventory data combined
REDD+ readiness relates to the efforts a country is with satellite data and available technology to produce green
undertaking, with the support of multilateral or bilateral house gases inventories and establish reference emission
initiatives, to build its capacity to be ready for a REDD+ levels. The Programme is liaising with international experts
mechanism. such as NASA, Brazils National Institute for Space Research
(INPE) and the US Geological Survey to provide partner
What are the proposed phases towards REDD+ countries with planning tools and advice to help strengthen
implementation? their technical and institutional capacity for effective national
Phase 1: Developing a REDD+ strategy supported by grants MRV systems.
Phase 2: Implementing a REDD+ strategy, supported by (a)
grants or other financial support for capability building, and Why is there so much interest in forestry, deforestation and
enabling policies and measures and (b) payments for emission carbon at present? Is it a case of making money versus
reductions measured by proxies. conserving the planet?
Phase 3: Continued implementation of REDD+ strategy in the REDD+ is seen as one of the most cost-effective ways of
context of low-carbon development, payments for verified stabilizing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gas
emission reductions and removals. (GHG) emissions to avoid a temperature rise of two degrees
Celsius. But standing forests also conserve carbon while
What is the role of forests in the developing world? supporting the livelihoods of a large number of Indigenous
More than three quarters of the worlds accessible freshwater Peoples and forest-dependent communities as well providing
comes from forested catchments. Water quality declines with essential ecosystem services such as habitat for biodiversity
decreases in forest condition and cover, and natural hazards and provisioning clean water supplies.
such as floods, landslides, and soil erosion have larger impacts
(MEA, 2005). Further, its about making the private sector part of the
solution by providing the kinds of market signals, mechanisms
Forests annually provide over 3.3 billion cubic meters of wood and incentives to encourage investments that manage and
(including 1.8 billion cubic meters of fuelwood and charcoal), conserve the worlds nature-based resources rather than
as well as numerous non-wood forest products that play a mining them. So it is about making money and conserving the
significant role in the economic life of hundreds of millions of planet too and if REDD can be structured right, the money will
people. The combined economic value of nonmarket (social be made not just by carbon traders, but also by developing
and ecological) forest services may exceed the recorded countries and communities for providing the forest-based
market value of timber, but these values are rarely taken into carbon storage service.
account in forest management decisions (MEA, 2005).
Indeed it is predicted that financial flows from North to South
The rural poor are particularly dependent on forest resources. for GHG reductions from REDD could reach up to US$30
As many as 300 million people, most of them very poor, billion a yearfunds that can be invested in renewable
depend substantially on forest ecosystems for their energy projects to assist the two billion people without access
subsistence and survival. The 60 million indigenous people to electricity or hospitals or new schools.
who live in forest areas are especially dependent on forest
resources and the health of forest ecosystems (MEA, 2005). In addition to receiving carbon offsets through a REDD+
mechanism, what are the other possible benefits that
How will countries reliably assess and "prove" how much developing countries and local communities can experience
carbon is stored in their forests? from reducing deforestation and protecting forests?
By implementing Measuring and Monitoring Systems In addition to their carbon storage role, forests provide many
compliant with the Measuring, Reporting and Verification other ecosystem services to society. The nature of these
(MRV) concept agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties services varies from place to place, and includes water
Countries with UN-REDD National Programmes: Argentina, The Statue of Unity is touted to be double the height of the
Bangladesh, Plurinational State of Bolivia, Cambodia, Statue of Liberty in the USA and five times taller than Brazilian
Colombia, Cte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo attraction Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro.
(DRC), Ecuador, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Panama, Papua
New Guinea, Paraguay, the Philippines, the Congo, Solomon
Islands, Sri Lanka, the United Republic of Tanzania, Viet Nam National Board for Wildlife
and Zambia. Due to the rapid decline in wildlife population, the
Government of India during 1952 had constituted an advisory
Other partner countries: Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, body designated as the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL). The
Cameroon, Central African Republic (the), Chad, Chile, Costa Indian Board for Wildlife was chaired by the Prime Minister.
Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Since its inception, twenty-one meetings have been convened
Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea Bissau, and several important decisions relating to conservation of
Guyana, Honduras, Kenya, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic wildlife has been taken by the Board.
(the), Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico,
Morocco, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, South Sudan, During the 1970s the Government of India appointed a
Sudan (the), Suriname, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Vanuatu and committee for recommending legislative measures and
Zimbabwe. administrative machinery for ensuring environmental
protection. Accordingly, a comprehensive central legislation
was enacted in 1972 called the Wildlife (Protection) Act for
Statue of Unity gets Rs. 200 crore providing special legal protection to our wildlife and to the
In another step towards realising Prime Minister Narendra endangered species of fauna in particular. The Wildlife
Modis dream project, Finance Minister Arun Jaitley (Protection) Act, 1972 has been amended, the latest being in
proposed, setting aside Rs.200 crore for the erection of the 2006. As per the amendment of the Act in 2002, a provision
Statue of Unity in Gujarat. was incorporated for the constitution of the National Board
for Wildlife, replacing the Indian Board for Wildlife.
The larger than life image of Iron Man Sardar Vallabh Bhai National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a statutory Board
Patel, Statue of Unity is touted to be the worlds tallest constituted on 22nd September 2003 under Section 5 of the
structure when its completed. Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The NBWL is chaired by the
Honble Prime Minister. The NBWL has 47 members including
Government of Gujarat has embarked upon the mission to the Chairman. Amongst these, 19 members are ex-officio
build the largest statue of Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel. Sardar members.
Patel stands as the symbol of the unity of the country, said
National Board for Wildlife reconstituted legal provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act which
The Ministry of Environment and Forests has filed an affidavit prescribes 10 non-official members and five independent
in the Supreme Court last week reconstituting the National NGOs and representatives from 10 States or Union Territories.
Board for Wildlife (NBWL) after the apex court had earlier
stayed all the decisions of the standing Committee. The Supreme Court on August 25 had in response to a
petition put on hold the over 100 proposals approved by a
In the affidavit the government has retained the Gujarat truncated standing committee of the Board notified on July 22
Ecological Education and Research (GEER) Foundation and which had only two non-official members and one
added four NGOs World Wildlife Fund for Nature-India, government organisation on board, apart from a
New Delhi, Aranyak, Guwahati, Nature Conservation Society, representative only from Andhra Pradesh. The government
Jharkhand and the Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, did not constitute a full fledged Board.
Maharashtra.
The apex court while staying the August 12 decisions of the
The ten eminent conservationists are apart from Prof. R. standing committee, said they were not in consonance with
Sukumar, who was on the standing committee of the Board section 5 A the Wildlife Act, 1972. The Bench directed that
appointed in July, as also H.S. Singh, a retired Gujarat forest none of the orders passed by the standing committee would
officer, V.B. Sawarkar, former head of the Wildlife Institute of be given effect to until the next date of hearing after two
India (WII) , S.S. Bisht, a retired IFS officer from Bengal and weeks from August 25. The order came in response to a
former director, Project elephant, Dr. P.S. Esa, a veterinarian petition filed by Pune resident Chandra Bhal Singh.
with the Department of Wildlife, Kerala Forest Research
Institute (KFRI), P.R. Sinha, who recently retired as Director of ECO-SENSITIVE ZONES
WII, Dr. R.J. Rao, Rector of Jiwaji University, Gwalior, and The National Wild Life Action Plan (2002-2016) provided for
previously with WII, he did his PhD on the ecology of declaring identified areas around Protected Areas and
aquatic animals in the Chambal River, Dr. Madan Mohan Pant, corridors as ecologically fragile under the Environment
a retired IFS officer (U.P. Cadre) and a natural resources (Protection) Act, 1986, wherever necessary. The Indian Board
economist, in which he holds a doctorate, Rajendra P. Kerkar, for Wild Life on 21st January, 2002 considered Wild Life
environmentalist from Goa he focuses on water Conservation Strategy, 2002 and recommended that lands
purification and protection of the Western Ghats and Lav falling within 10 km of the boundaries of National Parks and
Kumar Khachar from the royal family of Jasan in Saurashtra, Sanctuaries should be notified as eco-fragile zones under
Gujarat, where he is involved with nature education camps in Section 3(v) of the Environment (Protection) Act and Rule 5
the Hingolgadh Nature Education Sanctuary. A well-known Sub-Rule 5(viii) & (x) of Environment (Protection) Rules.
conservationist he has spent his life spreading awareness The National Board for Wild Life reviewed the matter on
about nature, especially on ornithology and Gir Forest. He is a 17th March, 2005 and recommended that delineation of eco-
member of the Gujarat State Wildlife Board. sensitive zones would have to be site specific, and relate to
regulation, rather than prohibition, of specific activities. The
A former Board member said that all wildlife experts who following criteria, as proposed by the Ministry were agreed by
spent decades of their life for saving wildlife have been kept the National Board for Wildlife for declaration of Eco-
away from the Board. Only retired forest officers and some Sensitive Zones around National Parks and Sanctuaries:
from Gujarat have found a place. i. Complete protection to endemic species in its
entire range;
Govt. to reconstitute wildlife board ii. Development processes not to reduce, damage
The government has decided to reconstitute the National or destroy the habitat of critically endangered or any other
Board for Wildlife (NBWL) after the Supreme Court stayed threatened species;
decisions of its newly constituted standing committee in iii. Protection to biological corridors;
August for violating provisions of the Wildlife Protection Act. iv. Protection to highly complex and diversified
ecosystems susceptible to irreversible damage, like coral
Official sources on Thursday confirmed that the Board was reefs, mangroves, etc.;
being reconstituted and a notification would be issued on v. Sites associated with reproductive, breeding or
Thursday. While names of the nominees were not divulged, it nurturing behaviour of rare and threatened species;
is understood that the new committee is in keeping with the vi. Existence of pristine forests;
vii. Steep slopes ( more than 60) the Act, implementation of the international Conventions,
capacity building for scientific and professional investigation,
Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act 1986 gives assistance to authorities in other countries for a coordinated
power to the Central Government i.e. the Union Min-istry of universal action towards control of Wild Life crime and to
Environment and Forests to take all measures that it feels are advise the government on various policy and legal
necessary for protecting and improving the quality of the requirements.
environment and to prevent and control environmental
pollution. Eco-Sensitive Zones are notified and regulated Central Zoo Authority
accordingly under Section 3(2)(v) of the Environment The Central Zoo Authority was created by the Central
(Protection) Act, 1986. Government through an amendment of the Wild Life
Ministry has been in engagement with the States/UTs (Protection) Act in the year 1992. The main objective was to
on submission of ESZ proposals around the PAs. Meetings enforce certain minimum standards and norms for upkeep
were held with representatives of States/UTs in January, and health care of animals in Zoos and to restrain
February and April 2014 and in February, March, April and mushrooming of unplanned and ill-conceived Zoos that were
May 2015. cropping up as adjuncts to public parks, industrial complex
Process adopted in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and and highways.
Climate Change for notification of Eco-Sensitive Zones:
Proposal received are scrutinized in consultation with National Zoological Park
the Wildlife Institute of India. The National Zoological Park was set up on 1st November
After finalizing the draft notification, the same is got 1959 as per the decision taken in the 1st Meeting of the
vetted legally after approval of competent authority and Indian Board for Wild Life in 1952. It is being directly managed
thereafter, published in Government Gazette and also by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
placed in public domain for 60 days in accordance with the India.
Rule 5 of the Environment (Protection) Rules, seeking views of Wildlife Institute of India
public. Wildlife Institute of India was established in 1982 as an
The views/comments/activities recommended are attached office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.
compiled and considered by the Expert Committee for Subsequently, it was granted autonomous status in 1986. The
finalizing the final notification to be issued under the institute is mandated by Government of India to carry out
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. research on various aspects on Wild Life conservation,
The Expert Committee is a multi-disciplinary Committee conduct training programmes for capacity building of Wild
comprising of subject expert institutions for examining the Life managers, build up repository of knowledge of Wild Life
comments and finalizing the draft final notification based on and provide technical and advisory services to the State and
the draft notification and the comments received thereon. Central Governments in the country.
The draft final notification thus prepared is again got
vetted legally after approval of competent authority before it
is finally published in the Government Gazette.
Illegal trade wiping out lesser-known
As per the Gazette Notification No. G.S.R. 513 (E) species
dated 28th June 2012, final notifications for eco-sensitive Speaking up for lesser-known species, which are being
zones are to be issued within a period of 545 days, for those relentlessly hunted and traded, conservationists, wildlife
proposals for which comments have been received from the experts, policy makers, scientists, research scholars, and
public, after the publication of preliminary notification. senior officials from the State Forest Departments, Ministry of
Environment and Forests, enforcement agencies, Wildlife
Wildlife Crime Control Bureau Institute of India (WII), and non-government organisations got
The Wild Life Crime Control Bureau has been created under together earlier this week to deliberate on how security
Section 38Y of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. The measures can be put in place to protect the future of these
mandate has been specified under Section 38(z) which species.
includes collection, collation of intelligence and its
dissemination, establishment of a centralized Wild Life crime Wildlife species like pangolins, birds, tortoises and sharks,
databank , coordination of the actions of various enforcement were discussed during the meeting on Consultation on Illegal
authorities towards the implementation of the provisions of Trade in Lesser Known Species. The meet was jointly
organised by the TRAFFIC, the WWF-India, the Wildlife Crime Full coverage of geography with writing
Control Bureau (WCCB) and the Wildlife Protection Society of
skill development
India (WPSI).
Last year when the average score was 140
Every year in India, hundreds of pangolins, lizards and in Geo our students scored 200+ (Isha
tortoises are poached, an estimated 700,000 birds are illegally Dhuna, Nitin Agarwal and Aditya uppal)
trapped, and about 70,000 tonnes of sharks are caught, yet
This year when average score is 230 our
the levels of exploitation on these species are rarely reported.
students scored 280-300 (Aditya uppal
TRAFFIC, India head, Dr. Shekhar Kumar Niraj said: While the RANK-19 309 marks)
threat posed by illegal wildlife trade to some of Indias most Starts from 3rd Sep 2015 morning session.
iconic wild animals, such as the tiger and Indian rhinoceros
are well publicised, many of Indias less well-known species
are also rapidly vanishing because of poaching, yet their fate 2. Our best and SUCCESS GRADE course
remains largely under the radar. Newspaper analysis and writing skill programme.
** Our TM and most successful programme starts
Pangolins are highly threatened because they are subject to
from 3rd sep with the coverage of last 3 years
a colossal illegal trade internationally, yet their plight is barely
publicised in conservation or media circles. Others, like the issues highly helpful in P-2&3
monitor lizard, mongoose, star tortoises, spiny-tailed lizards, (Seats are limited)
freshwater and mariner turtles also need immediate
attention, he added.
3. Writing skill development, enhancement and
Monitor lizards, especially the Bengal Monitor, were once management programme.
commonly seen across the country but appear to have Newly developed programme to enhance
declined markedly. the writing skills on individual level
Other speakers at the meeting included Ravi Singh from the
Yield a fantastic result this year RANK-50
WWF-India, Kamal Dutta from the WCCB, Belinda Wright from (Kartihk) and others.
the WPSI. 30 tests till dec 2015 with same day
ASPIRE IAS UPCOMING discussion, feedback and evaluation of the
copies.
EXCLUSIVE sessions FOR
MAINS-2015
All the Best to all my students
1. Geography OPTIONAL RRVAP (Rapid round Hope this material will help you.
value addition programme) God bless
For the last 4 years favourite programme Jai Hind
among students.
Where you are lacking we are working upon
like, Paper-2 in contemporary and
geographical manner, Mapping and its
application, special emphasis on Thoughts-
Regional planning and biogeography.